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Sixto 1 Juan Sixto Kate Lewis Fret board Literature February 23, 2011 The Classical Guitar The Classical period represents a colossal change for the guitar where we witness both the renewal of interest in it as well as its greatest physical alterations. During this period Fernando Sor and Dionisio Aguado take on the major task of becoming ambassadors of the guitar and showcasing the fact that the guitar was no longer simply an accompanying instrument. During this period the guitar goes through some major renovations that include the addition of a sixth string and the development of fan bracing. It is suggested by present evidence that the guitar progressed to six single strings somewhere outside of Spain in either France or Italy. It is difficult to pinpoint the precise place where the sixsinglestring guitar first arose because an existing guitar by Montron made in France is dated 1785 and one by Antonio Vinaccia of Naples is also dated 1785. The addition of a sixth string was of great benefit to the instrument because it extended its musical range down a fourth allowing the guitar to achieve the perfect cadence and the plagal cadence in the lowest three strings. However, the most important innovation was the appearance of fan strutting on the under side of the guitar’s table. Previously, the underside of the table was designed to simply withstand the tension of the strings but reduced the flexibility of the board and disturbed the sound. The discovery of fan bracing

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Page 1: The Classical Period (Classical-Guitar)

Sixto  1  

Juan  Sixto  

Kate  Lewis  

Fret  board  Literature  

February  23,  2011  

The  Classical  Guitar    

The  Classical  period  represents  a  colossal  change  for  the  guitar  where  we  

witness  both  the  renewal  of  interest  in  it  as  well  as  its  greatest  physical  alterations.    

During  this  period  Fernando  Sor  and  Dionisio  Aguado  take  on  the  major  task  of  

becoming  ambassadors  of  the  guitar  and  showcasing  the  fact  that  the  guitar  was  no  

longer  simply  an  accompanying  instrument.    During  this  period  the  guitar  goes  

through  some  major  renovations  that  include  the  addition  of  a  sixth  string  and  the  

development  of  fan  bracing.  

It  is  suggested  by  present  evidence  that  the  guitar  progressed  to  six  single  

strings  somewhere  outside  of  Spain  in  either  France  or  Italy.    It  is  difficult  to  

pinpoint  the  precise  place  where  the  six-­‐single-­‐string  guitar  first  arose  because  an  

existing  guitar  by  Montron  made  in  France  is  dated  1785  and  one  by  Antonio  

Vinaccia  of  Naples  is  also  dated  1785.    The  addition  of  a  sixth  string  was  of  great  

benefit  to  the  instrument  because  it  extended  its  musical  range  down  a  fourth  

allowing  the  guitar  to  achieve  the  perfect  cadence  and  the  plagal  cadence  in  the  

lowest  three  strings.  However,  the  most  important  innovation  was  the  appearance  

of  fan  strutting  on  the  under  side  of  the  guitar’s  table.    Previously,  the  underside  of  

the  table  was  designed  to  simply  withstand  the  tension  of  the  strings  but  reduced  

the  flexibility  of  the  board  and  disturbed  the  sound.    The  discovery  of  fan  bracing  

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provided  the  necessary  support  to  the  soundboard  and  it  made  it  more  effective  in  

transmitting  sound.    

Padre  Basilio  is  credited  for  having  sparked  the  revival  of  interest  towards  

the  guitar  in  Spain  during  the  Classical  period.    Padre  Basilio  was  an  organist  at  the  

convent  in  Madrid,  but  in  returning  to  the  guitar  he  revived  the  punteado  approach  

and  managed  to  elevate  the  instrument  from  its  role  of  strummed  accompaniment.    

His  influence  reached  Don  Federico  Moretti,  who  studied  and  expanded  Basilio’s  

style  by  publishing  his  own  method  in  1799.    In  the  same  year  Fernando  

Ferrandiere,  one  of  Basilio’s  students,  published  his  own  method  titled  “Arte  de  

tocar  la  guitarra  espanola  por  musica”.    These  men  were  important  in  laying  the  

foundations  of  the  guitar  revival,  but  it  was  Fernando  Sor  and  Dionision  Aguado,  

who  were  the  leading  exponents  of  the  instrument  and  managed  to  successfully  

showcase  it  to  the  rest  of  Europe.  

Fernando  Sor  was  born  in  Barcelona  in  the  year  of  1778  and  was  fortunate  to  

receive  a  musical  education  at  the  monastery  in  Montserrat.    When  he  left  the  

monastery  he  returned  to  Barcelona  where  he  fell  under  the  influence  of  Moretti’s  

compositions.    It  was  during  this  time,  1797  that  Sor  was  inspired  to  compose  his  

first  opera  “Telemaco  en  la  Isla  de  Calipso”.    The  opera  was  a  success  and  five  years  

later  he  was  fortunate  to  come  under  the  patronage  of  Duke  of  Medina-­‐Celi.    During  

this  period  he  produced  two  symphonies,  three  string  quartets  and  a  number  of  

songs.    But  political  turmoil  and  confusion  in  the  country  gave  Napoleon  the  

opportunity  to  force  the  Spanish  King  to  renounce  to  the  throne.    During  this  time  

Sor  became  sympathetic  to  the  French  ideals  of  revolution  and  when  Spain  regained  

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their  independence,  Sor  decided  to  leave  the  country  and  move  to  France  in  1813.    

Once  in  France  he  became  established  as  a  teacher  of  the  instrument  and  it  is  during  

this  time  that  the  first  publications  of  his  guitar  music  date.    After  two  years  in  

France  he  moved  to  London  where  theater  productions  as  well  as  a  number  of  

successful  guitar  recitals  kept  him  busy.    The  success  of  ballets  such  as  “Alphonse  et  

Leonore”  and  “Cendrillon”  allowed  Sor  to  fund  his  own  career  as  a  guitar  recitalist  in  

Moscow.    In  1839,  Fernando  Sor  returned  to  France  and  remained  there  till  the  day  

of  his  death.    This  period  is  noteworthy  for  his  vast  collaboration  with  Dionisio  

Aguado.  

Dionisio  Aguado  was  born  in  Madrid  in  the  year  of  1849  and  it  is  known  that  

he  showed  an  early  talent  for  music  and  was  a  student  of  Padre  Basilio  during  his  

college  years.    But  it  was  the  guitarist  Manuel  Garcia  to  whom  Aguado  owed  his  

major  education  in  the  guitar.      During  the  French  invasion  of  Spain  Aguado  

retreaded  to  the  village  of  Fuenlabrada,  near  Aranjuez,  where  he  devoted  his  time  to  

teaching  and  perfecting  his  technique  on  the  guitar.    During  this  period  he  managed  

to  produce  several  volumes  of  studies  for  the  instrument.    In  1826  Aguado  travelled  

to  Paris  where  his  music  was  already  well  known  and  instantly  gained  a  reputation  

as  a  virtuoso  and  teacher.    While  in  Paris  he  met  Fernando  Sor,  they  developed  a  

profound  friendship  and  collaborated  to  give  many  concerts  across  France.    At  this  

point  Aguado  was  mesmerizing  audiences  with  his  right-­‐hand  technique  of  using  his  

fingernails  for  plucking  the  string  to  produce  clarity  in  sound.    In  1838  Aguado  

returned  to  Madrid  and  was  to  remain  until  his  death  in  1849.      In  his  life  span  

Dionisio  Aguado  wrote  several  dozen  studies,  rondos,  dances  and  fantasias.    Among  

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his  achievements  were  two  extremely  popular  guitar  methods  that  were  frequently  

republished  in  the  19th  century,  “Metodo  para  Guitarra”  and  “Nuevo  Metodo  para  

Guitarra”.  

The  guitar  undergoes  major  changes  during  the  Classical  period.    We  witness  

both  the  renewal  of  interest  towards  the  instrument  as  well  as  its  greatest  physical  

alterations.  The  most  prominent  innovations  that  the  guitar  goes  through  include  

the  addition  of  a  sixth  string  and  the  development  of  fan  bracing.    Evidence  shows  

that  Fernando  Sor  and  Dionisio  Aguado  become  the  leading  exponents  of  the  

instrument  and  successfully  champion  the  instrument  across  Europe  during  the  

Classical  period.      

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Turnbull,  Harvey.  The  Guitar  from  the  Renaissance  to  the  Present  Day.  Westport,  

Connecticut:  The  Bold  Strummer,  1991.  62-­‐84.  Print.  

Summerfield,  Maurice  J..  The  Classical  Guitar  its  Evolution,  Players  and  Personalities  

since  1800.  5th  ed.  United  Kingdom:  Ashley  Mark  Publishing  Company,  2002.  

29.  Print.  

Heck,  Thomas  F.  "Gove  Music  Online."  Aguado  (y  Garcia),  Dionisio.  Oxford  Music  

Online.  Database.  22  Feb  2011.  

Wade,  Graham.  Concise  History  of  the  Classical  Guitar.  Pacific,  MO:  Mel  Bay  

Publications,  Inc.,  2001.  81-­‐82.  Print.  

Faucher,  Francois.  "Classical  Guitar  Illustrated  History."  Classical  Guitar  Midi.  Web.  

21  Feb  2011.  

<http://www.classicalguitarmidi.com/history/guitar_history.html#19th_Sor

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