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Chapter 22 Reading Quiz Clickers
The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Birth of the Universe
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
22.1 The Big Bang Theory
• What were conditions like in the early universe? • How did the early universe change with time?
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is the difference between an electron and an anti-electron?
a) its charge b) its mass c) its spin d) A and B e) A and C
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is the difference between an electron and an anti-electron?
a) its charge b) its mass c) its spin d) A and B e) A and C
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
How many photons are created when a particle and its anti-particle annihilate each other?
a) 1 b) 2 c) more than 2 d) It can be any number, depending on the energy of
the photons and of the particles.
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
How many photons are created when a particle and its anti-particle annihilate each other?
a) 1 b) 2 c) more than 2 d) It can be any number, depending on the energy of
the photons and of the particles.
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is a grand unified theory (GUT)?
a) a theory that combines quantum mechanics with electrodynamics
b) a theory that combines gravity with electrodynamics
c) a theory that combines all four forces of nature d) a theory that combines the electroweak
and strong forces
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is a grand unified theory (GUT)?
a) a theory that combines quantum mechanics with electrodynamics
b) a theory that combines gravity with electrodynamics
c) a theory that combines all four forces of nature d) a theory that combines the electroweak and
strong forces
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
During what time period do scientists suspect that all four forces of nature were unified?
a) within the first 10-billionth of a second b) within the first millionth of a second c) within the first second d) within the first 10 hours e) within the first 10 years
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
During what time period do scientists suspect that all four forces of nature were unified?
a) within the first 10-billionth of a second b) within the first millionth of a second c) within the first second d) within the first 10 hours e) within the first 10 years
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What marked the end of the Planck era?
a) when most of the energy of the universe was in particles rather than photons
b) when gravity separated from the GUT force c) when the strong and weak nuclear forces
separated d) when the electromagnetic and weak forces
separated
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What marked the end of the Planck era?
a) when most of the energy of the universe was in particles rather than photons
b) when gravity separated from the GUT force c) when the strong and weak nuclear forces
separated d) when the electromagnetic and weak forces
separated
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What marked the end of the particle era?
a) when most of the energy of the universe was in particles rather than photons
b) when the electromagnetic and weak forces separated
c) We are still in the particle era. d) when spontaneous particle production (formation of
particles from photons) ceased e) when fusion of protons and neutrons ceased
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What marked the end of the particle era?
a) when most of the energy of the universe was in particles rather than photons
b) when the electromagnetic and weak forces separated
c) We are still in the particle era. d) when spontaneous particle production
(formation of particles from photons) ceased e) when fusion of protons and neutrons ceased
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
22.2 Evidence for the Big Bang
• How do observations of the cosmic microwave background support the Big Bang theory?
• How do the abundances of elements support the Big Bang theory?
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
At what time did the universe become transparent and allow photons to stream freely across it?
a) at the end of the Planck era (10-43 seconds) b) at the end of the electroweak era (10-10 seconds) c) at the end of the era of nucleosynthesis (5 minutes) d) at the end of the era of nuclei (380,000 years) e) at the beginning of the era of galaxies (1 billion
years)
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
At what time did the universe become transparent and allow photons to stream freely across it?
a) at the end of the Planck era (10-43 seconds) b) at the end of the electroweak era (10-10 seconds) c) at the end of the era of nucleosynthesis (5 minutes) d) at the end of the era of nuclei (380,000 years) e) at the beginning of the era of galaxies (1 billion
years)
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What was the temperature of the universe at the time of the creation of the cosmic microwave background?
a) 3 K b) 100 K c) 3000 K d) 100,000 K e) 3 million K
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What was the temperature of the universe at the time of the creation of the cosmic microwave background?
a) 3 K b) 100 K c) 3000 K d) 100,000 K e) 3 million K
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
How much larger is the universe today than at the time of the creation of the cosmic microwave background radiation?
a) 100 times b) 1000 times c) 100,000 times d) 5 million times e) 5 billion times
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
How much larger is the universe today than at the time of the creation of the cosmic microwave background radiation?
a) 100 times b) 1000 times c) 100,000 times d) 5 million times e) 5 billion times
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is not observational evidence in support of the Big Bang theory?
a) the relative abundance of helium to hydrogen in the universe
b) the temperature of the cosmic microwave background c) the uniformity, with small fluctuations, of the cosmic
microwave background d) the abundance of lithium in the universe e) the density of the universe relative to the critical density
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is not observational evidence in support of the Big Bang theory?
a) the relative abundance of helium to hydrogen in the universe
b) the temperature of the cosmic microwave background c) the uniformity, with small fluctuations, of the cosmic
microwave background d) the abundance of lithium in the universe e) the density of the universe relative to the critical
density
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
How do we know that the density of ordinary matter in the universe is 4% of the critical density?
a) from the relative abundance of deuterium nuclei to regular hydrogen nuclei
b) from observations of the gravitational redshift of distant white dwarf supernovae
c) from the 3 to 1 ratio of hydrogen to helium in the universe
d) from the abundance of lithium in the universe e) from observations of galactic light curves showing dark
matter
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
How do we know that the density of ordinary matter in the universe is 4% of the critical density?
a) from the relative abundance of deuterium nuclei to regular hydrogen nuclei
b) from observations of the gravitational redshift of distant white dwarf supernovae
c) from the 3 to 1 ratio of hydrogen to helium in the universe
d) from the abundance of lithium in the universe e) from observations of galactic light curves showing dark
matter
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
22.3 The Big Bang and Inflation
• What key features of the universe are explained by inflation?
• Did inflation really occur?
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
How large was the variation in the density of the universe from place to place at the end of the era of nuclei (380,000 years old)?
a) 0.01% b) 1% c) 10% d) 30%
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
How large was the variation in the density of the universe from place to place at the end of the era of nuclei (380,000 years old)?
a) 0.01% b) 1% c) 10% d) 30%
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is not an aspect of the universe explained by inflation?
a) the origin of structure b) the near perfect uniformity of temperature and
density c) the density of the universe nearly equaling the
critical density d) the relative abundance of hydrogen and helium
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is not an aspect of the universe explained by inflation?
a) the origin of structure b) the near perfect uniformity of temperature and
density c) the density of the universe nearly equaling the
critical density d) the relative abundance of hydrogen and helium
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
How does inflation explain the early density enhancements in the universe that led to the formation of galaxies?
a) Inflation stretched space so rapidly that it created regions of lower density as some matter and energy were left behind.
b) Inflation amplified quantum fluctuations in density into large-scale density enhancements.
c) Inflation produced pressure waves in space that compressed energy into regions of higher and lower density.
d) Inflation was so fast that it was not possible for neighboring regions to equalize their temperatures, leading to energy density enhancements.
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
How does inflation explain the early density enhancements in the universe that led to the formation of galaxies?
a) Inflation stretched space so rapidly that it created regions of lower density as some matter and energy were left behind.
b) Inflation amplified quantum fluctuations in density into large-scale density enhancements.
c) Inflation produced pressure waves in space that compressed energy into regions of higher and lower density.
d) Inflation was so fast that it was not possible for neighboring regions to equalize their temperatures, leading to energy density enhancements.
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
When dark matter and dark energy are included, the geometrical shape of the universe appears to be
a) flat b) spherical c) saddle-shaped d) parabolic e) conic
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
When dark matter and dark energy are included, the geometrical shape of the universe appears to be
a) flat b) spherical c) saddle-shaped d) parabolic e) conic
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Over what angular scale in the universe are there the greatest differences in temperature in the cosmic microwave background?
a) 0.01° b) 1° c) 5° d) 15° e) 35°
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Over what angular scale in the universe are there the greatest differences in temperature in the cosmic microwave background?
a) 0.01° b) 1° c) 5° d) 15° e) 35°
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following types of mass or energy is predicted to be most abundant by inflation and the Big Bang theory?
a) ordinary (baryonic) matter b) extraordinary (non-baryonic) matter c) dark energy d) radiant energy (light)
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following types of mass or energy is predicted to be most abundant by inflation and the Big Bang theory?
a) ordinary (baryonic) matter b) extraordinary (non-baryonic) matter c) dark energy d) radiant energy (light)
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
22.4 Observing the Big Bang for Yourself
• Why is the darkness of the night sky evidence for the Big Bang?
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is the resolution to Olbers' paradox, which states that the sky should be uniformly bright?
a) The observable universe is finite in size. b) The universe is flat. c) Dark energy is accelerating the expansion of the
universe. d) Dark matter is the dominant form of matter in the
universe. e) Inflation introduced inconsistencies in the
distribution of matter.
Chapter 22
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is the resolution to Olbers' paradox, which states that the sky should be uniformly bright?
a) The observable universe is finite in size. b) The universe is flat. c) Dark energy is accelerating the expansion of the
universe. d) Dark matter is the dominant form of matter in the
universe. e) Inflation introduced inconsistencies in the
distribution of matter.
