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The design of bridges and viaductsa technical approach
Júlio Appleton
Summary
Design objectives
Design constraints and basic data
The participants in bridge construction
Stages of design
Conceptual design
Preliminary design
Types of bridges. Bridges in Portugal
Arch bridges
Girder bridges
Cable stayed bridges
Suspension bridges
Detailed design
Execution, maintenance and operation
Design objectives
Functionality – fulfillment of a purpose
Integration in the alignement and in its surroundings
Elegance
Economy
Ethics
Design constraints and basic data
Plan of the site, alignement of the route and obstacles to be crossed
Width of the bridge
Geotechnical and hydraulic data
Environment data
Local conditions for access, technologies and materials available
Local codes (wind, temperature, seismes, environment agressitity,…)
The participants in bridge construction
Owner
Project manager
Bridge designer and experts (road designer, geotechnics, hydraulics, wind
and seismic, architecture)
Contractor
Surveyor and quality control
Conceptual Design
For each possible solution:
First bridge sketch, based on the design objectives (2D – spans, pier
location).
Cross sections of deck and piers. Photo simulation of bridge integration
Main concern for aestetics
proportion
transparency,
simplicity
details
Choose 1 to 3 possible solutions
Preliminary Design
For each solution develop the construction process
Establish the dimension of main structure elements
Consider durability and maintenance
Obtain a preliminary cost estimate
The design of a new bridge shall be unique and
adequate for the
objectives and constraints but shall also have into
consideration past experience
Types of bridges and exemples in Portugal
Arch bridges
Girder bridges
Cable stayed bridges
Suspension bridges
Júlio Appleton
Maronry Arch bridges
9
Vila Formosa Bridge over Ribeira de Seda in EN 369, between Ponte de Sôr and Alter do Chão
Roman road between Lisbon and Mérida (Augusta Emerita), at the time the capital of Iberia
Ist century. Total length 116,5m
6 arches
The place for the forfex is visible on the granite stones
Masonry arch bridges
Roman Bridge over Rio Tâmega em Chaves,
In the road of Braga to Astorga
Trajano Bridge in Chaves over River Tâmega, in the itinerary of Braga to Astorga
12 granite arches visible from the 18 original bridge. 5,4m width deck
Júlio Appleton
• Aqueduto das Águas Livres (Manuel da Maia e Custódio Vieira) a 14,1Km water
supply project, 1731 – 1744
• Alcântara 941m aqueduct with 35 limestone arches ( highest arch – 28,8m span and
69,3m high)
Masonry historic aqueduct
11
Masonry arch bridges
Railway Bridges in Viseu branch
Pego bridge over Vouga River, 1914Railway Bridge over Zela River, 1913
6 arches 13,8m span
Masonry arch bridges
Railway Bridge Poço de S. Tiago
Designed by Séjourné in 1913 and
Constructed by F. Mercier
L=168m
L(central arch) =55m
Rise 24,7m
Steel Arch bridges
Dona Maria Bridge over Douro River, Eiffel/Seyrig,1877
Hinged arch with 160m span and 42,6m rise
Steel Arch bridges
Ponte Luiz I sobre o Rio Douro, 1886
Arch with 172m span and two decks, Seyrig and Soc. Willebroek
The upper deck is supported in the arch and the lower deck is suspended from the arch
Luiz I Bridge over Douro River, Seyrig and Soc. Willebroek,1886
Arch with 172m span and two decks
Júlio Appleton
Steel Arch Bridges
16
Vila Franca de Xira Bridge, 1951
Contractors - Seth and Dorman, Long & Loyd
Bowstring, Langer type beam, 5 spans of 103,5m
Concrete precast composite piles
First concrete tests of piles in the river. 20m long, diam 50cm
Concrete Arch bridges
Foz do Dão Bridge in EN243, 1933
Viseu discrict. Main span 60m
Tua Bridge in EN 214,1939
Bragança district
Main span 80m (unreinforced concrete)
Concrete Arch Bridges
Duarte Pacheco Viaduct in A5 Lisboa- Cascais, 1944
Main span 91,80m
Barbosa Carmona
Foz do Sousa Bridge in EN 108,1954
Main span 115,0m
Edgar Cardoso
Concrete Arch Bridges
Barca de Alva Bridge over Douro River in EN 221
Multiple arches with 37,50m spans, 1955
Edgar Cardoso
Abreiro Bridge over Tua River in EN 314
Slender arch with 92m span, 1957
Correia de Araújo
Concrete Arch Bridges
Trancão Viaduct in A1, 1959
Multiple hinged arches, spans of 51,50m
F. Abreu/ Rui Correia
Arrábida Bridge in EN1 over Douro, Porto
Main span 270m,1963
Edgar Cardoso
Concrete Arch Bridges
Infante Bridge over Douro River, 2003
Arch bridge 280m span and 25m rise, Adão da Fonseca
Júlio Appleton
Steel Girder Bridges of the XIX Century
22
Abrantes Bridge over Tagus on EN3 - km 3,2 - 1870
(42,545 + 5 50,8 + 42,545 m)
Contractor - Fives-Lille
Strengthened by external prestressing by Edgar Cardoso, 1960s
Reinforced Concrete Girder bridges
Bridges over Cávado and Caldo Rivers,1954
in EN304 and EN 308 (Caniçada Reservoir)
Two girder beams with open web - spans 23,0m
Masonry piers
Edgar Cardoso
Viaducts N5.1 e N5.2 in the access
to the 25 de Abril bridge,1966
Box girder caisson with 3 cells
Max. Span 47m (section height 2,35m)
Tudor Eng.
Prestressed concrete bridge with precast beams
Bridge over Côa River in IP5, 1986
Current spans of 42,5m with precast beams 35,5m span
supported in column heads
Vítor Monteiro
Júlio Appleton
Vasco da Gama Bridge - General Data
25
Vasco da Gama Bridge. 17,2 Km project. Total bridge length 12,3 Km (10 km over Tagus River)
Main constraints
Construction in the river
Difficult geotechnical conditions
Marine environment
Time and money
Finance, design, construction and operation
950 million euros (1998) 1840 euros/m2
Júlio Appleton
Vasco da Gama Central Viaduct: L = 6531m , 1998
Designer – Trafalgar House
Each beam (4m high) with 78,6m span (2200ton) was precast and transported by a crane
ship. Expansion joints for each 9 spans (L = 707,5m).
Hydraulic dampers in the intermediate supports. Continuity with internal and external cables
Prestressed concrete precast girder bridge
261,7m diameter piles (40 to 95m long with pile cap concreted inside precast block)
Júlio Appleton
Prestressed concrete precast girder bridge
27
Vasco da Gama Expo Viaduct , 1998
Designer - EEG (Europe Études)
L= 672m 12 spans, 46m to 61m,
3,4m box girder constant height
Construction with balanced cantileevers with precast segments
19C15 cables for each segment and continuity external cables
Hydraulic dampers in all supports. Rectangular hollow section columns
Júlio Appleton
Vasco da Gama South Viaduct L = 3825 m (360m continuous substructures) , 1998
Cast in place prestressed concrete deck, 45m spans, constructed with a launching girder
Armando Rito
Prestressed concrete cast in place girder bridge
28
Prestressed concrete bridge with deck constructed with launching
girder
Bridge decks built with launching girders over or under the deck
Bridges with continuous decks constructed span by span
Section type TT for spans up to 50m
Azilheira viaduct in A2, 2002
J. Appleton
Muge viaduct in A13, 2005
J.Appleton
Júlio Appleton
Prestressed concrete cast in place balanced cantilever deck
bridge
30
Alcântara viaduct Designer – Tudor (+ SEEE) , 1966
L= 945,1m, b= 21,8m
T structures with 38m cantileevers (in situ concreting of 3,65m
segments with maximum height of 4,42m)
Piers constructed with slip formwork
Transverse beam prepared for railway viaduct
Prestressed concrete bridge
Mosteiró bridge over Douro River in EN211 at Carrapatelo Reservoir (1973)
Deck constructed over the old steel girder bridge eliminating one column
The spans of 42+55+55+42 changed to 42+110+42 (m)
Edgar Cardoso
Prestressed concrete railway bridge
Details of pier foundation in the river
São João Railway Bridge 250m span, over Douro River in Porto
The deck was constructed by balanced cantileevers, 1992
Edgar Cardoso
Prestressed concrete bridge with deck constructed by balanced cantileevers
Bridges constructed with box girder cantileevers decks up 200m span
Ocreza River Bridge in IC8, 2013
190m central span
J. Appleton
Bridge over Temilobos river in Régua/Reconcos
130m max. span
J.Appleton
Prestressed concrete launched girder bridge
Bridge over Agueda River in IC2, 1998
Box girder incremental lauching girder deck with 51,5m spans
Lisconcebe/Proponte
Cable stayed bridges
Figueira da Foz Bridge over Mondego River in EN 108, 1978
Spans of 90m+225m+90m
Concrete slab deck over two main steel girders (each bean with 2 I sections 2m height)
30m distance of stay anchorages at the deck
Edgar Cardoso
Arade Bridge in alternative to EN 125 in Portimão,1991
Prestressed concrete deck with 2 main beams and spans of 107+256+107 (m)
Total suspension with deck anchorages spaced 8m
Armando Rito
Cable stayed bridges
International bridge crossing over Guadiana River near Castro Marim, 1991
Box girder deck with 36+135+324+135+36 (m) spans.
Deck anchorages distance of 9m
Câncio Martins
Cable stayed bridges
Júlio Appleton
Main cable stayed bridge. Spans: 204,6m (62 + 70,6 + 72) + 420,2m + 204,6m.
Full suspension. Fan type cable system. Steel/concrete deck 2,95m high
Difficult foundations (2, 2m diameter piles reaching 66m deep)
Cable stayed bridges
38
Vasco da Gama Bridge, 1998. Total length 12,3 Km (10 km over Tagus River)
Júlio Appleton
Vasco da Gama Bridge - Main Bridge
39
Main Bridge
Designer - Europe Études
L = 830m (204,6 + 420,2 + 204,6)
Stay cables spaced 8,85m (31T15 to 73T15)
Lateral prestressed girders 2,65m high
Mixed steel concrete deck (Steel I beams
spaced 4,4m)
Full suspension
Salgueiro Maia bridge over Tejo River in IC10 (Santarém), 2000Central suspension box birder deck. Main span of 246m.
Câncio Martins
Corgo Bridge in AE Transmontana, 2013
Central span of 300m. Central suspension box birder deck
Dias Barata
Cable stayed bridges
Suspension bridges
Multiple Suspension Bridge over Zambeze river withspans of 90m+3x180m+90m, 1962
Prestressed concrete deck. Inclined suspension ties
Edgar Carrdoso
Júlio Appleton
Bridge over Tagus River in Lisbon,1966 Golden Gate in São Francisco , 1937
L=2178m (100m-483m-1012m-483m-100m) L=1970m (345m-1280m-345m)
Designers – Seinman, Boyton, Gronquist & London, Joseph Strauss, Irving Morrow
Contractors – United States Steel Export Company McClintic-Marshall Const.Co
Bridge over Tagus River / Salazar Bridge / 25 April Bridge
42
Júlio Appleton
Salazar Bridge, 1966
43
Financing, Design, Construction and Operation Project (1962-1966)
Total cost 12 million euros (1966). In 2018, the cost would be 80 times more.
Júlio Appleton
Salazar Bridge, 1966
44
Main cable – 11248 wires 4,877 mm
Júlio Appleton
25 April Bridge
45
New secondary cable and new railway deck
The Bridge over Tagus changed the name in 1974 to 25 de April Bridge
The bridge was planned to support the railway, mainly towers and foundations
The bridge has at present 155 000 TMDA (50 million per year)
Júlio Appleton
25 April Bridge
46
Bridge over Tagus River in Lisbon - railway introduction in 1999
Design Steinman, Boynton, Gronquist & Bridsal and Grid (railway Alcântara viaduct)
Contractors DSD ; American Bridge ;TD ; Wayass ;SLM
Total cost 47,5 million euros (1999) 1,44 times in 2018
Júlio Appleton
The P50 project – An interpretation and historic center at North anchor blocks
IP/A2P
25 April Bridge, 2016, the 50th anniversary
47
Detailed Design
General description and safety verifications
Detailed drawings
Construction procedures
Júlio Appleton
Vasco da Gama Bridge - Details
49
Relevant participation of architects
Execution, maintenance and operation
Initial quality requires adequate Owner specifications, competence of all
entities and fair prices
Maintenace and operation shall start imediatly after finishing the
execution.
It requires a good Manual for monitoring, inspection and maintenance and
adequate funds for regular inspection and for the execution of preventive and
curative works
Júlio Appleton
References
51
Fib bull 9 Guide for good bridge design, 2000
Leonhardt, F. Bridges Aesthetics and design, 1982
Gattel, Ponte Vasco da Gama, 1999
Machado,L.; Branco,F. , The Vasco da Gama Project, 1998
Wastiaux, M., Tagus Bridge – Central and Cable Stayed Bridge – Construction Methods
MOP – A Ponte Salazar, 1966
REFER – A Ponte 25 de Abril Construção da 2ª fase, 1999
Ferry Borges – The observation of Tagus River Suspension Bridge, 1966
Júlio Appleton 52
Thank you for your attention