The Color Glass Condensate

Outstanding questions:

What is the high energy limit of QCD?

How do gluons and quarks arise in hadrons?

What are the possible forms of high density matter?

Claim: CGC is a universal form of strongly interacting matter which controls the high energy

limit of QCD, and form which the gluons and quarks arise in this limit.

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How do we think about a high energy hadron?

Work in fast moving frame:

High Energy Limit is Small x Limit

Wavefunction has:

3 quarks

3 quarks plus 1 gluon

3 quarks plus 2 gluon

…….

3 quarks plus many gluons

The Gluon Wall:

Important matrix elements at high energies have lots of gluons in them 3

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In RHIC CollisionsAu-Au at 100GeV/Nucleon in each beam

About 1000 slow moving (small x) particles aremade in central collisions

Where do all the gluons go?

Cross sections for hadrons rise very slowly with energy

But the gluon density rises

much more rapidly!The high energy limit is the high

gluon density limit.

Surely the density must saturate for fixed sizes of

gluons at high energy.

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What is the Color Glass Condensate?

Glue at large x generates glue at small x

Glue at small x is classical field

Time dilation -> Classical field is glassy

High phase space density -> Condensate

Phase space density:

Attractive potential Repulsive interactions

Density as high as it can be

Because the density is high is small

is big

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There must be a renormalization group

The x which separates high x sources from small x fields is arbitrary

Phobos multiplicity data High energy QCD “phase” diagram

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Why is the Color Glass Condensate Important?

It is a new universal form of matter:

Matter: Carries energy; Separation of gluons is small compared to size of system; Number of gluons is large

New: Can only be made and probed in high energy collsions

Universal: Independent of hadron, renormalization group equations have a universal solution.

Universality <=> Fundamental

It is a theory derived from first principles in QCD of:

Origin of glue and sea quarks in hadrons

Cross sections

Initial conditions for formation of Quark Gluon Plasma in heavy ion collisions

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What does a sheet of Colored Glass look like?

On the sheet is small

Independent of

big

small

Density of gluons per unit area

Lienard-Wiechart potentials

Random Color

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The Color Glass Condensate Explains Growth of Gluons at Small x

Renormalization group equation predicts:

Gluon pile up at fixed size until

gluons with strength

act like a hard sphere

Once one size scale is filledMove to smaller size scale

Typical momentum scale grows

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The CGC Explains Slow Growth of Total Cross Section

Transverse distribution of gluons:

Transverse profile set by initial conditions

Size is determined when probe sees a fixed number of particles at some transverse distance

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CGC Explains Qualitative Features of Electron-Hadron Scattering

Function only of a particular combination of Q and x

Scaling relation

Works for

Can successfully describe quark and gluon

distributions at small x

and wide range of Q

Q is resolution momentum of photon, x is that of struck quark

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CGC Gives Initial Conditions for QGP in Heavy Ion Collisions

Two sheets of colored glass collide

Glass melts into gluons and thermalize

QGP is made which expands into a mixed phase of QGPand hadrons

Mystery: The QGP is very strongly interacting:

Arnold and Moore suggest heating may be due to

instabilities in melting CGC

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CGC predicted particle production at RHIC

Proportionality constant can be computed.

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CGC provides a theory of shadowing (modification of quark and gluon distributions in nuclei)

Two effects:

Multiple scattering: more particles at high pT

CGC modification of evolution equations => less particles

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Data from dA collisions at RHIC Consistent with CGC

Look for fragments of deuteron since they measure them smallest x

properties of the nucleus

Back to back jet correlations seen in STAR?

Detailed studies of x dependence?

What are the Quasi Particles of the Glass?

Regge (with Gorbachov)

Pomerons: Two gluon C even stateReggeons: Multiple gluon, multiple quark states

Odderon: C odd three gluon state; Pomeron gives imaginary part of T matrix and odderon real part at high energy

Quasi-particles are excellent probes of properties of a media.

Quasi particles of the glass are pomeron, odderon, reggeon etc.Were inferred long ago from scattering matrix theory.

Computable small fluctuation of color glass

Can be probed in pp, pA and eA interactions.

Polarized scattering a good probe.

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Exciting times for theory:

Beginning of a complete description of high energy limit of QCD

Must understand the collective excitations of the CGC: pomerons, reggeons, odderons…

Need to understand interactions of these collective excitations: ploops or Pomeron

loops

Relationships with universal behavior of nucleation models.

Solitons

More……..