The Comprehensive LATEXSymbolList 29 September 2003perso.lcpc.fr/tristan.lorino/tristan_fichiers/symbols.pdf · 2005. 2. 2. · 1 Introduction Welcome to the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol

The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List

Scott Pakin <[email protected]>∗

29 September 2003

Abstract

This document lists 2826 symbols and the corresponding LATEX commands that produce them. Someof these symbols are guaranteed to be available in every LATEX2ε system; others require fonts and packagesthat may not accompany a given distribution and that therefore need to be installed. All of the fontsand packages used to prepare this document—as well as this document itself—are freely available from theComprehensive TEX Archive Network (http://www.ctan.org).

Contents

1 Introduction 61.1 Document Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.2 Frequently Requested Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2 Body-text symbols 7Table 1: LATEX2ε Escapable “Special” Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Table 2: LATEX2ε Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Table 3: Predefined LATEX2ε Text-mode Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Table 4: Non-ASCII Letters (Excluding Accented Letters) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Table 5: Letters Used to Typeset African Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Table 6: Punctuation Marks Not Found in OT1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Table 7: pifont Decorative Punctuation Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Table 8: wasysym Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Table 9: tipa Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Table 10: wsuipa Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Table 11: phonetic Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Table 12: Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Table 13: tipa Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Table 14: wsuipa Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Table 15: phonetic Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Table 16: wsuipa Diacritics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Table 17: textcomp Diacritics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Table 18: textcomp Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Table 19: marvosym Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Table 20: wasysym Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Table 21: eurosym Euro Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Table 22: textcomp Legal Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Table 23: textcomp Old-style Numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Table 24: Miscellaneous textcomp Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Table 25: Miscellaneous wasysym Text-mode Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Table 26: AMS Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

∗The original version of this document was written by David Carlisle, with several additional tables provided by AlexanderHolt. See Section 7.6 on page 69 for more information about who did what.

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3 Mathematical symbols 16Table 27: Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Table 28: AMS Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Table 29: stmaryrd Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Table 30: wasysym Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Table 31: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Table 32: mathabx Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Table 33: ulsy Geometric Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Table 34: mathabx Geometric Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Table 35: Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Table 36: AMS Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Table 37: stmaryrd Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Table 38: wasysym Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Table 39: mathabx Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Table 40: txfonts/pxfonts Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Table 41: esint Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Table 42: Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Table 43: AMS Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Table 44: AMS Negated Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Table 45: stmaryrd Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Table 46: wasysym Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Table 47: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Table 48: txfonts/pxfonts Negated Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Table 49: mathabx Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Table 50: mathabx Negated Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Table 51: trsym Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Table 52: trfsigns Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Table 53: Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Table 54: AMS Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Table 55: stmaryrd Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Table 56: wasysym Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Table 57: txfonts/pxfonts Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Table 58: mathabx Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Table 59: Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Table 60: AMS Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Table 61: wasysym Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Table 62: txfonts/pxfonts Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Table 63: mathabx Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Table 64: AMS Triangle Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Table 65: stmaryrd Triangle Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Table 66: mathabx Triangle Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Table 67: Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Table 68: Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Table 69: textcomp Text-mode Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Table 70: AMS Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Table 71: AMS Negated Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Table 72: AMS Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Table 73: stmaryrd Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Table 74: txfonts/pxfonts Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Table 75: mathabx Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Table 76: mathabx Negated Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Table 77: mathabx Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Table 78: chemarrow Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Table 79: ulsy Contradiction Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Table 80: Extension Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Table 81: stmaryrd Extension Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Table 82: txfonts/pxfonts Extension Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

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Table 83: mathabx Extension Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Table 84: Log-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Table 85: AMS Log-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Table 86: Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Table 87: AMS Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Table 88: txfonts/pxfonts Upright Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Table 89: upgreek Upright Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Table 90: txfonts/pxfonts Variant Latin Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Table 91: AMS Hebrew Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Table 92: Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Table 93: AMS Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Table 94: txfonts/pxfonts Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Table 95: mathabx Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Table 96: trfsigns Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Table 97: AMS Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Table 98: stmaryrd Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Table 99: mathabx Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Table 100: nath Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Table 101: Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Table 102: Large, Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Table 103: Variable-sized stmaryrd Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Table 104: mathabx Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Table 105: nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Double) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Table 106: nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Triple) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Table 107: textcomp Text-mode Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Table 108: Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Table 109: AMS Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Table 110: yhmath Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Table 111: trfsigns Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Table 112: Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Table 113: overrightarrow Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Table 114: yhmath Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Table 115: AMS Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Table 116: chemarr Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Table 117: chemarrow Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Table 118: mathabx Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Table 119: esvect Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Table 120: undertilde Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Table 121: Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Table 122: AMS Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Table 123: mathdots Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Table 124: yhmath Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Table 125: Miscellaneous LATEX2ε Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Table 126: Miscellaneous AMS Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Table 127: Miscellaneous wasysym Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Table 128: Miscellaneous txfonts/pxfonts Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Table 129: Miscellaneous mathabx Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Table 130: Miscellaneous textcomp Text-mode Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Table 131: mathcomp Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Table 132: gensymb Symbols Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Table 133: mathabx Mayan Digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Table 134: marvosym Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Table 135: Math Alphabets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

3

4 Science and technology symbols 41Table 136: wasysym Electrical and Physical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Table 137: ifsym Pulse Diagram Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Table 138: ar Aspect Ratio Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Table 139: textcomp Text-mode Science and Engineering Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Table 140: wasysym Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Table 141: marvosym Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Table 142: mathabx Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Table 143: wasysym Astrological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Table 144: marvosym Astrological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Table 145: mathabx Astrological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Table 146: wasysym APL Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Table 147: wasysym APL Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Table 148: marvosym Computer Hardware Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Table 149: ascii Control Characters (IBM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Table 150: marvosym Communication Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Table 151: marvosym Engineering Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Table 152: wasysym Biological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Table 153: marvosym Biological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Table 154: marvosym Safety-related Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

5 Dingbats 45Table 155: bbding Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Table 156: pifont Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Table 157: marvosym Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Table 158: bbding Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Table 159: pifont Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Table 160: dingbat Pencils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Table 161: bbding Pencils and Nibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Table 162: pifont Pencils and Nibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Table 163: dingbat Hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Table 164: bbding Hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Table 165: pifont Hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Table 166: bbding Crosses and Plusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Table 167: pifont Crosses and Plusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Table 168: bbding Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Table 169: pifont Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Table 170: wasysym Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Table 171: pifont Circled Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Table 172: wasysym Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Table 173: bbding Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Table 174: pifont Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Table 175: wasysym Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Table 176: ifsym Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Table 177: bbding Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Table 178: pifont Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Table 179: universa Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Table 180: manfnt Dangerous Bend Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Table 181: skull Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Table 182: Non-Mathematical mathabx Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Table 183: marvosym Information Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Table 184: Miscellaneous dingbat Dingbats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Table 185: Miscellaneous bbding Dingbats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Table 186: Miscellaneous pifont Dingbats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

4

6 Other symbols 51Table 187: textcomp Genealogical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Table 188: wasysym General Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Table 189: wasysym Musical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Table 190: wasysym Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Table 191: Miscellaneous manfnt Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Table 192: marvosym Navigation Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Table 193: marvosym Laundry Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Table 194: Other marvosym Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Table 195: Miscellaneous universa Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Table 196: ifsym Weather Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Table 197: ifsym Alpine Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Table 198: ifsym Clocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Table 199: Other ifsym Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Table 200: skak Chess Informator Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

7 Additional Information 557.1 Symbol Name Clashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557.2 Where can I find the symbol for . . . ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557.3 Math-mode spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647.4 Bold mathematical symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657.5 ASCII and Latin 1 quick reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667.6 About this document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

References 69

Index 71

5

1 Introduction

Welcome to the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List! This document strives to be your primary source of LATEXsymbol information: font samples, LATEX commands, packages, usage details, caveats—everything needed toput thousands of different symbols at your disposal. All of the fonts covered herein meet the following criteria:

1. They are freely available from the Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (http://www.ctan.org).

2. All of their symbols have LATEX2ε bindings. That is, a user should be able to access a symbol by name,not just by \char〈number〉.

These are not particularly limiting criteria; the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List contains samples of 2826symbols—quite a large number. Some of these symbols are guaranteed to be available in every LATEX2ε system;others require fonts and packages that may not accompany a given distribution and that therefore need tobe installed. See http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=instpackages+wherefiles for helpwith installing new fonts and packages.

1.1 Document Usage

Each section of this document contains a number of font tables. Each table shows a set of symbols, with thecorresponding LATEX command to the right of each symbol. A table’s caption indicates what package needs tobe loaded in order to access that table’s symbols. For example, the symbols in Table 23, “textcomp Old-StyleNumerals”, are made available by putting “\usepackagetextcomp” in your document’s preamble. “AMS”means to use the AMS packages, viz. amssymb and/or amsmath. Notes below a table provide additionalinformation about some or all the symbols in that table.

One note that appears a few times in this document, particularly in Section 2, indicates that certainsymbols do not exist in the OT1 font encoding (Donald Knuth’s original, 7-bit font encoding, which is thedefault font encoding for LATEX) and that you should use fontenc to select a different encoding, such as T1(a common 8-bit font encoding). That means that you should put “\usepackage[〈encoding〉]fontenc” inyour document’s preamble, where 〈encoding〉 is, e.g., T1 or LY1. To limit the change in font encoding to thecurrent group, use “\fontencoding〈encoding〉\selectfont”.

Section 7 contains some additional information about the symbols in this document. It shows which symbolnames are not unique across packages, gives examples of how to create new symbols out of existing symbols,explains how symbols are spaced in math mode, presents a LATEX ASCII and Latin 1 tables, and providessome information about this document itself. The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List ends with an index ofall the symbols in the document and various additional useful terms.

1.2 Frequently Requested Symbols

There are a number of symbols that are requested over and over again on comp.text.tex. If you’re lookingfor such a symbol the following list will help you find it quickly.

, as in “Spaces are significant.” . . . . . . . . 7

ı, ı, ı, ı, etc. (versus i, i, i, and i) . . . . . . . . 11

¢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

©, ®, and ™ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

‰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

∴ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

. ..

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

°, as in “180°” or “15” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

L, F, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

, , , etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

−

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

á, è, etc. (i.e., several accents per character) 60

<, >, and | (instead of ¡, ¿, and —) . . . . . . 66

ˆ and ˜ (or ∼) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

6

2 Body-text symbols

This section lists symbols that are intended for use in running text, such as punctuation marks, accents,ligatures, and currency symbols.

Table 1: LATEX2ε Escapable “Special” Characters

$ \$ % \% \_ ∗ \ & \& # \# \

∗ The underscore package redefines “_” to produce an underscore in text mode (i.e., itmakes it unnecessary to escape the underscore character).

Table 2: LATEX2ε Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode

$ \$ \_ ‡ \ddag \¶ \P c © \copyright . . . \dots \§ \S † \dag £ \pounds

Where two symbols are present, the left one is the “faked” symbol that LATEX2εprovides by default, and the right one is the “true” symbol that textcomp makesavailable.

Table 3: Predefined LATEX2ε Text-mode Commands

ˆ \textasciicircum < \textless˜ \textasciitilde a ª \textordfeminine∗ \textasteriskcentered o º \textordmasculine\ \textbackslash ¶ \textparagraph| \textbar · \textperiodcentered \textbraceleft ¿ \textquestiondown \textbraceright “ \textquotedblleft• \textbullet ” \textquotedblright

c © \textcopyright ‘ \textquoteleft† \textdagger ’ \textquoteright‡ \textdaggerdbl r ® \textregistered$ \textdollar § \textsection. . . \textellipsis £ \textsterling— \textemdash TM ™ \texttrademark– \textendash \textunderscore¡ \textexclamdown \textvisiblespace> \textgreater


7

Table 4: Non-ASCII Letters (Excluding Accented Letters)

a \aa Ð \DH∗ L \L ø \o ß \ss

A \AA ð \dh∗ l \l Ø \O SS \SSÆ \AE Ð \DJ∗ Ŋ \NG∗ Œ \OE Þ \TH∗

æ \ae đ \dj∗ ŋ \ng∗ œ \oe þ \th∗

∗ Not available in the OT1 font encoding. Use the fontenc package to select analternate font encoding, such as T1.

Table 5: Letters Used to Typeset African Languages

\BD \mc \mf \mk \Mt \mZ \Bd \mD \mF \mN \MT \TE \BH \Md \mG \mn \mt \Te \Bh \MD \mg \mo \mT \TO \Bt \md \mI \mO \mu∗ \To \BT \mE \mi \mP ! \mU∗

" \mb # \me $ \mJ % \mp & \mY' \mB ( \ME ) \mj * \ms + \my, \mC - \Me . \mK / \mS 0 \mz

These characters all need the T4 font encoding, which is provided by the fc package.

∗ \mv and \mV are synonyms for \mu and \mU.

Table 6: Punctuation Marks Not Found in OT1

« \guillemotleft ‹ \guilsinglleft „ \quotedblbase " \textquotedbl» \guillemotright › \guilsinglright ‚ \quotesinglbase

To get these symbols, use the fontenc package to select an alternate font encoding,such as T1.

Table 7: pifont Decorative Punctuation Marks

\ding123 \ding125 \ding161 \ding163 \ding124 \ding126 \ding162

Table 8: wasysym Phonetic Symbols

D \DH \dh \openoÞ \Thorn \inve þ \thorn

Table 9: tipa Phonetic Symbols

8

\textbabygamma \textglotstop \textrtailn \textbarb \texthalflength \textrtailr \textbarc \texthardsign \textrtails \textbard \texthooktop \textrtailt \textbardotlessj \texthtb \textrtailz \textbarg \texthtbardotlessj \textrthook \textbarglotstop \texthtc \textsca \textbari \texthtd \textscb \textbarl \texthtg \textsce \textbaro \texthth \textscg \textbarrevglotstop \texththeng \textsch! \textbaru " \texthtk # \textschwa$ \textbeltl % \texthtp & \textsci' \textbeta ( \texthtq ) \textscj* \textbullseye + \texthtrtaild , \textscl- \textceltpal . \texthtscg / \textscn0 \textchi 1 \texthtt 2 \textscoelig3 \textcloseepsilon 4 \texthvlig 5 \textscomega6 \textcloseomega 7 \textinvglotstop 8 \textscr9 \textcloserevepsilon : \textinvscr ; \textscripta< \textcommatailz = \textiota \textscriptg> \textcorner ? \textlambda @ \textscriptvA \textcrb B \textlengthmark C \textscuD \textcrd E \textlhookt F \textscy \textcrg G \textlhtlongi H \textsecstressI \textcrh J \textlhtlongy K \textsoftsign7 \textcrinvglotstop L \textlonglegr M \textstretchcN \textcrlambda O \textlptr PQ \texttctclig2 \textcrtwo R \textltailm S \textteshligQ \textctc T \textltailn U \textthetaV \textctd W \textltilde X \textthornVY \textctdctzlig Z \textlyoghlig [ \texttoneletterstem\ \textctesh ] \textObardotlessj ^ \texttslig_ \textctj ` \textOlyoghlig a \textturnab \textctn c \textomega d \textturncelige \textctt f \textopencorner g \textturnheQ \textcttctclig h \textopeno i \textturnkj \textctyogh k \textpalhook l \textturnlonglegrY \textctz m \textphi n \textturnmY \textdctzlig o \textpipe p \textturnmrlegq \textdoublebaresh r \textprimstress s \textturnrt \textdoublebarpipe u \textraiseglotstop v \textturnrrtailwx \textdoublebarslash y \textraisevibyi z \textturnscripta \textdoublepipe | \textramshorns \textturnt~ \textdoublevertline \textrevapostrophe \textturnv \textdownstep \textreve \textturnw \textdyoghlig \textrevepsilon \textturny \textdzlig \textrevglotstop \textupsilon \textepsilon \textrevyogh \textupstepq \textesh \textrhookrevepsilon \textvertline \textfishhookr \textrhookschwa y \textvibyi \textg \textrhoticity \textvibyy \textgamma \textrptr \textwynn \textglobfall \textrtaild \textyogh

(continued on next page)

9

(continued from previous page)

\textglobrise \textrtaill

tipa defines shortcut characters for many of the above. It also defines a command\tone for denoting tone letters (pitches). See the tipa documentation for moreinformation.

Table 10: wsuipa Phonetic Symbols

\babygamma \eng \labdentalnas \schwa \barb \er \latfric \sci \bard \esh \legm \scn \bari \eth \legr \scr \barl \flapr \lz \scripta \baro \glotstop \nialpha \scriptg \barp \hookb \nibeta \scriptv \barsci \hookd \nichi \scu \barscu ! \hookg " \niepsilon # \scy$ \baru % \hookh & \nigamma ' \slashb( \clickb ) \hookheng * \niiota + \slashc, \clickc - \hookrevepsilon . \nilambda / \slashd0 \clickt 1 \hv 2 \niomega 3 \slashu4 \closedniomega 5 \inva 6 \niphi 7 \taild8 \closedrevepsilon 9 \invf : \nisigma ; \tailinvr< \crossb = \invglotstop > \nitheta ? \taill@ \crossd A \invh B \niupsilon C \tailnD \crossh E \invlegr F \nj G \tailrH \crossnilambda I \invm J \oo K \tailsL \curlyc M \invr N \openo O \tailtP \curlyesh Q \invscr R \reve S \tailzT \curlyyogh U \invscripta V \reveject W \teshX \curlyz Y \invv Z \revepsilon [ \thorn\ \dlbari ] \invw ^ \revglotstop _ \tildel` \dz a \invy b \scd c \yoghd \ejective e \ipagamma f \scg

Table 11: phonetic Phonetic Symbols

\barj \flap i \ibar \rotvara \vari \barlambda \glottal \openo \rotw \varomega \emgma \hausaB h \planck \roty \varopeno \engma \hausab \pwedge \schwa v

˚\vod

\enya \hausad \revD \thorn \voicedh \epsi \hausaD \riota u \ubar \yogh \esh \hausak \rotm \udesc \eth \hausaK \rotOmega ! \vara" \fj \hookd # \rotr $ \varg

10

Table 12: Text-mode Accents

Aa \"A\"a Aa \‘A\‘a Aa \HA\Ha Aa \uA\ua

Aa \’A\’a A¯a¯

\bA\ba Ąą \kA\ka† Aa \vA\va

Aa \.A\.a Aa \cA\ca Aa \rA\ra Aa \~A\~a

Aa \=A\=a A. a. \dA\da A a \tA\ta

Aa \Â\â \GA\Ga‡ \UA\Ua‡

Aa \newtieA\newtiea∗ A a \textcircledA\textcircleda

∗ Requires the textcomp package.† Not available in the OT1 font encoding. Use the fontenc package to select an

alternate font encoding, such as T1.‡ Requires the T4 font encoding, provided by the fc package.

Also note the existence of \i and \j, which produce dotless versions of “i” and “j”(viz., “ı” and “j”). These are useful when the accent is supposed to replace thedot. For example, “na\"\ive” produces a correct “naıve”, while “na\"ive”would yield the rather odd-looking “naive”. (“na\"ive” does work in encodingsother than OT1, however.)

Table 13: tipa Text-mode Accents

Aa \textacutemacronA\textacutemacronaAa \textacutewedgeA\textacutewedgea

A a \textadvancingA\textadvancinga

Aa \textbottomtiebarA\textbottomtiebaraAa \textbrevemacronA\textbrevemacronaAa \textcircumacuteA\textcircumacuteaAa \textcircumdotA\textcircumdotaAa \textdotacuteA\textdotacuteaA a \textdotbreveA\textdotbreveaA a \textdotbreveA\textdotbreveaAa \textdoublegraveA\textdoublegraveaAa \textdoublevbaraccentA\textdoublevbaraccentaAa \textgravecircumA\textgravecircuma A a \textgravedotA\textgravedotaAa \textgravemacronA\textgravemacronaAa \textgravemidA\textgravemida

Aa \textinvsubbridgeA\textinvsubbridgea

A a \textloweringA\textloweringaAa \textmidacuteA\textmidacuteaAa \textovercrossA\textovercrossa

(continued on next page)

11

(continued from previous page)

Aa \textoverwA\textoverwa

A a \textpolhookA\textpolhooka

A a \textraisingA\textraisinga

A a \textretractingA\textretractingaAa \textringmacronA\textringmacronaAa \textroundcapA\textroundcapa

Aa \textseagullA\textseagulla

Aa

\textsubacuteA\textsubacutea

Aa

\textsubarchA\textsubarcha

Aa

\textsubbarA\textsubbara

Aa \textsubbridgeA\textsubbridgea

Aa

\textsubcircumA\textsubcircuma

Aa

\textsubdotA\textsubdota

Aa

\textsubgraveA\textsubgravea

A a \textsublhalfringA\textsublhalfringa

A a \textsubplusA\textsubplusa

A a \textsubrhalfringA\textsubrhalfringa

A

a

\textsubringA\textsubringa

Aa \textsubsquareA\textsubsquarea

Aa

\textsubtildeA\textsubtildea

Aa

\textsubumlautA\textsubumlauta

Aa \textsubwA\textsubwa

Aa

\textsubwedgeA\textsubwedgea

Aa \textsuperimposetildeA\textsuperimposetildea

Aa

\textsyllabicA\textsyllabicaAa \texttildedotA\texttildedotaAa \texttoptiebarA\texttoptiebaraAa \textvbaraccentA\textvbaraccenta

tipa defines shortcut sequences for many of the above. See the tipa documentationfor more information.

Table 14: wsuipa Text-mode Accents

A a \dentalA\dentala

Aa \underarchA\underarcha

12

Table 15: phonetic Text-mode Accents

Aa

\hillA\hilla Aa \rcA\rca Aã˜

\utA\uta

A˚

a˚

\odA\oda Aa \sylA\sylaA a \ohillA\ohilla A..a.. \tdA\tda

The phonetic package provides a few additional macros for linguistic accents.\acbar and \acarc compose characters with multiple accents; for example,\acbar\’a produces “á” and \acarc\"e produces “ë”. \labvel joinstwo characters with an arc: \labvelmn → “mn”. \upbar is intended to gobetween characters as in “x\upbary’’ → “x y”. Lastly, \uplett behaves like\textsuperscript but uses a smaller font. Contrast “p\upletth’’ → “ph”with “p\textsuperscripth’’ → “ph”.

Table 16: wsuipa Diacritics

\ain \leftp \overring \stress \underwedge

\corner \leftt \polishhook \syllabic \upp

\downp \length \rightp \underdots \upt

\downt \midtilde \rightt \underring

\halflength \open \secstress \undertilde

The wsuipa package defines all of the above as ordinary characters, not as accents.However, it does provide \diatop and \diaunder commands, which are used tocompose diacritics with other characters. For example, \diatop[\overring|a]produces “a”, and \diaunder[\underdots|a] produces “ a”. See the wsuipa doc-umentation for more information.

Table 17: textcomp Diacritics

˝ \textacutedbl ˇ \textasciicaron ¯ \textasciimacron´ \textasciiacute ¨ \textasciidieresis \textgravedbl˘ \textasciibreve ` \textasciigrave

The textcomp package defines all of the above as ordinary characters, not as accents.

Table 18: textcomp Currency Symbols

฿ \textbaht $ \textdollar \textguarani ₩ \textwon¢ \textcent $ \textdollaroldstyle ₤ \textlira ¥ \textyen¢ \textcentoldstyle ₫ \textdong ₦ \textnaira₡ \textcolonmonetary € \texteuro \textpeso¤ \textcurrency ƒ \textflorin £ \textsterling

13

Table 19: marvosym Currency Symbols

¢ \Denarius \EUR D \EURdig e \EURtm £ \Pfund \Ecommerce d \EURcr c \EURhv ¦ \EyesDollar ¡ \Shilling

The different euro signs are meant to be compatible with different fonts—Courier(\EURcr), Helvetica (\EURhv), Times (\EURtm), and the marvosym digits listed inTable 134 (\EURdig).

Table 20: wasysym Currency Symbols

¢ \cent ¤ \currency

Table 21: eurosym Euro Signs

C \geneuro C \geneuronarrow C \geneurowide \officialeuro

\euro is automatically mapped to one of the above—by default, \officialeuro—based on a eurosym package option. See the eurosym documentation for moreinformation. The \geneuro. . . characters are generated from the current bodyfont’s “C” character and therefore may not appear exactly as shown.

Table 22: textcomp Legal Symbols

\textcircledP c © \textcopyright \textservicemark \textcopyleft r ® \textregistered TM ™ \texttrademark


See http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=tradesyms for solu-tions to common problems that occur when using these symbols (e.g., getting a “ r”when you expected to get a “®”).

Table 23: textcomp Old-style Numerals

0 \textzerooldstyle 4 \textfouroldstyle 8 \texteightoldstyle1 \textoneoldstyle 5 \textfiveoldstyle 9 \textnineoldstyle2 \texttwooldstyle 6 \textsixoldstyle3 \textthreeoldstyle 7 \textsevenoldstyle

Rather than use the bulky \textoneoldstyle, \texttwooldstyle, etc. commandsshown above, consider using \oldstylenums. . . to typeset an old-style number.

14

Table 24: Miscellaneous textcomp Symbols

∗ \textasteriskcentered a ª \textordfeminine‖ \textbardbl o º \textordmasculine \textbigcircle ¶ \textparagraph \textblank · \textperiodcentered¦ \textbrokenbar ‱ \textpertenthousand• \textbullet ‰ \textperthousand† \textdagger ¶ \textpilcrow‡ \textdaggerdbl ' \textquotesingle0 \textdblhyphen ‚ \textquotestraightbase2 \textdblhyphenchar „ \textquotestraightdblbase4 \textdiscount 5 \textrecipe \textestimated ※ \textreferencemark‽ \textinterrobang § \textsection9 \textinterrobangdown — \textthreequartersemdash \textmusicalnote < \texttildelow \textnumero > \texttwelveudash \textopenbullet


Table 25: Miscellaneous wasysym Text-mode Symbols

\permil

Table 26: AMS Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode

\checkmark \circledR \maltese

15

3 Mathematical symbols

Most, but not all, of the symbols in this section are math-mode only. That is, they yield a “Missing $inserted” error message if not used within $. . .$, \[. . .\], or another math-mode environment. Operatorsmarked as “variable-sized” are taller in displayed formulas, shorter in in-text formulas, and possibly shorterstill when used in various levels of superscripts or subscripts.

Alphanumeric symbols (e.g., “L ” and “”) are usually produced using one of the math alphabets inTable 135 rather than with an explicit symbol command. Look there first if you need a symbol for a transform,number set, or some other alphanumeric.

Although there have been many requests on comp.text.tex for a contradiction symbol, the ensuingdiscussion invariably reveals innumerable ways to represent contradiction in a proof, including “” (\blitza),“⇒⇐” (\Rightarrow\Leftarrow), “⊥” (\bot), “” (\nleftrightarrow), and “※” (\textreferencemark).Because of the lack of notational consensus, it is probably better to spell out “Contradiction!” than to use asymbol for this purpose. Similarly, discussions on comp.text.tex have revealed that there are a variety ofways to indicate the mathematical notion of “is defined as”. Common candidates include “” (\triangleq),“≡” (\equiv), “” (\coloneqq), and “def=” (\stackrel\text\tiny def=). See also the example of\equalsfill on page 61.

Table 27: Binary Operators

\amalg ∪ \cup ⊕ \oplus × \times∗ \ast † \dagger \oslash \triangleleft© \bigcirc ‡ \ddagger ⊗ \otimes \triangleright \bigtriangledown \diamond ± \pm \unlhd∗

\bigtriangleup ÷ \div \rhd∗ \unrhd∗

• \bullet \lhd∗ \ \setminus \uplus∩ \cap ∓ \mp \sqcap ∨ \vee· \cdot \odot \sqcup ∧ \wedge \circ \ominus \star \wr

∗ Not predefined in LATEX2ε. Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb,txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.

Table 28: AMS Binary Operators

\barwedge \circledcirc ᵀ \intercal \boxdot \circleddash \leftthreetimes \boxminus \Cup \ltimes \boxplus \curlyvee \rightthreetimes \boxtimes \curlywedge \rtimes \Cap \divideontimes \smallsetminus \centerdot \dotplus \veebar \circledast \doublebarwedge

16

Table 29: stmaryrd Binary Operators

\baro \interleave \varoast \bbslash \leftslice \varobar \binampersand \merge \varobslash \bindnasrepma \minuso \varocircle \boxast \moo \varodot \boxbar \nplus \varogreaterthan \boxbox \obar \varolessthan \boxbslash \oblong \varominus \boxcircle \obslash \varoplus \boxdot \ogreaterthan \varoslash \boxempty \olessthan \varotimes \boxslash \ovee \varovee \curlyveedownarrow \owedge ! \varowedge" \curlyveeuparrow # \rightslice $ \vartimes% \curlywedgedownarrow & \sslash ' \Ydown( \curlywedgeuparrow ) \talloblong * \Yleft+ \fatbslash , \varbigcirc - \Yright. \fatsemi / \varcurlyvee 0 \Yup1 \fatslash 2 \varcurlywedge

Table 30: wasysym Binary Operators

\lhd \ocircle \RHD \unrhd \LHD \rhd \unlhd

Table 31: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Operators

\circledbar \circledwedge \medcirc \circledbslash \invamp \sqcapplus \circledvee \medbullet \sqcupplus

17

Table 32: mathabx Binary Operators

\ast \curlywedge \sqcap \Asterisk \divdot \sqcup \barwedge \divideontimes \sqdoublecap \bigstar \dotdiv \sqdoublecup \bigvarstar \dotplus \square \blackdiamond \dottimes \squplus \cap \doublebarwedge \udot \circplus \doublecap \uplus \coasterisk \doublecup \varstar \coAsterisk \ltimes \vee \convolution \pluscirc \veebar \cup \rtimes \veedoublebar \curlyvee \sqbullet \wedge

Many of the above glyphs go by multiple names. \centerdot is equivalent to\sqbullet, and \ast is equivalent to *. \asterisk produces the same glyph as\ast, but as an ordinary symbol, not a binary operator. Similarly, \bigast pro-duces a large-operator version of the \Asterisk binary operator, and \bigcoastproduces a large-operator version of the \coAsterisk binary operator.

Table 33: ulsy Geometric Binary Operators

\odplus

Table 34: mathabx Geometric Binary Operators

\blacktriangledown \boxright \ominus \blacktriangleleft \boxslash \oplus \blacktriangleright \boxtimes \oright \blacktriangleup \boxtop \oslash \boxasterisk ! \boxtriangleup \otimes" \boxbackslash # \boxvoid \otop$ \boxbot \oasterisk \otriangleup% \boxcirc \obackslash \ovoid& \boxcoasterisk \obot ' \smalltriangledown( \boxdiv \ocirc ) \smalltriangleleft* \boxdot \ocoasterisk + \smalltriangleright, \boxleft \odiv - \smalltriangleup. \boxminus \odot/ \boxplus \oleft

Table 35: Variable-sized Math Operators

\bigcap

\bigotimes

\bigwedge

\prod

\bigcup

\bigsqcup

\coprod

\sum

\bigodot

\biguplus

\int

\bigoplus

\bigvee

\oint

18

Table 36: AMS Variable-sized Math Operators

\idotsint

\iiint

\iiiint

\iint

Table 37: stmaryrd Variable-sized Math Operators

34\bigbox

5 6\biginterleave

\bigsqcap

78\bigcurlyvee

\bignplus

9:\bigtriangledown

;<\bigcurlywedge

= >\bigparallel

?@\bigtriangleup

Table 38: wasysym Variable-sized Math Operators

\iiint

\oiint

\varoint

\iint

\varint

Table 39: mathabx Variable-sized Math Operators

\bigcurlyvee

\bigboxslash

\bigoright

\bigsqcap

\bigboxtimes

\bigoslash

\bigcurlywedge

\bigboxtop

\bigotop

\bigboxasterisk

\bigboxtriangleup

\bigotriangleup

\bigboxbackslash

\bigboxvoid

\bigovoid

\bigboxbot

!\bigcomplementop

" #\bigplus

$%\bigboxcirc

&'\bigoasterisk

( )\bigsquplus

*+\bigboxcoasterisk

,-\bigobackslash

. /\bigtimes

01\bigboxdiv

23\bigobot

4 5\iiint

67\bigboxdot

89\bigocirc

: ;\iint

<=\bigboxleft

>?\bigocoasterisk

@ A\int

BC\bigboxminus

DE\bigodiv

F G\oiint

HI\bigboxplus

JK\bigoleft

L M\oint

NO\bigboxright

PQ\bigominus

19

Table 40: txfonts/pxfonts Variable-sized Math Operators

\bigsqcapplus

\ointclockwise

\bigsqcupplus

\ointctrclockwise

\fint

\sqiiint

\idotsint

\sqiint

\iiiint

\sqint

\iiint

\varoiiintclockwise

\iint

! "\varoiiintctrclockwise

# $\oiiintclockwise

% &\varoiintclockwise

' (\oiiintctrclockwise

) *\varoiintctrclockwise

+ ,\oiiint

- .\varointclockwise

/ 0\oiintclockwise

1 2\varointctrclockwise

3 4\oiintctrclockwise

5 6\varprod

\oiint

Table 41: esint Variable-sized Math Operators

\dotsint

\ointclockwise

\fint

\ointctrclockwise

\iiiint

\sqiint

\iiint

\sqint

\iint

\varoiint

\landdownint

\varointclockwise

\landupint

\varointctrclockwise

\oiint

20

Table 42: Binary Relations

≈ \approx ≡ \equiv ⊥ \perp \smile \asymp \frown ≺ \prec ! \succ \bowtie \Join∗ " \preceq # \succeq \cong | \mid ∝ \propto % \vdash& \dashv |= \models ∼ \sim \doteq ‖ \parallel ( \simeq

∗ Not predefined in LATEX2ε. Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb,mathabx, txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.

Table 43: AMS Binary Relations

\approxeq \eqcirc \succapprox \backepsilon \fallingdotseq ! \succcurlyeq" \backsim # \multimap $ \succsim% \backsimeq & \pitchfork ∴ \therefore∵ \because \precapprox ≈ \thickapprox( \between ) \preccurlyeq ∼ \thicksim* \Bumpeq + \precsim ∝ \varpropto- \bumpeq . \risingdotseq / \Vdash0 \circeq \shortmid 1 \vDash2 \curlyeqprec \shortparallel 3 \Vvdash4 \curlyeqsucc 5 \smallfrown6 \doteqdot 7 \smallsmile

Table 44: AMS Negated Binary Relations

\ncong \nshortparallel \nVDash \nmid \nsim \precnapprox∦ \nparallel \nsucc \precnsim⊀ \nprec \nsucceq \succnapprox \npreceq \nvDash \succnsim \nshortmid \nvdash

Table 45: stmaryrd Binary Relations

A \inplus B \niplus

Table 46: wasysym Binary Relations

\invneg \leadsto \wasypropto \Join \logof

21

Table 47: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Relations

\circledgtr \lJoin \opentimes \circledless \lrtimes \Perp \colonapprox # \multimap \preceqq \Colonapprox \multimapboth \precneqq \coloneq ! \multimapbothvert " \rJoin# \Coloneq $ \multimapdot % \strictfi \Coloneqq & \multimapdotboth ' \strictif \coloneqq ( \multimapdotbothA ) \strictiff* \Colonsim + \multimapdotbothAvert , \succeqq- \colonsim . \multimapdotbothB \succneqq/ \Eqcolon 0 \multimapdotbothBvert ∥ \varparallel2 \eqcolon 3 \multimapdotbothvert 4 \varparallelinv5 \eqqcolon 6 \multimapdotinv 7 \VvDash8 \Eqqcolon 9 \multimapinv \eqsim : \openJoin

Table 48: txfonts/pxfonts Negated Binary Relations

; \napproxeq < \npreccurlyeq = \nthickapprox> \nasymp ? \npreceqq @ \ntwoheadleftarrowA \nbacksim B \nprecsim C \ntwoheadrightarrowD \nbacksimeq E \nsimeq F \nvarparallelG \nbumpeq H \nsuccapprox I \nvarparallelinvJ \nBumpeq K \nsucccurlyeq ! \nVdashL \nequiv M \nsucceqqN \nprecapprox O \nsuccsim

Table 49: mathabx Binary Relations

\between \divides \risingdotseq \botdoteq \dotseq \succapprox \Bumpedeq \eqbumped \succcurlyeq \bumpedeq \eqcirc \succdot \circeq \eqcolon \succsim \coloneq \fallingdotseq \therefore \corresponds \ggcurly \topdoteq \curlyeqprec \llcurly \vDash \curlyeqsucc \precapprox \Vdash \DashV \preccurlyeq \VDash \Dashv \precdot \Vvdash \dashVv \precsim

22

Table 50: mathabx Negated Binary Relations

\napprox \notperp \nvDash \ncong \nprec \nVDash \ncurlyeqprec \nprecapprox \nVdash \ncurlyeqsucc \npreccurlyeq \nvdash \nDashv \npreceq \nVvash \ndashV \nprecsim \precnapprox \ndashv \nsim \precneq \nDashV \nsimeq \precnsim \ndashVv \nsucc \succnapprox \neq \nsuccapprox \succneq \notasymp \nsucccurlyeq \succnsim \notdivides \nsucceq \notequiv \nsuccsim

The \changenotsign command toggles the behavior of \not to produce either avertical or a diagonal slash through a binary operator. Thus, “$a \not= b$” canbe made to produce either “a = b” or “a = b”.

Table 51: trsym Binary Relations

\InversTransformHoriz \TransformHoriz

\InversTransformVert \TransformVert

Table 52: trfsigns Binary Relations

........... \dfourier ........... \Dfourier \fourier \Fourier \laplace \Laplace ........... \ztransf ........... \Ztransf

Table 53: Subset and Superset Relations

8 \sqsubset∗ ) \sqsupseteq ⊃ \supset+ \sqsubseteq ⊂ \subset ⊇ \supseteq9 \sqsupset∗ ⊆ \subseteq

∗ Not predefined in LATEX2ε. Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb,mathabx, txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.

Table 54: AMS Subset and Superset Relations

" \nsubseteq : \subseteqq # \supsetneqq$ \nsupseteq % \subsetneq & \varsubsetneq' \nsupseteqq ( \subsetneqq ) \varsubsetneqq8 \sqsubset ; \Supset * \varsupsetneq9 \sqsupset < \supseteqq + \varsupsetneqq= \Subset , \supsetneq

23

Table 55: stmaryrd Subset and Superset Relations

C \subsetplus D \supsetplusE \subsetpluseq F \supsetpluseq

Table 56: wasysym Subset and Superset Relations

8 \sqsubset 9 \sqsupset

Table 57: txfonts/pxfonts Subset and Superset Relations

P \nsqsubset Q \nsqsupseteq R \nSupsetS \nsqsubseteq T \nSubsetU \nsqsupset - \nsubseteqq

Table 58: mathabx Subset and Superset Relations

\nsqsubset \nsupset \sqsupseteq \supseteq \nsqSubset \nSupset \sqsupseteqq \supseteqq \nsqsubseteq \nsupseteq \sqsupsetneq \supsetneq \nsqsubseteqq \nsupseteqq \sqsupsetneqq \supsetneqq \nsqsupset \sqsubset \subset \varsqsubsetneq \nsqSupset \sqSubset \Subset \varsqsubsetneqq \nsqsupseteq \sqsubseteq \subseteq \varsqsupsetneq \nsqsupseteqq \sqsubseteqq \subseteqq \varsqsupsetneqq \nsubset \sqsubsetneq \subsetneq \varsubsetneq \nSubset \sqsubsetneqq \subsetneqq \varsubsetneqq \nsubseteq \sqSupset \supset \varsupsetneq \nsubseteqq \sqsupset \Supset \varsupsetneqq

Table 59: Inequalities

≥ \geq 0 \gg ≤ \leq 2 \ll V \neq

Table 60: AMS Inequalities

> \eqslantgtr ≷ \gtrless . \lneq@ \eqslantless \gtrsim / \lneqqA \geqq 0 \gvertneqq 1 \lnsimB \geqslant C \leqq 2 \lvertneqq≫ \ggg E \leqslant 3 \ngeq4 \gnapprox F \lessapprox 5 \ngeqq6 \gneq 7 \lessdot 8 \ngeqslant9 \gneqq G \lesseqgtr ≯ \ngtr

; \gnsim H \lesseqqgtr < \nleq

I \gtrapprox ≶ \lessgtr = \nleqq> \gtrdot \lesssim ? \nleqslantK \gtreqless ≪ \lll ≮ \nless

M \gtreqqless A \lnapprox

24

Table 61: wasysym Inequalities

\apprge \apprle

Table 62: txfonts/pxfonts Inequalities

W \ngg X \ngtrsim Y \nlesssimZ \ngtrapprox [ \nlessapprox \ \nll] \ngtrless ^ \nlessgtr

Table 63: mathabx Inequalities

\eqslantgtr \gtreqless \lesssim \ngtr \eqslantless \gtreqqless \ll \ngtrapprox \geq \gtrless \lll \ngtrsim \geqq \gtrsim \lnapprox \nleq \gg \gvertneqq \lneq \nleqq \ggg \leq \lneqq \nless \gnapprox \leqq \lnsim \nlessapprox \gneq \lessapprox \lvertneqq \nlesssim \gneqq ! \lessdot " \neqslantgtr # \nvargeq$ \gnsim % \lesseqgtr & \neqslantless ' \nvarleq( \gtrapprox ) \lesseqqgtr * \ngeq + \vargeq, \gtrdot - \lessgtr . \ngeqq / \varleq

mathabx defines \leqslant and \le as synonyms for \leq, \geqslant and \ge assynonyms for \geq, \nleqslant as a synonym for \nleq, and \ngeqslant as asynonym for \ngeq.

Table 64: AMS Triangle Relations

N \blacktriangleleft B \ntrianglelefteq \trianglelefteq \vartriangleleftO \blacktriangleright C \ntriangleright \triangleq \vartrianglerightD \ntriangleleft E \ntrianglerighteq \trianglerighteq

Table 65: stmaryrd Triangle Relations

G \trianglelefteqslant H \trianglerighteqslantI \ntrianglelefteqslant J \ntrianglerighteqslant

Table 66: mathabx Triangle Relations

0 \ntriangleleft 1 \ntrianglerighteq 2 \triangleright 2 \vartriangleright3 \ntrianglelefteq 4 \triangleleft 5 \trianglerighteq6 \ntriangleright 7 \trianglelefteq 4 \vartriangleleft

25

Table 67: Arrows

⇓ \Downarrow ←− \longleftarrow \nwarrow↓ \downarrow ⇐= \Longleftarrow ⇒ \Rightarrow← \hookleftarrow ←→ \longleftrightarrow → \rightarrow→ \hookrightarrow ⇐⇒ \Longleftrightarrow \searrow \leadsto∗ 8−→ \longmapsto \swarrow← \leftarrow =⇒ \Longrightarrow ↑ \uparrow⇐ \Leftarrow −→ \longrightarrow ⇑ \Uparrow⇔ \Leftrightarrow 8→ \mapsto = \updownarrow↔ \leftrightarrow \nearrow† @ \Updownarrow


† See the note beneath Table 112 for information about how to put a diagonal arrow

across a mathematical expression (as in “ 0

∇ · B ”) .

Table 68: Harpoons

\leftharpoondown \rightharpoondown \rightleftharpoons \leftharpoonup \rightharpoonup

Table 69: textcomp Text-mode Arrows

↓ \textdownarrow → \textrightarrow← \textleftarrow ↑ \textuparrow

Table 70: AMS Arrows

P \circlearrowleft ⇔ \leftleftarrows R \rightleftarrowsS \circlearrowright T \leftrightarrows ⇒ \rightrightarrowsF \curvearrowleft V \leftrightsquigarrow W \rightsquigarrowG \curvearrowright X \Lleftarrow Y \Rsh_ \dashleftarrow Z \looparrowleft [ \twoheadleftarrow` \dashrightarrow \ \looparrowright ] \twoheadrightarrow^ \downdownarrows _ \Lsh ` \upuparrowsa \leftarrowtail b \rightarrowtail

Table 71: AMS Negated Arrows

H \nLeftarrow I \nLeftrightarrow J \nRightarrowK \nleftarrow \nleftrightarrow L \nrightarrow

Table 72: AMS Harpoons

c \downharpoonleft d \leftrightharpoons e \upharpoonleftf \downharpoonright g \rightleftharpoons h \upharpoonright

26

Table 73: stmaryrd Arrows

K \leftarrowtriangle ⇐L \Mapsfrom M \shortleftarrowN \leftrightarroweq ←O \mapsfrom P \shortrightarrowQ \leftrightarrowtriangle a⇒ \Mapsto R \shortuparrowS \lightning T \nnearrow U \ssearrow⇐=L \Longmapsfrom V \nnwarrow W \sswarrow←−O \longmapsfrom X \rightarrowtrianglea=⇒ \Longmapsto Y \shortdownarrow

Table 74: txfonts/pxfonts Arrows

b \boxdotLeft c \circleddotright d \Diamondlefte \boxdotleft f \circleleft g \Diamondrighth \boxdotright i \circleright j \DiamondRightk \boxdotRight l \dashleftrightarrow m \leftsquigarrown \boxLeft o \DiamonddotLeft p \Nearrowq \boxleft r \Diamonddotleft s \Nwarrowt \boxright u \Diamonddotright i \Rrightarrowv \boxRight w \DiamonddotRight x \Searrowy \circleddotleft z \DiamondLeft \Swarrow

Table 75: mathabx Arrows

\circlearrowleft \leftarrow \nwarrow \circlearrowright \leftleftarrows \restriction \curvearrowbotleft \leftrightarrow \rightarrow \curvearrowbotleftright \leftrightarrows \rightleftarrows \curvearrowbotright \leftrightsquigarrow \rightrightarrows \curvearrowleft \leftsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow \curvearrowleftright \lefttorightarrow \righttoleftarrow \curvearrowright \looparrowdownleft \Rsh \dlsh \looparrowdownright \searrow \downdownarrows \looparrowleft \swarrow \downtouparrow \looparrowright \updownarrows \downuparrows \Lsh \uptodownarrow \drsh \nearrow \upuparrows

Table 76: mathabx Negated Arrows

\nLeftarrow \nleftrightarrow \nrightarrow \nleftarrow \nLeftrightarrow \nRightarrow

27

Table 77: mathabx Harpoons

\barleftharpoon \leftharpoonup \rightleftharpoons \barrightharpoon \leftleftharpoons \rightrightharpoons \downdownharpoons \leftrightharpoon \updownharpoons \downharpoonleft \leftrightharpoons \upharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightbarharpoon \upharpoonright \downupharpoons \rightharpoondown \upupharpoons \leftbarharpoon \rightharpoonup \leftharpoondown \rightleftharpoon

Table 78: chemarrow Arrows

A \chemarrow

Table 79: ulsy Contradiction Symbols

\blitza \blitzb \blitzc \blitzd \blitze

Table 80: Extension Characters

− \relbar = \Relbar

Table 81: stmaryrd Extension Characters

Z \Arrownot L \Mapsfromchar a \Mapstochar[ \arrownot O \mapsfromchar

Table 82: txfonts/pxfonts Extension Characters

| \Mappedfromchar \Mmappedfromchar ~ \Mmapstochar \mappedfromchar \mmappedfromchar \mmapstochar

Table 83: mathabx Extension Characters

\mapsfromchar \mapstochar \Mapsfromchar \Mapstochar

28

Table 84: Log-like Symbols

\arccos \cos \csc \exp \ker \limsup \min \sinh\arcsin \cosh \deg \gcd \lg \ln \Pr \sup\arctan \cot \det \hom \lim \log \sec \tan\arg \coth \dim \inf \liminf \max \sin \tanh

Calling the above “symbols” may be a bit misleading.1 Each log-like symbol merelyproduces the eponymous textual equivalent, but with proper surrounding spac-ing. See Section 7.3 for more information about log-like symbols. As \bmod and\pmod are arguably not symbols we refer the reader to the Short Math Guide forLATEX [Dow00] for samples.

Table 85: AMS Log-like Symbols

inj lim \injlim lim−→ \varinjlim lim \varlimsup

proj lim \projlim lim \varliminf lim←− \varprojlim

Load the amsmath package to get these symbols. See Section 7.3 for some additionalcomments regarding log-like symbols. As \mod and \pod are arguably not symbolswe refer the reader to the Short Math Guide for LATEX [Dow00] for samples.

Table 86: Greek Letters

α \alpha θ \theta o o τ \tauβ \beta ϑ \vartheta π \pi υ \upsilonγ \gamma ι \iota \varpi φ \phiδ \delta κ \kappa ρ \rho ϕ \varphiε \epsilon λ \lambda \varrho χ \chiε \varepsilon µ \mu σ \sigma ψ \psiζ \zeta ν \nu ς \varsigma ω \omegaη \eta ξ \xi

Γ \Gamma Λ \Lambda Σ \Sigma Ψ \Psi∆ \Delta Ξ \Xi Υ \Upsilon Ω \OmegaΘ \Theta Π \Pi Φ \Phi

The remaining Greek majuscules can be produced with ordinary Latin letters. Thesymbol “M”, for instance, is used for both an uppercase “m” and an uppercase “µ”.See Section 7.4 for examples of how to produce bold Greek letters.

Table 87: AMS Greek Letters

M \digamma κ \varkappa

1Michael J. Downes prefers the more general term, “atomic math objects”.

29

Table 88: txfonts/pxfonts Upright Greek Letters

α \alphaup θ \thetaup π \piup φ \phiupβ \betaup ϑ \varthetaup \varpiup ϕ \varphiupγ \gammaup ι \iotaup ρ \rhoup χ \chiupδ \deltaup κ \kappaup \varrhoup ψ \psiupε \epsilonup λ \lambdaup σ \sigmaup ω \omegaupε \varepsilonup µ \muup ς \varsigmaupζ \zetaup ν \nuup τ \tauupη \etaup ξ \xiup υ \upsilonup

Table 89: upgreek Upright Greek Letters

α \upalpha θ \uptheta π \uppi φ \upphiβ \upbeta ϑ \upvartheta ϖ \upvarpi ϕ \upvarphiγ \upgamma ι \upiota ρ \uprho χ \upchiδ \updelta κ \upkappa ρ \upvarrho ψ \uppsiε \upepsilon λ \uplambda σ \upsigma ω \upomegaε \upvarepsilon µ \upmu σ \upvarsigmaζ \upzeta ν \upnu τ \uptauη \upeta ξ \upxi υ \upupsilon

Γ \Upgamma Λ \Uplambda Σ \Upsigma Ψ \Uppsi∆ \Updelta Ξ \Upxi Υ \Upupsilon Ω \UpomegaΘ \Uptheta Π \Uppi Φ \Upphi

upgreek utilizes upright Greek characters from either the PostScript Symbol font(depicted above) or Euler Roman. As a result, the glyphs may appear slightlydifferent from the above. Contrast, for example, “Γ∆Θαβγ” (Symbol) with“Γ∆Θαβγ” (Euler).

Table 90: txfonts/pxfonts Variant Latin Letters

\varg \varv \varw ! \vary

Pass the varg option to txfonts/pxfonts to replace g, v, w, and y with , , , and !in every mathematical expression in your document.

Table 91: AMS Hebrew Letters

O \beth ג \gimel Q \daleth

\aleph appears in Table 125 on page 38.

Table 92: Letter-like Symbols

⊥ \bot ∀ \forall ı \imath C \ni D \top) \ell R \hbar ∈ \in ∂ \partial ℘ \wp∃ \exists G \Im j \jmath H \Re

30

Table 93: AMS Letter-like Symbols

k \Bbbk j \complement R \hbar \circledR S \Finv T \hslashk \circledS U \Game V \nexists

Table 94: txfonts/pxfonts Letter-like Symbols

¢ \mathcent £ \mathsterling \notin \notni

Table 95: mathabx Letter-like Symbols

\barin \in \nottop \varnotin \complement \nexists \owns \varnotowner \exists \notbot \ownsbar \Finv \notin \partial \Game \notowner \partialslash

Table 96: trfsigns Letter-like Symbols

e \e j \im

Table 97: AMS Delimiters

l \ulcorner m \urcornern \llcorner o \lrcorner

Table 98: stmaryrd Delimiters

\Lbag \Rbag \lbag \rbag\ \llceil ] \rrceil ^ \llfloor _ \rrfloor` \llparenthesis a \rrparenthesis

Table 99: mathabx Delimiters

\lcorners \rcorners

\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner

Table 100: nath Delimiters

\niv \vin

31

Table 101: Variable-sized Delimiters

↓ \downarrow ⇓

\Downarrow [

[ ]

]

〈

\langle 〉

\rangle | |∗ ‖

\|

I

\lceil J

\rceil ↑ \uparrow ⇑

\Uparrow

K

\lfloor L

\rfloor = \updownarrow @

\Updownarrow

(

( )

)

\

\

/

/ \

\backslash

When used with \left and \right, these symbols expand to the height of theenclosed math expression. Note that \vert is a synonym for |, and \Vert is asynonym for \|.

∗ ε-TEX provides a \middle analogue to \left and \right that can be used tomake an internal “|” (often used to indicate “evaluated at”) expand to the heightof the surrounding \left and \right symbols. A similar effect can be achieved inconventional LATEX using the braket package.

Table 102: Large, Variable-sized Delimiters

\lmoustache

\rmoustache

\lgroup

\rgroup

\arrowvert

\Arrowvert

\bracevert

These symbols must be used with \left and \right. The mathabx package, how-ever, redefines \lgroup and \rgroup so that those symbols can work without \leftand \right.

Table 103: Variable-sized stmaryrd Delimiters

7

\llbracket 8

\rrbracket

Table 104: mathabx Variable-sized Delimiters

\lbbbrack

\rbbbrack

\lfilet

\rfilet

\thickvert

\vvvert

32

Table 105: nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Double)

〈〈

\lAngle 〉〉

\rAngle

[[

\lBrack ]]

\rBrack

II

\lCeil JJ

\rCeil

KK

\lFloor LL

\rFloor

|| \lVert∗ ||

\rVert∗

∗ nath redefines all of the above to include implicit \left and \right commands.Hence, separate \lVert and \rVert commands are needed to disambiguate whether“|” is a left or right delimiter.

All of the symbols in Table 105 can also be expressed using the \double macro.See the nath documentation for examples and additional information.

Table 106: nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Triple)

〈〈〈

\triple< 〉〉〉

\triple>

[[[

\triple[ ]]]

\triple]

||| \ltriple|∗ |||

\rtriple|∗

∗ Similar to \lVert and \rVert in Table 105, \ltriple and \rtriple must be usedinstead of \triple to disambiguate whether “|” is a left or right delimiter.

Note that \triple—and the corresponding \double—is actually a macro thattakes a delimiter as an argument.

Table 107: textcomp Text-mode Delimiters

⟨ \textlangle ⟩ \textrangle〚 \textlbrackdbl 〛 \textrbrackdbl⁅ \textlquill ⁆ \textrquill

33

Table 108: Math-mode Accents

a \acutea a \checka a \gravea a \tildeaa \bara a \ddota a \hata a \vecaa \brevea a \dota a \mathringa

Also note the existence of \imath and \jmath, which produce dotless versions of“i” and “j”. (See Table 125 on page 38.) These are useful when the accent issupposed to replace the dot. For example, “\hat\imath” produces a correct“ ı ”, while “\hati” would yield the rather odd-looking “ i ”.

Table 109: AMS Math-mode Accents...a \dddota

....a \ddddota

These accents are also provided by the mathabx package.

Table 110: yhmath Math-mode Accents

a \ringa

This symbol is largely obsolete, as standard LATEX2ε has supported \mathringsince June, 1998 [LAT98].

Table 111: trfsigns Math-mode Accents

a \dfta a \DFTa

The above are a sort of “reverse accent” in that the argument text serves as asubscript to the transform line.

34

Table 112: Extensible Accents

abc \widetildeabc∗ abc \widehatabc∗←−abc \overleftarrowabc†

−→abc \overrightarrowabc†

abc \overlineabc abc \underlineabcabc \overbraceabc abc \underbraceabc

√abc \sqrtabc‡

As demonstrated in a 1997 TUGboat article about typesetting long-division prob-lems [Gib97], an extensible long-division sign (“ )abc ”) can be faked by putting a“\big)” in a tabular environment with an \hline or \cline in the preceding row.The article also presents a piece of code that automatically solves and typesets—byputting an \overline atop “\big)” and the desired text—long-division problems.See also the polynom package, which automatically solves and typesets polynomial-division problems in a similar manner.

∗ Made more extensible by the yhmath package.

† If you’re looking for an extensible diagonal line or arrow to be used for canceling orreducing mathematical subexpressions (e.g., “x+−x” or “ 5

3 + 2 ”) then considerusing the cancel package.

‡ With an optional argument, \sqrt typesets nth roots. For example,“\sqrt[3]abc” produces “ 3√

abc ” and “\sqrt[n]abc” produces “ n√abc ”.

Table 113: overrightarrow Extensible Accents=⇒abc \Overrightarrowabc

Table 114: yhmath Extensible Accents

abc \wideparenabc abc \widetriangleabc

˚abc \wideringabc

Table 115: AMS Extensible Accents

←→abc \overleftrightarrowabc abc←→ \underleftrightarrowabc

abc←− \underleftarrowabc abc−→ \underrightarrowabc

The following are a sort of “reverse accent” in that the argument text serves asa superscript to the arrow. In addition, the optional first argument (not shown)serves as a subscript to the arrow. See the Short Math Guide for LATEX [Dow00]for further examples.

abc←−− \xleftarrowabcabc−−→ \xrightarrowabc

35

Table 116: chemarr Extensible Accentsabc−−−− \xrightleftharpoonsabc

\xrightleftharpoons is a sort of “reverse accent” in that the argument text servesas a superscript to the arrows. In addition, the optional first argument (not shown)serves as a subscript to the arrows.

Table 117: chemarrow Extensible Accents

abcD GGGGGGG

def\autoleftarrowabcdef

abcGGGGGGGA

def\autorightarrowabcdef

abcE GGGGGGGGGGGGGGC

def\autoleftrightharpoonsabcdef

abcGGGGGGGBF GGGGGGG

def\autorightleftharpoonsabcdef

These symbols are all “reverse accents” in that the two arguments serve, respec-tively, as a superscript and a subscript to the arrows.

In addition to the symbols shown above, chemarrow also provides \larrowfill,\rarrowfill, \leftrightharpoonsfill, and \rightleftharpoonsfill macros.Each of these takes a length argument and produces an arrow of the specifiedlength.

Table 118: mathabx Extensible Accentsabc \overbraceabc abc \widebarabcabc \overgroupabc abc \widecheckabc

abc \underbraceabc abc \wideparenabc

abc \undergroupabc abc \wideringabc

abc \widearrowabc

The braces shown for \overbrace and \underbrace appear in their minimum size.They can expand arbitrarily wide, however.

36

Table 119: esvect Extensible Accents# ”

abc \vvabc with package option a# „

abc \vvabc with package option b# «

abc \vvabc with package option c# »

abc \vvabc with package option d# –

abc \vvabc with package option e# —

abc \vvabc with package option f#

abc \vvabc with package option g# ‰

abc \vvabc with package option h

esvect also defines a \vv* macro which is used to typeset arrows over vector vari-ables with subscripts. See the esvect documentation for more information.

Table 120: undertilde Extensible Accents

abc

\utildeabc

Because \utilde is based on \widetilde it is also made more extensible by theyhmath package.

Table 121: Dots

· \cdotp : \colon∗ . \ldotp... \vdots†

· · · \cdots. . . \ddots† . . . \ldots

∗ While “:” is valid in math mode, \colon uses different surrounding spacing. SeeSection 7.3 and the Short Math Guide for LATEX [Dow00] for more information onmath-mode spacing.

† The mathdots package redefines \ddots and \vdots to make them scale properlywith font size. (They normally scale horizontally but not vertically.) \fixedddotsand \fixedvdots provide the original, fixed-height functionality of LATEX2ε’s\ddots and \vdots macros.

Table 122: AMS Dots

· · · \dotsb · · · \dotsi . . . \dotso. . . \dotsc · · · \dotsm

The AMS dot symbols are named according to their intended usage: \dotsb be-tween pairs of binary operators/relations, \dotsc between pairs of commas, \dotsibetween pairs of integrals, \dotsm between pairs of multiplication signs, and \dotsobetween other symbol pairs.

37

Table 123: mathdots Dots

. ..

\iddots

Table 124: yhmath Dots

. .. \adots

Table 125: Miscellaneous LATEX2ε Symbols

ℵ \aleph \Diamond∗ ∞ \infty ′ \prime \angle ♦ \diamondsuit W \mho∗ - \sharp\ \backslash ∅ \emptyset‡ ∇ \nabla ♠ \spadesuitp \Box∗,† 0 \flat 1 \natural

√\surd

♣ \clubsuit ♥ \heartsuit ¬ \neg \triangle


† To use \Box—or any other symbol—as an end-of-proof (Q.E.D.) marker, considerusing the ntheorem package, which properly juxtaposes a symbol with the end ofthe proof text.

‡ Many people prefer the look of AMS’s \varnothing (Table 126) to that of LATEX’s\emptyset.

Table 126: Miscellaneous AMS Symbols

∠ \angle r \blacktriangledown W \mhos \backprime X \diagdown t \sphericalangleu \bigstar Y \diagup p \squarev \blacklozenge ð \eth w \triangledownx \blacksquare ♦ \lozenge ∅ \varnothingz \blacktriangle \measuredangle | \vartriangle

Table 127: Miscellaneous wasysym Symbols

\Box W \mho∗ ∴ \wasytherefore \Diamond \varangle

∗ wasysym also defines an \agemO symbol, which is the same glyph as \mho but isintended for use in text mode.

Table 128: Miscellaneous txfonts/pxfonts Symbols

\Diamondblack \lambdaslash \varheartsuit \Diamonddot \varclubsuit \varspadesuit \lambdabar \vardiamondsuit

38

Table 129: Miscellaneous mathabx Symbols

\degree \fourth \measuredangle \second \diagdown \hash \pitchfork \sphericalangle \diagup \infty \propto \third \diameter \leftthreetimes \rightthreetimes \varhash

Table 130: Miscellaneous textcomp Text-mode Math Symbols

° \textdegree∗ ½ \textonehalf† ¾ \textthreequarters†

÷ \textdiv ¼ \textonequarter† ³ \textthreesuperior⁄ \textfractionsolidus ¹ \textonesuperior × \texttimes¬ \textlnot ± \textpm ² \texttwosuperior− \textminus √ \textsurd

∗ If you prefer a larger degree symbol you might consider defining one as“\ensuremath^\circ” (“”).

† nicefrac (part of the units package) can be used to construct vulgar fractions like“1/2”, “1/4”, “3/4”, and even “c/o”.

Table 131: mathcomp Math Symbols

\tccentigrade Ω \tcohm ‰ \tcperthousandµ \tcmu ‱ \tcpertenthousand

Table 132: gensymb Symbols Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode

\celsius µ \micro ‰ \perthousand° \degree Ω \ohm

Table 133: mathabx Mayan Digits

\maya0 \maya2 \maya4 \maya1 \maya3 \maya5

Table 134: marvosym Math Symbols

0 \MVZero 2 \MVTwo 4 \MVFour 6 \MVSix 8 \MVEight1 \MVOne 3 \MVThree 5 \MVFive 7 \MVSeven 9 \MVNine

W \Anglesign ÷ \Squaredot P \Vectorarrowhigh= \Corresponds p \Vectorarrow

39

Table 135: Math Alphabets

Required packageABCdef123 \mathrmABCdef123 noneABCdef123 \mathitABCdef123 noneABCdef123 \mathnormalABCdef123 noneABC \mathcalABC noneABC \mathscrABC mathrsfs

or \mathcalABC calrsfsABC \mathcalABC euscript with the mathcal option

or \mathscrABC euscript with the mathscr optionABCdef123 \mathpzcABCdef123 none; manually defined∗

ABC \mathbbABC amsfonts,§ amssymb, txfonts, or pxfonts"#$ \varmathbbABC txfonts or pxfonts \mathbbABCdef123 bbold or mathbbol†

\mathbbABCdef123 mbboard†

\mathbbmABCdef12 bbm \mathbbmssABCdef12 bbm \mathbbmttABCdef12 bbmABC1 \mathdsABC1 dsfontABC1 \mathdsABC1 dsfont with the sans optionABCdef123 \mathfrakABCdef123 eufrakABCdef123 \textfrakABCdef123 yfonts‡

ABCdef123 \textswabABCdef123 yfonts‡

ABCˇf123 \textgothABCdef123 yfonts‡

∗ Put “\DeclareMathAlphabet\mathpzcOT1pzcmit” in your docu-ment’s preamble to make \mathpzc typeset its argument in Zapf Chancery.

† The mathbbol package defines some additional blackboard bold characters:parentheses, square brackets, angle brackets, and—if the bbgreekl optionis passed to matbbol—Greek letters. For instance, “ ” is pro-duced by “\mathbb\Langle\Lbrack\Lparen\bbalpha\bbbeta\bbgamma\Rparen\Rbrack\Rangle”.

mbboard extends the blackboard bold symbol set significantly further. Itsupports not only the Greek alphabet—including “Greek-like” symbols suchas \bbnabla (“”)—but also all punctuation marks, various currency sym-bols such as \bbdollar (“”) and \bbeuro (“”), and the Hebrew alpha-bet (e.g., “\bbfinalnun\bbyod\bbqof\bbpe” → “ ”).

‡ As their \text. . . names imply, the fonts provided by the yfonts package areactually text fonts. They are included in Table 135 because they are frequentlyused in a mathematical context.

§ An older (i.e., prior to 1991) version of the AMS’s fonts rendered C, N, R, S,and Z as C, N, R, S, and Z. As some people prefer the older glyphs—much tothe AMS’s surprise—and because those glyphs fail to build under modern versionsof METAFONT, Berthold Horn uploaded PostScript fonts for the older blackboard-bold glyphs to CTAN, to the fonts/msym10 directory. As of this writing, however,there are no LATEX2ε packages for utilizing the now-obsolete glyphs.

40

4 Science and technology symbols

This section lists symbols that are employed in various branches of science and engineering (and, becausewe were extremely liberal in our classification, astrology, too).

Table 136: wasysym Electrical and Physical Symbols

\AC \VHF \photon \HF \gluon

Table 137: ifsym Pulse Diagram Symbols

\FallingEdge \LongPulseLow \PulseLow \ShortPulseHigh \LongPulseHigh \PulseHigh \RaisingEdge \ShortPulseLow

In addition, within \textifsym. . ., the following codes are valid:

l m h d < >

L M H D << >>

This enables one to write “\textifsymmm<DDD>mm” to get “ ” or“\textifsymL|H|L|H|L” to get “”. See also the timing package,which provides a wide variety of pulse-diagram symbols within an environmentdesigned specifically for typesetting pulse diagrams.

Finally, \textifsym supports the display of segmented digits, as would appearon an LCD: “\textifsym-123.456” produces “”. “\textifsymb”outputs a blank with the same width as an “”.

Table 138: ar Aspect Ratio Symbol

\AR

Table 139: textcomp Text-mode Science and Engineering Symbols

\textcelsius \textmho µ \textmu Ω \textohm

Table 140: wasysym Astronomical Symbols

\ascnode \jupiter \newmoon \venus \astrosun \leftmoon \pluto \vernal! \descnode \mars # \rightmoon

\earth % \mercury & \saturn \fullmoon ' \neptune ( \uranus

41

Table 141: marvosym Astronomical Symbols

Â \Mercury Ä \Mars Ç \Uranus À \SunÃ \Venus Å \Jupiter È \Neptune Á \MoonÊ \Earth Æ \Saturn É \Pluto

Table 142: mathabx Astronomical Symbols

\Mercury \Earth \Jupiter \Uranus \Pluto \Venus \Mars \Saturn \Neptune

\fullmoon \leftmoon \newmoon \rightmoon \Sun \varEarth

mathabx also defines \girl as an alias for \Venus, \boy as an alias for \Mars, and\Moon as an alias for \leftmoon.

Table 143: wasysym Astrological Symbols

\aries ) \cancer * \libra + \capricornus, \taurus \leo - \scorpio . \aquarius/ \gemini 0 \virgo 1 \sagittarius 2 \pisces

3 \conjunction 4 \opposition

Table 144: marvosym Astrological Symbols

à \Aries ã \Cancer æ \Libra é \Capricorná \Taurus ä \Leo ç \Scorpio ê \Aquariusâ \Gemini å \Virgo è \Sagittarius ë \Pisces

Note that \Aries . . . \Pisces can also be specified with \Zodiac1 . . .\Zodiac12.

Table 145: mathabx Astrological Symbols

\Aries \Taurus \Gemini

Table 146: wasysym APL Symbols

5 \APLbox ÷5 \APLinv 6 \APLstar7 \APLcomment 8 \APLleftarrowbox 9 \APLup: \APLdown \APLlog ; \APLuparrowbox< \APLdownarrowbox − \APLminus \− \notbackslash= \APLinput > \APLrightarrowbox /− \notslash

Table 147: wasysym APL Modifiers

\APLcirc ∼ \APLnot | \APLvert

42

Table 148: marvosym Computer Hardware Symbols

Í \ComputerMouse Ñ \ParallelPort Î \SerialInterfaceÏ \Keyboard Ò \Printer Ð \SerialPort

Table 149: ascii Control Characters (IBM)

\SOH • \BEL \CR ‼ \DCc ↓ \EM \US \STX \BS \SO ¶ \DCd → \SUB ¦ \splitvert♥ \ETX \HT \SI § \NAK ← \ESC \DEL♦ \EOT \LF \DLE \SYN \FS♣ \ENQ \VT \DCa \ETB ↔ \GS♠ \ACK \FF \DCb ↑ \CAN \RS

SOH, STX, ETX, . . ., US are the names of ASCII characters 1–31. DEL is the name ofASCII character 127. \splitvert doesn’t correspond to a control character but ismerely the “|” character shown IBM style.

These characters must be entered with the ascii font in effect, for example,“\ascii\STX”. See the ascii package documentation for more information.

Table 150: marvosym Communication Symbols

k \Email t \fax v \Faxmachine E \Lightning A \Pickup

z \Emailct u \FAX B \Letter H \Mobilefone T \Telefon

Table 151: marvosym Engineering Symbols

" \Beam l \Force ‘ \Octosteel \RoundedTTsteel# \Bearing ’ \Hexasteel ˜ \Rectpipe — \Squarepipe› \Circpipe & \Lefttorque ” \Rectsteel “ \Squaresteel• \Circsteel L \Lineload ' \Righttorque œ \Tsteel% \Fixedbearing $ \Loosebearing Ÿ \RoundedLsteel∗ š \TTsteel– \Flatsteel ™ \Lsteel \RoundedTsteel∗

∗ \RoundedLsteel and \RoundedTsteel seem to be swapped, at least in the2000/05/01 version of marvosym.

Table 152: wasysym Biological Symbols

\female \male

Table 153: marvosym Biological Symbols

~ \Female … \FemaleMale ‚ \MALE \Neutral \FEMALE \Hermaphrodite | \Male„ \FemaleFemale \HERMAPHRODITE ƒ \MaleMale

43

Table 154: marvosym Safety-related Symbols

h \Biohazard C \CEsign ` \Explosionsafe j \Radioactivityn \BSEfree J \Estatically a \Laserbeam ! \Stopsign

44

5 Dingbats

Dingbats are symbols such as stars, arrows, and geometric shapes. They are commonly used as bullets initemized lists or, more generally, as a means to draw attention to the text that follows.

The pifont dingbat package warrants special mention. Among other capabilities, pifont provides a LATEXinterface to the Zapf Dingbats font (one of the standard 35 PostScript fonts). However, rather than name eachof the dingbats individually, pifont merely provides a single \ding command, which outputs the character thatlies at a given position in the font. The consequence is that the pifont symbols can’t be listed by name in thisdocument’s index, so be mindful of that fact when searching for a particular symbol.

Table 155: bbding Arrows

\ArrowBoldDownRight \ArrowBoldRightShort \ArrowBoldUpRight

\ArrowBoldRightCircled \ArrowBoldRightStrobe

Table 156: pifont Arrows

\ding212 \ding221 \ding230 \ding239 \ding249→ \ding213 \ding222 \ding231 \ding241 \ding250↔ \ding214 \ding223 \ding232 \ding242 \ding251 \ding215 \ding224 \ding233 \ding243 \ding252 \ding216 \ding225 \ding234 \ding244 \ding253 \ding217 \ding226 \ding235 \ding245 \ding254 \ding218 \ding227 \ding236 \ding246 \ding219 \ding228 \ding237 \ding247 \ding220 \ding229 \ding238 \ding248

Table 157: marvosym Scissors

s \Cutleft q \Cutright S \Leftscissorsr \Cutline R \Kutline Q \Rightscissors

Table 158: bbding Scissors

\ScissorHollowLeft \ScissorLeftBrokenTop

\ScissorHollowRight \ScissorRight

\ScissorLeft \ScissorRightBrokenBottom

\ScissorLeftBrokenBottom \ScissorRightBrokenTop

Table 159: pifont Scissors

\ding33 \ding34 \ding35 \ding36

Table 160: dingbat Pencils

\largepencil \smallpencil

45

Table 161: bbding Pencils and Nibs

\NibLeft \PencilLeft \PencilRightDown

\NibRight \PencilLeftDown \PencilRightUp

\NibSolidLeft \PencilLeftUp

\NibSolidRight \PencilRight

Table 162: pifont Pencils and Nibs

\ding46 \ding47 \ding48 \ding49 \ding50

Table 163: dingbat Hands

\leftpointright \rightpointleft \rightpointright

\leftthumbsdown \rightthumbsdown

\leftthumbsup \rightthumbsup

Table 164: bbding Hands

\HandCuffLeft \HandCuffRightUp \HandPencilLeft

\HandCuffLeftUp \HandLeft \HandRight

\HandCuffRight \HandLeftUp \HandRightUp

Table 165: pifont Hands

\ding42 \ding43 \ding44 \ding45

Table 166: bbding Crosses and Plusses

\Cross \CrossOpenShadow \PlusOutline

\CrossBoldOutline \CrossOutline \PlusThinCenterOpen

\CrossClowerTips \Plus

\CrossMaltese \PlusCenterOpen

Table 167: pifont Crosses and Plusses

\ding57 \ding59 \ding61 \ding63 \ding58 \ding60 \ding62 \ding64

Table 168: bbding Xs and Check Marks

\Checkmark \XSolid \XSolidBrush

\CheckmarkBold ! \XSolidBold

46

Table 169: pifont Xs and Check Marks

\ding51 \ding53 \ding55 \ding52 \ding54 \ding56

Table 170: wasysym Xs and Check Marks

? \CheckedBox p \Square @ \XBox

Table 171: pifont Circled Numbers

① \ding172 ❶ \ding182 ➀ \ding192 ➊ \ding202② \ding173 ❷ \ding183 ➁ \ding193 ➋ \ding203③ \ding174 ❸ \ding184 ➂ \ding194 ➌ \ding204④ \ding175 ❹ \ding185 ➃ \ding195 ➍ \ding205⑤ \ding176 ❺ \ding186 ➄ \ding196 ➎ \ding206⑥ \ding177 ❻ \ding187 ➅ \ding197 ➏ \ding207⑦ \ding178 ❼ \ding188 ➆ \ding198 ➐ \ding208⑧ \ding179 ❽ \ding189 ➇ \ding199 ➑ \ding209⑨ \ding180 ❾ \ding190 ➈ \ding200 ➒ \ding210⑩ \ding181 ❿ \ding191 ➉ \ding201 ➓ \ding211

pifont (part of the psnfss package) provides a dingautolist environment whichresembles enumerate but uses circled numbers as bullets.2 See the psnfss docu-mentation for more information.

Table 172: wasysym Stars

A \davidsstar B \hexstar C \varhexstar

Table 173: bbding Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes

\Asterisk \FiveFlowerPetal \JackStar

\AsteriskBold \FiveStar \JackStarBold

\AsteriskCenterOpen \FiveStarCenterOpen \SixFlowerAlternate

\AsteriskRoundedEnds \FiveStarConvex \SixFlowerAltPetal

\AsteriskThin \FiveStarLines \SixFlowerOpenCenter

\AsteriskThinCenterOpen \FiveStarOpen \SixFlowerPetalDotted

\DavidStar \FiveStarOpenCircled \SixFlowerPetalRemoved

\DavidStarSolid \FiveStarOpenDotted \SixFlowerRemovedOpenPetal

\EightAsterisk \FiveStarOutline \SixStar

\EightFlowerPetal \FiveStarOutlineHeavy \SixteenStarLight

\EightFlowerPetalRemoved \FiveStarShadow \Snowflake

! \EightStar " \FourAsterisk # \SnowflakeChevron

$ \EightStarBold % \FourClowerOpen & \SnowflakeChevronBold

' \EightStarConvex ( \FourClowerSolid ) \Sparkle

* \EightStarTaper + \FourStar , \SparkleBold

- \FiveFlowerOpen . \FourStarOpen / \TwelweStar

2In fact, dingautolist can use any set of consecutive Zapf Dingbats symbols.

47

Table 174: pifont Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes

\ding65 \ding74 \ding83 \ding92 \ding101 \ding66 \ding75 \ding84 \ding93 \ding102 \ding67 \ding76 \ding85 \ding94 \ding103 \ding68 \ding77 \ding86 \ding95 \ding104 \ding69 \ding78 \ding87 \ding96 \ding105 \ding70 \ding79 \ding88 \ding97 \ding106 \ding71 \ding80 \ding89 \ding98 \ding107 \ding72 \ding81 \ding90 \ding99 \ding73 \ding82 \ding91 \ding100

Table 175: wasysym Geometric Shapes

D \hexagon E \octagon F \pentagon G \varhexagon

Table 176: ifsym Geometric Shapes

\BigCircle \FilledBigTriangleRight \SmallCircle

\BigCross \FilledBigTriangleUp \SmallCross

\BigDiamondshape \FilledCircle \SmallDiamondshape

\BigHBar \FilledDiamondShadowA \SmallHBar

\BigLowerDiamond \FilledDiamondShadowC \SmallLowerDiamond

\BigRightDiamond \FilledDiamondshape \SmallRightDiamond

\BigSquare \FilledSmallCircle \SmallSquare

\BigTriangleDown \FilledSmallDiamondshape \SmallTriangleDown

\BigTriangleLeft \FilledSmallSquare \SmallTriangleLeft

\BigTriangleRight \FilledSmallTriangleDown \SmallTriangleRight

\BigTriangleUp \FilledSmallTriangleLeft \SmallTriangleUp

! \BigVBar " \FilledSmallTriangleRight # \SmallVBar

$ \Circle % \FilledSmallTriangleUp \SpinDown

& \Cross ' \FilledSquare \SpinUp

( \DiamondShadowA ) \FilledSquareShadowA * \Square

+ \DiamondShadowB , \FilledSquareShadowC - \SquareShadowA

. \DiamondShadowC / \FilledTriangleDown 0 \SquareShadowB

1 \Diamondshape 2 \FilledTriangleLeft 3 \SquareShadowC

4 \FilledBigCircle 5 \FilledTriangleRight 6 \TriangleDown

7 \FilledBigDiamondshape 8 \FilledTriangleUp 9 \TriangleLeft

: \FilledBigSquare ; \HBar < \TriangleRight

= \FilledBigTriangleDown > \LowerDiamond ? \TriangleUp

@ \FilledBigTriangleLeft A \RightDiamond B \VBar

The ifsym documentation points out that one can use \rlap to combinesome of the above into useful, new symbols. For example, \BigCircle and\FilledSmallCircle combine to give “ ”. Likewise, \Square and \Cross com-bine to give “&*”. See Section 7.2 for more information about constructing newsymbols out of existing symbols.

48

Table 177: bbding Geometric Shapes

\CircleShadow \Rectangle \SquareShadowTopLeft

\CircleSolid \RectangleBold \SquareShadowTopRight

\DiamondSolid \RectangleThin \SquareSolid

\Ellipse \Square \TriangleDown

\EllipseShadow \SquareCastShadowBottomRight \TriangleUp

\EllipseSolid \SquareCastShadowTopLeft

\HalfCircleLeft \SquareCastShadowTopRight

\HalfCircleRight \SquareShadowBottomRight

Table 178: pifont Geometric Shapes

\ding108 \ding111 \ding114 \ding117 \ding121 \ding109 \ding112 \ding115 \ding119 \ding122 \ding110 \ding113 \ding116 \ding120

Table 179: universa Geometric Shapes

\baucircle \bausquare \bautriangle

Table 180: manfnt Dangerous Bend Symbols

\dbend \lhdbend \reversedvideodbend

Note that these symbols descend far beneath the baseline. manfnt also defines non-descending versions, which it calls, correspondingly, \textdbend, \textlhdbend,and \textreversedvideodbend.

Table 181: skull Symbols

\skull

Table 182: Non-Mathematical mathabx Symbols

\rip

Table 183: marvosym Information Symbols

® \Bicycle o \Football Z \PointinghandV \Checkedbox x \Gentsroom w \WheelchairU \Clocklogo I \Industry b \WritinghandK \Coffeecup i \InfoX \Crossedbox y \Ladiesroom

49

Table 184: Miscellaneous dingbat Dingbats

\anchor \eye \Sborder

\carriagereturn \filledsquarewithdots \squarewithdots

\checkmark \satellitedish \Zborder

Table 185: Miscellaneous bbding Dingbats

\Envelope \Peace \PhoneHandset \SunshineOpenCircled

\OrnamentDiamondSolid \Phone \Plane \Tape

Table 186: Miscellaneous pifont Dingbats

\ding37 \ding40 \ding164 \ding167 ♠ \ding171 \ding38 \ding41 \ding165 ♣ \ding168 ♦ \ding169 \ding39 \ding118 \ding166 ♥ \ding170

50

6 Other symbols

The following are all the symbols that didn’t fit neatly or unambiguously into any of the previous sections.(Do weather symbols belong under “Science and technology”? Should dice be considered “mathematics”?)While some of the tables contain clearly related groups of symbols (e.g., musical notes), others represent motleyassortments of whatever the font designer felt like drawing.

Table 187: textcomp Genealogical Symbols

M \textborn N \textdivorced O \textmarriedP \textdied Q \textleaf

Table 188: wasysym General Symbols

H \ataribox I \clock \LEFTarrow J \smileyK \bell L \diameter M \lightning \sunO \blacksmiley P \DOWNarrow Q \phone R \UParrowS \Bowtie T \frownie U \pointer ◊ \wasylozengeW \brokenvert X \invdiameter Y \recorder? \checked Z \kreuz \RIGHTarrow

Table 189: wasysym Musical Notes

[ \eighthnote \ \halfnote ] \twonotes ^ \fullnote \quarternote

See also \flat, \sharp, and \natural (Table 125 on page 38).

Table 190: wasysym Circles

\CIRCLE \LEFTcircle a \RIGHTcircle b \rightturn \Circle c \Leftcircle d \Rightcircle` \LEFTCIRCLE a \RIGHTCIRCLE e \leftturn

Table 191: Miscellaneous manfnt Symbols

\manboldkidney \manpenkidney

\manconcentriccircles \manquadrifolium \manconcentricdiamond \manquartercircle

\mancone \manrotatedquadrifolium \mancube \manrotatedquartercircle \manerrarrow \manstar \manfilledquartercircle \mantiltpennib \manhpennib \mantriangledown \manimpossiblecube \mantriangleright \mankidney \mantriangleup \manlhpenkidney \manvpennib

51

Table 192: marvosym Navigation Symbols

· \Forward » \MoveDown ´ \RewindToIndex ¼ \ToTop¸ \ForwardToEnd º \MoveUp µ \RewindToStart¹ \ForwardToIndex ¶ \Rewind ½ \ToBottom

Table 193: marvosym Laundry Symbols

Ø \AtForty Ü \Handwash Ô \ShortNinetyFiveÓ \AtNinetyFive ¯ \IroningI Ö \ShortSixtyÕ \AtSixty ° \IroningII Û \ShortThirtyË \Bleech ± \IroningIII Ú \SpecialForty« \CleaningA Ì \NoBleech \Tumbler¾ \CleaningF ¨ \NoChemicalCleaning ‰ \WashCotton¿ \CleaningFF ² \NoIroning Š \WashSynthetics¬ \CleaningP \NoTumbler ‹ \WashWool \CleaningPP × \ShortFiftyÝ \Dontwash Ù \ShortForty

Table 194: Other marvosym Symbols

ˆ \Ankh † \Cross Œ \Heart © \Smileyý \Bat F \FHBOlogo ÿ \MartinVogel þ \Womanface¥ \Bouquet f \FHBOLOGO m \Mundus Y \Yinyang‡ \Celtcross § \Frowny @ \MVAtª \CircledA \FullFHBO : \Rightarrow∗

∗ Standard LATEX2ε defines \Rightarrow to display “⇒”, while marvosym redefinesit to display “:” (or “:” in math mode). This conflict can be problematic for mathsymbols defined in terms of \Rightarrow, such as \Longleftrightarrow, whichends up looking like “⇐ :”.

Table 195: Miscellaneous universa Symbols

\bauforms \bauhead

52

Table 196: ifsym Weather Symbols

\Cloud \Hail \Sleet \WeakRain

\FilledCloud \HalfSun \Snow \WeakRainCloud

\FilledRainCloud \Lightning \SnowCloud \FilledSnowCloud

\FilledSunCloud \NoSun \Sun

\FilledWeakRainCloud \Rain \SunCloud

\Fog \RainCloud \ThinFog

In addition, \Thermo0. . .\Thermo6 produce thermometers that are between0/6 and 6/6 full of mercury:

Similarly, \wind〈sun〉〈angle〉〈strength〉 will draw wind symbols with a givenamount of sun (0–4), a given angle (in degrees), and a given strength in km/h (0–100). For example, \wind000 produces “ ”, \wind200 produces“ ”, and \wind40100 produces “ ”.

Table 197: ifsym Alpine Symbols

\SummitSign \Summit \SurveySign \HalfFilledHut

\StoneMan \Mountain \Joch \VarSummit

\Hut \IceMountain \Flag

\FilledHut \VarMountain \VarFlag

\Village \VarIceMountain \Tent

Table 198: ifsym Clocks

\Interval \StopWatchStart \VarClock \Wecker

\StopWatchEnd \Taschenuhr \VarTaschenuhr

ifsym also exports a \showclock macro. \showclock〈hours〉〈minutes〉 outputsa clock displaying the corresponding time. For instance, “\showclock540”produces “”. 〈hours〉 must be an integer from 0 to 11, and 〈minutes〉 must be aninteger multiple of 5 from 0 to 55.

Table 199: Other ifsym Symbols

\FilledSectioningDiamond \Letter \Radiation

\Fire \PaperLandscape \SectioningDiamond

\Irritant \PaperPortrait \Telephone

\StrokeOne \StrokeThree \StrokeFive

\StrokeTwo \StrokeFour

In addition, \Cube1. . .\Cube6 produce dice with the corresponding number ofspots:

53

Table 200: skak Chess Informator Symbols

\bbetter \doublepawns N \novelty R \various

\bdecisive \ending \onlymove \wbetter

\betteris \equal \opposbishops \wdecisive

\bishoppair \etc \passedpawn \weakpt

\bupperhand \file \qside \with

\centre \kside \samebishops \withattack

RR \comment \markera \see \withidea

\compensation \markerb \seppawns \withinit

\counterplay \mate \timelimit \without

! \devadvantage " \morepawns # \unclear $ \wupperhand

% \diagonal & \moreroom ' \unitedpawns ( \zugzwang

The above symbols are merely the named informator symbol. skak can type-set many more chess-related symbols, including those for all of the pieces(/), but only in the context of moves and boards, notas individual, named LATEX symbols.

54

7 Additional Information

Unlike the previous sections of this document, Section 7 does not contain new symbol tables. Rather, it providesadditional help in using the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List. First, it draws attention to symbol names usedby multiple packages. Next, it provides some guidelines for finding symbols and gives some examples regardinghow to construct missing symbols out of existing ones. Then, it comments on the spacing surrounding symbolsin math mode. After that, it presents an ASCII and Latin 1 quick-reference guide, showing how to enter all ofthe standard ASCII/Latin 1 symbols in LATEX. And finally, it lists some statistics about this document itself.

7.1 Symbol Name Clashes

Unfortunately, a number of symbol names are not unique; they appear in more than one package. Dependingon how the symbols are defined in each package, LATEX will either output an error message or replace anearlier-defined symbol with a later-defined symbol. Table 201 presents a selection of name clashes that appearin this document.

Using multiple symbols with the same name in the same document—or even merely loading conflictingsymbol packages—can be tricky, but, as evidenced by the existence of Table 201, not impossible. The generalprocedure is to load the first package, rename the conflicting symbols, and then load the second package. Ex-amine the LATEX source for this document (symbols.tex)—especially the \savesymbol and \restoresymbolmacros and their subsequent usage—to see one possible way to handle symbol conflicts.

txfonts and pxfonts redefine a huge number of symbols—essentially, all of the symbols defined by latexsym,textcomp, the various AMS symbol sets, and LATEX2ε itself. Similarly, mathabx redefines a vast number ofmath symbols in an attempt to improve their look. The txfonts, pxfonts, and mathabx conflicts are not listedin Table 201 because they are designed to be compatible with the symbols they replace. Table 202 on page 57illustrates what “compatible” means in this context.

To use the new txfonts/pxfonts symbols without altering the document’s main font, merely reset the defaultfont families back to their original values after loading one of those packages:

\renewcommand\rmdefaultcmr\renewcommand\sfdefaultcmss\renewcommand\ttdefaultcmtt

7.2 Where can I find the symbol for . . . ?

If you can’t find some symbol you’re looking for in this document, there are a few possible explanations:

• The symbol isn’t intuitively named. As a few examples, the command to draw dice is “\Cube”; a plussign with a circle around it (“exclusive or” to computer engineers) is “\oplus”; and lightning bolts infonts designed by German speakers may have “blitz” in their names. The moral of the story is to becreative with synonyms when searching the index.

• The symbol is defined by some package that I overlooked (or deemed unimportant). If there’s somesymbol package that you think should be included in the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List, please sendme e-mail at the address listed on the title page.

• The symbol isn’t defined in any package whatsoever.

Even in the last case, all is not lost. Sometimes, a symbol exists in a font, but there is no LATEXbinding for it. For example, the PostScript Symbol font contains a “↵” symbol, which may be useful forrepresenting a carriage return, but there is no package for accessing that symbol (as far as I know). Toproduce an unnamed symbol, you need to switch to the font explicitly with LATEX2ε’s low-level font com-mands [LAT00] and use TEX’s primitive \char command [Knu86a] to request a specific character number inthe font.3 In fact, \char is not strictly necesssary; the character can often be entered symbolically. For ex-ample, the symbol for a Tate-Shafarevich group (“”) is actually an uppercase sha in the Cyrillic alphabet.(Cyrillic is supported by the OT2 font encoding, for instance). While a sha can be defined numerically as“\fontencodingOT2\selectfont\char88” it may be more intuitive to use the OT2 font encoding’s “SH”ligature: “\fontencodingOT2\selectfont SH”.

3pifont defines a convenient \Pisymbol command for accessing symbols in PostScript fonts by number. For example,“\Pisymbolpsy191” produces “↵”.

55

Table

201:

Sym

bolN

ame

Cla

shes

Sym

bol

LAT E

X2 ε

A MS

stm

aryr

dwas

ysym

mat

hab

xm

arvo

sym

bbdin

gifsy

mdin

gbat

wsu

ipa

\baro

\bigtriangledown

9

\bigtriangleup

?

\checkmark

\Circle

\Cross

†

\ggg

≫

\Letter

B

\lightning

SM

\Lightning

E

\lll

≪

\Rightarrow

⇒

:

\Square

p

\Sun

À

\TriangleDown

\TriangleUp

56

Table 202: Example of a Benign Name Clash

Default txfontsSymbol (Computer Modern) (Times Roman)

R R R\textrecipe

Reflecting and rotating existing symbols

A common request on comp.text.tex is for a reversed or rotated version of an existing symbol. As a lastresort, these effects can be achieved with the graphicx (or graphics) package’s \reflectbox and \rotateboxmacros. For example, \rotatebox[origin=c]180$\iota$ produces the definite-description opera-tor (“ ι”). The disadvantage of the graphicx/graphics approach is that not every TEX backend handles graph-ical transformations.4 Far better is to find a suitable font that contains the desired symbol in the correctorientation. For instance, if the phonetic package is available, then \textit\riota will yield a backend-independent “”. Similarly, tipa’s \textrevepsilon (“”) or wsuipa’s \revepsilon (“”) may be used toexpress the mathematical notion of “such that” in a cleaner manner than with \reflectbox or \rotatebox.

Joining and overlapping existing symbols

Symbols that do not exist in any font can sometimes be fabricated out of existing symbols. The LATEX2ε sourcefile fontdef.dtx contains a number of such definitions. For example, \models (see Table 42 on page 21) isdefined in that file with:

\def\models\mathrel|\joinrel=

where \mathrel and \joinrel are used to control the horizontal spacing. \def is the TEX primitive uponwhich LATEX’s \newcommand is based. See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for more information on all three of thosecommands.

With some simple pattern-matching, one can easily define a backward \models sign (“=|”):

\def\ismodeledby=\joinrel\mathrel|

In general, arrows/harpoons, horizontal lines (“=”, “-”, “\relbar”, and “\Relbar”), and the various math-extension characters can be combined creatively with miscellaneous other characters to produce a variety ofnew symbols. Of course, new symbols can be composed from any set of existing characters. For instance, LATEXdefines \hbar (“R”) as a “¯” character (\mathchar’26) followed by a backspace of 9 math units (\mkern-9mu),followed by the letter “h”:

\def\hbar\mathchar’26\mkern-9muh

We can just as easily define other barred letters:

\def\bbar\mathchar’26\mkern-9mu b\def\dbar\mathchar’26\mkern-12mu d

(The space after the “mu” is optional but is added for clarity.) \bbar and \dbar define “b” and “d”, respectively.Note that \dbar requires a greater backward math kern than \bbar; a −9 mu kern would have produced theless-attractive “d” glyph.

There is a TEX primitive called \mathaccent which centers one mathematical symbol atop another. Forexample, one can define \dotcup (“ ·∪”)—the composition of a \cup and a \cdot—as follows:

\newcommand\dotcup\ensuremath\mathaccent\cdot\cup

4As an example, Xdvi ignores both \reflectbox and \rotatebox.

57

The catch is that \mathaccent requires the accent to be a “math character”. That is, it must be a characterin a math font as opposed to a symbol defined in terms of other symbols. See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for moreinformation.

The slashed package, although originally designed for producing Feynman slashed-character notation, infact facilitates the production of arbitrary overlapped symbols. The default behavior is to overwrite a givencharacter with “/”. For example, \slashedD produces “ /D”. However, the \declareslashed commandprovides the flexibility to specify the mathematical context of the composite character (operator, relation,punctuation, etc., as will be discussed in Section 7.3), the overlapping symbol, horizontal and vertical adjust-ments in symbol-relative units, and the character to be overlapped. Consider, for example, the symbol forreduced quadrupole moment (“-I”). This can be declared as follows:

\newcommand\rqm%\declareslashed\text-0.040I\slashedI

\declareslashed····I affects the meaning of all subsequent \slashedI commands in the samescope. The preceding definition of \rqm therefore uses an extra set of curly braces to limit that scope toa single \slashedI. In addition, \rqm uses amstext’s \text macro (described on the next page) to make\declareslashed use a text-mode hyphen (“-”) instead of a math-mode minus sign (“−”) and to ensure thatthe hyphen scales properly in size in subscripts and superscripts. See slashed’s documentation (located inslashed.sty itself) for a detailed usage description of the \slashed and \declareslashed commands.

Making new symbols work in superscripts and subscripts

To make composite symbols work properly within subscripts and superscripts, you may need to use TEX’s\mathchoice primitive. \mathchoice evaluates one of four expressions, based on whether the current mathstyle is display, text, script, or scriptscript. (See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for a more complete descrip-tion.) For example, the following LATEX code—posted to comp.text.tex by Torsten Bronger—composesa sub/superscriptable “⊥D” symbol out of \top and \bot (“D” and “⊥”):

\def\topbotatom#1\hbox\hbox to 0pt$#1\bot$\hss$#1\top$\newcommand*\topbot\mathrel\mathchoice\topbotatom\displaystyle

\topbotatom\textstyle\topbotatom\scriptstyle\topbotatom\scriptscriptstyle

The following is another example that uses \mathchoice to construct symbols in different math modes.The code defines a principal value integral symbol, which is an integral sign with a line through it.

\def\Xint#1\mathchoice\XXint\displaystyle\textstyle#1%\XXint\textstyle\scriptstyle#1%\XXint\scriptstyle\scriptscriptstyle#1%\XXint\scriptscriptstyle\scriptscriptstyle#1%\!\int

\def\XXint#1#2#3\setbox0=\hbox$#1#2#3\int$\vcenter\hbox$#2#3$\kern-.5\wd0

\def\ddashint\Xint=\def\dashint\Xint-

(The preceding code was taken verbatim from the UK TEX Users’ Group FAQ at http://www.tex.ac.uk/faq.) \dashint produces a single-dashed integral sign (“−

”), while \ddashint produces a double-dashed

one (“=

”). The \Xint macro defined above can also be used to generate a wealth of new integrals: “

”(\Xint\circlearrowright), “

” (\Xint\circlearrowleft), “⊂

” (\Xint\subset), “∞

” (\Xint\infty), and

so forth.LATEX2ε provides a simple wrapper for \mathchoice that sometimes helps produce terser symbol def-

initions. The macro is called \mathpalette and it takes two arguments. \mathpalette invokes the firstargument, passing it one of “\displaystyle”, “\textstyle”, “\scriptstyle”, or “\scriptscriptstyle”,followed by the second argument. \mathpalette is useful when a symbol macro must know which mathstyle is currently in use (e.g., to set it explicitly within an \mbox). Donald Arseneau posted the following\mathpalette-based definition of a probabilistic-independence symbol (“⊥⊥”) to comp.text.tex:

58

\newcommand\independent\protect\mathpalette\protect\independenT\perp\def\independenT#1#2\mathrel\rlap$#1#2$\mkern2mu#1#2

The \independent macro uses \mathpalette to pass the \independenT helper macro both the current mathstyle and the \perp symbol. \independenT typesets \perp in the current math style, moves two math units tothe right, and finally typesets a second—overlapping—copy of \perp, again in the current math style. \rlap,which enables text overlap, is described later on this page.

Some people like their square-root signs with a trailing “hook” (i.e., “√ ”) as this helps visually distinguishexpressions like “

√3x ” from those like “

√3x”. Dan Luecking posted a \mathpalette-based definition of a

hooked square-root symbol to comp.text.tex:

\def\hksqrt\mathpalette\DHLhksqrt\def\DHLhksqrt#1#2\setbox0=\hbox$#1\sqrt#2\,$\dimen0=\ht0\advance\dimen0-0.2\ht0\setbox2=\hbox\vrule height\ht0 depth -\dimen0%\box0\lower0.4pt\box2

Notice how \DHLhksqrt uses \mathpalette to recover the outer math style (argument #1) from within an\hbox. The rest of the code is simply using TEX primitives to position a hook of height 0.2 times the \sqrtheight at the right of the \sqrt. See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for more understanding of TEX “boxes” and“dimens”.

Sometimes, however, amstext’s \text macro is all that is necessary to make composite symbols appearcorrectly in subscripts and superscripts, as in the following definitions of \neswarrow (“”) and \nwsearrow(“”):5

\newcommand\neswarrow\mathrel\text$\nearrow$\llap$\swarrow$\newcommand\nwsearrow\mathrel\text$\nwarrow$\llap$\searrow$

\text resembles LATEX’s \mbox command but shrinks its argument appropriately when used within a subscriptor superscript. \llap (“left overlap”) and its counterpart, \rlap (“right overlap”), appear frequently whencreating composite characters. \llap outputs its argument to the left of the current position, overlappingwhatever text is already there. Similarly, \rlap overlaps whatever text would normally appear to the rightof its argument. For example, “A\llapB” and “\rlapAB” each produce “AB”. However, the result of theformer is the width of “A”, and the result of the latter is the width of “B”—\llap. . . and \rlap. . . takeup zero space.

In a June 2002 post to comp.text.tex, Donald Arseneau presented a general macro for aligning an arbitrarynumber of symbols on their horizontal centers and vertical baselines:

\makeatletter\def\moverlay\mathpalette\mov@rlay\def\mov@rlay#1#2\leavevmode\vtop%

\baselineskip\z@skip \lineskiplimit-\maxdimen\ialign\hfil$#1##$\hfil\cr#2\crcr

\makeatother

\moverlay takes a list of symbols separated by \cr (TEX’s equivalent of LATEX’s \\). For example, the \topbotcommand defined on the previous page could have been expressed as “\moverlay\top\cr\bot” and the\neswarrow command defined above could have been expressed as “\moverlay\nearrow\cr\swarrow”.

The basic concept behind \moverlay’s implementation is that \moverlay typesets the given symbols in atable that utilizes a zero \baselineskip. This causes every row to be typeset at the same vertical position.See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for explanations of the TEX primitives used by \moverlay.

Modifying LATEX-generated symbols

Oftentimes, symbols composed in the LATEX2ε source code can be modified with minimal effort to produceuseful variations. For example, fontdef.dtx composes the \ddots symbol (see Table 121 on page 37) out ofthree periods, raised 7 pt., 4 pt., and 1 pt., respectively:

5Note that if your goal is to typeset commutative diagrams, then you should probably be using XY-pic.

59

\def\ddots\mathinner\mkern1mu\raise7\p@\vbox\kern7\p@\hbox.\mkern2mu\raise4\p@\hbox.\mkern2mu\raise\p@\hbox.\mkern1mu

\p@ is a LATEX2ε shortcut for “pt” or “1.0pt”. The remaining commands are defined in TheTEXbook [Knu86a]. To draw a version of \ddots with the dots going along the opposite diagonal, we merelyhave to reorder the \raise7\p@, \raise4\p@, and \raise\p@:

\makeatletter\def\revddots\mathinner\mkern1mu\raise\p@

\vbox\kern7\p@\hbox.\mkern2mu\raise4\p@\hbox.\mkern2mu\raise7\p@\hbox.\mkern1mu

\makeatother

The \makeatletter and \makeatother commands are needed to coerce LATEX into accepting “@” as part ofa macro name. \revddots is essentially identical to the mathdots package’s \iddots command or the yhmathpackage’s \adots command.

Producing complex accents

Accents are a special case of combining existing symbols to make new symbols. While various tables in thisdocument show how to add an accent to an existing symbol, some applications, such as transliterations fromnon-Latin alphabets, require multiple accents per character. For instance, the creator of pdfTEX writes hisname as “Han Thé Thanh”. The wsuipa package defines \diatop and \diaunder macros for putting one ormore diacritics or accents above or below a given character. For example, \diaunder[\diatop[\’|\=]|\textsubdotr] produces “´r

”. See the wsuipa documentation for more information.The accents package facilitates the fabrication of accents in math mode. Its \accentset command en-

ables any character to be used as an accent. For instance, \accentset\starf produces “

f ” and\accentseteX produces “

e

X”. \underaccent does the same thing, but places the accent beneath thecharacter. This enables constructs like \underaccent\tildeV, which produces “

˜V ”. accents provides

other accent-related features as well; see the documentation for more information.

A more complex example of composing accents is the following definition of extensible \overbracket,\underbracket, \overparenthesis, and \underparenthesis symbols, taken from a comp.text.tex post byDonald Arseneau:

\makeatletter\def\overbracket#1\mathop\vbox\ialign##\crcr\noalign\kern3\p@

\downbracketfill\crcr\noalign\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip$\hfil\displaystyle#1\hfil$\crcr\limits

\def\underbracket#1\mathop\vtop\ialign##\crcr$\hfil\displaystyle#1\hfil$\crcr\noalign\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip\upbracketfill\crcr\noalign\kern3\p@\limits

\def\overparenthesis#1\mathop\vbox\ialign##\crcr\noalign\kern3\p@\downparenthfill\crcr\noalign\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip$\hfil\displaystyle#1\hfil$\crcr\limits

\def\underparenthesis#1\mathop\vtop\ialign##\crcr$\hfil\displaystyle#1\hfil$\crcr\noalign\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip\upparenthfill\crcr\noalign\kern3\p@\limits

\def\downparenthfill$\m@th\braceld\leaders\vrule\hfill\bracerd$\def\upparenthfill$\m@th\bracelu\leaders\vrule\hfill\braceru$\def\upbracketfill$\m@th\makesm@sh\llap\vrule\@height3\p@\@width.7\p@%\leaders\vrule\@height.7\p@\hfill\makesm@sh\rlap\vrule\@height3\p@\@width.7\p@$

\def\downbracketfill$\m@th\makesm@sh\llap\vrule\@height.7\p@\@depth2.3\p@\@width.7\p@%\leaders\vrule\@height.7\p@\hfill\makesm@sh\rlap\vrule\@height.7\p@\@depth2.3\p@\@width.7\p@$

\makeatother

60

Table 203 showcases these accents. The TEXbook [Knu86a] or another book on TEX primitives is indispensiblefor understanding how the preceding code works. The basic idea is that \downparenthfill, \upparenthfill,\downbracketfill, and \upbracketfill do all of the work; they output a left symbol (e.g., \braceld [“”]for \downparenthfill), a horizontal rule that stretches as wide as possible, and a right symbol (e.g., \bracerd[“”] for \downparenthfill). \overbracket, \underbracket, \overparenthesis, and \underparenthesismerely create a table whose width is determined by the given text, thereby constraining the width of thehorizontal rules.

Table 203: Manually Composed Extensible Accents

abc \overbracketabc

abc \overparenthesisabc

abc \underbracketabc abc

\underparenthesisabc

A similar, but simpler example, stems from another comp.text.tex post by Donald Arseneau. Thefollowing code defines an equals sign that extends as far to the right as possible (just like LATEX’s \hrulefillcommand):

\makeatletter\def\equalsfill$\m@th\mathord=\mkern-7mu\cleaders\hbox$\!\mathord=\!$\hfill\mkern-7mu\mathord=$

\makeatother

TEX’s \cleaders and \hfill primitives are the key to understanding \equalsfill’s extensibility. Essen-tially, \equalsfill repeats a box containing “=” plus some negative space until it fills the maximum availablehorizontal space. \equalsfill is intended to be used with LATEX’s \stackrel command, which stacks onemathematical expression (slightly reduced in size) atop another. Hence, “\stackrela\rightarrow” pro-duces “ a→” and “X \stackrel\textdefinition\hbox\equalsfill Y” produces “X definition======= Y ”.

If all that needs to extend are horizontal and vertical lines—as opposed to repeated symbols such as the“=” in the previous example—LATEX’s array or tabular environments may suffice. Consider the followingcode (also presented in a comp.text.tex post by Donald Arseneau) for typesetting annuities:

\DeclareRobustCommand\annu[1]_%\def\arraystretch0%\setlength\arraycolsep1pt% adjust these\setlength\arrayrulewidth.2pt% two settings\beginarray[b]@c|\hline\\[\arraycolsep]%\scriptstyle #1%\endarray%

One can then use, e.g., “$A\annux:n$” to produce “Ax:n ”.

Creating new symbols from scratch

Sometimes is it simply not possible to define a new symbol in terms of existing symbols. Fortunately, most, ifnot all, TEX distributions are shipped with a tool called METAFONT which is designed specifically for creatingfonts to be used with TEX. The METAFONTbook [Knu86b] is the authoritative text on METAFONT. If youplan to design your own symbols with METAFONT, The METAFONTbook is essential reading. Nevertheless, thefollowing is an extremely brief tutorial on how to create a new LATEX symbol using METAFONT. Its primarypurpose is to cover the LATEX-specific operations not mentioned in The METAFONTbook and to demonstratethat symbol-font creation is not necessarily a difficult task.

Suppose we need a symbol to represent a light bulb (“A”).6 The first step is to draw this in METAFONT.It is common to separate the font into two files: a size-dependent file, which specifies the design size and

6I’m not a very good artist; you’ll have to pretend that “A” looks like a light bulb.

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various font-specific parameters that are a function of the design size; and a size-independent file, which drawscharacters in the given size. Figure 1 shows the METAFONT code for lightbulb10.mf. lightbulb10.mfspecifies various parameters that produce a 10 pt. light bulb then loads lightbulb.mf. Ideally, one shouldproduce lightbulb〈size〉.mf files for a variety of 〈size〉s. This is called “optical scaling”. It enables, forexample, the lines that make up the light bulb to retain the same thickness at different font sizes, which looksmuch nicer than the alternative—and default—“mechanical scaling”. When a lightbulb〈size〉.mf file doesnot exist for a given size 〈size〉, the computer mechanically produces a wider, taller, thicker symbol:

A vs. A vs. A vs. A vs. A vs. A vs. A10 pt. 20 pt. 30 pt. 40 pt. 50 pt. 60 pt. 70 pt.

font identifier := "LightBulb10"; % Name the font.font size 10pt#; % Specify the design size.

em# := 10pt#; % “M” width is 10 points.cap# := 7pt#; % Capital letter height is 7 points above the baseline.sb# := 1/4pt#; % Leave this much space on the side of each character.o# := 1/16pt#; % Amount that curves overshoot borders.

input lightbulb % Load the file that draws the actual glyph.

Figure 1: Sample METAFONT size-specific file (lightbulb10.mf)

lightbulb.mf, shown in Figure 2, draws a light bulb using the parameters defined in lightbulb10.mf.Note that the the filenames “lightbulb10.mf” and “lightbulb.mf” do not follow the Berry font-namingscheme [Ber01]; the Berry font-naming scheme is largely irrelevant for symbol fonts, which generally lack bold,italic, small-caps, slanted, and other such variants.

The code in Figures 1 and 2 is heavily commented and should demonstrate some of the basic conceptsbehind METAFONT usage: declaring variables, defining points, drawing lines and curves, and preparing todebug or fine-tune the output. Again, The METAFONTbook [Knu86b] is the definitive reference on META-FONT programming.

METAFONT can produce “proofs” of fonts—large, labeled versions that showcase the logical structure ofeach character. In fact, proof mode is METAFONT’s default mode. To produce a proof of lightbulb10.mf,issue the following commands at the operating-system prompt:

prompt> mf lightbulb10.mf ⇐ Produces lightbulb10.2602gfprompt> gftodvi lightbulb10.2602gf ⇐ Produces lightbulb10.dvi

You can then view lightbulb10.dvi with any DVI viewer. The result is shown in Figure 3. Observe how thegrid defined with makegrid at the bottom of Figure 2 draws vertical lines at positions 0, sb, w/2, and w − sband horizontal lines at positions 0, −1pt, y2, and h. Similarly, observe how the penlabels command labels allof the important coordinates: z1, z2, . . . , z8 and z67, which lightbulb.mf defines to lie between z6 and z7.

Most, if not all, TEX distributions include a Plain TEX file called testfont.tex which is useful for testingnew fonts in a variety of ways. One useful routine produces a table of all of the characters in the font:

prompt> tex testfontThis is TeX, Version 3.14159 (Web2C 7.3.1)(/usr/share/texmf/tex/plain/base/testfont.texName of the font to test = lightbulb10Now type a test command (\help for help):)*\table

*\bye[1]Output written on testfont.dvi (1 page, 1516 bytes).

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mode setup; % Target a given printer.

define pixels(em, cap, sb); % Convert to device-specific units.define corrected pixels(o); % Same, but add a device-specific fudge factor.

%% Define a light bulb at the character position for “A”%% with width 1/2em#, height cap#, and depth 1pt#.beginchar("A", 1/2em#, cap#, 1pt#); "A light bulb";

pickup pencircle scaled 1/2pt; % Use a pen with a small, circular tip.

%% Define the points we need.top z1 = (w/2, h+ o); % z1 is at the top of a circle.rt z2 = (w + sb + o− x4, y4); % z2 is at the same height as z4 but the opposite side.bot z3 = (z1 − (0, w − sb− o)); % z3 is at the bottom of the circle.lft z4 = (sb− o, 1/2[y1, y3]); % z4 is on the left of the circle.path bulb; % Define a path for the bulb itself.bulb = z1 . . z2 . . z3 . . z4 . . cycle; % The bulb is a closed path.

z5 = point 2− 1/3 of bulb; % z5 lies on the bulb, a little to the right of z3.z6 = (x5, 0); % z6 is at the bottom, directly under z5.z7 = (x8, 0); % z7 is at the bottom, directly under z8.z8 = point 2 + 1/3 of bulb; % z8 lies on the bulb, a little to the left of z3.bot z67 = (1/2[x6, x7], pen bot− o− 1/8pt); % z67 lies halfway between z6 and z7 but a jot lower.

%% Draw the bulb and the base.draw bulb; % Draw the bulb proper.draw z5 - - z6 . . z67 . . z7 - - z8; % Draw the base of the bulb.

%% Display key positions and points to help us debug.makegrid(0, sb, w/2, w − sb)(0,−1pt, y2, h); % Label “interesting” x and y coordinates.penlabels(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 67, 7, 8); % Label control points for debugging.

endchar;end

Figure 2: Sample METAFONT size-independent file (lightbulb.mf)

1

2

3

4

5

6677

8

Figure 3: Proof diagram of lightbulb10.mf

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Transcript written on testfont.log.

The resulting table, stored in testfont.dvi and illustrated in Figure 4, shows every character in the font.To understand how to read the table, note that the character code for “A”—the only character defined bylightbulb10.mf—is 41 in hexadecimal (base 16) and 101 in octal (base 8).

Test of lightbulb10 on March 11, 2003 at 1127

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 710x A ˝4x11x

˝8 ˝9 ˝A ˝B ˝C ˝D ˝E ˝F

Figure 4: Font table produced by testfont.tex

The LightBulb10 font is now usable by TEX. LATEX2ε, however, needs more information before documentscan use the font. First, we create a font-description file that tells LATEX2ε how to map fonts in a given fontfamily and encoding to a particular font in a particular font size. For symbol fonts, this mapping is fairly simple.Symbol fonts almost always use the “U” (“Unknown”) font encoding and frequently occur in only one variant:normal weight and non-italicized. The filename for a font-description file important; it must be of the form“〈encoding〉〈family〉.fd”, where 〈encoding〉 is the lowercase version of the encoding name (typically “u” forsymbol fonts) and 〈family〉 is the name of the font family. For LightBulb10, let’s call this “bulb”. Figure 5 liststhe contents of ubulb.fd. The document “LATEX2ε Font Selection” [LAT00] describes \DeclareFontFamilyand \DeclareFontShape in detail, but the gist of ubulb.fd is first to declare a U-encoded version of the bulbfont family and then to specify that a LATEX2ε request for a U-encoded version of bulb with a (m)edium fontseries (as opposed to, e.g., bold) and a (n)ormal font shape (as opposed to, e.g., italic) should translate into aTEX request for lightbulb10.tfm mechanically scaled to the current font size.

\DeclareFontFamilyUbulb\DeclareFontShapeUbulbmn<-> lightbulb10

Figure 5: LATEX2ε font-description file (ubulb.fd)

The final step is to write a LATEX2ε style file that defines a name for each symbol in the font. Becausewe have only one symbol our style file, lightbulb.sty (Figure 6), is rather trivial. Note that instead oftypesetting “A” we could have had \lightbulb typeset “\char65”, “\char"41”, or “\char’101” (respectively,decimal, hexadecimal, and octal character offsets into the font). For a simple, one-character symbol fontsuch as LightBulb10 it would be reasonable to merge ubulb.fd into lightbulb.sty instead of maintainingtwo separate files. In either case, a document need only include “\usepackagelightbulb” to make the\lightbulb symbol available.

\newcommand\lightbulb\usefontUbulbmnA

Figure 6: LATEX2ε style file (lightbulb.sty)

METAFONT normally produces bitmapped fonts. However, it is also possible, with the help of someexternal tools, to produce PostScript Type 1 fonts. These have the advantages of rendering better in Adobe®

Acrobat® (at least in versions prior to 6.0) and of being more memory-efficient when handled by a PostScriptinterpreter. See http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=textrace for pointers to tools that canproduce Type 1 fonts from METAFONT.

7.3 Math-mode spacing

Terms such as “binary operators”, “relations”, and “punctuation” in Section 3 primarily regard the surroundingspacing. (See the Short Math Guide for LATEX [Dow00] for a nice exposition on the subject.) To use a symbol

64

for a different purpose, you can use the TEX commands \mathord, \mathop, \mathbin, \mathrel, \mathopen,\mathclose, and \mathpunct. For example, if you want to use \downarrow as a variable (an “ordinary”symbol) instead of a delimiter, you can write “$3 x + \mathord\downarrow$” to get the properly spaced“3x + ↓” rather than the awkward-looking “3x+ ↓”. Similarly, to create a dotted-union symbol (“∪”) thatspaces like the ordinary set-union symbol (\cup) it must be defined with \mathbin, just as \cup is. Contrast“$A \dot\cup B$” (“A∪B”) with “$A \mathbin\dot\cup B$” (“A∪B”). See The TEXbook [Knu86a]for the definitive description of math-mode spacing.

The purpose of the “log-like symbols” in Tables 84 and 85 is to provide the correct amount of spacingaround and within multiletter function names. Table 204 contrasts the output of the log-like symbols withvarious, naıve alternatives. In addition to spacing, the log-like symbols also handle subscripts properly. Forexample, “\max_p \in P” produces “maxp∈P ” in text, but “max

p∈P” as part of a displayed formula.

Table 204: Spacing Around/Within Log-like Symbols

LATEX expression Output

$r \sin \theta$ r sin θ (best)$r sin \theta$ rsinθ$r \mboxsin \theta$ rsinθ

The amsmath package makes it straightforward to define new log-like symbols:

\DeclareMathOperator\atanatan\DeclareMathOperator*\lcmlcm

The difference between \DeclareMathOperator and \DeclareMathOperator* involves the handling of sub-scripts. With \DeclareMathOperator*, subscripts are written beneath log-like symbols in display style andto the right in text style. This is useful for limit operators (e.g., \lim) and functions that tend to map overa set (e.g., \min). In contrast, \DeclareMathOperator tells TEX that subscripts should always be displayedto the right of the operator, as is common for functions that take a single parameter (e.g., \log and \cos).Table 205 contrasts symbols declared with \DeclareMathOperator and \DeclareMathOperator* in both textstyle ($. . .$) and display style (\[. . .\]).7

Table 205: Defining new log-like symbols

Declaration function $\newlogsym p \in P$ \[ \newlogsym p \in P \]

\DeclareMathOperator newlogsymp∈P newlogsymp∈P

\DeclareMathOperator* newlogsymp∈P newlogsymp∈P

It is common to use a thin space (\,) between the words of a multiword operators, as in“\DeclareMathOperator*\argmaxarg\,max”. \liminf, \limsup, and all of the log-like symbols shownin Table 85 utilize this spacing convention.

7.4 Bold mathematical symbols

LATEX does not normally use bold symbols when typeseting mathematics. However, bold symbols are occasion-ally needed, for example when naming vectors. Any of the approaches described at http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=boldgreek can be used to produce bold mathematical symbols. Table 206contrasts the output produced by these various techniques. As the table illustrates, these techniques exhibitvariation in their formatting of Latin letters (upright vs. italic), formatting of Greek letters (bold vs. normal),formatting of operators and relations (bold vs. normal), and spacing.

7Note that \displaystyle can be used to force display style within $. . .$ and \textstyle can be used to force text stylewithin \[. . .\].

65

Table 206: Producing bold mathematical symbols

Package Code Output

none $\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$ α+ b = Γ÷D (no bold)none $\mathbf\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$ α+ b = Γ÷Dnone \boldmath$\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$ α + b = Γ ÷ Damsbsy $\pmb\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$ α+ b = Γ÷Dα+ b = Γ÷Dα+ b = Γ÷D (faked bold)amsbsy $\boldsymbol\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$ α + b = Γ ÷ Dbm $\bm\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$ α + b = Γ ÷ Dfixmath $\mathbold\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$ α + b = Γ ÷ D

7.5 ASCII and Latin 1 quick reference

Table 207 amalgamates data from various other tables in this document into a convenient reference for LATEX2εtypesetting of ASCII characters, i.e., the characters available on a typical U.S. computer keyboard. The firsttwo columns list the character’s ASCII code in decimal and hexadecimal. The third column shows whatthe character looks like. The fourth column lists the LATEX2ε command to typeset the character as a textcharacter. And the fourth column lists the LATEX2ε command to typeset the character within a \texttt. . .command (or, more generally, when \ttfamily is in effect).

Table 207: LATEX2ε ASCII Table

Dec Hex Char Body text \texttt

33 21 ! ! !34 22 " \textquotedbl "35 23 # \# \#36 24 $ \$ \$37 25 % \% \%38 26 & \& \&39 27 ’ ’ ’40 28 ( ( (41 29 ) ) )42 2A * * *43 2B + + +44 2C , , ,45 2D - - -46 2E . . .47 2F / / /48 30 0 0 049 31 1 1 150 32 2 2 2...

......

......

57 39 9 9 958 3A : : :59 3B ; ; ;60 3C < \textless <61 3D = = =

Dec Hex Char Body text \texttt

62 3E > \textgreater >63 3F ? ? ?64 40 @ @ @65 41 A A A66 42 B B B67 43 C C C...

......

......

90 5A Z Z Z91 5B [ [ [92 5C \ \textbackslash \char‘\\93 5D ] ] ]94 5E ˆ \^ \^95 5F \_ \char‘\_96 60 ‘ ‘ ‘97 61 a a a98 62 b b b99 63 c c c...

......

......

122 7A z z z123 7B \ \char‘\124 7C | \textbar |125 7D \ \char‘\126 7E ˜ \~ \~

The following are some additional notes about the contents of Table 207:

• “"” is not available in the OT1 font encoding.

• The characters “<”, “>”, and “|” do work as expected in math mode, although they produce, respectively,

66

“¡”, “¿”, and “—” in text mode.8 Hence, $<$, $>$, and $|$ serve as a terser alternative to \textless,\textgreater, and \textbar. Note that for typesetting metavariables many people prefer \textlangleand \textrangle to \textless and \textgreater, i.e., “〈filename〉” instead of “<filename>”.

• Although “/” does not require any special treatment, LATEX additionally defines a \slash commandwhich outputs the same glyph but permits a line break afterwards. That is, “increase/decrease” isalways typeset as a single entity while “increase\slashdecrease” may be typeset with “increase/”on one line and “decrease” on the next.

• The various \char commands within \texttt are necessary only in the OT1 font encoding. In otherencodings (e.g., T1), commands such as \, \, \_, and \textbackslash all work properly.

• \textasciicircum can be used instead of \^, and \textasciitilde can be used instead of \~.Note that \textasciitilde and \~ produce raised, diacritic tildes. “Text” (i.e., vertically centered)tildes can be generated with either the math-mode \sim command (shown in Table 42 on page 21),which produces a somewhat wide “∼”, or the textcomp package’s \texttildelow (shown in Table 24on page 15), which produces a vertically centered “~” in most fonts but a baseline-oriented “<” inComputer Modern, txfonts, pxfonts, and various other fonts originating from the TEX world. If yourgoal is to typeset tildes in URLs or Unix filenames, your best bet is to use the url package, which has anumber of nice features such as proper line-breaking of such names.

• The IBM version of ASCII characters 1 to 31 can be typeset using the ascii package. See Table 149 onpage 43.

• To replace “‘” and “’” with the more computer-like (and more visibly distinct) “`” and “'” withina verbatim environment, use the upquote package. Outside of verbatim, you can use \char18 and\char13 to get the modified quote characters. (The former is actually a grave accent.)

Similar to Table 207, Table 208 on the next page is an amalgamation of data from other tables in thisdocument. While Table 207 shows how to typeset the 7-bit ASCII character set, Table 208 shows the Latin 1(Western European) character set, also known as ISO-8859-1.

The following are some additional notes about the contents of Table 208:

• A “(tc)” after a symbol name means that the textcomp package must be loaded to access that symbol.A “(T1)” means that the symbol requires the T1 font encoding. The fontenc package can change thefont encoding document-wide.

• Many of the \text. . . accents can also be produced using the accent commands shown in Table 12 onpage 11 plus an empty argument. For instance, \= is essentially the same as \textasciimacron.

• The commands in the “LATEX2ε” columns work both in body text and within a \texttt. . . command(or, more generally, when \ttfamily is in effect).

• Microsoft® Windows® normally uses a superset of Latin 1 called “CP1252” (Code Page 1252). CP1252adds codes in the range 128–159 (hexadecimal 80–9F), including characters such as dashes, daggers, andquotation marks. If there’s sufficient interest, a future version of the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol Listmay include a CP1252 table.

While too large to incorporate into this document, a listing of ISO 8879:1986 SGML/XML character entitiesand their LATEX equivalents is available from http://www.bitjungle.com/~isoent/. Some of the characterspresented there make use of isoent, a LATEX2ε package (available from the same URL) that fakes some of themissing ISO glyphs using the LATEX picture environment.9

8Donald Knuth didn’t think such symbols were important outside of mathematics, so he omitted them from the OT1 fontencoding.

9isoent is not featured in this document, because it is not available from CTAN and because the faked symbols are not “true”characters; they exist in only one size, regardless of the body text’s font size.

67

Table 208: LATEX2ε Latin 1 Table

Dec Hex Char LATEX2ε

161 A1 ¡ !‘162 A2 ¢ \textcent (tc)163 A3 £ \pounds164 A4 ¤ \textcurrency (tc)165 A5 ¥ \textyen (tc)166 A6 ¦ \textbrokenbar (tc)167 A7 § \S168 A8 ¨ \textasciidieresis (tc)169 A9 © \textcopyright170 AA ª \textordfeminine171 AB « \guillemotleft (T1)172 AC ¬ \textlnot (tc)174 AE ® \textregistered175 AF ¯ \textasciimacron (tc)176 B0 ° \textdegree (tc)177 B1 ± \textpm (tc)178 B2 ² \texttwosuperior (tc)179 B3 ³ \textthreesuperior (tc)180 B4 ´ \textasciiacute (tc)181 B5 µ \textmu (tc)182 B6 ¶ \P183 B7 · \textperiodcentered184 B8 ¸ \c185 B9 ¹ \textonesuperior (tc)186 BA º \textordmasculine187 BB » \guillemotright188 BC ¼ \textonequarter (tc)189 BD ½ \textonehalf (tc)190 BE ¾ \textthreequarters (tc)191 BF ¿ ?‘

192 C0 A \‘A

193 C1 A \’A

194 C2 A \Â195 C3 A \~A196 C4 A \"A

197 C5 A \AA198 C6 Æ \AE199 C7 C \cC

200 C8 E \‘E

201 C9 E \’E

202 CA E \Ê203 CB E \"E

204 CC I \‘I

205 CD I \’I

206 CE I \Î207 CF I \"I208 D0 Ð \DH (T1)

Dec Hex Char LATEX2ε

209 D1 N \~N

210 D2 O \‘O

211 D3 O \’O

212 D4 O \Ô213 D5 O \~O214 D6 O \"O215 D7 × \texttimes (tc)216 D8 Ø \O

217 D9 U \‘U

218 DA U \’U

219 DB U \Û220 DC U \"U

221 DD Y \’Y222 DE Þ \TH (T1)223 DF ß \ss224 E0 a \‘a225 E1 a \’a226 E2 a \â227 E3 a \~a228 E4 a \"a229 E5 a \aa230 E6 æ \ae231 E7 c \cc232 E8 e \‘e233 E9 e \’e234 EA e \ê235 EB e \"e236 EC ı \‘ı237 ED ı \’ı238 EE ı \^ı239 EF ı \"ı240 F0 ð \dh (T1)241 F1 n \~n242 F2 o \‘o243 F3 o \’o244 F4 o \ô245 F5 o \~o246 F6 o \"o247 F7 ÷ \textdiv (tc)248 F8 ø \o249 F9 u \‘u250 FA u \’u251 FB u \û252 FC u \"u253 FD y \’y254 FE þ \th (T1)255 FF y \"y

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7.6 About this document

History David Carlisle wrote the first version of this document in October, 1994. It originally contained allof the native LATEX symbols (Tables 27, 35, 42, 67, 84, 86, 101, 102, 108, 112, 125, and a few tables that havesince been reorganized) and was designed to be nearly identical to the tables in Chapter 3 of Leslie Lamport’sbook [Lam86]. Even the table captions and the order of the symbols within each table matched! The AMSsymbols (Tables 28, 43, 44, 70, 71, 87, 91, 97, and 126) and an initial Math Alphabets table (Table 135) wereadded thereafter. Later, Alexander Holt provided the stmaryrd tables (Tables 29, 37, 45, 73, 81, and 98).

In January, 2001, Scott Pakin took responsibility for maintaining the symbol list and has since implementeda complete overhaul of the document. The result, now called, “The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List”,includes the following new features:

• the addition of a handful of new math alphabets, dozens of new font tables, and thousands of newsymbols

• the categorization of the symbol tables into body-text symbols, mathematical symbols, science andtechnology symbols, dingbats, and other symbols, to provide a more user-friendly document structure

• an index, table of contents, and a frequently-requested symbol list, to help users quickly locate symbols

• symbol tables rewritten to list the symbols in alphabetical order

• appendices to provide additional information relevant to using symbols in LATEX

• tables showing how to typeset all of the characters in the ASCII and Latin 1 font encodings

Furthermore, the internal structure of the document has been completely altered from David’s original version.Most of the changes are geared towards making the document easier to extend, modify, and reformat.

Build characteristics Table 209 lists some of this document’s build characteristics. Most important isthe list of packages that LATEX couldn’t find, but that symbols.tex otherwise would have been able to takeadvantage of. Complete, prebuilt versions of this document are available from CTAN (http://www.ctan.org/or one of its many mirror sites) in the directory tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive. Table 210shows the package date (specified in the .sty file with \ProvidesPackage) for each package that was used tobuild this document and that specifies a package date. Packages are not listed in any particular order in eitherTable 209 or 210.

Table 209: Document Characteristics

Characteristic Value

Source file: symbols.texBuild date: September 29, 2003Symbols documented: 2826Packages included: textcomp latexsym amssymb stmaryrd euscript wasysym

pifont manfnt bbding undertilde ifsym tipa wsuipa pho-netic ulsy ar txfonts mathabx fclfont skak ascii dingbatskull eurosym esvect yfonts yhmath esint mathdots trsymuniversa upgreek overrightarrow chemarr chemarrow nathtrfsigns accents nicefrac bm mathrsfs zapfchan bbold mb-board dsfont bbm

Packages omitted: none

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Table 210: Package versions used in the preparation of this document

Name Date

textcomp 2000/08/30latexsym 1998/08/17amssymb 1996/11/03stmaryrd 1994/03/03euscript 1995/01/06wasysym 1999/05/13pifont 2000/01/12manfnt 1999/07/01bbding 1999/04/15undertilde 2000/08/08ifsym 2000/04/18tipa 2001/12/31wsuipa 1994/07/16txfonts 2000/12/15skak 2003/01/25dingbat 2001/04/27skull 2002/01/23eurosym 1998/08/06yfonts 2003/01/08mathdots 2001/02/28trsym 2000/06/25universa 98/08/01upgreek 2003/02/12chemarr 2001/06/22accents 2000/08/06nicefrac 1998/08/04bm 1999/07/05

References

[Ber01] Karl Berry. Fontname: Filenames for TEX fonts, June 2001. Available from http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/fontname.

[Dow00] Michael Downes. Short math guide for LATEX, July 19, 2000. Version 1.07. Available from http://www.ams.org/tex/short-math-guide.html.

[Gib97] Jeremy Gibbons. Hey—it works! TUGboat, 18(2):75–78, June 1997. Available from http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb18-2/tb55works.pdf.

[Knu86a] Donald E. Knuth. The TEXbook, volume A of Computers and Typesetting. Addison-Wesley, Reading,MA, USA, 1986.

[Knu86b] Donald E. Knuth. The METAFONTbook, volume C of Computers and Typesetting. Addison-Wesley,Reading, MA, USA, 1986.

[Lam86] Leslie Lamport. LATEX: A document preparation system. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986.

[LAT98] LATEX3 Project Team. A new math accent. LATEX News. Issue 9, June 1998. Available fromhttp://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/ltnews09.pdf (also included in many TEXdistributions).

[LAT00] LATEX3 Project Team. LATEX2ε font selection, January 30, 2000. Available from http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/fntguide.ps (also included in many TEX distri-butions).

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Index

If you’re having trouble locating a symbol, try looking under “T” for “\text. . .”. Many text-mode commands beginwith that prefix. Also, accents are shown over/under a black box, e.g., “ a ” for “\’”.

Some symbol entries appear to be listed repeatedly. This happens when multiple packages define identical (or nearlyidentical) glyphs with the same symbol name.10

Symbols\" (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\# (#) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 66\$ ($) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 66\% (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 66\& (&) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 66\’ (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11( (() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32) ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32* (*) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\. (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/ (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32[ ([) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32] (]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\^ (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\^ (ˆ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67\| (‖) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\= (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\= (¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67| (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\_ ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 67\ () . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 32, 67\ () . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 32, 67\‘ (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\~ (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\~ (˜) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Aa (esvect package option) . . . 37

\AA (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\aa (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8abzuglich . . see \textdiscount

\AC () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\acarc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\acbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13accents 11–13, 34–37, 42, 60–61

any character as . . . . . . 60extensible . . 35–37, 60–61multiple per character . 60

accents (package) . . . . 60, 69, 70\accentset . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\ACK (♠) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\acute (´) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Adobe Acrobat . . . . . . . . . . 64

\adots ( . ..) . . . . . . . . . 38, 60

advancing . see \textadvancing

\AE (Æ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\ae (æ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\agemO () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\ain () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\aleph (ℵ) . . . . . . . . . . 30, 38\alpha (α) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

alphabetsAfrican . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Cyrillic . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Greek . . . . . . . . 29, 30, 40Hebrew . . . . . . . . . 30, 40math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40phonetic . . . . . . . . . 8–10

\alphaup (α) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30alpine symbols . . . . . . . . . . . 53\amalg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16ampersand . . . . . . . . . . see \&

AMS . . . . . . . 6, 15, 16, 19, 21,23–26, 29–31, 34, 35, 37, 38,40, 55, 69

amsbsy (package) . . . . . . . . . 66amsfonts (package) 16, 21, 23, 26,

38, 40amsmath (package) . . 6, 29, 65amssymb (package) 6, 16, 21, 23,

26, 38, 40, 69–71amstext (package) . . . . . 58, 59

\anchor () . . . . . . . . . . . 50and . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \wedge

\angle (∠) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\angle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 39\Anglesign (W) . . . . . . . . . . 39

Angstrom unitmath mode see \mathring

text mode . . . . . . see \AA

angular minutes . . . . see \prime

angular seconds . . . see \second

\Ankh (ˆ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52\annu ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61annuities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61APL

modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . 42symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

\APLbox () . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\APLcirc () . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\APLcomment () . . . . . . . . . 42\APLdown () . . . . . . . . . . . 42\APLdownarrowbox () . . . . 42\APLinput () . . . . . . . . . . 42\APLinv (÷) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\APLleftarrowbox () . . . . 42\APLlog () . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

\APLminus (−) . . . . . . . . . . 42\APLnot (∼) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\APLrightarrowbox () . . . . 42\APLstar () . . . . . . . . . . . 42\APLup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\APLuparrowbox ( ) . . . . . . 42

\APLvert ( | ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\apprge () . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\apprle () . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\approx (≈) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\approxeq () . . . . . . . . . . 21\Aquarius (ê) . . . . . . . . . . 42\aquarius () . . . . . . . . . . 42\AR () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41ar (package) . . . . . . . . . 41, 69\arccos (arccos) . . . . . . . . . 29arcminutes . . . . . . . see \prime

arcseconds . . . . . . . see \second

\arcsin (arcsin) . . . . . . . . . 29\arctan (arctan) . . . . . . . . . 29\arg (arg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\Aries () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\Aries (à) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\aries () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

\ArrowBoldDownRight () . 45

\ArrowBoldRightCircled () 45

\ArrowBoldRightShort () . . 45

\ArrowBoldRightStrobe () 45

\ArrowBoldUpRight () . . . 45\Arrownot () . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\arrownot () . . . . . . . . . . . . 28arrows . . . . . . . . 26–28, 45, 55

diagonal, for reducing subex-pressions . . . . . . . . . . 35

double-headed, diagonal 59extensible . . . . . . . 35–37negated . . . . . . . . . 26, 27

\Arrowvert () . . . . . . . . . 32

\arrowvert () . . . . . . . . . . 32

Arseneau, Donald . . . . . 58–61ASCII . . . . . 6, 8, 43, 66–67, 69

table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66ascii (package) . . . . . . 43, 67, 69\ascnode () . . . . . . . . . . . 41aspect ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\ast () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\ast (∗) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\Asterisk () . . . . . . . . . . 18

\Asterisk () . . . . . . . . . . 47\asterisk () . . . . . . . . . . . 18

\AsteriskBold () . . . . . . . 47

\AsteriskCenterOpen () . . 47

\AsteriskRoundedEnds () . 47asterisks . . . . . . . . . . 18, 47, 48

\AsteriskThin () . . . . . . . 47

\AsteriskThinCenterOpen (). . . . . . . . . 47

10This occurs frequently between amssymb and mathabx, for example.

71

astrological symbols . . . . . . . 42astronomical symbols . . . 41, 42\astrosun () . . . . . . . . . . 41\asymp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\atan (atan) . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\ataribox () . . . . . . . . . . . 51\AtForty (Ø) . . . . . . . . . . 52\AtNinetyFive (Ó) . . . . . . 52atomic math objects . . . 29, 65\AtSixty (Õ) . . . . . . . . . . 52

\autoleftarrow (D GGGGG ) . . . 36

\autoleftrightharpoons

(E GGGGGGGGGGC ) . . . . . . . . . . . 36

\autorightarrow (GGGGGA ) . . 36

\autorightleftharpoons

(GGGGGBF GGGGG ) . . . . . . . . . . . 36

B\B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8b (esvect package option) . . . 37\b (a

¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\babygamma () . . . . . . . . . . 10\backepsilon () . . . . . . . . 21\backprime (s) . . . . . . . . . . 38\backsim (") . . . . . . . . . . . 21\backsimeq (%) . . . . . . . . . . 21\backslash (\) . . . . . . . 32, 38banana brackets . . . . . . . . . . .

. see \llparenthesis and\rrparenthesis

\bar (¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\barb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\bard () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\bari () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\barin () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\barj () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\barl () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\barlambda () . . . . . . . . . . 10\barleftharpoon () . . . . . 28\baro ( vs. ) . . . . . . . . . . 56\baro () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\baro () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\barp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10barred letters . . . . . . . . . . . 57\barrightharpoon () . . . . 28\barsci () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\barscu () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\baru () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\barwedge () . . . . . . . . . . 18\barwedge () . . . . . . . . . . . 16\Bat (ý) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52\baucircle () . . . . . . . . . 49

\bauforms () . . . . . . . . . 52

\bauhead () . . . . . . . . . . 52\bausquare () . . . . . . . . . 49\bautriangle () . . . . . . . . 49\bbalpha () . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\bbar (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

\bbbeta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\Bbbk (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31bbding (package) . 45–47, 49, 50,

56, 69, 70\bbdollar () . . . . . . . . . . . 40

\bbetter () . . . . . . . . . . . 54\bbeuro () . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\bbfinalnun () . . . . . . . . . 40\bbgamma () . . . . . . . . . . . . 40bbgreekl (mathbbol package op-

tion) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40bbm (package) . . . . . . . . 40, 69\bbnabla () . . . . . . . . . . . 40bbold (package) . . . . . . . 40, 69\bbpe () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\bbqof () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\bbslash () . . . . . . . . . . . 17\bbyod () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

\bdecisive () . . . . . . . . . 54\Beam (") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\Bearing (#) . . . . . . . . . . . 43\because (∵) . . . . . . . . . . . 21\BEL (•) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\bell () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Berry, Karl . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70\beta (β) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\betaup (β) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\beth (O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

\betteris () . . . . . . . . . . 54\between () . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\between (() . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\Bicycle (®) . . . . . . . . . . . 49\bigast () . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\bigbox (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

\bigboxasterisk (

) . . . . . 19\bigboxbackslash (

) . . . . 19

\bigboxbot (

) . . . . . . . . . 19\bigboxcirc (

) . . . . . . . . 19

\bigboxcoasterisk (

) . . . 19\bigboxdiv (

) . . . . . . . . . 19

\bigboxdot (

) . . . . . . . . . 19\bigboxleft (

) . . . . . . . . 19

\bigboxminus (

) . . . . . . . 19\bigboxplus (

) . . . . . . . . 19

\bigboxright (

) . . . . . . . 19\bigboxslash (

) . . . . . . . 19

\bigboxtimes (

) . . . . . . . 19\bigboxtop (

) . . . . . . . . . 19

\bigboxtriangleup (

) . . . 19\bigboxvoid (

) . . . . . . . . 19

\bigcap (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\bigcirc (©) . . . . . . . . . . . 16

\BigCircle () . . . . . . . . . 48\bigcoast () . . . . . . . . . . 18\bigcomplementop (

) . . . . . 19

\BigCross () . . . . . . . . . . 48\bigcup (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

\bigcurlyvee (

) . . . . . . . . 19\bigcurlyvee (

) . . . . . . . . 19

\bigcurlywedge (

) . . . . . . 19\bigcurlywedge (

) . . . . . . 19

\BigDiamondshape () . . . . 48

\BigHBar () . . . . . . . . . . . 48\biginterleave (

) . . . . . . 19

\BigLowerDiamond () . . . . 48\bignplus (

) . . . . . . . . . . 19

\bigoasterisk (

) . . . . . . . 19\bigobackslash (

) . . . . . . 19

\bigobot (

) . . . . . . . . . . . 19\bigocirc (

) . . . . . . . . . . 19

\bigocoasterisk (

) . . . . . 19\bigodiv (

) . . . . . . . . . . . 19

\bigodot (

) . . . . . . . . . . . 18\bigoleft (

) . . . . . . . . . . 19

\bigominus (

) . . . . . . . . . 19\bigoplus (

) . . . . . . . . . . 18

\bigoright (

) . . . . . . . . . 19\bigoslash (

) . . . . . . . . . 19

\bigotimes (

) . . . . . . . . . 18\bigotop (

) . . . . . . . . . . . 19

\bigotriangleup (

) . . . . . 19\bigovoid (

) . . . . . . . . . . 19

\bigparallel () . . . . . . . . 19

\bigplus (

) . . . . . . . . . . . 19

\BigRightDiamond () . . . . 48\bigsqcap (

!) . . . . . . . . . . 19

\bigsqcap (

) . . . . . . . . . . 19\bigsqcapplus (

) . . . . . . . 20

\bigsqcup (

) . . . . . . . . . . 18\bigsqcupplus (

) . . . . . . . 20

\BigSquare () . . . . . . . . . 48\bigsquplus (

") . . . . . . . . . 19

\bigstar () . . . . . . . . . . . 18\bigstar (u) . . . . . . . . . . . 38\bigtimes (

#) . . . . . . . . . . 19

\BigTriangleDown () . . . . 48\bigtriangledown (

) . . . . 19

\bigtriangledown ( vs.

) 56\bigtriangledown () . . . . 16

\BigTriangleLeft () . . . . 48

\BigTriangleRight () . . . 48

\BigTriangleUp () . . . . . . 48\bigtriangleup (

) . . . . . . 19

\bigtriangleup ( vs.

) . 56\bigtriangleup () . . . . . . 16\biguplus (

) . . . . . . . . . . 18

\bigvarstar () . . . . . . . . . 18

\BigVBar () . . . . . . . . . . . 48\bigvee (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

\bigwedge (

) . . . . . . . . . . 18\binampersand () . . . . . . . 17binary operators . . . . . . 16–18binary relations . . . . . . . 21–25

negated . . . . . . . . . 21–23\bindnasrepma ( ) . . . . . . . 17\Biohazard (h) . . . . . . . . . 44biological symbols . . . . . . . . 43bishop . . . . . . see chess symbols

\bishoppair () . . . . . . . . 54blackboard bold see alphabets,

math\blackdiamond () . . . . . . . 18

72

\blacklozenge (v) . . . . . . . 38\blacksmiley () . . . . . . . . 51\blacksquare (x) . . . . . . . . 38\blacktriangle (z) . . . . . . 38\blacktriangledown () . . . 18\blacktriangledown (r) . . . 38\blacktriangleleft () . . . 18\blacktriangleleft (N) . . . 25\blacktriangleright () . . 18\blacktriangleright (O) . . 25\blacktriangleup () . . . . . 18blank . . . . . . . see \textblank

\Bleech (Ë) . . . . . . . . . . . . 52\blitza () . . . . . . . . . 16, 28\blitzb () . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\blitzc () . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\blitzd () . . . . . . . . . . . . 28\blitze () . . . . . . . . . . . . 28bm (package) . . . . . . . 66, 69, 70\bm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\bmod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29body-text symbols . . . . . . 7–15bold symbols . . . . . . . . . 65–66\boldmath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\boldsymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . 66born . . . . . . . . . see \textborn

\bot (⊥) . . . . . . . . . . 16, 30, 58\botdoteq () . . . . . . . . . . 22\Bouquet (¥) . . . . . . . . . . . 52\Bowtie () . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\bowtie () . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\Box (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\Box () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\boxast () . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\boxasterisk () . . . . . . . . 18\boxbackslash () . . . . . . . 18\boxbar () . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\boxbot () . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\boxbox () . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\boxbslash () . . . . . . . . . . 17\boxcirc () . . . . . . . . . . . 18\boxcircle () . . . . . . . . . . 17\boxcoasterisk () . . . . . . 18\boxdiv () . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\boxdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\boxdot () . . . . . . . . . 16, 17\boxdotLeft (b) . . . . . . . . 27\boxdotleft (e) . . . . . . . . 27\boxdotRight (k) . . . . . . . 27\boxdotright (h) . . . . . . . 27\boxempty () . . . . . . . . . . 17\boxLeft (n) . . . . . . . . . . 27\boxleft () . . . . . . . . . . . 18\boxleft (q) . . . . . . . . . . 27\boxminus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 18\boxminus () . . . . . . . . . . 16\boxplus () . . . . . . . . . . . 18\boxplus () . . . . . . . . . . . 16\boxRight (v) . . . . . . . . . 27\boxright () . . . . . . . . . . 18\boxright (t) . . . . . . . . . 27\boxslash () . . . . . . . . . . 18\boxslash () . . . . . . . . . . . 17

\boxtimes () . . . . . . . . . . 18\boxtimes () . . . . . . . . . . 16\boxtop () . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\boxtriangleup () . . . . . . 18\boxvoid () . . . . . . . . . . . 18\boy ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\braceld () . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\bracerd () . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

\bracevert () . . . . . . . . . 32

brackets . . . . . . . see delimitersbraket (package) . . . . . . . . . 32\breve (˘) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\brokenvert () . . . . . . . . . . 51Bronger, Torsten . . . . . . . . . 58\BS () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\BSEfree (n) . . . . . . . . . . . 44\bullet (•) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16bullseye . . . see \textbullseye

\Bumpedeq () . . . . . . . . . . 22\bumpedeq () . . . . . . . . . . 22\Bumpeq (*) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\bumpeq (-) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

\bupperhand () . . . . . . . . . 54

Cc (esvect package option) . . . 37\c (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 68calrsfs (package) . . . . . . . . . 40\CAN (↑) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43cancel (package) . . . . . . . . . 35\Cancer (ã) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\cancer () . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\Cap () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\cap () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\cap (∩) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\Capricorn (é) . . . . . . . . . . 42\capricornus () . . . . . . . . 42card suits . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 50cardinality . . . . . . . see \aleph

care of (c/o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39caret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \^

Carlisle, David . . . . . . . . 1, 69carriage return . 43, 50, 55, see

also \hookleftarrow

\carriagereturn () . . . . . 50castle . . . . . . see chess symbolscatamorphism . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. see \llparenthesis and\rrparenthesis

\cdot (·) . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 57\cdotp (·) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\cdots (· · · ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Cedi . see \textcolonmonetary

cedilla . . . . . . . . . . see accents\celsius () . . . . . . . . . . . 39\Celtcross (‡) . . . . . . . . . . 52\cent (¢) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\centerdot () . . . . . . . . . . 18\centerdot () . . . . . . . . . . 16

\centre () . . . . . . . . . . . . 54cents . . . . . . . . . see \textcent

\CEsign (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

\changenotsign . . . . . . . . . 23\char . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 55\check (ˇ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34check marks . . . . 46, 47, 49, 50\checked () . . . . . . . . . . . 51\CheckedBox () . . . . . . . . . 47\Checkedbox (V) . . . . . . . . . 49

\Checkmark () . . . . . . . . . 46\checkmark () . . . . . . . . . 15

\checkmark () . . . . . . . . . 50

\CheckmarkBold () . . . . . . 46chemarr (package) . . . 36, 69, 70chemarrow (package) . 28, 36, 69\chemarrow (A ) . . . . . . . . . 28chess symbols . . . . . . . . . . . 54\chi (χ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\chiup (χ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\circ () . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 39\circeq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\circeq (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\CIRCLE () . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

\Circle () . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

\Circle ( vs. ) . . . . . . . 56\Circle () . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\circlearrowleft () . . . . 27\circlearrowleft (P) . . . . 26\circlearrowright () . . . . 27\circlearrowright (S) . . . . 26circled numbers . . . . . . . . . . 47\CircledA (ª) . . . . . . . . . . 52\circledast () . . . . . . . . . 16\circledbar () . . . . . . . . . 17\circledbslash () . . . . . . 17\circledcirc ( ) . . . . . . . . 16\circleddash () . . . . . . . . 16\circleddot . . . . . . see \odot

\circleddotleft (y) . . . . 27\circleddotright (c) . . . . 27\circledgtr () . . . . . . . . . 22\circledless () . . . . . . . . 22\circledminus . . . see \ominus

\circledotleft . . . . . . . . see\circleddotleft

\circledotright . . . . . . . see\circleddotright

\circledplus . . . . . see \oplus

\circledR () . . . . . . . 15, 31\circledS (k) . . . . . . . . . . 31\circledslash . . . see \oslash

\circledtimes . . . see \otimes

\circledvee () . . . . . . . . . 17\circledwedge () . . . . . . . 17\circleleft (f) . . . . . . . . 27\circleright (i) . . . . . . . 27circles . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 49, 51

\CircleShadow () . . . . . . . 49

\CircleSolid () . . . . . . . . 49\Circpipe (›) . . . . . . . . . . 43\circplus () . . . . . . . . . . 18\Circsteel (•) . . . . . . . . . 43circumflex . . . . . . . see accents

73

\CleaningA («) . . . . . . . . . . 52\CleaningF (¾) . . . . . . . . . . 52\CleaningFF (¿) . . . . . . . . . 52\CleaningP (¬) . . . . . . . . . . 52\CleaningPP () . . . . . . . . . 52\clickb () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\clickc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\clickt () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\clock () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51clock symbols . . . . . . . . . . . 53\Clocklogo (U) . . . . . . . . . . 49\closedniomega () . . . . . . 10\closedrevepsilon () . . . . 10\Cloud () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53clovers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47, 48clubs (suit) . . . . . . . . . . 38, 50\clubsuit (♣) . . . . . . . . . . 38\coAsterisk () . . . . . . . . . 18\coasterisk () . . . . . . . . . 18\Coffeecup (K) . . . . . . . . . 49\colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\colon ( : ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\Colonapprox () . . . . . . . 22\colonapprox () . . . . . . . . 22\Coloneq (#) . . . . . . . . . . . 22\coloneq () . . . . . . . . . . . 22\coloneq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 22\Coloneqq () . . . . . . . . . . 22\coloneqq () . . . . . . . 16, 22\Colonsim (*) . . . . . . . . . . 22\colonsim (-) . . . . . . . . . . 22\comment (RR) . . . . . . . . . . 54communication symbols . . . . 43comp.text.tex (newsgroup) . 6,

16, 57–61\compensation () . . . . . . . 54\complement () . . . . . . . . . 31\complement (j) . . . . . . . . . 31complex numbers () . . . . see

alphabets, mathComprehensive TEX Archive Net-

work . . . . . . 1, 6, 40, 67,69

computer hardware symbols . 43\ComputerMouse (Í) . . . . . . . 43\cong () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\conjunction () . . . . . . . . 42contradiction symbols . . 16, 28control characters . . . . . . . . 43\convolution () . . . . . . . . 18\coprod (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

\copyright (©) . . . . . . . . . . 7\corner () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\Corresponds (=) . . . . . . . . 39\corresponds () . . . . . . . . 22\cos (cos) . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 65\cosh (cosh) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\cot (cot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\coth (coth) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

\counterplay () . . . . . . . . 54Courier (PostScript font) . . . 14CP1252 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

\CR () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

\Cross () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

\Cross († vs. vs. ) . . . . . 56\Cross (†) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

\Cross () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\crossb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

\CrossBoldOutline () . . . . 46

\CrossClowerTips () . . . . 46\crossd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\Crossedbox (X) . . . . . . . . . 49crosses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 52\crossh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

\CrossMaltese () . . . . . . . 46\crossnilambda () . . . . . . 10

\CrossOpenShadow () . . . . . 46

\CrossOutline () . . . . . . . 46crucifixes . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 52\csc (csc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29CTAN see Comprehensive TEX

Archive Network\Cube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 55cube root . . . . . . . . see \sqrt

\Cup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\cup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\cup (∪) . . . . . . . . . . 16, 57, 65\curlyc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\curlyeqprec () . . . . . . . . 22\curlyeqprec (2) . . . . . . . . 21\curlyeqsucc () . . . . . . . . 22\curlyeqsucc (4) . . . . . . . . 21\curlyesh () . . . . . . . . . . . 10\curlyvee () . . . . . . . . . . 18\curlyvee () . . . . . . . . . . 16\curlyveedownarrow () . . . 17\curlyveeuparrow () . . . . . 17\curlywedge () . . . . . . . . . 18\curlywedge () . . . . . . . . . 16\curlywedgedownarrow () . 17\curlywedgeuparrow () . . . 17\curlyyogh () . . . . . . . . . . 10\curlyz ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\currency (¤) . . . . . . . . . . . 14currency symbols . . . . 13, 14, 40\curvearrowbotleft () . . 27\curvearrowbotleftright ()

. . . . . . . . . 27\curvearrowbotright () . . 27\curvearrowleft () . . . . . 27\curvearrowleft (F) . . . . . 26\curvearrowleftright () . 27\curvearrowright () . . . . 27\curvearrowright (G) . . . . 26\Cutleft (s) . . . . . . . . . . . 45\Cutline (r) . . . . . . . . . . . 45cutoff subtraction . see \dotdiv

\Cutright (q) . . . . . . . . . . 45

Dd (esvect package option) . . . 37\d (a.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\dag (†) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

\dagger (†) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\daleth (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30dangerous bend symbols . . . 49\dasharrow . . . . . . . . . . . . see

\dashrightarrow

\dashint (−

) . . . . . . . . . . . 58

\dashleftarrow (_) . . . . . . 26\dashleftrightarrow (l) . . 27\dashrightarrow (`) . . . . . 26\DashV () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\Dashv () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\dashv () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\dashVv ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\davidsstar ( ) . . . . . . . . . 47

\DavidStar () . . . . . . . . . 47

\DavidStarSolid () . . . . . 47\dbar (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\dbend () . . . . . . . . . . . . 49\DCa () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\DCb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\DCc (‼) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\DCd (¶) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\ddag (‡) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\ddagger (‡) . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

\ddashint (=

) . . . . . . . . . . . 58

\ddddot (....) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

\dddot (...) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

\ddot (¨) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

\ddots (. . .) . . . . . . . 37, 59, 60

\DeclareFontFamily . . . . . . 64\DeclareFontShape . . . . . . . 64\DeclareMathOperator . . . . 65\DeclareMathOperator* . . . 65\declareslashed . . . . . . . . 58definite-description operator ( ι)

. . . . . . . . . 57definition symbols . . . . . 16, 61\deg (deg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\degree () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\degree (°) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39degrees . . . . . see \textdegree

\DEL () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\Deleatur . . . . . see \Denarius

delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . 31–33text-mode . . . . . . . . . . 33variable-sized . . . . . 32, 33

\Delta (∆) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\delta (δ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\deltaup (δ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\Denarius (¢) . . . . . . . . . . 14\dental (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12derivitive, partial . see \partial

\descnode (!) . . . . . . . . . . 41\det (det) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

\devadvantage () . . . . . . . 54

\Dfourier ( ........... ) . . . . . . . . 23

\dfourier ( ........... ) . . . . . . . . 23

\DFT ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

\dft ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\DH (Ð) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

74

\DH (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\dh (ð) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\dh (") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8diacritics . . . . . . . . see accentsdiæresis . . . . . . . . see accents\diagdown () . . . . . . . . . . 39\diagdown (X) . . . . . . . . . . 38

\diagonal () . . . . . . . . . . 54\diagup () . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\diagup (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\diameter () . . . . . . . . . . 39\diameter (#) . . . . . . . . . . 51\Diamond () . . . . . . . . . . . 38\Diamond ($) . . . . . . . . . . . 38\diamond () . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\Diamondblack () . . . . . . . 38\Diamonddot () . . . . . . . . . 38\DiamonddotLeft (o) . . . . 27\Diamonddotleft (r) . . . . 27\DiamonddotRight (w) . . . . 27\Diamonddotright (u) . . . . 27\DiamondLeft (z) . . . . . . . 27\Diamondleft (d) . . . . . . . 27\DiamondRight (j) . . . . . . 27\Diamondright (g) . . . . . . 27diamonds . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 49diamonds (suit) . . . . . . . 38, 50

\DiamondShadowA () . . . . . 48

\DiamondShadowB () . . . . . 48

\DiamondShadowC () . . . . . 48

\Diamondshape () . . . . . . . 48

\DiamondSolid () . . . . . . . 49\diamondsuit (♦) . . . . . . . . 38\diatop . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 60\diaunder . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 60dice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 55dictionary symbols . see phonetic

symbolsdied . . . . . . . . . see \textdied

differential, inexact . see \dbar

\digamma (M) . . . . . . . . . . . 29digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

circled . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47LCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Mayan . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39old-style . . . . . . . . . . . . 14segmented . . . . . . . . . . 41

\dim (dim) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\ding . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 45–50dingautolist . . . . . . . . . . . 47dingbat (package) 45, 46, 50, 56,

69, 70dingbat symbols . . . . . . 45–50discount . . . see \textdiscount

\displaystyle . . . . . 58, 60, 65ditto marks . see \textquotedbl

\div (÷) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\divdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\divideontimes () . . . . . . 18\divideontimes () . . . . . . 16\divides () . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

division . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 35division times . . . . . . . . . . see

\divideontimes

divorced . . . see \textdivorced

\DJ (Ð) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\dj (đ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\dlbari () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\DLE () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\dlsh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27does not divide . . . . see \nmid

does not exist . . . see \nexists

dollar . . . . . . see \textdollar

dollar sign . . . . . . . . . . . see \$

\Dontwash (Ý) . . . . . . . . . . 52\dot ( ˙ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34dot symbols . . . . . . . . . 37, 38\dotcup ( ·∪) . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\dotdiv () . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\Doteq . . . . . . . see \doteqdot

\doteq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\doteqdot (6) . . . . . . . . . . 21dotless i (ı)

math mode . . . . . . 34, 38text mode . . . . . . . . . . 11

dotless j (j)math mode . . . . . . 34, 38text mode . . . . . . . . . . 11

\dotplus () . . . . . . . . . . . 18\dotplus () . . . . . . . . . . . 16\dots (. . . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7dots (ellipses) . 7, 37, 38, 59–60\dotsb (· · · ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\dotsc (. . .) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\dotseq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\dotsi (· · · ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\dotsint (

) . . . . . . . . . . 20

\dotsm (· · · ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\dotso (. . .) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37dotted union (∪) . . . . . . . . . 65\dottimes () . . . . . . . . . . 18\double . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\doublebarwedge () . . . . . 18\doublebarwedge () . . . . . . 16\doublecap . . . . . . . . see \Cap

\doublecap () . . . . . . . . . . 18\doublecup . . . . . . . . see \Cup

\doublecup () . . . . . . . . . . 18

\doublepawns () . . . . . . . . 54\DOWNarrow (%) . . . . . . . . . . 51\Downarrow (⇓) . . . . . . . 26, 32\downarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\downarrow (↓) . . . . . . . 26, 32\downbracketfill . . . . . . . . 61\downdownarrows () . . . . . 27\downdownarrows (^) . . . . . 26\downdownharpoons ( ) . . . . 28Downes, Michael J. . . . . 29, 70\downharpoonleft () . . . . . 28\downharpoonleft (c) . . . . . 26\downharpoonright () . . . . 28\downharpoonright (f) . . . . 26\downp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

\downparenthfill . . . . . . . . 61\downt () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\downtouparrow () . . . . . . 27\downuparrows () . . . . . . . 27\downupharpoons () . . . . . . 28\drsh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27dsfont (package) . . . . . . 40, 69\dz () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Ee (esvect package option) . . . 37\e (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31ε-TEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\Earth () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\Earth (Ê) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\earth () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\Ecommerce () . . . . . . . . . 14

\EightAsterisk () . . . . . . 47

\EightFlowerPetal () . . . 47

\EightFlowerPetalRemoved (). . . . . . . . . 47

\eighthnote (') . . . . . . . . . 51

\EightStar () . . . . . . . . . 47

\EightStarBold () . . . . . . 47

\EightStarConvex () . . . . 47

\EightStarTaper () . . . . . 47\ejective () . . . . . . . . . . . 10electrical symbols . . . . . . . . 41electromotive force (E) . . . . see

alphabets, math\ell () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

\Ellipse () . . . . . . . . . . . 49ellipses (dots) . 7, 37, 38, 59–60ellipses (ovals) . . . . . . . . . . . 49

\EllipseShadow () . . . . . . 49

\EllipseSolid () . . . . . . . 49\EM (↓) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\Email (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\Emailct (z) . . . . . . . . . . . 43\emgma () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\emptyset (∅) . . . . . . . . . . . 38end of proof . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

\ending () . . . . . . . . . . . . 54\eng () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10engineering symbols . . . . 41, 43\engma () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\ENQ (♣) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43entails . . . . . . . . . . see \models

enter . . . . . . see carriage return

\Envelope () . . . . . . . . . . . 50\enya () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\EOT (♦) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\epsi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\epsilon (ε) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\epsilonup (ε) . . . . . . . . . . 30\eqbumped () . . . . . . . . . . 22\eqcirc () . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\eqcirc () . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\Eqcolon (/) . . . . . . . . . . . 22\eqcolon () . . . . . . . . . . . 22

75

\eqcolon (2) . . . . . . . . . . . 22\Eqqcolon (8) . . . . . . . . . . 22\eqqcolon (5) . . . . . . . . . . 22\eqsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\eqslantgtr () . . . . . . . . . 25\eqslantgtr (>) . . . . . . . . . 24\eqslantless () . . . . . . . . 25\eqslantless (@) . . . . . . . . 24

\equal () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54\equalsfill . . . . . . . . . 16, 61equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . see

\rightleftharpoons

\equiv (≡) . . . . . . . . . . 16, 21\er () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\ESC (←) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43escapable characters . . . . . . . 7\esh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\esh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10esint (package) . . . . . . . . 20, 69\Estatically (J) . . . . . . . . 44estimated . see \textestimated

esvect (package) . . . . . . . 37, 69\eta (η) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\etaup (η) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\ETB () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

\etc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54\eth (ð) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\eth () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\eth () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\ETX (♥) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43eufrak (package) . . . . . . . . . 40Euler Roman . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\EUR ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\EURcr (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\EURdig (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\EURhv (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\euro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14euro signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

blackboard bold . . . . . . 40eurosym (package) . . . 14, 69, 70\EURtm (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14euscript (package) . . . 40, 69, 70evaluated at (|) . . . . . . . . . . 32exclusive or . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55\exists () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\exists (∃) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\exp (exp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\Explosionsafe (`) . . . . . . 44extensible accents 35–37, 60–61extensible arrows . . . . . . 35–37extensible tildes . . . . . . . 35, 37extension characters . . . . . . 28\eye () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\EyesDollar (¦) . . . . . . . . . 14

Ff (esvect package option) . . . 37\fallingdotseq () . . . . . . 22\fallingdotseq ( ) . . . . . . 21\FallingEdge () . . . . . . . . 41\fatbslash () . . . . . . . . . . 17\fatsemi () . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

\fatslash () . . . . . . . . . . . 17\FAX (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\fax (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\Faxmachine (v) . . . . . . . . 43fc (package) . . . . . . . . . . 8, 11fclfont (package) . . . . . . . . . 69feet . . . . . . . . . see \prime and

\textquotesingle

\FEMALE () . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\Female (~) . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\female () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\FemaleFemale („) . . . . . . . 43\FemaleMale (…) . . . . . . . . . 43Feynman slashed character nota-

tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58\FF () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\FHBOLOGO (f) . . . . . . . . . . . 52\FHBOlogo (F) . . . . . . . . . . . 52

\file () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

\FilledBigCircle () . . . . 48

\FilledBigDiamondshape () 48

\FilledBigSquare () . . . . 48

\FilledBigTriangleDown () 48

\FilledBigTriangleLeft () 48

\FilledBigTriangleRight (). . . . . . . . . 48

\FilledBigTriangleUp () . 48

\FilledCircle () . . . . . . . 48\FilledCloud () . . . . . . . . 53

\FilledDiamondShadowA () 48

\FilledDiamondShadowC () 48

\FilledDiamondshape () . . 48

\FilledHut () . . . . . . . . . . 53

\FilledRainCloud () . . . . 53

\FilledSectioningDiamond (). . . . . . . . . 53

\FilledSmallCircle () . . 48

\FilledSmallDiamondshape (). . . . . . . . . 48

\FilledSmallSquare ( ) . . 48

\FilledSmallTriangleDown (). . . . . . . . . 48

\FilledSmallTriangleLeft (). . . . . . . . . 48

\FilledSmallTriangleRight

() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

\FilledSmallTriangleUp () 48

\FilledSnowCloud () . . . . 53

\FilledSquare () . . . . . . . 48

\FilledSquareShadowA () . 48

\FilledSquareShadowC () . 48

\filledsquarewithdots () 50

\FilledSunCloud () . . . . . 53

\FilledTriangleDown () . . 48

\FilledTriangleLeft () . . 48

\FilledTriangleRight () . 48

\FilledTriangleUp () . . . 48\FilledWeakRainCloud () . 53

\fint () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

\fint () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

\Finv () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\Finv (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

\Fire () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53fish hook . . . . . . see \strictif

\FiveFlowerOpen () . . . . . 47

\FiveFlowerPetal () . . . . 47

\FiveStar () . . . . . . . . . . 47

\FiveStarCenterOpen () . . 47

\FiveStarConvex () . . . . . 47

\FiveStarLines () . . . . . . 47

\FiveStarOpen () . . . . . . . 47

\FiveStarOpenCircled () . 47

\FiveStarOpenDotted () . . 47

\FiveStarOutline () . . . . 47

\FiveStarOutlineHeavy () 47

\FiveStarShadow () . . . . . 47\Fixedbearing (%) . . . . . . . 43

\fixedddots (. . .) . . . . . . . . 37

\fixedvdots (...) . . . . . . . . . . 37

fixmath (package) . . . . . . . . 66\fj () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

\Flag () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53\flap () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\flapr () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\flat ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 51\Flatsteel (–) . . . . . . . . . . 43florin . . . . . . see \textflorin

flowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47, 48

\Fog () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53font encodings . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

7-bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68-bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6ASCII . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69document . . . . . . . . . . . 67Latin 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 69limiting scope of . . . . . . . 6LY1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6OT1 . . . . . 6, 8, 11, 66, 67OT2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55T1 . . . . . . . . . 6, 8, 11, 67T4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 11

fontdef.dtx (file) . . . . . 57, 59fontenc (package) . . 6, 8, 11, 67\fontencoding . . . . . . . . . . . 6fonts, PostScript

Courier . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Helvetica . . . . . . . . . . . 14Symbol . . . . . . . . . 30, 55Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Type 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Zapf Chancery . . . . . . . 40Zapf Dingbats . . . . 45, 47

\Football (o) . . . . . . . . . . . 49\forall (∀) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

76

\Force (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\Forward (·) . . . . . . . . . . . . 52\ForwardToEnd (¸) . . . . . . . 52\ForwardToIndex (¹) . . . . 52

\FourAsterisk () . . . . . . . 47

\FourClowerOpen () . . . . . 47

\FourClowerSolid () . . . . 47

\Fourier ( ) . . . . . . . . . 23

\fourier ( ) . . . . . . . . . 23Fourier transform (F) . . . . see

alphabets, math\FourStar () . . . . . . . . . . 47

\FourStarOpen () . . . . . . . 47\fourth () . . . . . . . . . . . . 39fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39fraktur . . . see alphabets, math\frown () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\frownie ()) . . . . . . . . . . . 51\Frowny (§) . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

\FS () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\FullFHBO () . . . . . . . . . . 52\fullmoon () . . . . . . . . . . 42\fullmoon () . . . . . . . . . . 41\fullnote (*) . . . . . . . . . . . 51

G\G () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11g (esvect package option) . . . 37\Game () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\Game (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\Gamma (Γ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\gamma (γ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\gammaup (γ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\gcd (gcd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\ge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \geq

\Gemini ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\Gemini (â) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\gemini (+) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42genealogical symbols . . . . . . 51\geneuro (C) . . . . . . . . . . . 14\geneuronarrow (C) . . . . . . 14\geneurowide (C) . . . . . . . . 14gensymb (package) . . . . . . . . 39\Gentsroom (x) . . . . . . . . . . 49geometric shapes . . . . . . 48, 49\geq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\geq (≥) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 25\geqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\geqq (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\geqslant (B) . . . . . . . . . . 24\gets . . . . . . . see \leftarrow

\gg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\gg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\ggcurly () . . . . . . . . . . . 22\ggg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\ggg (≫ vs. ) . . . . . . . . . 56\ggg (≫) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\gggtr . . . . . . . . . . . see \ggg

Gibbons, Jeremy . . . . . . . . . 70\gimel (ג) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\girl ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

\glotstop () . . . . . . . . . . . 10\glottal () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\gluon (,------.) . . . . . . . . . . 41\gnapprox () . . . . . . . . . . 25\gnapprox (4) . . . . . . . . . . 24\gneq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\gneq (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\gneqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\gneqq (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\gnsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\gnsim (;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24graphics (package) . . . . . . . . 57graphicx (package) . . . . . . . . 57\grave (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34greater-than signs . . . . . . . see

inequalitiesGreek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 30

blackboard bold . . . . . . 40bold . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 65upright . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

\GS (↔) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\gtrapprox () . . . . . . . . . . 25\gtrapprox (I) . . . . . . . . . . 24\gtrdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\gtrdot (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\gtreqless () . . . . . . . . . . 25

\gtreqless (K) . . . . . . . . . . 24

\gtreqqless ( ) . . . . . . . . . 25

\gtreqqless (M) . . . . . . . . . 24

\gtrless () . . . . . . . . . . . 25\gtrless (≷) . . . . . . . . . . . 24\gtrsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\gtrsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\guillemotleft («) . . . . . 8, 68\guillemotright (») . . . . 8, 68\guilsinglleft (‹) . . . . . . . . 8\guilsinglright (›) . . . . . . . 8\gvertneqq () . . . . . . . . . . 25\gvertneqq (0) . . . . . . . . . . 24

H\H (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11h (esvect package option) . . . 37hacek . . . . . . . . . . see accents

\Hail () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

\HalfCircleLeft () . . . . . . 49

\HalfCircleRight () . . . . . 49

\HalfFilledHut () . . . . . . 53\halflength () . . . . . . . . . 13\halfnote (/) . . . . . . . . . . . 51

\HalfSun () . . . . . . . . . . . 53Hamiltonian (H) see alphabets,

math\HandCuffLeft () . . . . . . . 46

\HandCuffLeftUp () . . . . . 46

\HandCuffRight () . . . . . . 46

\HandCuffRightUp () . . . . 46

\HandLeft () . . . . . . . . . . 46

\HandLeftUp () . . . . . . . . 46

\HandPencilLeft ( ) . . . . . 46

\HandRight () . . . . . . . . . 46

\HandRightUp () . . . . . . . 46hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\Handwash (Ü) . . . . . . . . . . 52harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 28\hash () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39hash mark . . . . . . . . . . . see \#

\hat (ˆ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\hausaB () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\hausab () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\hausaD () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\hausad () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\hausaK () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\hausak () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

\HBar () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\hbar (R) . . . . . . . . . 30, 31, 57\Heart (Œ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52hearts (suit) . . . . . . . . . 38, 50\heartsuit (♥) . . . . . . . . . . 38Hebrew . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 40Helvetica (PostScript font) . . 14\HERMAPHRODITE () . . . . . . 43\Hermaphrodite () . . . . . . 43\hexagon (0) . . . . . . . . . . . 48\Hexasteel (’) . . . . . . . . . . 43\hexstar (1) . . . . . . . . . . . 47\HF () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Hilbert space (H) see alphabets,

math\hill (a

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

\hksqrt (√

) . . . . . . . . . . . 59Holt, Alexander . . . . . . . . 1, 69\hom (hom) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\hookb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\hookd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\hookd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\hookg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\hookh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\hookheng () . . . . . . . . . . . 10\hookleftarrow (←) . . . . . . 26\hookrevepsilon () . . . . . . 10\hookrightarrow (→) . . . . . 26Horn, Berthold . . . . . . . . . . 40\hslash (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\HT () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Hungarian umlaut . see accents

\Hut () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53\hv () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

I\i (ı) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\ibar ( i ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10IBM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43, 67\IceMountain () . . . . . . . . 53

\iddots (. ..) . . . . . . . . . 38, 60

\idotsint (

) . . . . . 19, 20

\iff . see \Longleftrightarrow

ifsym (package) . 41, 48, 53, 56,69, 70

\iiiint (

) . . . . . . . . 19, 20

\iiiint (

) . . . . . . . . . . . 20

77

\iiint (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

\iiint (

) . . . . . . . . . 19, 20

\iiint (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\iint (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

\iint (

) . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 20

\iint (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\Im ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\im (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\imath (ı) . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 34\impliedby see \Longleftarrow

\implies see \Longrightarrow

and \vdash

\in () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\in (∈) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30inches . . . . . . . see \second and

\textquotedbl

independenceprobabilistic . . . . . . . . . 58statistical . . . . . . . . . . . 58stochastic . . . . . see \bot

\independent (⊥⊥) . . . . . . . . 59\Industry (I) . . . . . . . . . . 49inequalities . . . . . . . . 7, 24, 25inexact differential . . see \dbar

\inf (inf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\Info (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49information symbols . . . . . . 49informator symbols . . . . . . . 54\infty () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\infty (∞) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\injlim (inj lim) . . . . . . . . . 29\inplus () . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\int (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

\int (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

integers () see alphabets, mathintegrals . . . . . . . . . . 18–20, 58\intercal (ᵀ) . . . . . . . . . . . 16\interleave () . . . . . . . . . 17intersection . . . . . . . . see \cap

\Interval () . . . . . . . . . . 53\inva () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\invamp () . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\invdiameter (2) . . . . . . . . 51\inve (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\InversTransformHoriz () 23

\InversTransformVert () . 23\invf () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\invglotstop () . . . . . . . . 10\invh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\invlegr () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\invm () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\invneg (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\invr () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\invscr () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\invscripta () . . . . . . . . . 10\invv () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\invw () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\invy () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\iota (ι) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\iotaup (ι) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\ipagamma () . . . . . . . . . . . 10

\IroningI (¯) . . . . . . . . . . 52\IroningII (°) . . . . . . . . . 52\IroningIII (±) . . . . . . . . 52

\Irritant () . . . . . . . . . . 53\ismodeledby (=|) . . . . . . . . 57ISO character entities . . . . . 67isoent (package) . . . . . . . . . . 67

J\j (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\JackStar () . . . . . . . . . . 47

\JackStarBold () . . . . . . . 47Jewish star . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\jmath (j) . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 34\Joch () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53\Join () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\joinrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\Jupiter ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 42\Jupiter (Å) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\jupiter (5) . . . . . . . . . . . 41

K\k ( ˛) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\kappa (κ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\kappaup (κ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\ker (ker) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\Keyboard (Ï) . . . . . . . . . . 43king . . . . . . . see chess symbolsknight . . . . . . see chess symbolsKnuth, Donald E. . . . 6, 67, 70

symbols by . . . . . . . 49, 51\kreuz (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

\kside () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54\Kutline (R) . . . . . . . . . . . 45

L\L (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\l (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\labdentalnas ( ) . . . . . . . 10\labvel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\Ladiesroom (y) . . . . . . . . . 49Lagrangian (L) . see alphabets,

math\Lambda (Λ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\lambda (λ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\lambdabar () . . . . . . . . . . 38\lambdaslash () . . . . . . . . 38\lambdaup (λ) . . . . . . . . . . . 30Lamport, Leslie . . . . . . . 69, 70\land . . . . . . . . . . . see \wedge

\landdownint () . . . . . . . . 20

\landupint () . . . . . . . . . . 20

\Langle () . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\lAngle (〈〈) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\langle (〈) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

\Laplace ( ) . . . . . . . . . 23

\laplace ( ) . . . . . . . . . 23Laplace transform (L) . . . . see

alphabets, math

\largepencil () . . . . . . . 45

\larrowfill . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\Laserbeam (a) . . . . . . . . 44LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,

6, 29, 32, 35, 37, 38, 45, 54,55, 57–61, 64, 65, 67, 69, 70

LATEX2ε . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 6,7, 14–16, 21, 23, 26, 34, 37,38, 40, 52, 55–60, 64, 66–68,70

latexsym (package) 16, 21, 23, 26,38, 55, 69, 70

\latfric () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Latin 1 . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 67, 69

table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68laundry symbols . . . . . . . . . 52\Lbag () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\lbag () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\lbbbrack () . . . . . . . . . . . 32\Lbrack () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\lBrack ([[) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33LCD digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\lCeil ($$) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\lceil ($) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\lcm (lcm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\lcorners () . . . . . . . . . . . 31\ldotp (.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\ldots (. . .) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \leq

\leadsto () . . . . . . . . 21, 26leaf . . . . . . . . . . see \textleaf

\left . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 33\LEFTarrow (7) . . . . . . . . . . 51\Leftarrow (⇐) . . . . . . 16, 26\leftarrow () . . . . . . . . . 27\leftarrow (←) . . . . . . . . . 26\leftarrowtail (a) . . . . . . 26\leftarrowtriangle () . . 27\leftbarharpoon () . . . . . 28\LEFTCIRCLE (8) . . . . . . . . . 51\LEFTcircle (8) . . . . . . . . . 51\Leftcircle (9) . . . . . . . . . 51\leftharpoondown () . . . . 28\leftharpoondown () . . . . 26\leftharpoonup () . . . . . . 28\leftharpoonup () . . . . . . 26\leftleftarrows () . . . . . 27\leftleftarrows (⇔) . . . . . 26\leftleftharpoons () . . . 28\leftmoon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 42\leftmoon (:) . . . . . . . . . . 41\leftp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\leftpointright () . . . . 46\Leftrightarrow (⇔) . . . . . 26\leftrightarrow () . . . . . 27\leftrightarrow (↔) . . . . . 26\leftrightarroweq () . . . . 27\leftrightarrows () . . . . 27\leftrightarrows (T) . . . . 26\leftrightarrowtriangle ()

. . . . . . . . . 27\leftrightharpoon () . . . 28\leftrightharpoons () . . 28\leftrightharpoons (d) . . 26

78

\leftrightharpoonsfill . . . 36\leftrightsquigarrow () 27\leftrightsquigarrow (V) 26\Leftscissors (S) . . . . . . . 45\leftslice () . . . . . . . . . . 17\leftsquigarrow () . . . . 27\leftsquigarrow (m) . . . . . 27\leftt () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\leftthreetimes () . . . . . 39\leftthreetimes () . . . . . 16\leftthumbsdown () . . . . 46\leftthumbsup () . . . . . . 46\lefttorightarrow () . . . 27\Lefttorque (&) . . . . . . . . 43\leftturn (;) . . . . . . . . . . 51\legm () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\legr () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\length () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\Leo (ä) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\leo () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\leq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\leq (≤) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 25\leqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\leqq (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\leqslant (E) . . . . . . . . . . 24less-than signs . . see inequalities\lessapprox () . . . . . . . . . 25\lessapprox (F) . . . . . . . . . 24\lessdot () . . . . . . . . . . . 25\lessdot (7) . . . . . . . . . . . 24\lesseqgtr () . . . . . . . . . . 25

\lesseqgtr (G) . . . . . . . . . . 24

\lesseqqgtr () . . . . . . . . . 25

\lesseqqgtr (H) . . . . . . . . . 24

\lessgtr () . . . . . . . . . . . 25\lessgtr (≶) . . . . . . . . . . . 24\lesssim () . . . . . . . . . . . 25\lesssim () . . . . . . . . . . . 24\Letter () . . . . . . . . . . . . 53\Letter (B vs. ) . . . . . . . 56\Letter (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . 43letter-like symbols . . . . . 30, 31letters . . . . . . . . . see alphabets

barred . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57non-ASCII . . . . . . . . . . . 8slashed . . . . . . . . . . . . 58variant Latin . . . . . . . . 30

\LF () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\lfilet () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

\lFloor ())) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\lfloor ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\lg (lg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

\lgroup (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

\LHD (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\lhd () . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 17\lhdbend () . . . . . . . . . . 49\Libra (æ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\libra (<) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\lightbulb (A) . . . . . . . . . . 64lightbulb.mf (file) . . . . 62, 63lightbulb.sty (file) . . . . . . 64

lightbulb10.2602gf (file) . . 62lightbulb10.dvi (file) . . . . 62lightbulb10.mf (file) . . 62–64lightbulb10.tfm (file) . . . . 64

\Lightning (E vs. ) . . . . . 56\Lightning (E) . . . . . . . . . . 43

\Lightning () . . . . . . . . . 53\lightning ( vs. =) . . . . . . 56\lightning () . . . . . . . . . . 27\lightning (=) . . . . . . . . . . 51\lim (lim) . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 65\liminf (lim inf) . . . . . . 29, 65limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\limsup (lim sup) . . . . . 29, 65linear implication see \multimap

\Lineload (L) . . . . . . . . . . 43linguistic symbols . . . . . . 8–10\lJoin () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\ll () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\ll (*) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\llap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59\llbracket () . . . . . . . . . . 32\llceil () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\llcorner () . . . . . . . . . . . 31\llcorner (n) . . . . . . . . . . . 31\llcurly () . . . . . . . . . . . 22\Lleftarrow (X) . . . . . . . . 26\llfloor ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\lll () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\lll (≪ vs. ) . . . . . . . . . 56\lll (≪) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\llless . . . . . . . . . . see \lll

\llparenthesis (!) . . . . . . . 31

\lmoustache () . . . . . . . . 32

\ln (ln) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\lnapprox () . . . . . . . . . . 25\lnapprox (A) . . . . . . . . . . 24\lneq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\lneq (.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\lneqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\lneqq (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\lnot . . . . . . . . . . . . see \neg

\lnsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\lnsim (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24local ring (O) . . see alphabets,

math\log (log) . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 65log-like symbols . . . . . . . 29, 65logical operators

and . . . . . . . . . see \wedge

not . . . see \neg and \sim

or . . . . . . . . . . . see \vee

\logof () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21lollipop . . . . . . . see \multimap

long division . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Longleftarrow (⇐=) . . . . . 26\longleftarrow (←−) . . . . . 26\Longleftrightarrow . . . . . 52\Longleftrightarrow (⇐⇒) 26\longleftrightarrow (←→) 26\Longmapsfrom (⇐= ") . . . . . . 27

\longmapsfrom (←− #) . . . . . . 27\Longmapsto (a=⇒) . . . . . . . 27\longmapsto (,−→) . . . . . . . 26\LongPulseHigh () . . . . . 41\LongPulseLow () . . . . . 41\Longrightarrow (=⇒) . . . . 26\longrightarrow (−→) . . . . 26\looparrowdownleft () . . 27\looparrowdownright () . . 27\looparrowleft () . . . . . . 27\looparrowleft (Z) . . . . . . 26\looparrowright () . . . . . 27\looparrowright (\) . . . . . 26\Loosebearing ($) . . . . . . . 43\lor . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \vee

\LowerDiamond () . . . . . . . 48lowering . . . see \textlowering

\lozenge (♦) . . . . . . . . . . . 38\Lparen () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\lrcorner () . . . . . . . . . . . 31\lrcorner (o) . . . . . . . . . . . 31\lrJoin . . . . . . . . . see \Join

\lrtimes () . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\Lsh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\Lsh (_) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\Lsteel (™) . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\ltimes () . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\ltimes () . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\ltriple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Luecking, Dan . . . . . . . . . . . 59\lVert (||) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\lvertneqq () . . . . . . . . . . 25\lvertneqq (2) . . . . . . . . . . 24\lz () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

M\M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8macron . . . . . . . . . see accentsmajuscules . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\makeatletter . . . . . . . . . . 60\makeatother . . . . . . . . . . . 60\MALE (‚) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\Male (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\male () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\MaleMale (ƒ) . . . . . . . . . . 43\maltese () . . . . . . . . . . . 15\manboldkidney () . . . . . . . 51\manconcentriccircles () 51\manconcentricdiamond () 51\mancone () . . . . . . . . . . . 51\mancube () . . . . . . . . . . . 51\manerrarrow () . . . . . . . 51\manfilledquartercircle () 51manfnt (package) . 49, 51, 69, 70\manhpennib () . . . . . . . . . 51\manimpossiblecube () . . . 51\mankidney () . . . . . . . . . . 51\manlhpenkidney () . . . . . . 51\manpenkidney () . . . . . . . 51

\manquadrifolium () . . . . 51\manquartercircle () . . . . 51

79

\manrotatedquadrifolium (). . . . . . . . . 51

\manrotatedquartercircle ( ). . . . . . . . . 51

\manstar () . . . . . . . . . . . 51\mantiltpennib () . . . . . . 51\mantriangledown () . . . . . 51\mantriangleright () . . . . 51\mantriangleup () . . . . . . 51\manvpennib () . . . . . . . . . . 51\Mappedfromchar (|) . . . . . . . 28\mappedfromchar () . . . . . . . 28\Mapsfrom (⇐") . . . . . . . . . . 27\mapsfrom (←#) . . . . . . . . . . 27\Mapsfromchar () . . . . . . . . 28\Mapsfromchar (") . . . . . . . . 28\mapsfromchar () . . . . . . . . 28\mapsfromchar (#) . . . . . . . . 28\Mapsto (a⇒) . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\mapsto (,→) . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\Mapstochar () . . . . . . . . . . 28\Mapstochar (a) . . . . . . . . . . 28\mapstochar () . . . . . . . . . . 28\markera () . . . . . . . . . . . 54\markerb () . . . . . . . . . . . 54married . . . . . see \textmarried

\Mars ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\Mars (Ä) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\mars () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\MartinVogel (ÿ) . . . . . . . . 52marvosym (package) . . . . 14, 39,

42–45, 49, 52, 56matbbol (package) . . . . . . . . 40

\mate () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54math alphabets . . . . . . . . . . 40mathabx (package) . . . . . 18, 19,

21–25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 34, 36,39, 42, 49, 55, 56, 69, 71

\mathaccent . . . . . . . . . 57, 58\mathbb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\mathbbm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\mathbbmss . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\mathbbmtt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40mathbbol (package) . . . . . . . 40\mathbf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\mathbin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\mathbold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66mathcal (euscript package option)

. . . . . . . . . 40\mathcal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\mathcent (¢) . . . . . . . . . . . 31\mathchoice . . . . . . . . . . . . 58\mathclose . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65mathcomp (package) . . . . . . 39mathdots (package) . 37, 38, 60,

69, 70\mathds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40mathematical symbols . . 16–40\mathfrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\mathit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\mathnormal . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\mathop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\mathopen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\mathord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\mathpalette . . . . . . . . 58, 59\mathpunct . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\mathpzc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\mathrel . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 65\mathring ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 34\mathrm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40mathrsfs (package) . . . . . 40, 69mathscr (euscript package option)

. . . . . . . . . 40\mathscr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\mathsterling (£) . . . . . . . . 31\max (max) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\maya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39mbboard (package) . . . . . 40, 69\mbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 59\measuredangle () . . . . . . 39\measuredangle () . . . . . . 38mechanical scaling . . . . . 62, 64\medbullet () . . . . . . . . . . 17\medcirc () . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\Mercury ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 42\Mercury (Â) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\mercury (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\merge ($) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17METAFONT . . . . . . . . 40, 61–64METAFONTbook symbols . . . 51\mho (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38micro . . . . . . . . . . see \textmu

\micro (µ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Microsoft Windows . . . . . . . 67\mid (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\middle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\midtilde () . . . . . . . . . . . 13\min (min) . . . . . . . . . . 29, 65minus . . . . . . . see \textminus

\minuso (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . 17minutes, angular . . . see \prime

miscellaneous symbols . . 38, 39,50–54

“Missing $ inserted” . . . . 16\Mmappedfromchar () . . . . . . 28\mmappedfromchar () . . . . . . 28\Mmapstochar (~) . . . . . . . . . 28\mmapstochar () . . . . . . . . . 28

\Mobilefone (H) . . . . . . . . . 43\mod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\models (|=) . . . . . . . . . 21, 57moduli space . . . see alphabets,

mathmonetary symbols . . . 13, 14, 40\moo (&) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\Moon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\Moon (Á) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

\morepawns () . . . . . . . . . . 54

\moreroom () . . . . . . . . . . 54\Mountain () . . . . . . . . . . 53mouse . . . . see \ComputerMouse

\MoveDown (») . . . . . . . . . . . 52\moverlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59\MoveUp (º) . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

\mp (∓) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\mu (µ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\multimap (#) . . . . . . . 21, 22\multimapboth () . . . . . . 22\multimapbothvert (!) . . . . 22\multimapdot ($) . . . . . . . . 22\multimapdotboth (&) . . . . 22\multimapdotbothA (() . . . 22\multimapdotbothAvert (+) . 22\multimapdotbothB (.) . . . 22\multimapdotbothBvert (0) . 22\multimapdotbothvert (3) . . 22\multimapdotinv (6) . . . . . 22\multimapinv (9) . . . . . . . . 22multiple accents per character 60\Mundus (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . 52musical notes . . . . . . 15, 38, 51\muup (µ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\MVAt (@) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52\MVEight (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\MVFive (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\MVFour (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\MVNine (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\MVOne (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\MVSeven (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\MVSix (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\MVThree (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\MVTwo (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\MVZero (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

N\nabla (∇) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\NAK (§) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\napprox () . . . . . . . . . . . 23\napproxeq (;) . . . . . . . . . . 22\nasymp (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22nath (package) . . . . . . 31, 33, 69\natural () . . . . . . . . . 38, 51natural numbers () . . . . . see

alphabets, mathnavigation symbols . . . . . . . 52\nbacksim (A) . . . . . . . . . . . 22\nbacksimeq (D) . . . . . . . . . 22\nBumpeq (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\nbumpeq (G) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\ncong () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\ncong () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\ncurlyeqprec () . . . . . . . 23\ncurlyeqsucc () . . . . . . . 23\nDashV () . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\nDashv () . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\ndashV () . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\ndashv () . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\ndashVv () . . . . . . . . . . . 23\ne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \neq

\Nearrow (p) . . . . . . . . . . . 27\nearrow () . . . . . . . . . . . 27\nearrow () . . . . . . . . 26, 59\neg (¬) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38negation . . . see \neg and \sim

\Neptune ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 42\Neptune (È) . . . . . . . . . . . 42\neptune (@) . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

80

\neq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\neq (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\neqslantgtr () . . . . . . . . 25\neqslantless () . . . . . . . 25\nequiv (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\neswarrow () . . . . . . . . . 59\Neutral () . . . . . . . . . . . 43\newmoon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 42\newmoon () . . . . . . . . . . . 41\newtie (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\nexists () . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\nexists (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\NG (Ŋ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\ng (ŋ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\ngeq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\ngeq (3) . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 25\ngeqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

\ngeqq (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

\ngeqslant (8) . . . . . . . . . . 24\ngg (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\ngtr () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\ngtr (≯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\ngtrapprox () . . . . . . . . . 25\ngtrapprox (Z) . . . . . . . . . 25\ngtrless (]) . . . . . . . . . . . 25\ngtrsim () . . . . . . . . . . . 25\ngtrsim (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\ni (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\nialpha () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\nibar . . . . . . . . see \ownsbar

\nibeta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

\NibLeft () . . . . . . . . . . . 46

\NibRight () . . . . . . . . . . 46nibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

\NibSolidLeft () . . . . . . . 46

\NibSolidRight () . . . . . . 46nicefrac (package) . . . 39, 69, 70\nichi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\niepsilon () . . . . . . . . . . 10\nigamma () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\niiota () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\nilambda () . . . . . . . . . . . 10\niomega () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\niphi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\niplus (') . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\nisigma () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\nitheta () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\niupsilon () . . . . . . . . . . 10\niv ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\nj () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\nLeftarrow () . . . . . . . . 27\nLeftarrow (H) . . . . . . . . 26\nleftarrow () . . . . . . . . 27\nleftarrow (K) . . . . . . . . 26\nLeftrightarrow () . . . . 27\nLeftrightarrow (I) . . . . 26\nleftrightarrow () . . . . 27\nleftrightarrow () . 16, 26\nleq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\nleq (<) . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 25\nleqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

\nleqq (=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

\nleqslant (?) . . . . . . . . . . 24\nless () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\nless (≮) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\nlessapprox () . . . . . . . . 25\nlessapprox ([) . . . . . . . . 25\nlessgtr (^) . . . . . . . . . . . 25\nlesssim () . . . . . . . . . . 25\nlesssim (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . 25\nll (\) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\nmid () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\nnearrow (() . . . . . . . . . . . 27\nnwarrow ()) . . . . . . . . . . . 27\NoBleech (Ì) . . . . . . . . . . 52\NoChemicalCleaning (¨) . . 52\NoIroning (²) . . . . . . . . . 52

\NoSun () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \neg

\not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23not equal ( = vs. =) . . . . . . . 23\notasymp () . . . . . . . . . . 23\notbackslash (\−) . . . . . . . 42\notbot () . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\notdivides () . . . . . . . . . 23\notequiv () . . . . . . . . . . 23\notin () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\notin () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\notni () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\notowner () . . . . . . . . . . . 31\notowns . . see \notowner and

\notni

\notperp () . . . . . . . . . . . 23\notslash (/−) . . . . . . . . . . 42\nottop () . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\NoTumbler () . . . . . . . . . . 52\novelty (N) . . . . . . . . . . . 54\nparallel (∦) . . . . . . . . . . 21\nplus () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\nprec () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\nprec (⊀) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\nprecapprox () . . . . . . . . 23\nprecapprox (N) . . . . . . . . 22\npreccurlyeq () . . . . . . . 23\npreccurlyeq (<) . . . . . . . 22\npreceq () . . . . . . . . . . . 23\npreceq () . . . . . . . . . . . 21\npreceqq (?) . . . . . . . . . . . 22\nprecsim () . . . . . . . . . . 23\nprecsim (B) . . . . . . . . . . . 22\nRightarrow () . . . . . . . . 27\nRightarrow (J) . . . . . . . . 26\nrightarrow () . . . . . . . . 27\nrightarrow (L) . . . . . . . . 26\nshortmid () . . . . . . . . . . . 21\nshortparallel () . . . . . . 21\nsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\nsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\nsimeq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\nsimeq (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\nsqSubset () . . . . . . . . . . 24\nsqsubset () . . . . . . . . . . 24\nsqsubset (P) . . . . . . . . . . 24

\nsqsubseteq () . . . . . . . . 24\nsqsubseteq (S) . . . . . . . . 24\nsqsubseteqq () . . . . . . . 24\nsqSupset () . . . . . . . . . . 24\nsqsupset () . . . . . . . . . . 24\nsqsupset (U) . . . . . . . . . . 24\nsqsupseteq ( ) . . . . . . . . 24\nsqsupseteq (Q) . . . . . . . . 24\nsqsupseteqq () . . . . . . . 24\nSubset () . . . . . . . . . . . 24\nSubset (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\nsubset () . . . . . . . . . . . 24\nsubseteq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 24\nsubseteq (") . . . . . . . . . . 23\nsubseteqq (!) . . . . . . . . . 24\nsubseteqq (-) . . . . . . . . . 24\nsucc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\nsucc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\nsuccapprox () . . . . . . . . 23\nsuccapprox (H) . . . . . . . . 22\nsucccurlyeq () . . . . . . . 23\nsucccurlyeq (K) . . . . . . . 22\nsucceq () . . . . . . . . . . . 23\nsucceq () . . . . . . . . . . . 21\nsucceqq (M) . . . . . . . . . . . 22\nsuccsim () . . . . . . . . . . 23\nsuccsim (O) . . . . . . . . . . . 22\nSupset (") . . . . . . . . . . . 24\nSupset (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\nsupset (#) . . . . . . . . . . . 24\nsupseteq ($) . . . . . . . . . . 24\nsupseteq ($) . . . . . . . . . . 23\nsupseteqq (%) . . . . . . . . . 24\nsupseteqq (') . . . . . . . . . 23ntheorem (package) . . . . . . . 38\nthickapprox (=) . . . . . . . 22\ntriangleleft (&) . . . . . . 25\ntriangleleft (D) . . . . . . 25\ntrianglelefteq (') . . . . 25\ntrianglelefteq (B) . . . . 25\ntrianglelefteqslant (*) 25\ntriangleright (() . . . . . 25\ntriangleright (C) . . . . . 25\ntrianglerighteq ()) . . . . 25\ntrianglerighteq (E) . . . . 25\ntrianglerighteqslant (+) 25\ntwoheadleftarrow (@) . . . 22\ntwoheadrightarrow (C) . . 22\nu (ν) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29null set . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 39number . . . . . see \textnumero

number sets see alphabets, mathnumbers . . . . . . . . . . see digits\nuup (ν) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\nvargeq (*) . . . . . . . . . . . 25\nvarleq (+) . . . . . . . . . . . 25\nvarparallel (F) . . . . . . . 22\nvarparallelinv (I) . . . . . 22\nVDash () . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\nVDash () . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\nVdash (,) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\nVdash (!) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\nvDash (-) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

81

\nvDash () . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\nvdash () . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\nvdash () . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\nVvash () . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\Nwarrow (s) . . . . . . . . . . . 27\nwarrow () . . . . . . . . . . . 27\nwarrow () . . . . . . . . 26, 59\nwsearrow () . . . . . . . . . 59

O\O (Ø) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\o (ø) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8o (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\oasterisk () . . . . . . . . . . 18\obackslash () . . . . . . . . . 18\obar (,) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\oblong (-) . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\obot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\obslash (.) . . . . . . . . . . . 17\ocirc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\ocircle () . . . . . . . . . . . 17\ocoasterisk () . . . . . . . . 18\octagon (A) . . . . . . . . . . . 48\Octosteel (‘) . . . . . . . . . . 43\od (a

˚) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

\odiv () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\odot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\odot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\odplus () . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\OE (Œ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\oe (œ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\officialeuro () . . . . . . . 14ogonek . . . . . . . . . see accents\ogreaterthan (/) . . . . . . . 17\ohill ( a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13ohm . . . . . . . . . . see \textohm

\ohm (Ω) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

\oiiint (+

) . . . . . . . . . . . 20

\oiiintclockwise (#

) . . . . 20

\oiiintctrclockwise ('

) . 20

\oiint (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

\oiint (

) . . . . . . . . . . 19, 20

\oiint (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

\oiintclockwise (/

) . . . . . 20

\oiintctrclockwise (3

) . . 20

\oint () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

\oint (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

\ointclockwise () . . . . . . 20

\ointclockwise () . . . . . . . 20

\ointctrclockwise () . . . . 20

\ointctrclockwise () . . . . 20

old-style digits . . . . . . . . . . . 14\oldstylenums . . . . . . . . . . 14\oleft () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\olessthan (0) . . . . . . . . . . 17\Omega (Ω) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\omega (ω) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\omegaup (ω) . . . . . . . . . . . 30\ominus () . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\ominus (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

\onlymove () . . . . . . . . . . 54

\oo () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\open () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\openJoin (:) . . . . . . . . . . . 22\openo () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\openo () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\openo (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\opentimes () . . . . . . . . . . 22operators

binary . . . . . . . . . . 16–18logical see logical operatorsset . . . . . see set operators

\oplus () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\oplus (⊕) . . . . . . . . . . 16, 55

\opposbishops () . . . . . . . 54\opposition (C) . . . . . . . . 42optical scaling . . . . . . . . . . . 62options . . . see package optionsor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \vee

\oright () . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

\OrnamentDiamondSolid () 50orthogonal to . . . . . . see \bot

\oslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\oslash (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\otimes () . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\otimes (⊗) . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\otop () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\otriangleup () . . . . . . . . 18ovals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49\ovee (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

\overbrace (

) . . . . . . . 36

\overbrace (

) . . . . . . . . 35\overbracket . . . . . . . . 60, 61

\overbracket ( ) . . . . . . . . 61

\overgroup (

) . . . . . . . . 36\overleftarrow (←−) . . . . . . 35\overleftrightarrow (←→) . 35\overline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\overline ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 35\overparenthesis . . . . . 60, 61

\overparenthesis (

) . . . . 61\Overrightarrow (=⇒) . . . . . 35overrightarrow (package) . 35, 69\overrightarrow (−→) . . . . . 35\overring () . . . . . . . . . . 13\ovoid () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\owedge (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\owns . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \ni

\owns () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\ownsbar () . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

P\P (¶) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 68\p@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60package options

a (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . 37bbgreekl (mathbbol) . . . 40b (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . 37c (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . 37d (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . 37e (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . 37

f (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . 37g (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . 37h (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . 37mathcal (euscript) . . . . . 40mathscr (euscript) . . . . . 40sans (dsfont) . . . . . . . . . 40varg (txfonts/pxfonts) . . 30

packagesaccents . . . . . . . . 60, 69, 70amsbsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66amsfonts 16, 21, 23, 26, 38,40

amsmath . . . . . . 6, 29, 65amssymb . 6, 16, 21, 23, 26,38, 40, 69–71

amstext . . . . . . . . . 58, 59ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 69ascii . . . . . . . . . . 43, 67, 69bbding 45–47, 49, 50, 56, 69,70

bbm . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 69bbold . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 69bm . . . . . . . . . . 66, 69, 70braket . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32calrsfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40cancel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35chemarrow . . . . . 28, 36, 69chemarr . . . . . . . 36, 69, 70dingbat 45, 46, 50, 56, 69, 70dsfont . . . . . . . . . . 40, 69esint . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 69esvect . . . . . . . . . . 37, 69eufrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40eurosym . . . . . . . 14, 69, 70euscript . . . . . . . 40, 69, 70fclfont . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69fc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 11fixmath . . . . . . . . . . . . 66fontenc . . . . . 6, 8, 11, 67gensymb . . . . . . . . . . . . 39graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . 57graphicx . . . . . . . . . . . . 57ifsym 41, 48, 53, 56, 69, 70isoent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67latexsym . 16, 21, 23, 26, 38,55, 69, 70

manfnt . . . . . 49, 51, 69, 70marvosym 14, 39, 42–45, 49,52, 56

matbbol . . . . . . . . . . . . 40mathabx . . . . . . . . . 18, 19,21–25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 34, 36,39, 42, 49, 55, 56, 69, 71

mathbbol . . . . . . . . . . . 40mathcomp . . . . . . . . . . 39mathdots 37, 38, 60, 69, 70mathrsfs . . . . . . . . . 40, 69mbboard . . . . . . . . . 40, 69nath . . . . . . . . . . 31, 33, 69nicefrac . . . . . . . 39, 69, 70ntheorem . . . . . . . . . . . 38overrightarrow . . . . . 35, 69phonetic . . . . 10, 13, 57, 69

82

pifont . 8, 45–50, 55, 69, 70polynom . . . . . . . . . . . . 35psnfss . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47pxfonts . . 16, 17, 20–28, 30,31, 38, 40, 55, 67

skak . . . . . . . . . . 54, 69, 70skull . . . . . . . . . . 49, 69, 70slashed . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58stmaryrd . 17, 19, 21, 24, 25,27, 28, 31, 32, 56, 69, 70

textcomp 6, 7, 11, 13–15, 26,33, 39, 41, 51, 55, 67, 69, 70

timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41tipa . . 8, 10–12, 57, 69, 70trfsigns . . . . . 23, 31, 34, 69trsym . . . . . . . . . 23, 69, 70txfonts 16, 17, 20–28, 30, 31,38, 40, 55, 57, 67, 69, 70

ulsy . . . . . . . . . . 18, 28, 69underscore . . . . . . . . . . . 7undertilde . . . . . . 37, 69, 70units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39universa . . . . 49, 52, 69, 70upgreek . . . . . . . 30, 69, 70upquote . . . . . . . . . . . . 67url . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67wasysym . . 8, 14–17, 19, 21,23–26, 38, 41–43, 47, 48, 51,56, 69, 70

wsuipa 10, 12, 13, 56, 57, 60,69, 70

yfonts . . . . . . . . 40, 69, 70yhmath 34, 35, 37, 38, 60, 69zapfchan . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Pakin, Scott . . . . . . . . . . 1, 69\PaperLandscape () . . . . . 53

\PaperPortrait () . . . . . . 53par . . . . . . . . . . . . see \invamp

paragraph mark . . . . . . . see \P

parallel . see also \varparallel

\parallel (‖) . . . . . . . . . . . 21\ParallelPort (Ñ) . . . . . . . 43\partial () . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\partial (∂) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\partialslash () . . . . . . . 31parts per thousand . . . . . . see

\textperthousand

\passedpawn () . . . . . . . . 54pawn . . . . . . see chess symbols\Peace () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

\PencilLeft () . . . . . . . . 46

\PencilLeftDown () . . . . . 46

\PencilLeftUp () . . . . . . . 46

\PencilRight () . . . . . . . 46

\PencilRightDown () . . . . 46

\PencilRightUp () . . . . . . 46pencils . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 46\pentagon (D) . . . . . . . . . . 48percent sign . . . . . . . . . see \%

\permil (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\Perp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

\perp (⊥) . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 59\perthousand (‰) . . . . . . . 39\Pfund (£) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14pharmaceutical prescription see

\textrecipe

\Phi (Φ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\phi (φ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\phiup (φ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

\Phone () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\phone (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

\PhoneHandset () . . . . . . . 50phonetic (package) 10, 13, 57, 69phonetic symbols . . . . . . . 8–10\photon () . . . . . . . . . 41physical symbols . . . . . . . . . 41\Pi (Π) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\pi (π) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\Pickup (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . 43pifont (package) 8, 45–50, 55, 69,

70pilcrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \P

pipe . . . . . . . . . see \textpipe

\Pisces (ë) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\pisces (G) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\Pisymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55\pitchfork () . . . . . . . . . . 39\pitchfork (&) . . . . . . . . . . 21\piup (π) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\planck ( h) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

\Plane () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 42playing cards . . . . see card suits

\Plus () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46plus-or-minus sign . . . . see \pm

\PlusCenterOpen () . . . . . 46\pluscirc () . . . . . . . . . . 18

\PlusOutline () . . . . . . . . 46plusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

\PlusThinCenterOpen ( ) . . 46\Pluto () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\Pluto (É) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\pluto (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\pm (±) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\pmb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\pmod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\pod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\pointer (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\Pointinghand (Z) . . . . . . . 49\polishhook () . . . . . . . . . 13polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48polynom (package) . . . . . . . . 35polynomial division . . . . . . . 35PostScript fonts . 14, 30, 40, 45,

47, 55, 64\pounds (£) . . . . . . . . . . 7, 68power set (P) . . see alphabets,

math\Pr (Pr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\prec (≺) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\precapprox () . . . . . . . . . 22\precapprox () . . . . . . . . . 21

\preccurlyeq () . . . . . . . . 22\preccurlyeq ()) . . . . . . . . 21\precdot () . . . . . . . . . . . 22\preceq (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\preceqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\precnapprox () . . . . . . . . 23\precnapprox () . . . . . . . . 21\precneq () . . . . . . . . . . . 23\precneqq () . . . . . . . . . . 22\precnsim () . . . . . . . . . . 23\precnsim () . . . . . . . . . . 21\precsim () . . . . . . . . . . . 22\precsim (+) . . . . . . . . . . . 21prescription . . see \textrecipe

\prime (′) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\Printer (Ò) . . . . . . . . . . . 43probabilistic independence . . 58\prod (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

\projlim (proj lim) . . . . . . . 29pronunciation symbols . . . . see

phonetic symbolsproof, end of . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\propto () . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\propto (∝) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\ProvidesPackage . . . . . . . . 69\Psi (Ψ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\psi (ψ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\psiup (ψ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30psnfss (package) . . . . . . . . . . 47pulse diagram symbols . . . . . 41\PulseHigh () . . . . . . . . . 41\PulseLow () . . . . . . . . . 41punctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\pwedge () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10pxfonts (package) . 16, 17, 20–28,

30, 31, 38, 40, 55, 67

QQ.E.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

\qside () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54\quarternote () . . . . . . . . . 51quaternions () see alphabets,

mathqueen . . . . . . see chess symbols\quotedblbase („) . . . . . . . . . 8\quotesinglbase (‚) . . . . . . . 8

R\r (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

\Radiation () . . . . . . . . . 53radicals . . see \sqrt and \surd

\Radioactivity (j) . . . . . . 44

\Rain () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

\RainCloud () . . . . . . . . . 53raising . . . . . see \textraising

\RaisingEdge () . . . . . . . . 41\Rangle () . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\rAngle (〉〉) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\rangle (〉) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\rarrowfill . . . . . . . . . . . . 36rational numbers () . . . . . see

alphabets, math

83

rationalized Planck constant see\hbar

\Rbag () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\rbag () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\rbbbrack () . . . . . . . . . . . 32\Rbrack () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\rBrack (]]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\rc (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\rCeil (==) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\rceil (=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\rcorners () . . . . . . . . . . . 31\Re (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30real numbers () see alphabets,

mathrecipe . . . . . . see \textrecipe

\recorder (K) . . . . . . . . . . . 51

\Rectangle () . . . . . . . . . . 49

\RectangleBold () . . . . . . . 49rectangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

\RectangleThin () . . . . . . . 49\Rectpipe (˜) . . . . . . . . . . . 43\Rectsteel (”) . . . . . . . . . . 43reduced quadrupole moment see

\rqm

\reflectbox . . . . . . . . . . . . 57registered trademark . . . . . see

\textregistered

relational symbols . . . . . . . . 21binary . . . . . . . . . . 21–25negated binary . . . . 21–23triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

\Relbar (=) . . . . . . . . . 28, 57\relbar (−) . . . . . . . . . 28, 57\restoresymbol . . . . . . . . . 55\restriction . . . . . . . . . . see

\upharpoonright

\restriction () . . . . . . . . 27retracting see \textretracting

return . . . . . see carriage return\revD () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

\revddots (. ..) . . . . . . . . . . 60

\reve () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\reveject () . . . . . . . . . . . 10\revepsilon () . . . . . . 10, 57reverse solidus . . . . . . . . . . see

\textbackslash

reversed symbols . . . . . . . . . 57\reversedvideodbend () . 49\revglotstop () . . . . . . . . 10\Rewind (¶) . . . . . . . . . . . . 52\RewindToIndex (´) . . . . . 52\RewindToStart (µ) . . . . . . 52\rfilet () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

\rFloor (??) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\rfloor (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

\rgroup (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

\RHD (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\rhd () . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 17\rho (ρ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\rhoup (ρ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\right . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 33

\RIGHTarrow (L) . . . . . . . . . 51\Rightarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . 52\Rightarrow (⇒ vs. : vs. ) 56\Rightarrow (⇒) . . . . . 16, 26\Rightarrow (:) . . . . . . . . . 52\rightarrow () . . . . . . . . 27\rightarrow (→) . . . . . . . . 26\rightarrowtail (b) . . . . . 26\rightarrowtriangle (3) . . 27\rightbarharpoon () . . . . 28\RIGHTCIRCLE (M) . . . . . . . . 51\RIGHTcircle (M) . . . . . . . . 51\Rightcircle (N) . . . . . . . . 51

\RightDiamond () . . . . . . . 48\rightharpoondown () . . . 28\rightharpoondown () . . . 26\rightharpoonup () . . . . . 28\rightharpoonup () . . . . . 26\rightleftarrows () . . . . 27\rightleftarrows (R) . . . . 26\rightleftharpoon () . . . 28\rightleftharpoons () . . 28\rightleftharpoons (g) . . 26\rightleftharpoons () . . 26\rightleftharpoonsfill . . . 36\rightmoon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 42\rightmoon (O) . . . . . . . . . . 41\rightp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\rightpointleft () . . . . 46

\rightpointright () . . . 46\rightrightarrows () . . . 27\rightrightarrows (⇒) . . . 26\rightrightharpoons () . . 28\Rightscissors (Q) . . . . . . 45\rightslice (4) . . . . . . . . . 17\rightsquigarrow () . . . 27\rightsquigarrow (W) . . . . 26\rightt () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\rightthreetimes () . . . . 39\rightthreetimes () . . . . 16\rightthumbsdown () . . . 46\rightthumbsup () . . . . . 46\righttoleftarrow () . . . 27\Righttorque (') . . . . . . . . 43\rightturn (P) . . . . . . . . . 51\ring ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34ring equal to . . . . . see \circeq

ring in equal to . . . see \eqcirc

\riota () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\rip () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49\risingdotseq () . . . . . . . 22\risingdotseq (.) . . . . . . . 21\rJoin (") . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\rlap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 59

\rmoustache () . . . . . . . . 32

rook . . . . . . . see chess symbolsroots . . . . . . . . . . . . see \sqrt

\rotatebox . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57rotated symbols . . . . . . . . . . 57\rotm () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\rotOmega () . . . . . . . . . . . 10

\rotr () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\rotvara () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\rotw () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\roty () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\RoundedLsteel (Ÿ) . . . . . . 43\RoundedTsteel () . . . . . . . 43\RoundedTTsteel () . . . . . . 43\Rparen () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\rqm ( -I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58\rrbracket () . . . . . . . . . . 32\rrceil (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\rrfloor (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\Rrightarrow (i) . . . . . . . . 27\rrparenthesis (7) . . . . . . . 31\RS () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\Rsh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27\Rsh (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26\rtimes () . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\rtimes () . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\rtriple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\rVert (||) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

S\S (§) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 68safety-related symbols . . . . . 44\Sagittarius (è) . . . . . . . . 42\sagittarius (Q) . . . . . . . . 42

\samebishops () . . . . . . . . 54sans (dsfont package option) . 40

\satellitedish () . . . . . . 50\Saturn ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\Saturn (Æ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\saturn (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\savesymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . 55\Sborder () . . . . . . . . . . . 50scaling

mechanical . . . . . . . 62, 64optical . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

\scd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\scg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\schwa () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\schwa () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\sci () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10scientific symbols . . . . . . 41–44

\ScissorHollowLeft () . . 45

\ScissorHollowRight () . 45

\ScissorLeft () . . . . . . . 45

\ScissorLeftBrokenBottom (). . . . . . . . . 45

\ScissorLeftBrokenTop () 45

\ScissorRight () . . . . . . . 45\ScissorRightBrokenBottom

() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

\ScissorRightBrokenTop () 45scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45\scn () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\Scorpio (ç) . . . . . . . . . . . 42\scorpio (S) . . . . . . . . . . . 42\scr () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10script letters see alphabets, math\scripta () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

84

\scriptg () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\scriptscriptstyle . . . . . . 58\scriptstyle . . . . . . . . . . . 58\scriptv () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\scu () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\scy () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10seagull . . . . . see \textseagull

\Searrow (x) . . . . . . . . . . . 27\searrow () . . . . . . . . . . . 27\searrow () . . . . . . . . 26, 59\sec (sec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\second () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39seconds, angular . . see \second

\secstress () . . . . . . . . . . . 13section mark . . . . . . . . . see \S

\SectioningDiamond () . . 53

\see () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54segmented digits . . . . . . . . . 41\selectfont . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6semantic valuation . . . . . . . see

\llbracket/\rrbracketand \lbbbrack/\rbbbrack

semidirect products . . 16, 18, 39

\seppawns () . . . . . . . . . . 54\SerialInterface (Î) . . . . 43\SerialPort (Ð) . . . . . . . . . 43set operators

intersection . . . . see \cap

union . . . . . . . . . see \cup

\setminus (\) . . . . . . . . . . . 16SGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67sha . see Tate-Shafarevich group\sharp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 51\Shilling (¡) . . . . . . . . . . . 14\shortdownarrow (8) . . . . . . 27\ShortFifty (×) . . . . . . . . 52\ShortForty (Ù) . . . . . . . . 52\shortleftarrow (9) . . . . . 27\shortmid () . . . . . . . . . . . 21\ShortNinetyFive (Ô) . . . . 52\shortparallel ( ) . . . . . . . 21\ShortPulseHigh () . . . . . 41\ShortPulseLow () . . . . . . 41\shortrightarrow (:) . . . . 27\ShortSixty (Ö) . . . . . . . . 52\ShortThirty (Û) . . . . . . . 52\shortuparrow (;) . . . . . . . 27\showclock . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53\SI () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\Sigma (Σ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\sigma (σ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\sigmaup (σ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\sim (∼) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 67\simeq (@) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\sin (sin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\sinh (sinh) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

\SixFlowerAlternate () . . 47

\SixFlowerAltPetal () . . 47

\SixFlowerOpenCenter () . 47

\SixFlowerPetalDotted () 47

\SixFlowerPetalRemoved () 47

\SixFlowerRemovedOpenPetal

() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

\SixStar () . . . . . . . . . . . 47

\SixteenStarLight () . . . 47skak (package) . . . . . . 54, 69, 70skull (package) . . . . . . 49, 69, 70

\skull () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49\slash (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67\slashb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\slashc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\slashd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10slashed (package) . . . . . . . . . 58\slashed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58slashed letters . . . . . . . . . . . 58slashed.sty (file) . . . . . . . . 58\slashu () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

\Sleet () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

\SmallCircle () . . . . . . . . 48

\SmallCross () . . . . . . . . 48

\SmallDiamondshape () . . 48\smallfrown (5) . . . . . . . . . 21

\SmallHBar () . . . . . . . . . 48

\SmallLowerDiamond () . . 48\smallpencil () . . . . . . 45

\SmallRightDiamond () . . 48\smallsetminus () . . . . . . 16\smallsmile (7) . . . . . . . . . 21

\SmallSquare () . . . . . . . . 48

\SmallTriangleDown () . . 48\smalltriangledown () . . . 18

\SmallTriangleLeft () . . 48\smalltriangleleft () . . . 18

\SmallTriangleRight () . . 48\smalltriangleright () . . 18

\SmallTriangleUp () . . . . 48\smalltriangleup () . . . . . 18

\SmallVBar () . . . . . . . . . 48\smile (") . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\Smiley (©) . . . . . . . . . . . . 52\smiley (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . 51smiley faces . . . . . . . . 43, 51, 52

\Snow () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

\SnowCloud () . . . . . . . . . 53

\Snowflake () . . . . . . . . . 47

\SnowflakeChevron () . . . 47

\SnowflakeChevronBold () 47snowflakes . . . . . . . . . . . 47, 48\SO () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\SOH () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43space

thin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65space, visible . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7spades (suit) . . . . . . . . . 38, 50\spadesuit (♠) . . . . . . . . . . 38

\Sparkle () . . . . . . . . . . . 47

\SparkleBold () . . . . . . . . 47sparkles . . . . . . . . . . . . 47, 48“special” characters . . . . . . . . 7

\SpecialForty (Ú) . . . . . . 52\sphericalangle () . . . . . 39\sphericalangle (t) . . . . . 38

\SpinDown () . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

\SpinUp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\splitvert . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\splitvert (¦) . . . . . . . . . . 43\sqbullet () . . . . . . . . . . . 18\sqcap () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\sqcap (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\sqcapplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 17\sqcup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\sqcup (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\sqcupplus () . . . . . . . . . . 17\sqdoublecap () . . . . . . . . 18\sqdoublecup () . . . . . . . . 18

\sqiiint (

) . . . . . . . . . . 20

\sqiint (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

\sqiint (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

\sqint () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

\sqint () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

\sqrt (√

) . . . . . . . . . . 35, 59\sqSubset () . . . . . . . . . . 24\sqsubset () . . . . . . . . . . 24\sqsubset (8) . . . . . . . 23, 24\sqsubseteq () . . . . . . . . . 24\sqsubseteq (D) . . . . . . . . . 23\sqsubseteqq () . . . . . . . . 24\sqsubsetneq () . . . . . . . . 24\sqsubsetneqq ( ) . . . . . . . 24\sqSupset () . . . . . . . . . . 24\sqsupset () . . . . . . . . . . 24\sqsupset (9) . . . . . . . 23, 24\sqsupseteq () . . . . . . . . . 24\sqsupseteq (E) . . . . . . . . . 23\sqsupseteqq () . . . . . . . . 24\sqsupsetneq () . . . . . . . . 24\sqsupsetneqq () . . . . . . . 24

\Square () . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

\Square (p vs. vs. ) . . . 56\Square (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

\Square ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 49\square () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\square (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38square root . . . . . . . see \sqrt

hooked . . . . . see \hksqrt

\SquareCastShadowBottomRight

() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

\SquareCastShadowTopLeft (). . . . . . . . . 49

\SquareCastShadowTopRight

() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49\Squaredot (÷) . . . . . . . . . . 39\Squarepipe (—) . . . . . . . . . 43squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 49

\SquareShadowA ( ) . . . . . . 48

\SquareShadowB () . . . . . . 48

\SquareShadowBottomRight (). . . . . . . . . 49

\SquareShadowC () . . . . . . 48

85

\SquareShadowTopLeft () . 49

\SquareShadowTopRight () 49

\SquareSolid () . . . . . . . . 49\Squaresteel (“) . . . . . . . . 43

\squarewithdots () . . . . . 50\squplus () . . . . . . . . . . . 18\SS (SS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\ss (ß) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\ssearrow (<) . . . . . . . . . . . 27\sslash (=) . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\sswarrow (>) . . . . . . . . . . . 27\stackrel . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 61\star (#) . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 60Star of David . . . . . . . . . . . 47stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 47, 48statistical independence . . . . 58sterling . . . . . . . . . see \pounds

stmaryrd (package) 17, 19, 21, 24,25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 56, 69, 70

stochastic independence see \bot

\StoneMan () . . . . . . . . . . . 53\Stopsign (!) . . . . . . . . . . 44

\StopWatchEnd () . . . . . . . 53

\StopWatchStart () . . . . . 53\stress () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\strictfi (%) . . . . . . . . . . 22\strictif (') . . . . . . . . . . 22\strictiff ()) . . . . . . . . . 22

\StrokeFive () . . . . . . . . 53

\StrokeFour () . . . . . . . . . 53

\StrokeOne () . . . . . . . . . . . 53

\StrokeThree () . . . . . . . . 53

\StrokeTwo () . . . . . . . . . . 53\STX () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\SUB (→) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43subscripts

new symbols used in . . . 58\Subset () . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\Subset (=) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\subset () . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\subset (⊂) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\subseteq () . . . . . . . . . . 24\subseteq (⊆) . . . . . . . . . . 23\subseteqq () . . . . . . . . . . 24\subseteqq (:) . . . . . . . . . . 23\subsetneq () . . . . . . . . . . 24\subsetneq (%) . . . . . . . . . . 23\subsetneqq () . . . . . . . . . 24\subsetneqq (() . . . . . . . . . 23\subsetplus (?) . . . . . . . . . 24\subsetpluseq (@) . . . . . . . 24subsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 24\succ (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\succapprox () . . . . . . . . . 22\succapprox () . . . . . . . . . 21\succcurlyeq () . . . . . . . . 22\succcurlyeq (!) . . . . . . . . 21\succdot () . . . . . . . . . . . 22\succeq (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\succeqq (,) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

\succnapprox () . . . . . . . . 23\succnapprox () . . . . . . . . 21\succneq () . . . . . . . . . . . 23\succneqq () . . . . . . . . . . 22\succnsim () . . . . . . . . . . 23\succnsim () . . . . . . . . . . 21\succsim () . . . . . . . . . . . 22\succsim ($) . . . . . . . . . . . 21such that () . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\sum (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

\Summit () . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

\SummitSign () . . . . . . . . . 53\Sun () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

\Sun (À vs. vs. ) . . . . . 56\Sun (À) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

\Sun () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53\sun () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

\SunCloud () . . . . . . . . . . 53

\SunshineOpenCircled () . 50\sup (sup) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29superscripts

new symbols used in . . . 58supersets . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 24\Supset () . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\Supset (;) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\supset () . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\supset (⊃) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\supseteq () . . . . . . . . . . 24\supseteq (⊇) . . . . . . . . . . 23\supseteqq () . . . . . . . . . . 24\supseteqq (<) . . . . . . . . . . 23\supsetneq () . . . . . . . . . . 24\supsetneq (,) . . . . . . . . . . 23\supsetneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . 24\supsetneqq (#) . . . . . . . . . 23\supsetplus (A) . . . . . . . . . 24\supsetpluseq (B) . . . . . . . 24\surd (

√) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

\SurveySign () . . . . . . . . . 53\Swarrow () . . . . . . . . . . . 27\swarrow () . . . . . . . . . . . 27\swarrow () . . . . . . . . 26, 59swung dash . . . . . . . . see \sim

\syl (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\syllabic () . . . . . . . . . . . 13Symbol (PostScript font) 30, 55symbols

alpine . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53APL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42astrological . . . . . . . . . 42astronomical . . . . . 41, 42biological . . . . . . . . . . . 43body-text . . . . . . . . . 7–15bold . . . . . . . . . . . 65–66chess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53communication . . . . . . . 43computer hardware . . . . 43contradiction . . . . . 16, 28currency . . . . . . 13, 14, 40dangerous bend . . . . . . 49

definition . . . . . . . . 16, 61dictionary . . see symbols,phonetic

dingbat . . . . . . . . . 45–50dot . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 38electrical . . . . . . . . . . . 41engineering . . . . . . 41, 43genealogical . . . . . . . . . 51general . . . . . . . . . . . . 51information . . . . . . . . . 49informator . . . . . . . . . . 54Knuth’s . . . . . . . . . 49, 51laundry . . . . . . . . . . . . 52letter-like . . . . . . . . 30, 31linguistic . . . . . . . . . 8–10log-like . . . . . . . . . 29, 65mathematical . . . . . 16–40METAFONTbook . . . . . 51miscellaneous 38, 39, 50–54monetary . . . . . . 13, 14, 40navigation . . . . . . . . . . 52phonetic . . . . . . . . . 8–10physical . . . . . . . . . . . . 41pulse diagram . . . . . . . 41relational . . . . . . . . . . . 21reversed . . . . . . . . . . . . 57rotated . . . . . . . . . . . . 57safety-related . . . . . . . . 44scientific . . . . . . . . 41–44subset and superset 23, 24technological . . . . . 41–44TEXbook . . . . . . . . 49, 51upside-down . . . . . . . . . 57variable-sized . . . . . 18–20weather . . . . . . . . . . . . 53zodiacal . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

symbols.tex (file) . . . . . 55, 69\SYN () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

T\T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\t ( a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11tacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 30\taild () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\tailinvr () . . . . . . . . . . . 10\taill () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\tailn () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\tailr () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\tails () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\tailt () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\tailz () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\talloblong (C) . . . . . . . . . 17tally markers . . . . . . . . . . . . 53\tan (tan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\tanh (tanh) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

\Tape () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

\Taschenuhr () . . . . . . . . 53Tate-Shafarevich group () . 55\tau (τ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\Taurus () . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\Taurus (á) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\taurus (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

86

\tauup (τ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\tccentigrade () . . . . . . . 39\tcmu (µ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\tcohm (Ω) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\tcpertenthousand (‱) . . 39\tcperthousand (‰) . . . . . . 39\td (a..) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13technological symbols . . 41–44\Telefon (T) . . . . . . . . . . . 43

\Telephone () . . . . . . . . 53

\Tent () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53\tesh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10testfont.dvi (file) . . . . . . . 64testfont.tex (file) . . . . 62, 64TEX 55, 57–59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67,

70TEXbook, The . . . . . . 57–61, 65

symbols from . . . . . 49, 51\text . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 58, 59\textacutedbl (˝) . . . . . . . 13\textacutemacron (a) . . . . . 11\textacutewedge (a) . . . . . . 11\textadvancing (a) . . . . . . . 11\textasciiacute (´) . . . 13, 68\textasciibreve (˘) . . . . . . 13\textasciicaron (ˇ) . . . . . . 13\textasciicircum (ˆ) . . . 7, 67\textasciidieresis (¨) 13, 68\textasciigrave (`) . . . . . . 13\textasciimacron . . . . . . . . 67\textasciimacron (¯) . 13, 68\textasciitilde (˜) . . . . 7, 67\textasteriskcentered (∗) . 7,

15\textbabygamma () . . . . . . . . 9\textbackslash (\) . . 7, 66, 67\textbaht (฿) . . . . . . . . . . . 13\textbar (|) . . . . . . . 7, 66, 67\textbarb () . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textbarc () . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textbard () . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textbardbl (‖) . . . . . . . . . 15\textbardotlessj () . . . . . . 9\textbarg () . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textbarglotstop () . . . . . . 9\textbari () . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textbarl () . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textbaro ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textbarrevglotstop () . . . 9\textbaru () . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textbeltl () . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textbeta () . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textbigcircle () . . . . . . 15\textblank () . . . . . . . . . . 15\textborn () . . . . . . . . . . . 51\textbottomtiebar (a) . . . . 11

\textbraceleft () . . . . . . . . 7\textbraceright () . . . . . . . 7\textbrevemacron (a) . . . . . 11\textbrokenbar (¦) . . . . 15, 68\textbullet (•) . . . . . . . 7, 15\textbullseye () . . . . . . . . 9

\textcelsius () . . . . . . . . 41\textceltpal () . . . . . . . . . . 9\textcent (¢) . . . . . . . . 13, 68\textcentoldstyle (¢) . . . . 13\textchi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textcircled () . . . . . . . 11\textcircledP () . . . . . . 14\textcircumacute (a) . . . . . 11\textcircumdot (a) . . . . . . . 11\textcloseepsilon () . . . . . 9\textcloseomega () . . . . . . . 9\textcloserevepsilon () . . . 9\textcolonmonetary (₡) . . . 13\textcommatailz () . . . . . . . 9textcomp (package) . . . . . . . 6,

7, 11, 13–15, 26, 33, 39, 41,51, 55, 67, 69, 70

\textcopyleft () . . . . . . 14\textcopyright (©) . 7, 14, 68\textcorner () . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textcrb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textcrd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textcrg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textcrh (!) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textcrinvglotstop (") . . . . 9\textcrlambda (#) . . . . . . . . 9\textcrtwo (2) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textctc ($) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textctd (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textctdctzlig (%&) . . . . . . . 9\textctesh (') . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textctj (() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textctn ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textctt (*) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textcttctclig (*$) . . . . . . . 9\textctyogh (+) . . . . . . . . . . 9\textctz (&) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textcurrency (¤) . . . . 13, 68\textdagger (†) . . . . . . . 7, 15\textdaggerdbl (‡) . . . . . 7, 15

\textdbend (

) . . . . . . . . . 49\textdblhyphen () . . . . . . . 15\textdblhyphenchar () . . . . 15\textdctzlig (&) . . . . . . . . . 9\textdegree (°) . . . . . . 39, 68\textdied () . . . . . . . . . . . 51\textdiscount () . . . . . . . 15\textdiv (÷) . . . . . . . . . . . 39\textdivorced () . . . . . . . 51\textdollar ($) . . . . . . . 7, 13\textdollaroldstyle ($) . . 13\textdong (₫) . . . . . . . . . . . 13\textdotacute (,a) . . . . . . . 11\textdotbreve ( a) . . . . . . . 11\textdoublebaresh (-) . . . . . 9\textdoublebarpipe (.) . . . . 9\textdoublebarslash (/0 ) . . . 9\textdoublegrave (1a) . . . . . 11\textdoublepipe (2) . . . . . . . 9\textdoublevbaraccent (3a) . 11\textdoublevertline (4) . . . 9\textdownarrow (↓) . . . . . . . 26

\textdownstep (5) . . . . . . . . . 9\textdyoghlig (6) . . . . . . . . 9\textdzlig (7) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texteightoldstyle (8) . . . 14\textellipsis (. . . ) . . . . . . . 7\textemdash (—) . . . . . . . . . 7\textendash (–) . . . . . . . . . . 7\textepsilon (8) . . . . . . . . . 9\textesh (-) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textestimated () . . . . . . 15\texteuro (€) . . . . . . . . . . 13\textexclamdown (¡) . . . . . . . 7\textfishhookr (9) . . . . . . . . 9\textfiveoldstyle (5) . . . . 14\textflorin (ƒ) . . . . . . . . . . 13\textfouroldstyle (4) . . . . 14\textfractionsolidus (⁄) . . 39\textfrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\textg (:) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textgamma (;) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textglobfall (<) . . . . . . . . 9\textglobrise (=) . . . . . . . 10\textglotstop (>) . . . . . . . . 9\textgoth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\textgravecircum (?a) . . . . . 11\textgravedbl ( ) . . . . . . . 13\textgravedot (@a) . . . . . . . 11\textgravemacron (Aa) . . . . . 11\textgravemid (Ba) . . . . . . . 11\textgreater (>) . . . 7, 66, 67\textguarani (() . . . . . . . . 13\texthalflength (C) . . . . . . . 9\texthardsign (D) . . . . . . . . 9\texthooktop (E) . . . . . . . . . . 9\texthtb (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texthtbardotlessj (G) . . . . . 9\texthtc (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texthtd (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texthtg (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texthth (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texththeng (L) . . . . . . . . . . 9\texthtk (M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texthtp (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texthtq (O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texthtrtaild (P) . . . . . . . . 9\texthtscg (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texthtt (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texthvlig (S) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textifsym . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\textinterrobang (‽) . . . . . 15\textinterrobangdown (*) . . 15\textinvglotstop (") . . . . . . 9\textinvscr (T) . . . . . . . . . . 9\textinvsubbridge (aU) . . . . 11\textiota (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textlambda (W) . . . . . . . . . . 9\textlangle (⟨) . . . . . . 33, 67\textlbrackdbl (〚) . . . . . . . 33\textleaf (-) . . . . . . . . . . 51\textleftarrow (←) . . . . . . 26\textlengthmark (X) . . . . . . . 9\textless (<) . . . . . 7, 66, 67

87

\textlhdbend (

) . . . . . . . 49\textlhookt () . . . . . . . . . . 9\textlhtlongi () . . . . . . . . . 9\textlhtlongy () . . . . . . . . 9\textlira (₤) . . . . . . . . . . . 13\textlnot (¬) . . . . . . . . 39, 68\textlonglegr () . . . . . . . . . 9\textlowering (a) . . . . . . . 11\textlptr () . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textlquill (⁅) . . . . . . . . . 33\textltailm () . . . . . . . . . . 9\textltailn () . . . . . . . . . . 9\textltilde () . . . . . . . . . . 9\textlyoghlig () . . . . . . . . 9\textmarried (1) . . . . . . . . 51\textmho () . . . . . . . . . . . 41\textmidacute (a) . . . . . . . 11\textminus (−) . . . . . . . . . . 39\textmu (µ) . . . . . . . . . . 41, 68\textmusicalnote () . . . . . 15\textnaira (₦) . . . . . . . . . . 13\textnineoldstyle (9) . . . . 14\textnumero () . . . . . . . . . 15\textObardotlessj () . . . . . 9\textohm (Ω) . . . . . . . . . . . 41\textOlyoghlig () . . . . . . . . 9\textomega ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textonehalf (½) . . . . . 39, 68\textoneoldstyle . . . . . . . . 14\textoneoldstyle (1) . . . . . 14\textonequarter (¼) . . . 39, 68\textonesuperior (¹) . . 39, 68\textopenbullet () . . . . . . 15\textopencorner () . . . . . . . 9\textopeno () . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textordfeminine (ª) 7, 15, 68\textordmasculine (º) 7, 15, 68\textovercross (a) . . . . . . . 11\textoverw (

a) . . . . . . . . . . 12

\textpalhook () . . . . . . . . . . 9\textparagraph (¶) . . . . 7, 15\textperiodcentered (·) . 7, 15,

68\textpertenthousand (‱) . 15\textperthousand (‰) . . . . 15\textpeso (9) . . . . . . . . . . . 13\textphi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textpilcrow (¶) . . . . . . . . 15\textpipe () . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textpm (±) . . . . . . . . . 39, 68\textpolhook (a) . . . . . . . . 12\textprimstress () . . . . . . . 9\textquestiondown (¿) . . . . . 7\textquotedbl (") . . . . . 8, 66\textquotedblleft (“) . . . . . 7\textquotedblright (”) . . . . 7\textquoteleft (‘) . . . . . . . . 7\textquoteright (’) . . . . . . . 7\textquotesingle (') . . . . . 15\textquotestraightbase (‚) 15\textquotestraightdblbase („)

. . . . . . . . . 15

\textraiseglotstop () . . . . 9\textraisevibyi () . . . . . . . 9\textraising (a) . . . . . . . . 12\textramshorns () . . . . . . . . 9\textrangle (⟩) . . . . . . 33, 67\textrbrackdbl (〛) . . . . . . . 33\textrecipe (A) . . . . . . 15, 57\textreferencemark (※) 15, 16\textregistered (®) 7, 14, 68\textretracting (a) . . . . . . 12\textrevapostrophe () . . . . . 9\textreve () . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textrevepsilon () . . . . 9, 57

\textreversedvideodbend (

). . . . . . . . . 49

\textrevglotstop () . . . . . . 9\textrevyogh ( ) . . . . . . . . . 9\textrhookrevepsilon (!) . . 9\textrhookschwa (") . . . . . . . 9\textrhoticity (#) . . . . . . . . 9\textrightarrow (→) . . . . . 26\textringmacron ($%a) . . . . . . 12\textroundcap (&a) . . . . . . . 12\textrptr (') . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textrquill (⁆) . . . . . . . . . 33\textrtaild (() . . . . . . . . . . 9\textrtaill ()) . . . . . . . . . . 10\textrtailn (*) . . . . . . . . . . 9\textrtailr (+) . . . . . . . . . . 9\textrtails (,) . . . . . . . . . . 9\textrtailt (-) . . . . . . . . . . 9\textrtailz (.) . . . . . . . . . . 9\textrthook (/) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textsca (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textscb (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textsce (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textscg (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textsch (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textschwa (5) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textsci (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textscj (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textscl (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textscn (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textscoelig (:) . . . . . . . . . 9\textscomega (;) . . . . . . . . . 9\textscr (<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textscripta (=) . . . . . . . . . 9\textscriptg (>) . . . . . . . . . 9\textscriptv (?) . . . . . . . . . 9\textscu (@) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textscy (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textseagull (aB) . . . . . . . . 12\textsecstress (C) . . . . . . . . 9\textsection (§) . . . . . . 7, 15\textservicemark () . . . . . 14\textsevenoldstyle (7) . . . 14\textsixoldstyle (6) . . . . . 14\textsoftsign (D) . . . . . . . . . 9\textsterling (£) . . . . . 7, 13\textstretchc (E) . . . . . . . . 9\textstyle . . . . . . . . . . 58, 65\textsubacute (a

F) . . . . . . . 12

\textsubarch (a&) . . . . . . . . 12

\textsubbar (a%) . . . . . . . . . 12

\textsubbridge (aG) . . . . . . . 12\textsubcircum (a

H) . . . . . . . 12

\textsubdot (aI) . . . . . . . . . 12

\textsubgrave (aJ) . . . . . . . 12

\textsublhalfring (aK) . . . . 12\textsubplus (aL) . . . . . . . . 12\textsubrhalfring (aM) . . . . 12\textsubring (a

$) . . . . . . . . 12

\textsubsquare (aN) . . . . . . . 12\textsubtilde (a

O) . . . . . . . 12

\textsubumlaut (aP) . . . . . . . 12

\textsubw (a) . . . . . . . . . . . 12\textsubwedge (a

Q) . . . . . . . 12

\textsuperimposetilde (aR) . 12

\textsuperscript . . . . . . . . 13\textsurd (√) . . . . . . . . . . . 39\textswab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40\textsyllabic (a

) . . . . . . . 12

\texttctclig (ST) . . . . . . . . . 9\textteshlig (U) . . . . . . . . . 9\texttheta (V) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textthorn (W) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textthreeoldstyle (3) . . . 14\textthreequarters (¾) 39, 68\textthreequartersemdash (—)

. . . . . . . . . 15\textthreesuperior (³) 39, 68\texttildedot (OIa) . . . . . . . 12\texttildelow (K) . . . . 15, 67\texttimes (×) . . . . . . . . . . 39\texttoneletterstem (X) . . . . 9\texttoptiebar (Ya) . . . . . . . 12\texttrademark (™) . . . . 7, 14\texttslig (Z) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textturna ([) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textturncelig (\) . . . . . . . 9\textturnh (]) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textturnk (^) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textturnlonglegr (_) . . . . . 9\textturnm (`) . . . . . . . . . . 9\textturnmrleg (a) . . . . . . . 9\textturnr (b) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textturnrrtail (c) . . . . . . . 9\textturnscripta (d) . . . . . . 9\textturnt (e) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textturnv (f) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textturnw (g) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textturny (h) . . . . . . . . . . . 9\texttwelveudash (L) . . . . . 15\texttwooldstyle . . . . . . . . 14\texttwooldstyle (2) . . . . . 14\texttwosuperior (²) . . 39, 68\textunderscore ( ) . . . . . . . 7\textuparrow (↑) . . . . . . . . 26\textupsilon (i) . . . . . . . . . 9\textupstep (j) . . . . . . . . . . 9\textvbaraccent (ka) . . . . . . 12\textvertline (l) . . . . . . . . . 9\textvibyi () . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textvibyy (m) . . . . . . . . . . . 9

88

\textvisiblespace ( ) . . . . . 7\textwon (₩) . . . . . . . . . . . 13\textwynn () . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textyen (¥) . . . . . . . . 13, 68\textyogh () . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\textzerooldstyle (0) . . . . 14\TH (Þ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\th (þ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Thanh, Han Thé . . . . . . . . . 60\therefore () . . . . . . . . . . 22\therefore (∴) . . . . . . . . . . 21\Thermo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53\Theta (Θ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\theta (θ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\thetaup (θ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\thickapprox (≈) . . . . . . . . 21\thicksim (∼) . . . . . . . . . . 21\thickvert () . . . . . . . . . . 32thin space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

\ThinFog () . . . . . . . . . . . 53\third () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39\Thorn (Þ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\thorn () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\thorn () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\thorn (þ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8tilde 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 34, 35,

37, 60, 67extensible . . . . . . . 35, 37vertically centered . . . . 67

\tilde (˜) . . . . . . . . . . 34, 60\tildel () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10time of day . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

\timelimit () . . . . . . . . . 54\times (×) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Times (PostScript font) . . . . 14timing (package) . . . . . . . . . 41tipa (package) . 8, 10–12, 57, 69,

70\to . . . . . . . . see \rightarrow

\ToBottom (½) . . . . . . . . . . . 52\tone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\top (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 58\topbot (⊥L) . . . . . . . . . 58, 59\topdoteq () . . . . . . . . . . 22\ToTop (¼) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52trademark . see \texttrademark

\TransformHoriz () . . . . 23transforms . . . . 23, 34, see also

alphabets, math

\TransformVert () . . . . . . 23transversality . see \pitchfork

trfsigns (package) . 23, 31, 34, 69\triangle () . . . . . . . . . . 38triangle relations . . . . . . . . . 25

\TriangleDown () . . . . . . . 48

\TriangleDown ( vs. ) . . 56

\TriangleDown () . . . . . . . 49\triangledown (w) . . . . . . . 38

\TriangleLeft () . . . . . . . 48\triangleleft () . . . . . . . 25\triangleleft () . . . . . . . 16

\trianglelefteq () . . . . . 25\trianglelefteq () . . . . . 25\trianglelefteqslant (D) . 25

\triangleq () . . . . . . . 16, 25

\TriangleRight () . . . . . . 48\triangleright () . . . . . . 25\triangleright () . . . . . . . 16\trianglerighteq () . . . . 25\trianglerighteq () . . . . 25\trianglerighteqslant (E) 25triangles . . . . . . . . . . 38, 48, 49

\TriangleUp () . . . . . . . . 48

\TriangleUp ( vs. ) . . . . 56

\TriangleUp () . . . . . . . . 49\triple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33trsym (package) . . . . . 23, 69, 70\Tsteel (œ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\TTsteel (š) . . . . . . . . . . . 43TUGboat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\Tumbler () . . . . . . . . . . . 52

\TwelweStar () . . . . . . . . 47\twoheadleftarrow ([) . . . 26\twoheadrightarrow (]) . . 26\twonotes (W) . . . . . . . . . . . 51txfonts (package) . . . . . . 16, 17,

20–28, 30, 31, 38, 40, 55, 57,67, 69, 70

Type 1 (PostScript font) . . . 64

U\U () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\u (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\ubar (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10ubulb.fd (file) . . . . . . . . . . 64\udesc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\udot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\ulcorner () . . . . . . . . . . . 31\ulcorner (l) . . . . . . . . . . . 31ulsy (package) . . . . . . 18, 28, 69umlaut . . . . . . . . . see accents

\unclear () . . . . . . . . . . . 54\underaccent . . . . . . . . . . . 60\underarch (a) . . . . . . . . . . 12\underbrace () . . . . . . 36

\underbrace (

) . . . . . . . 35

\underbracket . . . . . . . 60, 61\underbracket ( ) . . . . . . . 61

\underdots () . . . . . . . . . . 13\undergroup () . . . . . . . 36

\underleftarrow (←−) . . . . . 35

\underleftrightarrow (←→) 35

\underline ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 35\underparenthesis . . . . 60, 61\underparenthesis (

) . . . 61

\underrightarrow (−→) . . . . 35

\underring () . . . . . . . . . . 13underscore . . . . . . . . . . see \_

underscore (package) . . . . . . . 7undertilde (package) . . 37, 69, 70

\undertilde () . . . . . . . . . 13\underwedge () . . . . . . . . . 13union . . . . . . . . . . . . see \cup

\unitedpawns () . . . . . . . . 54units (package) . . . . . . . . . . 39unity () . . see alphabets, mathuniversa (package) 49, 52, 69, 70\unlhd () . . . . . . . . . . 16, 17\unrhd () . . . . . . . . . . 16, 17\upalpha (α) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\UParrow (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\Uparrow (⇑) . . . . . . . . . 26, 32\uparrow (↑) . . . . . . . . . 26, 32\upbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\upbeta (β) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\upbracketfill . . . . . . . . . 61\upchi (χ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\Updelta (∆) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\updelta (δ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\Updownarrow (O) . . . . . 26, 32\updownarrow (P) . . . . . 26, 32\updownarrows () . . . . . . . 27\updownharpoons () . . . . . . 28\upepsilon (ε) . . . . . . . . . . 30\upeta (η) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\Upgamma (Γ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\upgamma (γ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30upgreek (package) . . . 30, 69, 70\upharpoonleft () . . . . . . . 28\upharpoonleft (e) . . . . . . . 26\upharpoonright () . . . . . . 28\upharpoonright (h) . . . . . . 26\upiota (ι) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\upkappa (κ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\Uplambda (Λ) . . . . . . . . . . . 30\uplambda (λ) . . . . . . . . . . . 30\uplett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\uplus () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\uplus (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\upmu (µ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\upnu (ν) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\Upomega (Ω) . . . . . . . . . . . 30\upomega (ω) . . . . . . . . . . . 30\upp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\upparenthfill . . . . . . . . . 61\Upphi (Φ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\upphi (φ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\Uppi (Π) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\uppi (π) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\Uppsi (Ψ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\uppsi (ψ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30upquote (package) . . . . . . . . 67\uprho (ρ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30upright Greek letters . . . . . . 30upside-down symbols . . . . . . 57\Upsigma (Σ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\upsigma (σ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\Upsilon (Υ) . . . . . . . . . . . 29\upsilon (υ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\upsilonup (υ) . . . . . . . . . . 30\upt () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\uptau (τ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

89

\Uptheta (Θ) . . . . . . . . . . . 30\uptheta (θ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\uptodownarrow () . . . . . . 27\upuparrows () . . . . . . . . . 27\upuparrows (`) . . . . . . . . . 26\upupharpoons () . . . . . . . 28\Upupsilon (Υ) . . . . . . . . . . 30\upupsilon (υ) . . . . . . . . . . 30\upvarepsilon (ε) . . . . . . . . 30\upvarphi (ϕ) . . . . . . . . . . . 30\upvarpi (ϖ) . . . . . . . . . . . 30\upvarrho (ρ) . . . . . . . . . . . 30\upvarsigma (σ) . . . . . . . . . 30\upvartheta (ϑ) . . . . . . . . . 30\Upxi (Ξ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\upxi (ξ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\upzeta (ζ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\Uranus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\Uranus (Ç) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\uranus (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\urcorner () . . . . . . . . . . . 31\urcorner (m) . . . . . . . . . . . 31url (package) . . . . . . . . . . . . 67\US () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\usepackage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\ut (a

˜) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

\utilde (

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

V\v (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\vara () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\varangle (Z) . . . . . . . . . . 38\varbigcirc (F) . . . . . . . . 17

\VarClock () . . . . . . . . . . 53\varclubsuit () . . . . . . . . 38\varcurlyvee (G) . . . . . . . . 17\varcurlywedge (H) . . . . . . 17\vardiamondsuit () . . . . . . 38\varEarth () . . . . . . . . . . . 42\varepsilon (ε) . . . . . . . . . 29\varepsilonup (ε) . . . . . . . . 30

\VarFlag () . . . . . . . . . . . 53varg (txfonts/pxfonts package op-

tion) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\varg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\varg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\vargeq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\varhash () . . . . . . . . . . . 39\varheartsuit () . . . . . . . 38\varhexagon ([) . . . . . . . . . 48\varhexstar (\) . . . . . . . . . 47\vari () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10variable-sized symbols . . 18–20\VarIceMountain () . . . . . 53\varinjlim (lim−→) . . . . . . . . . 29

\varint (]) . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

\various (R) . . . . . . . . . . . 54\varkappa (κ) . . . . . . . . . . . 29\varleq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\varliminf (lim) . . . . . . . . . 29

\varlimsup (lim) . . . . . . . . . 29\varmathbb . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

\VarMountain () . . . . . . . . 53\varnothing (∅) . . . . . . . . . 38\varnotin () . . . . . . . . . . . 31\varnotowner () . . . . . . . . 31\varoast (I) . . . . . . . . . . . 17\varobar (J) . . . . . . . . . . . 17\varobslash (K) . . . . . . . . . 17\varocircle (L) . . . . . . . . . 17\varodot (M) . . . . . . . . . . . 17\varogreaterthan (N) . . . . 17

\varoiiintclockwise (

) . 20

\varoiiintctrclockwise (!

)

. . . . . . . . . 20\varoiint (

) . . . . . . . . . . 20

\varoiintclockwise (%

) . . 20

\varoiintctrclockwise ()

) 20

\varoint (^

) . . . . . . . . . . . 19

\varointclockwise (-) . . . . 20

\varointclockwise () . . . . 20

\varointctrclockwise (1) . 20

\varointctrclockwise () . . 20

\varolessthan (O) . . . . . . . 17\varomega () . . . . . . . . . . . 10\varominus (P) . . . . . . . . . . 17\varopeno () . . . . . . . . . . . 10\varoplus (Q) . . . . . . . . . . 17\varoslash (R) . . . . . . . . . . 17\varotimes (S) . . . . . . . . . . 17\varovee (T) . . . . . . . . . . . 17\varowedge (U) . . . . . . . . . . 17\varparallel (∥) . . . . . . . . 22\varparallelinv (4) . . . . . . 22\varphi (ϕ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\varphiup (ϕ) . . . . . . . . . . . 30\varpi (() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\varpiup () . . . . . . . . . . . 30\varprod (

5) . . . . . . . . . . . 20

\varprojlim (lim←−) . . . . . . . . 29

\varpropto (∝) . . . . . . . . . . 21\varrho ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\varrhoup () . . . . . . . . . . . 30\varsigma (ς) . . . . . . . . . . . 29\varsigmaup (ς) . . . . . . . . . 30\varspadesuit () . . . . . . . 38\varsqsubsetneq () . . . . . 24\varsqsubsetneqq () . . . . 24\varsqsupsetneq () . . . . . 24\varsqsupsetneqq () . . . . 24\varstar () . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\varsubsetneq () . . . . . . . 24\varsubsetneq (&) . . . . . . . 23\varsubsetneqq () . . . . . . 24\varsubsetneqq ()) . . . . . . 23

\VarSummit () . . . . . . . . . 53\varsupsetneq () . . . . . . . 24\varsupsetneq (*) . . . . . . . 23\varsupsetneqq () . . . . . . 24\varsupsetneqq (+) . . . . . . 23

\VarTaschenuhr () . . . . . . 53\vartheta (ϑ) . . . . . . . . . . . 29

\varthetaup (ϑ) . . . . . . . . . 30\vartimes (V) . . . . . . . . . . . 17\vartriangle (|) . . . . . . . . 38\vartriangleleft () . . . . 25\vartriangleleft () . . . . 25\vartriangleright () . . . . 25\vartriangleright () . . . . 25\varv () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\varw ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\vary (!) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

\VBar () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48\VDash () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\Vdash () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\Vdash (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\vDash () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\vDash (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\vdash (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

\vdots (...) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

\vec (,) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34\Vectorarrow (p) . . . . . . . . . 39

\Vectorarrowhigh (P) . . . . . . 39\vee ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\vee (∨) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\veebar () . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\veebar () . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\veedoublebar ( ) . . . . . . . 18\Venus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\Venus (Ã) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\venus () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\vernal () . . . . . . . . . . . . 41\Vert (‖) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\vert (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\VHF (_) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

\Village () . . . . . . . . 53

\vin ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31\Virgo (å) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\virgo (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42\vod (v

˚) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

\voicedh () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\VT () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\vv ( #») . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\VvDash (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\Vvdash () . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\Vvdash (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\vvvert () . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

W\WashCotton (‰) . . . . . . . . 52\WashSynthetics (Š) . . . . 52\WashWool (‹) . . . . . . . . . . 52\wasylozenge (◊) . . . . . . . . 51\wasypropto (b) . . . . . . . . . 21wasysym (package) 8, 14–17, 19,

21, 23–26, 38, 41–43, 47, 48,51, 56, 69, 70

\wasytherefore (∴) . . . . . . 38

\wbetter () . . . . . . . . . . . 54

\wdecisive () . . . . . . . . . 54

\weakpt () . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

\WeakRain () . . . . . . . . . . 53

90

\WeakRainCloud () . . . . . . 53weather symbols . . . . . . . . . 53

\Wecker () . . . . . . . . . . . 53\wedge () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\wedge (∧) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Weierstrass ℘ function . see \wp

\Wheelchair (w) . . . . . . . . . 49\widearrow () . . . . . . . . . . 36\widebar () . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\widecheck () . . . . . . . . . . 36\widehat () . . . . . . . . . . . . 35\wideparen () . . . . . . . . . . 36\wideparen () . . . . . . . . . . 35

\widering () . . . . . . . . . . . 36

\widering (˚) . . . . . . . . . . . 35

\widetilde () . . . . . . . 35, 37\widetriangle () . . . . . . . 35\wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

\with () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

\withattack () . . . . . . . . . 54

\withidea () . . . . . . . . . . 54

\withinit () . . . . . . . . . . . 54

\without () . . . . . . . . . . . 54\Womanface (þ) . . . . . . . . . 52

won . . . . . . . . . . see \textwon

\wp (℘) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

\wr (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

wreath product . . . . . . see \wr

\Writinghand (b) . . . . . . . . 49

wsuipa (package) 10, 12, 13, 56,57, 60, 69, 70

\wupperhand () . . . . . . . . . 54

X

\XBox (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Xdvi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

\Xi (Ξ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

\xi (ξ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

\xiup (ξ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

\xleftarrow (←−) . . . . . . . . 35

XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

\xrightarrow (−→) . . . . . . . 35

\xrightleftharpoons (−−) . 36

Xs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 47, 49

\XSolid () . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

\XSolidBold () . . . . . . . . 46

\XSolidBrush () . . . . . . . . 46

XY-pic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Y\Ydown (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17yen . . . . . . . . . . . see \textyen

yfonts (package) . . . . . 40, 69, 70yhmath (package) 34, 35, 37, 38,

60, 69\Yinyang (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . 52\Yleft (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\yogh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\yogh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\Yright (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\Yup (Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

ZZapf Chancery (PostScript font)

. . . . . . . . . 40Zapf Dingbats (PostScript font)

. . . . . . . 45, 47zapfchan (package) . . . . . . . . 69\Zborder () . . . . . . . . . . . 50\zeta (ζ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\zetaup (ζ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30\Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42zodiacal symbols . . . . . . . . . 42

\Ztransf ( ........... ) . . . . . . . . . 23

\ztransf ( ........... ) . . . . . . . . . 23

\zugzwang () . . . . . . . . . . 54

91

Documents

The Comprehensive LATEXSymbolList 29 September 2003perso.lcpc.fr/tristan.lorino/tristan_fichiers/symbols.pdf · 2005. 2. 2. · 1 Introduction Welcome to the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol