The Collision of CulturesChapter 1 Unit 1AMERICA BEFORE COLUMBUS

EUROPE LOOKS WESTWARD

THE ARRIVAL OF THE ENGLISH

America Before Columbus1. Millions living in America

◦ 20-40 Million?

2. Spanish Arrive in 1492

3. By time English arrive in 1600s, millions have died

How?

4. Guns, Germs, Steel

The Clovis People11,000 y.a.

Land Bridge at Bering Strait

Stone tools, Hunters

Before that?

Using Boats

How long have they been here?

Settle from South-North?

Europeans prior to 1492?

The Archaic Period8000 B.C.

Hunter Gatherers

Stone Tools

◦ Later: nets, fish hooks, traps

◦ Even Later: Agriculture

Southern CivilizationsSouth American Civs. Left most evidence

1200 BC- Olmec People

1,000 BC- More complex Civs. Develop

Southern Civilizations: The Maya800AD

Yucatan Peninsula

Written Language

Numerical System

Very Accurate Calendar

Advanced Maize based Agriculture

System of Trade

Southern Civilizations: Azteca/Mexica1300 AD

Tenochtitlan◦ 100,000 by 1500AD

◦ Schools

◦ Organized Military

◦ Slave Work Force

Conquered other tribes

Human sacrifice based religion

*Diff. between European and Native American Warfare

Southern Civilizations: Inca1200 AD

Roads/Public Works

“Statist” Society

Social Planning

“Immortal” nobility

What do we usually think of when we think of Native Americans?Describe one to me…

Northern CivilizationsNorthern N. America

◦ Hunting/Gathering

◦ Fishing

Inuit=Nomads◦ Seals, Moose, Caribou

Pacific Northwest◦ Salmon

◦ Permanent Settlements

West Coast◦ Chumash

◦ Fishing

◦ Small Game

◦ Edible Plants

Northern CivilizationsSouthwest

◦ Adobe

◦ Maize Farming

◦ Hope, Ute, Apache

◦ Large irrigation systems

Great Plains◦ Shoshoni, Wichita, Iowa, Pawnee

◦ Agricultural

◦ Corn, grain

Large, permanent settlements

Northern Civilizations: East of the Mississippi RiverForested land

Farming, Hunting/Gathering, Fishing

Cherokee, Creek, Lenni Lenape, Iroqouis

Curated the forests◦ Planted trees in rows

◦ Used as gardens

Northern Civilizations: CahokiaMississippi River Valley

1200 AD

40,000 People

Agriculture Based

Northern Civilizations: East CoastFew large permanent settlements

Linked by linguistic groups◦ Algonquian

◦ Iroquois Confederacy

◦ Muskogean Tribes

Northern Civilizations: CultureReligion: Linked with natural world

◦ Polytheistic

◦ Nature based

Varied Roles◦ Men farm and Women prepare meals, tend children

Or◦ Men hunt, war and Women farm, gather, etc.

Men leave for extended periods

Europe Looks Westward11th C. Leif Eriksson

◦ Landed in new world

◦ Colony Fails

◦ Don’t return

Pre 15th C. Mostly unaware

Why not?

Chinese ships had traveled to Africa, and maybe even West Coast of North America by 1300s, why hasn’t Europe?

Europe: Middle AgesToo Weak

Too Decentralized

Too Divided

The Black Death (1347)◦ Population recovers by late

1400s

Changes in 1400s: Demand for Exotic GoodsIncreasing demand

The “Orient”

Marco Polo (early 1300s)

Growth of powerful merchant class

Improvement in navigation technology

Travel easier than before

Changes in 1400s: New Governments and New TechnologyMore united/powerful

Feudalism gone

Monarchs under “divine right of kings”

Religious Drive◦ Convert others

Sea Routes to Asia Practical◦ Land routes dangerous

Portuguese

Prince Henry the Navigator

Bartholomew Dias: Cape of Good Hope

Vasco da Gama

1497-1498

Sails to India

Christopher ColumbusB. Genoa, Italy

Trained with: Portuguese

Sailed for: Spain◦ Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile

◦ Strongest Monarchy in Europe

Believed: Could sail West to reach Asia◦ Misjudged size of the world

◦ Didn’t know anything between

◦ Thought Asia was bigger

Columbus’ Voyages1492

◦ 90 Men

◦ Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria

◦ Leaves August 1492

◦ Arrives in Bahamas 10 Weeks later

◦ “Indios”

1493◦ Leaves short lived colony on Hispanola

1498◦ Reaches Mainland

◦ Finally Realizes that it’s not Asia

◦ 1502: Explores coast of Central America

Early Spanish Exploration1513: Vasco de Balboa

◦ Crosses Isthmus of Panama

1519-1522: Ferdinand Magellan◦ Killed in Philippines

◦ First circumnavigation

1550: Coast of North America Explored up to

Oregon in West

Labrador in East

The Spanish Empire

The Spanish Empire

God

Gold

Glory

God

Save Souls

Jesuit Missionaries

Missions (CA mission system 1700s)

Gold10x as much gold and silver as rest of world combined

Later: Starting agriculture business to make a profit

Glory: The Conquistadors1518: Hernando Cortes

◦ Conquers Aztecs

◦ Uses enslaved tribes for helps

1538: Francisco Pizarro◦ Conquers Incas

Northern Outposts1565: St. Augustine, Florida

1598: New Mexico territory◦ Don Juan de Onate

◦ Pueblo land

◦ 500 men

◦ Encomienda System◦ The right to extract labor from the natives on large tracts of land

◦ Santa Fe (1609)

Pope’s Rebellion1680

AKA: Pueblo Revolt

Religious leader

Angry at discrimination

Kills hundreds

Captures Santa Fe

Spanish stay out until 1696◦ Rebellion crushed ◦ Pueblo given right to own land◦ Religious toleration◦ End of forced labor◦ Intermarriage and assimilation

The Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals, and ideas between the old world and the new world.

Disease in the new world◦ Measles◦ Influenza◦ Smallpox

Hispaniola: 1490s- 1,000,000 natives

By the 1600s, under 500

The Mayans lost 95%

After first contact, disease often reached

natives before Europeans arrived.

Europeans: God’s will that they should

conquer New World.

Spanish PoliciesForced Labor

◦ Worked on Islands

◦ Didn’t work on mainland

Violence

Natives were “Savages”◦ Sub humans

In less than 50 years, the empires of the new world were destroyed!

The ResultsNatives lived in contact with Spanish

◦ New dialects

◦ Intermarriage◦ Often forced

Mestizos◦ Mixed race people

◦ #s dominated population

Importation of African slaves by 1502

The Arrival of the English1497: John Cabot

◦ Looking for Northwest Passage

Prior to 1600s:◦ Costly wars

◦ Religious strife

◦ Changing economy◦ Wool production from food prod.

◦ Declining food supply

Population growth: 3-4 million (1485-1603)◦ Scarce land

◦ Growth of wealthy merchant class

MercantilismA person or nation can only grow rich at the expense

of another .

Must trade with other nations◦ Sell more than buy

Wealth (Gold)=Power

Acquire colonies as a source of raw materials and

a market to sell manufactured goods.

Religious Struggles Push Expansionism 1517: Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther)

Calvinism: John Calvin (Swiss)◦ Elect

◦ Predestination

1529: King Henry VIII: Anglican Church◦ English Reformation

Queen Mary: Turns England back Catholic

1558: Elizabeth I◦ Turns England back Protestant

PuritansSought to “purify” the Anglican church of Catholic rituals.

Separatist Puritans◦ Refused to attend Anglican services

◦ Did not want to leave church of England, wanted to be separate from it until it was purified

James IDivine Right of Kings

Taxation of Puritans (illegal?)

Favored Catholics

Caused Separatists and others to look outside of England for a home

The First Settlements1588: Spanish Armada Defeated

◦ England becomes worlds strongest Navy

1583: Newfoundland◦ Sir Humphrey Gilbert

◦ Ship Sunk, no colony made

1584: Sir Walter Raleigh◦ Explore coast

◦ Names Virginia

Roanoke: The Lost Colony1585

◦ Richard Grenville

◦ North Carolina Area

1586- Sir Francis Drake Arrives with Supplies

◦ Evacuates starving colonists

1587: Second Attempt◦ 91 men, 17 women, 9 children

◦ No supplies for 3 years

1590: Colony deserted◦ “Croatoan”

North America Divided1606: James I issues a charter

Virginia->South: Colonized by London Merchants

North of Virginia: Colonized by Plymouth Merchants.

Leads to Jamestown in 1607. First permanent English settlement in North America.

Sourceshttp://www.sonofthesouth.net/revolutionary-war/maps/old-world-map-625.jpg

http://www.sonofthesouth.net/revolutionary-war/explorers/columbus-discovers-new-world.jpg

http://www.chesapeakebay.net/images/page/Native%20Americans%20cooking%20fish.jpg

http://www.ancient-origins.net/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/field/image/olmecs.jpg?itok=uDmwBeB3

http://image.slidesharecdn.com/artoftheamericasbefore1300-gracenikhilkattie-100308062222-phpapp02/95/art-of-the-americas-before-1300-grace-nikhil-kattie-2-728.jpg?cb=1268030169

http://a.abcnews.com/images/Technology/gty_chichen_itza_mayan_ll_120104_wmain.jpg

http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/files/2012/12/1177_122112maya.gif

https://anth392.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/sacrifice.jpg

http://ambergriscaye.com/pages/mayan/art/aztecs21b.jpg

https://d8kyhhndkm363.cloudfront.net/8/21532/tenochlanuit.GIF https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Aztec_Empire_c_1519.pnghttp://mrmoyer.pbworks.com/f/1207082384/AztecWarriors.jpg http://tatianaabcde.weebly.com/uploads/1/6/5/4/16542478/255321907.jpghttp://www.crystalinks.com/inca_conquest.jpg http://www.missionscalifornia.com/sites/default/files/08.-Chumash-Village.jpg http://media.web.britannica.com/eb-media/62/105462-004-C04BC1CF.jpg http://images.foodworldnews.com/data/images/full/1669/maize.jpghttp://www.press.uchicago.edu/Images/Chicago/chappell48.gifhttp://www.watertown.k12.ma.us/cunniff/americanhistorycentral/Graphic_Images/01_First_Americans/07_The_Mound_Builders/Mississippians_map.jpg

https://globalimperialism.wikispaces.com/file/view/merc._pic.JPG/116057177/800x303/merc._pic.JPG