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The Cultural Geography of Europe

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Northern Europe Key Terms: Immigrant Refugee Middle Ages Feudalism Reformation Enlightenment Industrial Revolution Industrial Capitalism Communism Cold War European Union Welfare State Romanticism

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Northern Europe (cont) Main Point: Industrialized and successful economies Population Patterns Influenced by migration of distinct ethnic groups Over 160 ethnic groups in Northern Europe The people British Isles- England, Wales, Scotland, N. Ireland Most live in United Kingdom and Ireland Early Celtic peoples- 2,500 to 3,000 Last 100 years- immigrants from South Asia and West Indies

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The People: Northern Europe (cont) Refugees- flee home country for safety reasons Many to GB during and after WWII Swedes, Norwegians, and Danes Different languages; common Germanic heritage Similar ways of life Eastern European influences Reshaping of the Scandinavian cultures

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Density and Distribution U.K.- most densely populated 60 million = 635 per sq. mi. Scandinavia Low pop. density; inhospitable terrain Internal migration Rural to urban Job seekers Most important cities drive economies U.K.- London (7 million people) Sweden- Stockholm (1.7 million people) Denmark- Copenhagen (popular tourist destination)

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Population Density

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History and Government Culture has fueled Northern Europeans to create powerful governments and economies Earliest inhabitants from mainland Europe over 500,000 years ago 55 BC to 1066 AD Romans took Britain; brought Christianity 500 to 1500 AD Middle Ages Feudalism- lords gave lands to vassals as a reward for their loyalty 1500s Reformation Reduction of power of Catholic Church Powerful church unwelcome

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CHANGE Enlightenment- rebirth of reason 1600s- England issued their Bill of Rights Industrial Revolution Machinery = production Industrial capitalism = profit used to expand companies Poor class = communism = equality and ownership of factors of production New Era European Union Free movement of goods, services, and workers to member nations

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Culture: Northern Europe Old traditions influence daily life Language and Religion Indo-European languages (Swedish and English) Freedom of religion (mostly Protestant) Education and Healthcare Have the most educated populations in the world 100% literacy rate HC provided by the welfare state- govt funded The Arts Shakespeare shaped the literary world 1700s- romanticism- writing to stir emotions and feeling Denmark- Hans Christian Anderson

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Western Europe Key Terms: Guest Worker Crusades Reparations Holocaust Realism Impressionist

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Western Europe Idea: Western Europe influenced by its location, history, and revolutionary role in world events Population Patterns: Shaped by physical geography, migration, and world events Welcomed many ethnicities 1950s- guest workers- work in a foreign country to encourage economic growth

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Density and Distribution Mostly densely populated Most live in cities Germany- most populous- 82.5 million 598 per sq. mi. Netherlands and Belgium Most densely populated b/c of small land areas Trend Migration to mostly urban areas

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Famous Cities: Western Europe Paris- capital of France Cultural and Economic center Brussels- Belgium Commercial Center and administrative center of the European Union Amsterdam Capital of the Netherlands Famed for its canals, art, and atmosphere of tolerance

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Paris, Brussels, and Amsterdam

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History and Government Shaped by early civilization, revolutions, and world wars Early People Celts, Romans, Basques, and Frisians Rise of Western Europe Began with Charlemagne (786 to 814 AD) Renaissance- 1400s = Greek and Roman revival 1500s- Reformation

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Change: Western Europe Thirty Years War- France emerged victorious and powerful 1700s- French Revolution (Enlightenment) Prussia- rose to power in mid-1800s WWI- 1914-1918 Reparations- payments for damages Combined with Germany taking all the blame for WWI led to WWII WWII produced the Holocaust

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A New Era: Western Europe Post-WW2- Germany divided into East (communist) and West (democratic) 1950s Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) Would become the EU in 1990

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CULTURE Influenced by history, common values, and location as a crossroads of European cultures and values Arts Realism- accurate depiction of life and environment Impressionism- immediate impressions of the world Language and Religion Indo European languages Basques Euskera Religion- Catholic and Protestant

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Culture (cont) Education and Healthcare 98-100% literacy rate Education for all HC funded by the govt Family Life High standards of living Aging population Generally more cultured

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Realism and Impressionism

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Southern Europe Key Terms: City-State Renaissance Main Idea: Modernization and industrial powers with distinct cultural identities

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Population Patterns Unique cultures and history have shaped population patterns People Descendants of prior civilizations Italians- from Etruscan and Roman descent Spanish- Iberian descent Catalonia- state of Andorra- origin of the Catalans Greeks- descendants of Minoans and Mycenaean's

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Southern Europe: Density and Distribution 58 million = 505 per sq. mi. Italy- most populous of Southern Europe Spain- 208 per sq. mi. Most live in coastal/industrial areas History of emigration (moving away from home- country) Today- immigration; people moving to urban areas

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Prominent Cities Rome Capital of Italy Chief commercial center Athens Capital of Greece Center of culture Madrid Capital of Spain Center of Arts and Finance Milan Italy; manufacturing, commerce, and finance Venice Italy: famous canals Lisbon Capital of Portugal

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History and Government Early civilizations, global trade, and world events shaped Southern Europe Greek city-states (separate communities linked by language and culture) Democracy 27- 180 AD Romans and Constantinople 711- 1400s- Moors (Muslims) invaded Spain and remained there Renaissance- 1300s and 1400s Colonization- 1400s

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Winds of Change 1800s and 1900s Nationalism Spain and Portugal lost their colonies Greece gained independence from Turkey WWI and II Political and economic instability Today Democratically elected governments Member nations of the EU

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Southern European Culture Religion, the arts, and intellectual traditions have shaped societies and governments Education 95% literacy rate Compulsory education HC- varied; Spain has more doctors per person than anywhere in Europe Greece- not too successful

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Culture (cont) Language and Religion Romance languages: Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese Italy, Spain, and Portugal = Roman Catholic Greece- Greek Orthodox Church Italy and Spain = growing Muslim populations Arts and Leisure Columns, Arches, and Domes DaVinci (1452-1519) Michelangelo (1475-1564) Soccer, Bullfighting popular

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Southern Europe: Pictures

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Eastern Europe Key Terms: Balkanization Ethnic Cleansing Main Idea Shaped by centuries of power struggles, and current growth in economic strength

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Eastern Europe: Population Patterns Physical geography, migration, political and ethnic struggles People Ethnically Slavic Divided into Slavs, Belarusians, Slovaks Central Eastern Europe Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia North Eastern Europe Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia Eastern Europe Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Bulgaria

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Density and Distribution Influenced by geography Ukraine and Poland- fertile soil and ample water Ukraine- 47.1 million people (202 per sq mi) People live in towns and cities Soviet end = REBIRTH

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History and Government Political, economic, and ethnic struggles have shaped the history and govt of Eastern Europe Early People Settled in Ukraine and Poland 400s-500s- moved westward 500s- Slavic Czechs to Bohemia 700s- Moravia settled 1400s- Ottoman Empire Kiev most important settlement Romania established- b/t the Carpathian Mts. & the Danube River

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Union, Conflict, and Division History of power struggles and division Balkan Peninsula Balkanization- division of a region into smaller regions that are hostile to each other 1990s- ethnic cleansing- wipe out of one ethnic group by another Kosovo Crisis

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A New Age: Eastern Europe 1950s to 1990s Revolts against communism Democratically elected governments Today Stronger ties to the EU

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Culture in Eastern Europe Religious and ethnic conflict have influenced culture Language and Religion Slavic- Polish and Czech Baltic- Latvian and Lithuanian Religion Roman Catholicism Islam Eastern Orthodoxy

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Culture: (cont) Education and Healthcare High literacy rates Mandatory and free schooling Arts and Leisure Folk and classical music Literature- works of Franz Kafka Family Life Extended family Winter sports and swimming Anything indoors (cold winters)