The Crusades and the Late Middle Ages I. What is a Crusade? A.A
series of (at least) 8 military expeditions in an attempt to
capture and control the Holy Land B.These will happen over a period
of 200 years C.The Holy Land is sacred to Christians because it is
the land that Jesus taught in... but its also sacred to Muslims and
Jews which will be the root of issues even today D.Pilgrims have
been traveling there since 200 AD II. Reason for War A.Turks and
Muslims have controlled much of the area, including Jerusalem, for
many years B.Turks will close many of the trade routes C.They begin
attacking European pilgrims D.As the Turkish Empire continues to
grow they begin attacking Constantinople E.This will lead to a plea
for help from the Byzantine Emperor F.The Byzantine Emperor will
ask Pope Urban II to send knights to defend the Christian Empire
G.Pope Urban II agrees to help the Byzantines, protect the
pilgrims, and reopen closed trade routes. H.He also hoped to unite
Europeans against the Muslims and Turks to end the war I.He also
felt it was also a way to gain prestige and power for the Church by
reclaiming control of the Holy Land III. Why did people fight?
A.Take back Jerusalem B.People went for the Church, poor people
especially C.2nd born sons went to achieve glory and wealth D.The
Pope offered salvation to outlaws, murderers, and criminals that
went (got them out of Europe) E.Some people just liked to fight, it
was fun IV. 1st Crusade A.Peter the Hermit 1.He wasnt sent by the
pope but decided to lead an army of commoners in battle 2.Called
The Peoples Crusade 3.Against the advice of the Pope and others to
wait, he marches into the Holy Land 4.They are ill supplied and
will plunder towns 5.The majority of his army is slaughtered by the
Turks in retaliation 6.Peter abandons his army and flees to
Constantinople B.In 1099, an army of knights arrive and join the
survivors of the Peoples Crusade C.Will take the city of Jerusalem
and 10,000 inhabitants of all religions D.Will set up 4 Christian
kingdoms E.The Turks will continue to attack and more European
crusaders will arrive F.Will eventually lose city by 1187 V. Other
Crusades A.Muslim captured Edessa in 1144 which sparks a 2nd
Crusade B.The ruler of Egypt, Saladin, would unite the Muslims and
declare war on the Christian States C.Saladins forces would capture
Jerusalem in 1187 D.The Third Crusade created a truce between
Richard the Lion-hearted and Saladin that allowed Christian
Pilgrims to enter Jerusalem safely E.Fourth Crusade was an attack
on Constantinople which weakened the Byzantine Empire and helped
Venice F.6 more Crusades were fought over the next 60 years G.By
1291 the last Christian city fell to Muslim forces VI. Effects of
the Crusades on Europe A.Bring many changes to Europe including
playing a role in ending feudalism. B.Many lords joined Crusades
and died weakening the feudal structure C.Many new goods introduced
to Europe by returning ships that carried Crusaders to the Middle
East D.Trade increases significantly E.New ideas in medicine,
mathematics, and technology make their way to Europe F.Seeds of
exploration are planted VII. Rise of Kingdoms A.Nobles power was
dependent on the king in feudalism B.The growth of towns shifted
the economy away from manors (noble control) to cities C.The king
bought cities and made money of charters and taxes D.The kings
wealth and armies grew... as did his power E.Add that to the
shrinking of nobles because of the Crusades (nobles sold land to
pay for the trip and many died) F.Less noble land = more king power
VIII. 100 Years War A.Lasts 116 years B.Between England and France
C.All of the battles take place in France D.Started because King
Edward of England claimed the French throne because of his mothers
family connection E.Economically it is fought over control of the
English Channel F.Will end because England is going through
internal fighting called the War of the Roses, so France defeats
the British in 1453 G.Changes warfare forever 1.Longbow 2.Cannons
IX. Joan of Arc Young peasant girl that took control of the chaos
and led the French to victory in the Battle of Orleans Convinced
she had a vision from God that told her to free France Will lead
the French to more victories with the blessing of King Charles of
France She was captured by English allies and burned at the stake
as a witch She is seen as a martyr to the French people and
inspires them to rise up against England X. Effects of the 100
Years War A.Modern boundaries between France and England B.Rise of
Nationalism- identifying and having pride in ones people or nation
C.Kings take more power while Nobles lose theirs. D.Englands
parliament takes more control over taxes and spending XI. Revival
of Trade A.Crusades brought many wonderful and unique things from
the Middle East and Asia B.Europeans start demanding things:
1.spices, cloth, ivory, etc. C.European traders begin to travel
abroad D.Mongol controlled China increased trade volume on the Silk
Road XII. Growth of Towns and Cities A.Towns will grow out of small
villages in manor system B.Towns could purchase charter from king
(expensive) but allowed them to separate from control of a lord
C.They could make own laws and collect own taxes... independent
D.Owed nothing to lord, charters turned into a money-maker for many
kings E.Hastened the decline of decentralized feudalism system
F.Lords lost revenue and power while kings gained it helping more
centralize government in Western Europe G. G.Town life is NOT
self-sufficient H. H.Economy shifts to one that uses the exchange
of money for goods and services I. I.New class develops between the
noble and the peasants = Middle Class J. J.Made up of merchants,
artisans, laborers, traders, bankers, and other craft workers K.
K.Guilds develop L. L.Towns would grow into large urban trade
centers, which would become cities XIII. The Black Plague A.A
bubonic plague struck Europe and Asia in the 1300s B.A bubonic
plague is a disease caused by a type of bacteria carried by fleas,
which infested black rats C.Believed to have started in the Gobi
Desert and spread rapidly because of trade on the Silk Roads
D.Killed half of China (40-60 million) and Europes population (38
Million) Plague Victim 2012 XIV. Effects of the Black Plague
A.Trade Declined B.Less people means less workers C.Workers were in
demand which meant higher wages and lower rent D.Fewer people means
less demand for food, leading to lower food prices E.Peasants now
had money so they paid rent instead of owing services, effectively
ending serfdom F.Along with the Crusades it would weaken the feudal
system
