THE CIVIL WARTHE CIVIL WAR

Unit 7Unit 7

War breaks out

Lincoln’s Inauguration March 4th, 1861 7 states have already seceded Lincoln acknowledges the

divide…“apprehension seems to exist among the southern states…physically speaking, we cannot separate…”

Fort SumtnerWhen: April 12, 1861-April 13, 1861

Where: Charleston Harbor, South Carolina

Key Points: Maj. Anderson requests reinforcements Lincoln sends food not reinforcements…why? South bombs the fort for 36 hours straight Anderson surrenders

Effects?

Preparing for war

Who has the overall advantage?

North South

Battle PlansNorth

1. Naval blockade of Southern ports

2. Control the Mississippi River and split Confederacy in two

3. Capture Richmond, the Confederate Capital

“The Anaconda Plan”

South

1. Fight a defensive war

2. Secure recognition and support from Europe

3. Negotiate an armistice

Who’s got the better plan?

Division or Unification? …in the North… Maryland, Delaware, Missouri, and

Kentucky remain with the Union Riots occur in many of these areas

Example: Baltimore riots of April 1861 September 1861: Lincoln suspends right

of Habeas Corpus How will the divisions impact the North?

…in the South April-May 1861: Arkansas, North Carolina,

Tennessee, and Virginia join confederacy Western counties of Virginia remain with

the Union…form West Virginia in 1863 How will this impact the South?

ConscriptionNorth: All men 20-45 $300 exempts you from

the draft 92% of men volunteered

Who’s got the advantage?

South: All men 18-35 Exemptions for

slaveholders with 20 slaves or more

80% of eligible men served

Leadership

Who has the overall advantage?

North South

The Politics of War

Trent episode (1861) Confederates send two diplomats to Britain

to seek recognition and aid Union captures the diplomats and Britain

threatens to go to war U.S. releases the diplomats back to the

south South does not receive recognition

British aid

1862-1864: British build ships for

the Confederacy Sink 250 union ships

Why did the British help the south?

The Emancipation ProclamationJanuary 1, 1863

Causes? Effects?

Emancipates only those slaves in states still in rebellion, NOT IN THE BORDER STATES!!!

Economics of warNorth: Increased demand for goods

= increased industry =

booming economy

1863: Fed gov’t issues income tax

South: Slaves resisted work =

shortage of money and supplies

Lack of food =

rising prices & riots Union blockade =

No trade with Europe No system to collect taxes

Who has the advantage?

North South

The Battles

Keep a record of the following information:

Battle Month/Year Winner Main point

1st Battle of Bull Run (1st Battle of Manassas) (July 1861)

Pressure to engage South leads to Bull Run Union outnumbers South, but “Stonewall”

Jackson holds and South wins Lincoln removes McDowell and appoints

George McClellan commander

What does this tell you about Lincoln?

What does this tell you about the Confederacy?

Grant moves west Feb 1862: Gen Ulysses S. Grant conquers

forts along western rivers Significance?

Lessons of ShilohMarch 1862: Grant’s army is brutally attacked at Shiloh,

Mississippi Grant responded with 100% invasion of troops

Lessons?

April 1862: Admiral Farragut takes New Orleans and moves up Mississippi River

Significance?

Loss at Richmond Spring 1862: McClellan moves onto

Richmond McClellan is too cautious, arrogant, and slow

to commit McClellan loses to Lee’s counter-attack in

the Seven Days Battles McClellan is removed

Lessons?

2nd Battle of Bull Run (2nd Battle of Manassas) (August 1862)

Gen. Pope replaces McClellan as commander of Army of the Potomac

Lee moves north toward Washington, DC Gen. Pope engages Lee and is crushed. Lee and Army of Northern Virginia move into

MD, hoping to stir rebellion.

Antietam, September 17th, 1862 McClellan returns to command Lee swings north and crosses the Potomac Lee’s battle plans are discovered McClellan does not act on info for 18 hours! Confederates move back into VA and McClellan

stays put…no clear winner! Bloodiest day in U.S. history!!....26,000+ dead November 1862: Lincoln removes McClellan

Fredericksburg & ChancellorsvilleDec. 1862 May 1863 Burnside replaces McClellan after Antietam Burnside is defeated by Lee at

Fredericksburg Hooker replaces Burnside Hooker is defeated by Lee at

Chancellorsville Hooker is replaced by Meade Stonewall Jackson is shot, catches

pneumonia, and dies on May 10th

Discussion Question: What is the staus of the war as of June

1863?

Gettysburg July 1, 2, 3 1863 Why did Lee

want to invade the North?

Battle of GettysburgJuly 1, 1863 Confederate troops enter Gettysburg

looking for supplies Confederate troops come in contact with

Union troops Union forces hold the higher ground

and wait for reinforcements Over 90,000 union troops and 75,000

confederate troops arrive by Day 2

Battle of GettysburgJuly 2, 1863 Lee orders Gen. Longstreet to try to capture

Cemetery Ridge Heavy fighting occurs in the Peach Orchard,

Devil’s Den, and the Wheatfield Rebel troops try to capture Little Round Top to

position artillery on it Col Chamberlain and men of Maine hold hill by

attacking South bayonet charge Lines hold = Union wins the day

Battle of GettysburgJuly 3, 1863 Lee tries to break center of Union line at a point

called “the angle” Lee concentrates artillery fire on Union lines on

the ridge Gen. Pickett’s men charge Union lines, covering a

mile of open ground and running up ridge… Good Move?

Union artillery and infantry fire destroy Pickett’s division. Every officer killed or wounded.

Pickett’s Charge

Battle of GettysburgJuly 3, 1863

Stuart’s cavalry is stalled by Union forces

Lee withdraws Meade does not counter-attack Good move?

Gettysburg AddressNovember 1863

Lincoln speaks at a dedication of a cemetery for the war dead.

Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, not popular at time, becomes part of national identity.

Focus of the speech?

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/gadd/images/platform.jpg

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/gadd/images/platform.jpg

Vicksburg April-July 1863 Key location along Mississippi River

Overlooked the River

Grants first attempts fail Solution?...siege…constant bombing of

military and civilian sites July 4th…Vicksburg Falls Union controls Mississippi River

Total War!!

1864: Lincoln replaces Meade with Grant as

Union commander Grant appoints Sherman as commander

of Union forces in Mississippi Strategy: Constantly ATTACK Lee’s

army…spare no soldier

Grant:Brilliant or Butcher?

May-June 1864: Grant lost 65,000 & Lee 35,000

Wilderness campaign (Grant lost 50,000)

Cold Harbor (Grant lost 7,000 in 1 hr)

Impact?

Sherman’s March to the sea Sept. 1864: Sherman takes Atlanta Burns Atlanta then heads toward the

coast…burns everything in his path Moves to South Carolina…burns everything

in his path Goal: Crush south’s will to fight

Election of 1864 McClellan runs on the

Copperhead/Democratic ticket Lincoln & Andrew Johnson (Southern

Democrat) run on the Republican ticket Lincoln wins:

55% of Popular vote 91% of electoral vote

Surrender!!!!!!!!!!!!! April 1865: Davis abandons Richmond April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders to Grant

Lincoln makes sure that Lee and his officers are treated with respect…reason?

May 1865: Jefferson Davis is captured in Georgia

May 1865: All southern forces surrender War ends