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8/20/2019 The copper coinage of the state of New Jersey : annotated manuscript of Damon G. Douglas / ed. by Gary A. Tru…
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CO I NAG O F TH E
E R S Y
amonG.D ouglas
NNU M SMAT CSO C E T
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/20/2019 The copper coinage of the state of New Jersey : annotated manuscript of Damon G. Douglas / ed. by Gary A. Tru…
2/138
8/20/2019 The copper coinage of the state of New Jersey : annotated manuscript of Damon G. Douglas / ed. by Gary A. Tru…
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COI NAG O F TH E STAT O F N W E R S Y
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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D ouglas lef t . tappearsthatheislook ingatthephotographic plate
hatwaspublishedin1881by dwardMaris M. D. Spec ific ally itis
to theimageofobverse43.Theother gentlemaninthephotoisnot
amonG.D ouglasCompany.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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5
theLegisla ture Page9
3
rCoinageP rivilegeP age29
e35
e39
w ayMintPage43
fectingMintOperations Page53
age67
CoiningP age77
ntP age89
95
geP age97
P age119
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/20/2019 The copper coinage of the state of New Jersey : annotated manuscript of Damon G. Douglas / ed. by Gary A. Tru…
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8/20/2019 The copper coinage of the state of New Jersey : annotated manuscript of Damon G. Douglas / ed. by Gary A. Tru…
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go D amonG.D ouglasbeganin-depthhistoricalresearchintothe
hatsprangupshortlyafter theendofthe R evolutionaryWar in
rcerecords heunearthedmanynewfactspreviouslyunknownto
tely afteryearsofwork Douglasbecamedisenchantedwith
workonhismanuscripts.L ater shortlyafterhisdeathon F ebruary
sbooksand manuscriptvolumesweredonatedtotheAmerican
son.
sborninWorcester Massachusetts butgrew upinJ ack sonv il le
theCorne llC o llegeofC iv ilEngineering graduatingsummacum
eganhisengineeringcareerwithTurnerC onstructionC o. o fNew Y ork .
startedhisow ncompany theDamonG. DouglasC onstructionC o. located
onB roadStreetinNew ark New J ersey. O vertheyears hiscompany
tructuresintheNew ark area andit issti ll inoperationtoday . I n
hairmanof theboard aposit ionhehelduntilhisdeath.
o f theB uildingC ontractors A ssociationofNew J erseyandthe
ingC ontractors A ssociation. He w asactive intheB oyScoutsof
C ountyB loodB ank andtheHistoricalSocietyofNew J erseyandserved
munityF undofE sse andWestH udsoncampaignin1949. F rom
achosenf reeho lder( superv isor o fE sse C ountyandin1955hew as
hewaspresidentoftheCleanGovernmentR epublicanAssocia-
asafe llow of theA mericanNumismaticSocietyandamemberof the
nitedStatesCoins.D uringtheyears1949through1951 heserved
iousNew Y ork NumismaticC lub. H eamassedane tensive
R omanandGreek coins.
hewroteseveralarticlesconcerningnumismaticsthatwerepublished
ticAssociationandtheNew J erseyH istoricalSociety.H ispaper
nto f theNew J erseyCopper w asespecia lly importantbecause in
asthe locationof thef irstNew J erseymint.
J erseymanuscriptw asfarf rombeingcompletedw henhestoppedw ork on
its incompletestate themanuscriptisan importantsourceof
eNewJ erseycoppercoinagesthatwereproducedduringthe years
onow onlyafewindividualshavehadaccess tothemanuscript.
oftheinformationfoundinthe manuscripthavebeenpublishedover
ublications. Now forthef irstt ime thecompletemanuscript( as
a ilabletoeveryone.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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heunf inishedmanuscriptispresentedasD ouglasw rote it. H ow ever
shavebeencorrected unlesstheyarefoundinq uotedmaterial
beeninsertedin bracketswithinthemanuscriptforclarity.A word
catesthatthereis aneditorialcommentatthebottomof thepage
hemanuscript.
econtributedtothisworkbyprovidingannotationsoreditorial
acheditorialcommentisidentifiedby hisinitialsin boldtype.
t h ey a r e D a v id G l ad f el t er ( D G , R o g e r M oo r e ( R M , G a ry
ennisW ier ba( D W) , andR ayW illiams( R W) .I wishtothankeachofthe
gcountlesshoursinthepreparationof thiswork.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/20/2019 The copper coinage of the state of New Jersey : annotated manuscript of Damon G. Douglas / ed. by Gary A. Tru…
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8/20/2019 The copper coinage of the state of New Jersey : annotated manuscript of Damon G. Douglas / ed. by Gary A. Tru…
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edasastarting pointforfurtherstudy.U nfortunatelythere
patterns.I tispresentedwiththe hopethatothersmay
rtakingtheresearchthatmayultimatelyfill themin.
llyacknowledgedto
ks
numerate
nlytheabovegenerali edacknowledgmentlist.Nospecificsare
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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N
uiryintothehistoryof theNewJ erseyCoppersappearsin
7 1855 regularmeetingof theNew J erseyHistorica l
ngarsubmittedanin uiryastotheoriginof theo ldco ins
yk now nasthe" H orseHeadC oppers asnoauthority
sue inanyacto f theLegisla ture . Dr. L ew isC ondict
theywerecoineduponindividualresponsibilityat
andpromisedtoobtainmoredefiniteinformation.1
appearedintheP roceedingsoftheSocietyforJ anuary
omtheH on. Lew isC ondict M. D. o fMorristow n.2
Mould inorabouttheyear1781, acametoMorristow n
cupiedthepremisesca lledSo litude ow nedby J ohn
. w hohadj ustgonebtotak epossessionofa large
iver thencalledtheMiamiC ountry.
t isaninsomeof theshopsinB irm ingham andhad
toolsandimplementsofhistrade.
erseyHistorica lSociety 1855 p. 132.
10 .
lddidnotmovetoMorristownuntil 1787.
sitedtheO hioterritoryin1787and didnottakeup hisresidencethereuntil
hhim.
3
o intedadirectoro f theStateB ank atMorrisby theL egisla ture in
eH onorableL ewisCondict M.D. containedseveralerrorswhich
sfootnotes( a-n andthene cusedbecausetheyw erethechildhood
T
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/20/2019 The copper coinage of the state of New Jersey : annotated manuscript of Damon G. Douglas / ed. by Gary A. Tru…
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8/20/2019 The copper coinage of the state of New Jersey : annotated manuscript of Damon G. Douglas / ed. by Gary A. Tru…
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highlyoffensive inthenostri lso f " rebe ll ious C o lo -
thebanof hersuccessors.
yaddedthathehadbeeni nformedthemanufactureof
asa lsocarriedonatEli abethtow nand itw asthought byMr.
. 1undertheauspicesofC o lone lMatthiasOgden. 1B utitw asvery
stenterprise 1w asatSo litudenearMorristown.
itness accountisattestedina letterbyW .C.B akerfrom
ust8 1855 stating inregardtoabrie ferbutsim ilaraccount
svouchedforbyMr. L ew isC ondict o fMorristown w hosaw
ohnH. H ick co w asgatheringmateria lforhiswork on
H erece iveda letterdatedMarch19 1858f romF . B .
th N. . giv inganother" eyew itness account thato fhis
rberChetwood4whichisreproducedinCrosbyon page287.
doftenor twelveshesawtheactualcoining inthehouse
er. It w asoperatedbyGilbertR indleandaman shebelieved
ecollectionof otherthanthestampingbeingdonethere.
mC harlesI . B ushnellappearedintheNew ark (N. . Da ily
1855. It began" TheNew J erseyHistorica lSocietyhav ing
hesub ectofthecoppercoinage oftheState...afew
erest . Therefo llowedacopyof thesevera lactsof the
ecoinageandadescriptionof thecoins.Mr.B ushnell
searchandmadehisfindings availabletoCrosbywho
te d B r i t an n ia o n t he r e ve r se t o a s hi e ld w i th t h e le g en d E P L U R I B U S
ually signif icant.
gdenshasapparentlyneverbeforebeeninvestigated.W eshallseethat the
tartswiththesetwobrothers.
eleasing oftheR ahwayMillsandallegedthathe hadhelpedine uipping
his removaltoMorristownin1787.
born3/3/ 1772died5/ 26/ 1862 w asaboyof15or16w henhew itnessedthe
onsin1855 wereofeventsof67or 68yearsago.Thushiserrors arenot
E arlyC oinsofA merica p. 282. L ew isC ondict born3Mar. 1772 died26
artermemberof theNew J erseyHistorica lSociety .
htero fC o l. F rancisandA nne( Nancy O gdenB arber born1Nov . 1780 died
24March1800Will iamC hetw ood sonof J ohnC hetw oodofE li abeth-Town.
arberChetwoodw asborn1F eb. 1806. Shew asbutnineyearso ldin1789w hen
beenmovedfromR ahwaytoE li abeth-Town.Sheandhermotherwere
ouseofherdeceasedgrandfather MosesOgden. C ol. F rancisB arberhad
wburghbyafallingtree.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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N
erseyCoppersisintimatelyconnectedfrombeginningtoend
Eli abeth-Town somefactsabouthimandhisback ground
place. H ewasvariouslydescribedbythosewhoknewhim
e " 7" ofgoodandopulentfamily inJersey " 8" anartful se lf ish
hisre uest GeorgeWashingtongavehimthefo llowing
y toassisthimonabusinesstriptoF rance in1783.
elMatthiasO gden enteredtheServ icesof theU nited
V o lunteer atthecommencementof theWarw ith
asemployedontheA rduousE nterpri ew hichwas
yofQ uebecatthecloseof theyear1775-that after
ew asappo intedtothecommandofoneof theR eg o f the
thathehathSupportedw ithdignity& reputationtheR ank
heU nitedStatesthroughthevariousvicissitudes
resentR evolution untilthehappyterminationofthe
nofgenera ltran uil ity -10
tsofa familymercantilepartnershipcomposedofE lias
law J onathanDay ton hisw ife sbrother W ill iamF rancis
rancisB arber formerhusbandofMatthias sdeceasedsisterMary
rstcousinNancy andA aronO gden Matthias syounger
as establishedconnectionsandcreditforimportsandmayhave
fromthe F renchGovernmentforsupplyingbeefandflour
I n P a r i s h e wa s p re s en t ed t o t he c o ur t o f L o u i s X V w h o ho n or e d
table. L eav ingP arisonSeptember10th hearrivedat
C53
remissing fromthemanuscript.GT
New J erseyStateC oiner " byGaryTrudgen publishedinThe
o lume28 No. 2 J une1988 pp. 1032-51. MatthiasOgdenw asa
eyL egisla turewhoplayedama orro le inthe" horsehead co inage
geitse lf asw illbepresently seen. GT
rk of theB oroughofEli abeth issuedaseriesofsmallchangenotes
. SeeNew man TheEarlyP aperMoneyofA merica( 4thedition
A aronbecamegovernorofNew J ersey in1812andpresidentof theState
n1813. Hisportra it ispublishedinP hil ipL. K le inhans historyof this
hil ipL. D ow nThroughtheY ears: TheStoryofTheNationa lStateB ank
e rs ey 1 81 2- 19 37 S el f- pu bl is he d E l i a be th N . J . 1 93 7 . D G
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Stateof NewJ ersey
30thtogiveCongressthe firstwordofthesigning ofthe
withGreatB ritain.12
s yetcometolight regardingacoppercoinageforthe State
he" J ournalo f theL egisla tiveCouncilo fNew J ersey.
786.
eaveof theHouse broughtinaB il l int it led" A nA ctfor
C opperinthisState w hichw asread andordered
asOgdenhadmemoria li edtheC ontinenta lC ongressseek ing
platedF ederalcoppercoinage.O gdenmayhavebeen
tbyhiso lderbrother R obertOgden J r. andby the irfa ther.
mine inSusse County whitherhehadremovedhis
rt J r. hadmarriedSarahP latto fHuntington L ongI sland
782lef thimwithf ivemotherlesschildren. I n1785hew as
Hannahw homhemarriedMarch12 1786. Ane tracto fhis
1785indicateshisintimacywithothers oftheP lattfamily.
obeatHuntingtononmyw ay toNew Haveninafew
B etsy ( hiso ldestdaughter w ithme& leaveherthere if
me. Givemyduty toourw orthyagedparent( D r.
o v e to M r . J a r v i s E b e ne e r ( P l a t t & h i s w if e - a nd b e li e ve
mostaffectionate
tustoNew Haven. I rea llyw ishyouwould.
B roomew asthew ifeofSamuelB roome partnerofherbrother
f irmofB roomeandP latthadremovedin1785f romNew York
retheyq uick lybecameoneof thecity sleadingmercantile
ompanyforCoiningCoppers wasunderdiscussionandthe
ConnecticutCopperscoinagewassubmittedO ctober18
tnginNew Haven. B roome sson- in- law J amesJ arv isby
03C3C53
tthiasOgdenmemoria li edtheC ontinenta lC ongressinJ anuary
ederalcoppercoinage.Actually hisproposalwasdatedMarch23
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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rea5/ 16thsinterestinthiscompanyandB roomeandP latt
fairsofthecompany.Thusit seemssafetoassumethat
eturntoNew J erseywithouthav inghadhisattentionattracted
t inthecoiningof copperandthathisbrotherMatthias
d q uick lybecameso.
e[ Matthias hadbeenelectedtheEsse C ountymemberof the
veCouncilinwhichheintroducedthe coppersbillofMarch
passed nem. con. by thecouncilbutw asdefeatedinthe
ttheunitedopposit ionofEsse C ounty sthreeassembly -
hofE li abeth-Tow n R ahw ay .
ersofalineof stagesbetweenNewY orkandP hiladelphia
ark . MatthiasO gdenin1785hadac uiredaninterestina
etheB ergenP o introute . Thishe[ O gden neededtoq ua lify
rtationof themailsbystagesbetweenNewY orkand
awardedtohiminNovember1785for theyear1786to
. Whetherornotthisstage lineriva lry influencedMarsh s
scoppersbil l Matthiaspromptly took stepstoe lim inatethe
derobligationto him.O nApril17 hesecuredthepassage
directingthe postmastergeneraltoalterthecontractwith
usetherouteofB ergenP o intoro fNew ark asshould" best
afew monthsheso ldhisinterestinthestagesandw aspatroni ing
mailconveyance.
3
wastheupperchamberofthe NewJ erseyL egislaturepriortothe
G
rev iationfor" nemocontra w hichmeansnoneopposed. DG
separatemunicipality asnow butw asaw ardw ithintheTownof
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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T T O N STO TH E L E G S ATU R E ]
ofthe 10thlegislaturetworivalpetitionswerepresented
bothprayingtheprivilegeofcoiningcopper moneyforthe
s reproducedfully inC rosby page277 a llegedhisow ner-
dof aq uantityofnativeminedcopperasguaranteesof
edthestatearoyaltyof everyninthcoppercoined.L eddel
stof thethreepermissibleconsecutiveyearlytermsas
ounty . Hew asamedicaldoctor aprominentMasonand
te.
sentedtwodaysearlier wassubmittedinthej ointnamesof
a lterMould ThomasGoadsbyandA lbionC o . F orthe
turew hichresultedinthe J une1 1786contractwiththe
erisre ferredtoC rosby pages275to279 w heretheyare
eta il. How ever itw il lbepertinenttonotethatthe" Mr.
tteeappointedtoconferwiththe partnersandwhobroughtin
sDanie lMarshofE li abeth-TownR ahw ayandthatthe
ewasAbrahamClark signeroftheD eclarationof
merow nerofD anie lMarsh sMillsatR ahw ay . Thebil lcarried
rtoftheE sse assemblymenandinspiteofthetwo toone
ounty srepresentatives w hohadallf avoredOgden sbil l
eversalinpositionmay beunderstoodsinceL eddel s
ghtthecontracttotheir county.B uttheabout-facebythe
ggestiveofmorethanordinarysalesmanship.Thesuccessof
esidentinNew Y ork C ity insecuringacontractf romthestate
etheestatesofloyalistswerestill inprocessofconfiscationsale
anativeson whoofferedthestateaten percenthigher
rfulpoliticalbacking operatingbackstage.
orNew York f romLondoninO ctober1783andsetupstore
twithalarge stockofgoodsac uiredwithmoneyborrowed
itt leB rita in E ngland. B y 1786hehadremovedto240Queen
businesscollapsehadinvolvedhimin acutefinancial
knowledgeofthemetallurgyofcoinage havingapparently
ative sf irmofC o , Merle& C o. o fLitt leB rita in.
overed New J erseyco inageproposa lw asmadeby J asperSmith&
e1786onthesametermsofC o , Mould andGoadsby. See" A
C olonia lC o inageProposa l byDav idGladfelter TheC olonial
1 No. 3 September1991 pp. 1275-79. DW
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Stateof NewJ ersey
steredinNewY orkCityduringtheR evolutionasa
ylater confiscationofhisverysubstantialpersonal
f irmofThomasGoadsby& C o. 40H anoverS uare madeup
amuelK irk man J osephandThomasH olmes importersand
olventmemberofthe coinagetrioandadvancedcashto put
n.
at24Will iamStreetinF rank sD irectoryof1786butw ith
entionofoccupation.Traditionhasit thathebroughtwith
ementsforco iningande perience inusingthem. TheJ ourna l
ssrecordstherece iptonA ugust19 1785 o fa" Memoria l
oconducta Mint. AMr.Mouldhadbeen arrestedin
itco iningatB risto l Hotw ells. A stillobscureslurat
ccurredina laterpetit iontothe legisla turebyCo and
tsomethinginhispast if k nowntothempriortothe irj o ining
toppedthemfromsodoing.
bse uentassistanceandparticipationintheaf fa irso f the
estionastowhere someoftheirsupportinthe legislature
thesiteselectedforthe irmintmayhavebeenanot
wardingofthe contracttothem.
53O3
asGoadsbyhademigratedtoNewY orkCityfromL ondoninthe
beforetheB rit ishA rmyevacuatedthecity inNovember. Thus it
ouldbe listedasa loya list. See" A B rie fLook attheL ifeofThomas
nialNew sletter F ebruary1992 V o lume32 No. 1 pp. 1284-90. GT
petitionofNovember17 1786 wherebyCo andGoadsby
daseveranceof the ircoinagecontract they tocointw othirdsof the
Mouldtocoin onethirdindependentlyofthem.D ouglasintended
anappendi to thisw ork . I t isnotinC rosby . DG
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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eL egisla ture
ne22 1786 isgiveninMatthiasO gden s1788affidavitand
eatstatumtopreventMould scontemplateddeparture .
mentas" acertaindeedof I ndenture enteredintow ithD aniel
ould sfa ithfulperformanceof thecovenantsforw hichOgden
has surety.H ehadalreadybeenforcedto pay£ 65because
e compelledtopay upontheircontinuingfailure atotal
hancery Mss uninde edpapers.
3
inthenameof theState issuedbyacourto f j usticeandsea ledw ith
toasherif fo rotherof f icero f the law ordirectly tothepersonw hose
command eitherasthecommencementofasuit orother
to itsprogress andre uiringtheperformanceofaspecified act
ommissiontohaveitdone. B lack sL aw Dictionary R ev ised4th
e s t P u b. C o. 1 96 8 ( h er ei na ft er B l a ck s , p . 17 83 . D G
atum( a lsoca llednee eatrepublica : A L atintermforaw rit issued
tingthatthedefendantin thecaseisindebtedto theplaintiff that
hestateto plaintiffsdetriment andcommandingdefendantto
onditionedondefendant snotleavingthestate withoutleaveof
forw antofsuchbailthesherif f sha llcommitthedefendanttoprison. J ohn
s L a w D i c t io n ar y ( r e vi s ed e d . by F r a n c is R a w l e , B o s t o n B o s t o n B o o k
te r B o u v ie r s , v o l . I I , p . 4 7 4. D G
susedhere asuretybond. A n" indenture isa document" distin-
eof thepaperorparchmentonwhich itiswrittenindentedor cut
anner. B lack s p. 503. DG
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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D
nginaL ondonperiodica lunderdateofF eb. 10 1776 te lls
w osetsofco iners intheneighborhoodofB risto l. " I n
ristolH otw ells. .. they foundMouldandhiswifew ithagreatmany
ngbusiness.Mould formerlylivednearSalthill andkept
carryonthebusinessof coiningwithoutsuspicion. This
lthecapita lconv ictionsat" O ldB a iley andthesubse-
co ining. SincethenameofMoulddoesnotthusappearin
tisl ik e ly thathiso f fencew asinthef ie ldofcoppercoining
me.Convictionsforcounterfeitingcopperhalf-penceand
mumpenaltyoftwoyearsimprisonmentandusuallymet
hether thisMouldwasW alterMouldoranyconnection
rstodetermine.
aredin theJ ournalsoftheContinentalCongress meeting
fo llow ing:
3
ytwopagesfromthemanuscriptare missing.Themanuscriptthen
alactionsinvolvingMould.TheinformationthatD ouglasis
na lso f theC ontinenta lC ongressisMould spetit ionofA ugust18
nagecontract. Hisproposal w hichw asoneofseveral w asreferred
.Acontractwas eventuallyawardedbyCongress butitwentto
te d F e b r ua r y 20 1 7 84 f r om K i n s a le I r e la n d f r om W a l t er M o ul d t o
sthattheywereplanningto gointobusinesstogether.Commenting
ys: " I sha llw riteassoonasI canf romEnglandandinformyouof
saryandinthe meantimeshalldoall inmyP owertoforwardour
anof ferbyagentlemanf romtheWestofE nglandtof i intheMalting
coulddonothingw ithoutyourC onsentbutI rea llyhaveagreat
becarriedoninthatP lacew iththeOtheratasmalle pense. This
amonG. DouglasinTheNumismatist " WalterMouldto J ames
94 7 p . 49 1. D W
nesofMould sletter the" gentlemanf romtheWestofE ngland
tlee . A tleeemigratedtoNew York C ity f romB risto l E nglandin
dtheH arrisonB rew erya longtheeasternshoreof theHudsonR iver.
underthe firmnameofSamuelAtlee& Co.Thebrewerywaslarge
geoperation.Althoughcircumstantial thisletteraddsto the
alreadye istswhichsuggeststhatAtlee andMoulddidmint
ryafterthebrewerybusinessfailedinearly1786.GT
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Stateof NewJ ersey
eged inasuitbroughtagainstMouldandcarriedtotheSupreme
u l y 17 8 6 a s t he d a te o n wh i ch h e " a t E a s t W a rd N e w Y o r k
oThomasE aves 200Poundsforsomuchmoneybeforethat
he saidW altertoandforthe useofthesaidThomas...but
ndf raudulently intending cra f t ilyandSubtil ly todece iveand
d.The casedraggedbutJ udgmentwasenteredagainstMould
114:3: 9and6dcosts. A aronB urrw asattorney forthepla intif f
gstondefendedMould. L iv ingston asw eshallsee later
thercoinersand wasacousin10ofNewJ ersey sGovernor
rMouldsuedA ndrew L ott( inMorrisTow nR ecord w homthe
hisbailiwickthroughandincludingthe F ebruary1786
nk sNew York C itydirectoryw asdistributedbearingthe list ing
il l iam. Theabsenceof the list ingofanyoccupationmayhave
unusualthroughoutthedirectorytofindnonelisted orat
eman. 12
suedJ ohnStileswhoistakenby thesheriffandatthe same
ppearancetoanswerthecountersuito f sa idJ ohnStiles a ll
premeCourt.13
C3C53
remissing fromthemanuscript.GT
ork : I nNew Y ork StatetheSupremeC ourtthenwas andstill
ve lcourt. Thehighestcourto f thestateofNew York istheC ourto f
esevenw ardsofNew York C ityestablishedby theMontgomerie
centtoDock WardandboundedbySmithSt. Will iamSt. J ohnSt. and
rdswereredesignatedin1791andassigned numericalnames.D G
ewY orklawin1786permittedthe arrestofadebtorto compelhim
ainsthim inaciv ilaction. I nciv ilpractice arrestw as" oneof the
the creditortosecurethepersonof hisdebtorwhilethesuit is
imtogivesecurity forhisappearanceaf terj udgment. B ouv ier s
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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essuedW alterMouldintheN. Y .SupremeCourt.Thesheriff
en andisorderedto" B ringinthebody atthene tterm. This
nantedatedNov . 21 1785 w iththe" r representingthe
ourtclerk intranscribing.U nderdateofAugust28 1786
MerchantofNew Y ork C ity w entbailf o rMould sappearance in
uldobta inedj udgmentsbyconfessionof£160againstDav id
ickelson " acertainwritingobligatory abondsignedby
Sick e lsattheDock w ardF eb. 7 1787(sic . 15
erMouldsuedJ amesA rmstrongintheNew York C ityMayor s
ningthedefendant" Tak en. 16
tionsindicatelittle intheskeletonformin whichtheyare
hanacertainamountofc ommercialactivityinNewY orkby
heyare includedinthisaccount aswillbea numberof
therpersonalities withthehopethatreadersmaysupply
hatled uptothem.Theadditionalknowledgethus
mevalue inf il l inginsomeof theblank spots. While it isthe
dents chaptertogiveback groundonly to J une1786 the
that dateareincludedsinceit islikelythatthe business
o themmayhaveoriginatedpriortothe NewJ ersey
mentbyanof f icer herethesheriff o fw hathehasdonein
f romasuperiorauthority. B ouv ier s vo l. I I , p. 919. DG
n:" J udgmentwhereadefendantgivestheplaintiffacognovitor
ctionbyvirtue ofwhichtheplaintiffentersj udgment.Theactof
udgmenttobeenteredagainsthimby hiscreditor forastipulated
menttothateffectorby warrantofattorney withouttheinstitution
yk ind. B lack s p. 978. Thispractice iscurtailedoroutlaw edin
ncludethe backgroundinformationonMatthiasO gden Walter
andThomasGoadsby inachaptertitled" A ntecedents. GT
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Stateof NewJ ersey
03
pageinthesectiononWalterMouldisw ritteninD ouglas hand:
i. e .
merica
merica
provethedatesand othermaterialaboutcoinage.
ts e t c. i n t he A p pe n di .
byD ouglastohimselfconcerningthefollowinginformationon
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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l at i ve o f W i l li a m Co , o f t he f i rm o f Co , M e rl e & C o. r e fi n er s
eB rita in E ngland andw asrecommendedby themtoThomas
ertoEngland asacapableassayerandref inero fgold silver
yearse perienceandthee ua lo fanypersoninthat
nk H . Stewart w hoculledthisinformationf romhisresearches
pondenceandrecordsofthe F irstMintofthe U nited
entletterthathesuspectsthatWill iamandA lbionCo w ere
ommendationreferredtoabovewasthatgivenin 1792or
iredto returntoAmericaaschief assayerofourfirstmint.
ereturnedtoE nglandfromhisearliertrip toAmericauntil
02andsince histimewastakenup ratherfullywithother
verinthesevenyearshe atthattime spentoverhere it
mofhis" manyyearsofe perience musthavebeengained
83departureandthat hebroughtatthattime toAmericawith
emetallurgyofcoining.
8
lmark — A Historyof theLondonA ssayOf f ice by J . S. F orbes
thefollow inginformationaboutA lbionCo andhisfamily . DW
otationby theC lerk [GeorgeF a iro f theGoldsmiths C ompany
C ommitteeofEn uiryhe ldin1773 ; aga instotherev idence
ritten: 'L itt lecreditgiventothisw itnessby thosew hoknow
ay ingany thing. "
C o w asoneof fourbrothersw hotradedassilversmithsand
n. Theeldestw asR obertA lbion(orA lbin C o , ane -
P ayneandhissonJ ohn. A thirdbrothernamedA lbionC o
t1770and gaveevidence( unfavourabletotheGold-
ttheParliamentaryEn uiry in1773. Thefourth ca lledE dw ard
derbrotherWill iam. Will iam sson anotherR obertA lbion
sf reedombypatrimony becameanA ldermanandw asP rime
enthefamilyenterprisehadbecomethe foremostfirmof
adingasC o andMerle— Will iamMerle w how asP rime
ngaformerapprenticeof thef irstR obertA lbionC o .
, w how asinhisearly tw enties becameoneof theoriginal
AssayO fficein1773but leftthetowninthe following
ediedin Americawherehehadbeenfirst assayerofthe
remissing fromthemanuscript.GT
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Stateof NewJ ersey
stA lbionC o in1786intheSupremeC ourto fNew Y ork State
ndWill iamO live it isa llegedthaton" thetenthdayofOctober
oneThousandSevenH undredandE ightyThreeatLondon
y w erepossessedof
s
k ingStick s
orkMoney
A lbionC o be ingabouttodepartforNew Y ork they
him. Theya llegethatonMarch1 1786 attheC ityofNew
rdheso ldthemandinadditionw asa lso indebtedfor" divers
ndMerchandi es fora llo fw hichhehasfailedanddoesstil l
retheybringsuit.Co entersageneraldenialbyhisattorney
1786entersaw rito fhabeascorpuscumcausa but
rthepla intif f J an. 4 1787. OnJ an. 11 1787 aw rito ferror
il l iamSL iv ingston apparentlyhisnew attorney. O nthe
3
esevenw ardsofNew York C ityestablishedby theMontgomerie
asboundedbyB roadSt. WallSt. SmithSt. andtheEastR iver. The
n1791andassignednumericalnames.D G
scumC ausa: " A w rit issuinginciv ilcasestoremovethecause as
dant fromaninferiorcourtto asuperiorcourthavingj urisdiction
B lack s p. 837. A lsoca lled" habeascorpusadfaciendumet
tissuedf romacourto fappella te j urisdiction directedtothe j udge
record re uiringthemtoremittotheappella tecourttherecordofan
w hichaf ina lj udgmenthasbeenentered inorderthate amination
ors allegedtohavebeencommitted andthatthej udgmentmay
d o r a ff i rm e d a s t he c a se m a y re u i re . B l a c k s p . 1 78 5 . D G
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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1787 thecourtrecordsthefo llow ing: " I nC ourtforC orrec-
appearsnotandhiswrit lapsesbydefaultw ithfurtherJ udgment
tw oplaintif fsw iththeaddednameof J ohnJ ack sonadds
' sa llegedunpaidforinventory:
dsw ithC ottonF urniture
ith
se£104: 3Sterling
ork Money
ndonF eb. 19 1787 anaddit ionalj udgmentw henthew rito f
issuit" inD ebt aga instA lbion f i ledSept. 27 1787 Will iam
avehimthe following" certainwritingsobligatory:
00
5 5 0
sw eregiven" atTrenton onthe irrespectivedatesandboth
aymenthasbeendemanded.Nottoomuchreliancecan be
to theplaceofthegi vingoftheobligationssinceit was
uits fordebtinvariablytonamethelocation ofthecourt
goftheobligation.This apparentlyguardedagainsta
ej urisdictionandseeminglywasnevertakene ceptionto
genumberofsimilarcaseswherethe actuallocaleofthe
thanthatofthe court.Thesenotesmayhavebeengiven
3C53
rors: I nNew York State thecourttow hichappea lsw eretaken
SupremeC ourt. DG
rminationorfa ilureofarightorpriv ilege heretherighto fappea l
cise itwithinsomelim ito f t ime hereby failuretoappear. DG
o n ds . B l a c k s p . 1 78 8 . D G
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Stateof NewJ ersey
sdepartureforA mericaandwerethef inancingforhis
inNewY orkCity.
siblethattheOct10thdateof theR aynesmaybepostdatedand
ney f romWm. C o o fB urlingtonC o. orP hilade lphiaaf ter
agenerouscreditwouldindeedimplya close
nA le anderB ay leysuedC o , w homthesherif f reports" tak en.
appearanceforthe defendantentered.5
k sNew Y ork C ityD irectoryw asdistributedandlists" A lbian
0 Q u e e ns . 6
Thomassuedj o intlyGeorgeOliveandA lbionC o e. Thesherif f
o thernotfoundWill iamS. L iv ingston sappearance isentered
A tlee J amesF . A tleeandA lbionC o j o intlybroughtsuit
amesGilesagainstChristopherD uycknickwhoonD ec.19
gmentw hichwasenteredw ithcosts. 8
asbroughtinC o ' snameonabondagainstA brahamA k in
A k in a l l of Q u a k er H i l l D u t c h es s C o. N . . T h is b o nd w as
chardP erk insonMarch24 1787 w ithSam1A tleesigningas
hsuedA lbionC o intheNew York C ityMayor sC ourt. The
dant" tak en. Will iamS. L iv ingstonappearedasC o ' s
1788 thesuitw asnonprossedforthepla intif f sfailureto
gedinthe irsuitaga instC o thatonO ctober10 1783 theyhad
nL ondonw hichC o la tersoldinNew York C ityw ithoutmaking
beenone ofCo ' sfewassets.O necanspeculatethatthe reason
hatC o ow edmoney toPerk ins. DG
urtestablishedinsomecit ies inw hichthemayorsitsw iththepow ers
mittingmagistrateinrespectto offensescommittedwithinthecity
urisdictioninsmallcauses orotherspecialstatutorypowers.
G
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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York C ityMayor sC ourtThomasThomassuedC o w hois
ak en. "
. Y . C . MayorsC ourta j ury triedthesuito fThomasThomasvs
nC o f indingfortheP la intif f£36: 18:0dand6dcosts.
ohnUstrich SimeonA le anderB a iley andJ ohnJ arv is. 12
capiassatisfatiendo issuedontheabovej udgment thesherif f
notfound inhisba iliw ick. 13
Murray J uniorsuedSamuelA tlee J amesF . A tleeandA lbion
sC ourt onNov . 6 1787 thesherif f returnedthedefendants
r sC ourtj ury triedthecaseofThomasThomasvs. A lbionC o ,
70and6dcosts.
ntif f : F ortheD efendant:
obablyintendedforcapiasadsatisfaciendum ameansofdebt
bleatcommonlawtoa j udgmentcreditoragainsthisdebtor.I twas
heriff...commandinghimtotakethepersonthereinnamedandhim
havehisbodyincourt onthereturndayof thewrit tosatisfy...the
udgmentaga insthim. B ouv ier s vo l. I , p. 283. DG
obeservedbecausenotactua llypresentw ithinthecourt sj urisdiction.
p . 83 7. D G
ober16 1787 wouldnotbepermittede ceptintheunlikelyevent
isenaf terJ uly24 1787 thedateof thef irstMayor sC ourttria l
es. Genera lly acla ime istingatthetimeof lit igationisnow
raisedinthatlitigation.D G
u n .1 5
3C53
enumbersonmanyofthemanuscriptsheets.Apparentlythefinal
ngAlbionCo ismissing.GT
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Y
ebeenable tofindofThomasGoadsbyis thatofhisname
sintheC ityofNew York duringtheWarof theR evo lution
arysourcesbyW illiamK elby.1Afterthecloseofthe war
erseyandNew York C ourtrecords deta ilso f severa lactions
MessieursThomasGoadsby& Company apartnership
SamuelK irk man J osephH olmesandThomasH olmes. 2
Y orkawardedthepartnershipaj udgmentonF eb.18
ostwickonanactionbroughtto recovertheamountofanote
bearinghisendorsementandreceivedbythe partnership
3I ntheA prilTerm1786thepartnership byA aronOgdentheir
sindebt oneagainstPoo le E ngland 4theotheraga instthe
tf irmofB ingham F arley& Smith consistingofCharles
a r l ey a n d F o S m it h " p a rt n er s i n th e w ay o f me r ch a nd i e j o i nt l y
mercetogetheraspartners. 5Thelattersuit wastocollect
dninetysi pounds seventeenshillingsproclamation
ndwasdiscontinuedbytheplaintiffsattorneyduring the
onsunstated.SuitvsJ amesP arkermentionsThomas
Merchant. Othersuitsinw hichthenameofThomasGoadsby
remissing fromthemanuscript.GT
tw ick : Thisseemstobeaveryearlycaserecogni ingthe
rynote.Accordingtothe manuscript thecourtgrantedplaintiff
tWhite theendorserof thenote butaga instB ostw ick themakerof
w henU. S. SupremeC ourtJ ustice J osephStorypublishedhis1845
es thelawofnegotiableinstrumentswasstillconfusedand
hestates negotiabilityo fnotesw asthenstil lnotfully recogni ed.
ommentedthat" insomeStates thecirculationofP romissoryNotes
ositiverestrictions orpracticaldifficulties whichgreatly
ue andcirculation. DiscussedinMortonHorow it , [ C asesand
L ega lHistory ( C amden R utgers-C amdenSchoo lo fLaw 1973 ,
oneyvaluedattheofficialCrownparof£ 133.33colonial
ng assetforthinthe1704proclamationofQ ueenA nneand1708act
proclamationforbadeAmericancoloniststoinflatethevalueof
his ratioof4to 3.P roclamationMoneywasalsocalled" lawful
cC usk er MoneyandE x changeinE uropeandA merica 1600-1775 A
i l l U n i v . o f No r th C ar o li n a P r e s s 1 9 78 , p p . 12 6 1 6 8- 7 1. D G
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Stateof NewJ ersey
rt
nforreturnof£ 3 000incerta inloancertif icatesdeposited
entof£ 2 000duef romJ ohnShepardtosaidThomas
ontoenforcepaymentofabil lobligatory incurredatthe
o r k Ci t y Au g . 3 1 7 85 . J u d gm e nt f o r £ 1 4 92 : 9 : 6 N e wY o r k
3 1790.8
3
mofpapermoneyused intheAmericancoloniesthatwas issued
sessuchaspay ingthe irta es bypublicorprivate" loanoff ices
withcollateralofferedby theborrower suchasland.Theloan
cedincirculation. J ohnJ . McC usk er " C o lonia lPaperMoney " in
rlyA merica ed. byE ricP . New manandR ichardG. Doty ( New York
c 1976 , pp. 94 100. I t isnotclearwhatdebtGoadsbyow ed
oadsbytodeposittheloan certificates.ApparentlyGoadsbysatisfied
ssecurityback. D G
absoluteforthe paymentofmoney.I tdiffersfromapromissory
. B lack sat210. DG
yofaccountissuedbyauthorityof thecolony andlaterthestate
sk er MoneyandE x change. . . op. cit. pp. 156-61. DG
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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sC ourt
t.Thesheriffreturnedthe capiaswiththedefendant
debt. F eb. 5 1788. P la intiffnonprossedfornotdeclar-
t. J udgmentorderedforpla intif f f o rw antofapleaby the
. Sherif f returnedthecapiasw ithdefendant" tak en. 12
t. J uly22 1788. Jury foundforplaintiff andj udgment
ebt.August1788.Sheriffreturnedthe writofcapiaswith
4
3
sherifftotakethepersonof thedefendantintocustody to
asummonsorsomej udgmentordecree. B ouv ier s vo l. I , p. 282.
mandabbrev iationof " nonprose uitur " a tcommonlaw a
stanceofdefendantwhenplaintiffatany stageoftheproceedingsfails
ction. B lack s p. 1204. D G
sedinthesenseofa lleginginapleading thus thereasonfor
iluretostateacla im. B lack s p. 497. DG
retoanswerthecompla int result inginentryofdefaultaga inst
ntbydefaultforplaintiffuponpresentationofproofs.B lack s
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Stateof NewJ ersey
tOf C ommonP leas New -B runsw ick N. .
ttachment A prilTerm1786. JohnNeilson A braham
yappointedauditors. J ulyTerm1790theauditorsfind
umof£1 200inSilverandGoldlaw fulmoneyofNew
agstothergarnishe. 15
cire facias A prilTerm1792. Judgmentorderedgarnishee
rghonscire facias J ulyTerm1791. J udgmententered
ilk es. 17
3
nthe senseofaremedyancillaryto anactionbywhichplaintiff
enupon propertyoreffectsofdefendantforsatisfactionof a
f fmayobta in. " A ttachment dif fersf rom" e ecution inthatunder
ant spropertyisplacedin custodyofthelawto awaitfinaldetermi-
reasan" e ecution isaremedyaf fordedby law forenforcementof
s p p . 16 1 6 7 7 . D G
appointedadirectoro f theStateB ank atNew -B runswick by the
becamepresidentof thatbank.H ewasalsopresidentofan entity
TheC orporationof theOldF ountainC o. andinthatcapacity signed
13 1815 payableathisbank. SeeWait GeorgeW. New J ersey s
k M us e um 1 9 76 , p . 2 60 . D G
ourt assignedtostatetheitemsof debitandcreditbetweenthe
countsare inquestion andtoe hibittheba lance. B lack s p. 167.
ndeduponsomerecord suchasa j udgmentorrecogni ance
instwhomitis broughttoshowcausewhytheparty bringingit
tageofthe record.Themostcommonapplicationofthiswrit is
udgmentaf tera lapseof time oronachangeofparties orotherw ise
j u d gm e nt . B l a c k s p . 1 51 3 . D G
garnishee apersonaga instw homprocessofgarnishmentis
garnishment isonew herebyaperson sproperty moneyorcredits
ntro lo fanother(the" garnishee areappliedtopaymentof the
personcreditor. B lack s p. 810. Today garnishmentisusedto
tfromthedebtor semployerbywithholdingastatutoryamountfrom
o thedebtor.D G
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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w hoappearsasGoadsby sattorney inmostof theNew York actions
ed. A aronOgden w horepresentedhiminhisNew J erseysuits
fC o lone lMatthiasOgdenofE li abeth-Town andlater( 1812
ate.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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F TH E CO P P E R CO I NAG P R I V I L E G
aure in1786consistedofanupperhouse theL egisla tive
rnorWill iamL iv ingstonw aspresident anda lowerhouse
achofthethirteencountieshad onerepresentativeinthe
ssembly . TheE sse C ountyde legation e lectedforaone
85 w ere:
mClark
nditionswhichfacedthistenth L egislatureofthestateare
uotationsfromthepressofthat day.
orablesituationinNew J ersey forw antofcash a
thatlastweekhe counted pastedupoverthemantel
teenrea lestates tak enbye ecutionandadver-
risCountyforsale.1
edinNew- erseyaboutanimpressionofpaper
withproductionsforandagainstit andpetitionsare
eachpartyto carrytheirpoint howeverama ority
ichnotonlyentitlesthemto thenoticeofthe legislature
claimtoacompliancewiththe irre uisit ion. 2
er 3Mar. 1786
o lit ica lI nte ll igencer& New J erseyAdvertiser 18J an. 1786
303
re inthesenseofprocesstocarry intoef fecta j udgmentordecree
ofmoney . A w rito fe ecutionisaciv ilproceedingforenforcement
property . B lack s pp. 677-8. D G
otice( o fasheriff ssa leofproperty tak enine ecution . B lack s
thitsquotation w asmovedbyDouglasto laterinthissectionandis
GT
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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rCoinageP rivilege
hHank inson co llectoro f thecountyofMonmouth
he hadreceivedalargesumof moneyinpayment
w elvetotheshil l ingandhalf -penceaspence thatthe
fthis staterefusestoreceivethesaid moneyinany
y half-penceorfifteencopperstotheshilling.
a idpetit ionbedismissed. 7
stimeduringthe secondsittingofthelegislaturewas devoted
ssageofabillf o rtheemitt ingof£100 000ofpaper
rfordebts.Towardthecloseof thesittingitwas transmitted
C ouncilf o ritsconcurrence. Thef ina lactionof theCouncilon
untilMarch23rd. UnderdateofMarch20 1786 the
gisla tiveCouncilo fNew J ersey recordthef irstactionlook ing
eaveof theHouse broughtinaB il l int it led" A nA ctfor
C opperinthisState w hichw asread andordered
sameday " TheB ill . . . w asreadasecondtimeandorderedto
t d a y M a rc h 2 1 i t w as
heQ uestion W hetherthesa idB il ldopass I tpassed
m. Con. Ordered ThatthePresidentdosignthesame.
itcheldocarry thesaidB il lto theHouseofA ssembly
rrencetherein.Mr.K itchelreportedthathehad
House.
thebill withe ualpromptnessandtheCouncilJ ournal
derdateofMarch22 asfo llow s:
seofA ssemblyac ua intedthisHousethattheB ill
establishingaC oinageofCopperinthisState " w as
e.
te Trenton N. J . P roceedingsof theL egisla tiveA ssembly 22F eb. 1786
ationthatimmediatelyprecededintroductionofthecopper
rsey sf ina lissueofbil lso fcredit. A lthoughissuedunderstate
tatearms thebillsare denominatedinpoundsandshillings.
aperMoneyofA merica 4thed. p. 260 statesthatauthori a tion
786. A lthoughthe issuew asa largeone the1786billsarescarce
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Stateof NewJ ersey
GeneralAssemblyrecordthenegativevotesof allthreeof
semblymenamongthosewhichdefeatedtheirfellowcounty-man s
eC ouncilre ectedbyaseventosi votetheA ssembly s
gdenwasrecordedasoneof theminority votinginfavor
sion. H ow everitw ashethatw asdesignatedby theC ouncilto
l sdefeattotheAssembly.Shortlythereafterthe
dthissecondsittingwithoutfurtheraction oneitherofthe
gden sbillfora coinageofcopperarenot nowavailable.
6 hehadaddresseda lettertotheC ontinentalC ongress" in
w hichwasonJ anuary18" referredtotheB oardofTreasury to
oardf ina llymadethe irreporto fA pril9 1787 onthe
copper , theystatedthat inthe iropinion thetw obestw ere
arv isandMr. MathiasOgden. 9Matthias so lderbrother
nr. onMarch12 1786 fouryearsaf terthedeathofhisf irstwife
H annahP latt sistero f J eremiahP lattandsister- in- law of
muelB roome. B roome& P lattw ereatthist imealeadingmerchant
d accordingtoaneye-witnessoftheConnecticutcoinage
" sub-contractorsforthemanufactureof thestateco inage. 10
negativevote w iththoseofhisothertw oE sse C ounty
by haddefeatedO gden sco inagebil l w asoneof the
w Line o f stagesbetw eenNew York andP hilade lphiav ia
spiritedcompetit ion[w ith the" OldL ine w hichcovered
ceptionthatf romE li abeth-Townitsw ungoff tobypass
ghB ergenPo int. O gdenownedaparto f the" OldL ine and
eofhiscontractwiththe P ostmasterGeneralforthe
weenNewY orkandP hiladelphia.
by resolutionof theC ontinenta lC ongress O gdenobta inedan
act w hichoriginally specif iedtheB ergenPo introute to
rttheMailby theR outofB ergenpo intorNewark asshallbest
thist ime heso ldhisinterestinthe" O ldL ine butreserving
. Co n g. V o l X X X p . 2 2n
. Co n g. V o l . X X X I I , p . 1 60
n. C ong. V o l. X X X , p. 197
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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rCoinageP rivilege
sarisingfromtheCarriageof theMail " 12whichwasnow
part overthe" New L ine o fDanie lMarshandassociates.
-sponsoredcoppercoinagebillapparentlypassedunnoted
.H oweverthesimilarfateofthe papermoneymeasure
A fewtypicalreactionsfollow.
magentlemaninNew York datedMarch28 1786. . . .
eyhavere ectedthemoneybill andthepeople
oney.Soviolentare peopleinsomepartsofthe
helegisla turerose theybegantona ilupthe
mNew J erseydatedA pril1 1786. Every thingisin
obrulesthestate andthepeople ingenera laretiredof
theGovernorisunderthe necessityofwearingapair
dkicking:oneofthe Counciltheotherdaygavehim
edayheardthepopulace intendedtoburnhishouse for
passedby theAssembly . [ E d. C om. Thusw erethe
onablyfooled.14
ypassengersf romNew Y ork w eare informedthatinthe
greatestanarchyandconfusionprevails thatthe
mittingapapercurrencybeing passed threatento
esofaras respectstherecoveryofdebtsandin several
huseassessorsin hopestherebytoputoffthe
ometimeatleast. 15
thL egislaturewasconvenedatNewB runswickonMay
2ndtheAssemblyhad passedandtransmittedtotheCouncil
a ll ingfortheemissionof£ 100 000of lega ltenderpaper.
ookupconsiderationofthecoppercoinage.P roposals
old ThomasGoadsbyandA lbionC o w erereadand
C ong. No. 61 pp291-292read26F eb. 1787
ette 26A pril1786
N . J . A d ve r ti s er 1 4 J u n e 17 8 6
er 23May1786
3
rper uisitesarisingf romemploymentorof f ice here f romthe
rier. B lack s p. 616. I nthevernacular " perk s. D G
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Stateof NewJ ersey
mmittee chairmannedbyAbrahamClarkandincluding
romE sse C ounty w hohadhelpeddefeatMatthiasO gden sbil l
e24th actingonafavorablecommitteereport theHouse
uldandhisA ssociateshave leavetobringinaB ill" and on
Marsh" inbeha lfo f thePetit ionerspresentedthedraughtofa
heE stablishmentofaC o inageO fC opperinthis
bill wasgivenasecondreadingandwas orderedengrossed
sa lhadbeensubmittedbyD octorWill iamLeddel H igh
mO ctober1783toO ctober1786.
e lMarshbillw aspassedby theA ssemblywiththethreeE sse
andtheMorris Countydelegationunanimouslyopposed.
Countyvote whichhadbeentwotoone infavorof
pperbil l w ouldseemunderstandableasatributetotheSherif f
ay concurredintheAssembly spapermoneybillbya 7to
gofB ergenC ountyhav ingchangedsidesontheq uestion. The
eC ounciluntilMay31stbutthen w ith" severa lamend-
tpassedintheaf f irmative nem. con. Theseamendments
AssemblyonJ une1st.Thefinalbill isprintedinfull in
peatedhere.
3
w J erseysignerof theD eclarationof I ndependence. Hew as
ofcredit issuedF ebruary20 1776 butnonewithhissignatureare
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Stateof NewJ ersey
of thisJ anuary1 1791 deed w ecanca lculatethat117
recordingsofnearlytwentyeightmonths.Atthis rateof
esback toP age217w ouldhavere uiredsomethingoverfour
consistentwith adatingoftheD anielMarshconveyance
assageof theC opperC oinageA ctof J une1 1786.
ntheform ofaleaseandthat itwasforthe Millsis
erencedatedJ une7 1788 5w hichorderedthedif ferences
tw eenA lbionC o andThomasGoadsby tobesubmittedto
e uirementforthereturnof too lsandimplementstothe
whencetheyhadbeentakenundera writofreplevin6anda
atetheSecuritynow liabletopay theR entsof theMills
w ithDanie lMarsh E s uire .. . .
dtheidentityofthe " Security areamplifiedandconfirmed
nathanDay ton MatthiasOgden sbrother- in-law to J ohn
terthedeathof Walter Mould." Asthesuretyof Messrs
06
eA ppendi A p. 205
. J r. TheC orrespondenceof J ohnC levesSymmes p. 231andp. 238[ New York
3
dtoaboveis apparentlymissing.O riginalpagenumberingdoes
theendofthis section.GT
ordertosenda causependingincourtto arefereeorspecialmaster
drecommendationfordisposition.Therefereeis anofficer
w ersforaspecificpurpose. I ntoday spracticeareferencere uires
ack s p. 1445. DG
itdirectingthesherif f toreplevy orrede liver goodsorchattels
ytakenbysomeonetotheoriginal possessorofthem onhis
nprovingtitleto thegoods.R eplevinalsoliestoregainpossession
ak enbyacreditorusingse lf -he lpw ithoutbenef ito f j udgment . See
, p p. 8 84 -5 v ol . I , p p. 5 86 -9 . D G
ludeanappendi . TheabovereferencestoA ppendi A a longwith
indicatethattheappendi dide istbutisnow apparentlymissing.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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gden hasbeenobligatedtopay forthem. . . oneyear srentof the
ouaretotransmitMr. Marsh sbond w hichisamong
dlater " Genl. Ogdenhavingmadealiberal& advantageous
lsw hichMould& C o ehadtak enforsevenyearsat£130
ntofwhichhe hadunhappilyboundhimselfassurety.
the" C opperw ork s w ere locatedattheR ahw ay" Mills is
manyoftheitemslistedin thewritofreplevin.9D atedF eb.
ece ivedatR haw ay10Mills " l iststhe itemsashav ingbeen" tak en
...atsaidMills byvirtueofawritof replevin... andis
nw hosehandit isw ritten. A comparisonof the itemscovered
eiptedforonF eb. 9 1788 show thattheco iningpressand
renot receivedatthistime.Thatthese itemshadbeen
edevelopedlater.11Thatthe coiningpresswasoneofthe
ndotherproperty ordered" tobereturned tothe" sa idWork s
eference. It contemplateda llthecoinageproperty in
e ldintrustbyMatthiasOgdenattheMills " inthesame
bletheyw ere in w hentak enaw ay . I f prio rtothe issuance
hecoiningoperationofstampinghadbeenoperatedat some
etailedandspecificR uleofR eferencewouldhavedirected
of thepropertytherelocated.
ningpresswassetup andoperatedatCol.MatthiasO gden s
12combinedwiththefactthatthef irstm intlocation a lthough
bethTow nship E sse C ounty isinthepresentlim itso fR ahw ay
tilnowentirelyobscuredthetrue locationofthisfirstmint. A
eedsandfroma 1926surveyshowsthepropertyandthe
ce asitformerly ran. 13Themintor" factory ismentioned
ittenguidewhichgivesdirectionsfor going" ToE lisabeth
pastthe" factoryandbridge onemilepastMiltonand five
Town. 14
05
04
w ayseemstohavebeenafamilycharacterist ico f theO gdens. B othR obert
he irtermsasEsse C ountyC lerk have le ft itthusinboththecourtminutes
s.
08
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Stateof NewJ ersey
contiguoustoR ahwayWardto thesoutheast.Thewriterof
vebeenhumorouslyreferringtothe R ahwayMintsince
alcopperminediscoveryin thevicinitythatcouldhave
ehearaveryva luablecopperminehasbeenbrok eupnear
ndthosew hohavee aminedtheore donotscrupple
otsuperiorinrichnesstoany thathasbeenyet
ntorelsewhere.Thereareat presentaconsiderable
ginit.15
nsoftheR ahwayMintareconsidereditwill beshownthat
sne ighborhoodandthatJ ohnHarper w ho inA lbionC o ' s
the J erseyCoppers " l ivedatMilton amiletothesouth. 16
eoftheR ahwayMintistoan e tentcircumstantial allthe
samedirection and withthedirectevidenceofthe R ule
tthiasOgden srece ipt seemtoestablishitasfactbeyondthe
ntradiction.
edbyitsselection vi :thatthesuccessfulpetitionersfor
hoseproposalwaslessfavorabletothestateby tenpercent
shoulddecideto leaseforthe irm int Millsbelongingtoa
ommitteewhichhadreportedin theirfavor thevery
ntheirB ill andthatthepaymentsunderthe leaseshould
sse CountymemberoftheCouncilwhohadbeenfirst tourge
percoinage mightnottodayescape astheseseemtohave
epress.
e F ebruary 1787
di A p . 2 08
C53030303
hestatedthatHarper" operatedinthe J erseycoppers w asw ritten
nuary18 1795 w hilehew asassayerof themint. Theentire letterw as
reen smonograph TheUnitedStatePatternsof1792 p. 14( Way te
c t or s J o u rn a l N o .1 5 4 M ar c h- A pr i l 1 9 54 , a n d ag a in w i th e d it i ng
T h e H a r pe r C en t s N u mi s ma t ic S c ra p bo o kM a ga i n e p p . 23 7 0- 4
W
ceof factsorcircumstancesf romw hichthee istenceornone ist-
aybe inferred. " C ircumstantia l o r" indirect ev idence isdistin-
ev idence inthatthe lattertendstoshow thee istenceofafactinissue
f theproofo fanyotherfact. B lack s pp. 309 546. DG
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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E M NT
w henhewasre leasedf romcustody inNew York C ityonaw rit
usa l 1A lbionC o doesnotappearinpersonintheNew Y ork
theyearandourrecord ofGoadsbyissimilarlyblank.
k en inNew York uponthesuitofThomasE avesandon
rere leasedonbail thebondbeingsignedby" J amesJ ohnston
ity. 2A f terthatdate there isnothingintherecordsthat
ence inthatcity toe pla in.
Mills f o restablishingthemint a llthreeof thecontractors
nflictingevidenceas towhetherW alterMouldhadany
eR ahwaybusiness.Thefirstisgivenby GoadsbyandCo
egisla ture 3readNovember17 1786. 4I nthistheystatethat
yenecessaryestablishmentofaR o ll ingMill f urnaces
s & havepurchasedlargeq uantitiesofunwoughtCopper
at" Walter Mould...hashithertoentirelywithheldhis
eglectedtocontributein moneyorotherwiseinmakingthe
aryestablishments.
y Walter Mouldinthe" D eclarationinD ebt " 5filedMay
versthatthedefendants GoadsbyandC o , w ereonA pril10
£187: 18 New J erseymoney " forw ork andlabourdone
shedandprovided moneylaidoutande pendedbefore
cia linstanceandre uest" toenablethemtocarryon&
archmentR o ll29-A -7
01 .
osatL aw #24 780( 1stseries . ThisactioncommencedwithaC apiasdated
ondsignedbyThomasGoadsbyandA lbionC o w ithMatthiasO gdensigning
6 1787. Defendantsf i ledP lea inB arMay10 1787 andP leaofNilDebit
Nov . 1787termof thecourt " ThisC ausenothav ingbeennoticedfor
tsO nmotionofAaronO gdenAttorneyforthedefendant " asrecordedin
eCourt.
ant spleading( w rittenstatementofdefendant scontentionsfi led
onthepla intif f andotherparties if any w hichsetsupanabsolute
w ouldbartheaction. B lack sat1310. DG
rty scontentionthatheow esnothing. B lack sat1197. DG
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Stateof NewJ ersey
CoppersfortheStateof NewJ ersey.... Thefactthatthe
donmotionof thedefendants attorneywouldseemto
tit mightnothavebeenmaintainable.
dgefromtheactiontheytookupon it apparentlyacceptedthe
-Co Memorialassubstantiallycorrect.Theprayerof the
edtoproceedseparatelyandcommencethecoinage oftwo
hori ed£ 10 000w asgrantedbyaSupplementa lA ct
I naddit ionitgavethemacondit iona lrighttotheremaining
irsifMoulddidnot" enterupontheC oinage o f this[ his
hateverMould spetit ion readthesamedayasthe
legedinrebutta l itw astoGoadsbyandCo thatpermissionw as
il lagreeably totheprayerof the irPetit ion. Mr. J onathan
illonthefollowingdayand becauseofthepossibilitythat
ctor initsspeedyadoptiontoomuch reliancecannotbe
re sactionasanansw ertotheq uestionastow hetherornot
R ahw ayestablishmentpriortohisNov . 20 1786 recourse
ndC o .
thavebeenbeforeNov.20th itseemscertainthatthe break
rtwotookplace atsometimepreviousthereto.Thus ifthe
hwayMintwasdeferreduntilaftertheSupplementalAct of
madeit lega ltoproceed Mouldwouldhavehadnopartinit. I n
l the" Memoria listshumblyconceive thatasyeLaw now
edtherebytoproceedinthe businessoftheCoinage...
escapablethattheyhad notyetdoneso.
uly1 1786 New J ersey Journa l publishedinE li abeth-Town
oncorrespondent states" Thecoppercoinagenowemitting
ntto atleasttenthousandpoundsa tenthpartofwhichis
Thispeculiarityo f the j ournalismof thatday w hereby loca l
era lapseoftimeandthenfrom a" foreign correspondent
nderstoodasa B ostonreactiontotheoriginalcoinage act
actua l" emitting o fco ins.
ecoinagewasnot starteduntilsometimeafterNovember22
sof thestateTreasurer J amesMott. TheJ une1stA ct
o" delivertotheTreasurer...oneTenthP artofthefull Sum
tfurtherre uiredthat" sa idTenthP artshallbepa idquarterly
ssemblyproceedingsandthe Actinfull.
annah w ifeofMatthiasO gdenandhadbeenelectedtotheA ssembly
ril 1787itw asf romhis" H ands thatthestatetreasurerrece iptedforthethird
ccountofGoadsbyandC o . A ppendi p.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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theTimetheyshallbeginto coinasaforesaidduringthe
d B usiness.... 8
dedMarch16 1787 asthedateuponw hichherece ivedthe
masGoadsbyandA lbionC o onaccountof theSumdue
theP rivilegeofestablishingaCoinageofCopper... 9by
gthe intentof the" q uarterly tohavebeenmadeontime
wouldre uirethatthestart ofcoinagewasnotearlierthan
r. With" tw osuff icientSureties boundin" theSumofTen
nditionedthat... thetermsofthec ontractandspecificallythe
heTreasurershouldallbe fullymet itseemsprobablethatno
takentolet morethanoneq uarterelapseafterthestart
ayment.
Mouldassistedinthe preparationsforthiscommencementof
therhe lpersw ereused. Oneof thesew asWill iamDudley
nJ anuaryof1788startedsuit aga instGoadsbyandCo to
theDeclaration12Dudleya llegedthatonJ anuary3 1787 the
dtohimatota lo f si typoundsfor" w ork beforethattime
279
09
B lack smith lateofE li abethTow nR ahw aynow ofD utchV aleyMorris
i abethD udleyonD ec. 22 1794 conveyedthe irR ahw ay farmtoHenry
l i a b et h T ow n R a h wa y . E s s e D e e d s A 2 p . 4 40
sadrespondendum datedJ an. 15 1788 returnedby theSheriff to theA pril
om.P leas" CepiCorpus forAlbionCo , " NonE st forThomasGoadsby.
ault" Writs. A latercapiasagainstGoadsby J une1788isreturned" C epi
A p . 2 12
3
um:Acommonlawwritcommandingthesherifftoarrestand
physicallyappearsin courttoanswertheplaintiff.Thewrit
rrestuntilsecurity forpla intif f scla im( suchasaba ilbond is
262. DG
nof acapiasadrespondendumaftersuccessfulserviceofthe
oesnotgiveba il butremainsincustody. B ouv ie f s vo l. I a t283.
r" nonestinventus sherif f sreturnofacapiasadrespondendum
dantisnottobefoundw ithinhisj urisdiction. B ouv ier s vo l. I I
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Stateof NewJ ersey
ndfor" meat drink andboardfortw oLaborersinthe
aidAlbionandThomas providedbeforethattimeattheir
uest. Thesuitreacheda j uryatNewark onJ an. 14 1789 and
udleyintheamountof£ 35:5with6dcosts.13
namesof threewitnessesfortheplaintiff.Thesethree
ammiltonR obertson andGilbertR andall sincehearsayev i-
thenas now cansafelybeassumedtohavehad personal
e" meat drink andboard oro fD udley s" w ork done&
erevidencedirectlyestablishesoneofthemas amint
esumptionmustbe recogni edforsomesimilarconnectionin
F utureresearch it istobehoped maydisclosethee act
tmayalsodiscoverthe presentlyunknownsourceor
ratusand morecompletelyfillinthedetails oftheevents
1sttoD ecember1786duringw hichDanie lMarsh s" Grist
sconvertedintotheR ahw ayMint.
13
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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AT TH E R A H W A M NT
scriptionofthecoinagemethodsin useintheE nglandof
olographvolumetitled" AnE ssayonCoiningbySamuel
83. 1Mr.Thompson sdrawingsofthevariouspieces of
ere2reproducedsincethee uipmentenumeratedbyGoadsby
altothe legislatureseemstohavebeensimilar.
onsw ereasfo llows. F romthefurnace themoltencopperw asrun
rcooling theingotswerepressedorrolled intonarrow
tweenapairof heavyironrollers.Thesesheetswere
ng pressbywhichtheplanchetswerepunchedout oneat
t ofthecuttingpresswith sharpedgeswhichhadtobe
ngandtheoperationwas called" milling .Cleaningwas
ol.
handwrittenby thepersondraft ingande ecutingit. B lack s p.
mthe manuscript.Thompson svariouspiecesofcoining
producedanddiscussedinTheColonialNewsletter( SerialNumbers
p ri l 1 98 2 J u l y 19 8 2 a n d Ma r ch 1 9 83 r e sp e ct i ve l y i n a s tu d y by J a m es C .
erv iew ofEarlyA mericanC oinageTechno logy. GT
dedin themanuscriptatthispoint.I tappearsthatthistable was
glasintheconstructionofthe largertablethatfollows.Thistable
94
rency
m
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Stateof NewJ ersey
by" tumbling inabarrelcontainingscraps ofleatherora
planchetswerethenreadyfor thefinaloperationof
perandlowerdiesunderheavypressure appliedbythe
The finishedproductwaslawfulmoneyinthe stateof
tenderatf ifteentotheshil l ingandreceivable inpaymentof ta es
tate.
dtodiscoveranyof the" book s papersandvouchers
ts e penditures andreceipts o f theR ahw aymint. Sim ilarly
ds oftheoperatingcostsofthe othercontemporarycopper
ceptionofthee pendituresattheMassachusettsMint.
tedonthepublicpayroll mightbemisleadingifits unitcosts
lof thoseoftheprivatecontractors.Alsoof q uestionable
purpose arethevariousestimatesandproposalsmadeat
erananalyticalcomparisonofallofthem doesindicatea
ndencebetweenthecoststowarrantsomelimitedgener-
gtableshowsabreakdownofcostsfromsi sources.
mmoncostforcopperandforlaborwageratewef indasurprising
thecompletedcostsofthetwobidsand thetwobest
verheadanalysisincludingamorti ationofe uipment
dissuewouldindicatefortheR