Reconstruction Chapter 12. The Devastated South The Civil War left the economics of the eleven seceded states in shambles and the pre-war social system

ReconstructionReconstruction

Chapter 12Chapter 12

The Devastated SouthThe Devastated South

The Civil War left The Civil War left the economics of the economics of the eleven seceded the eleven seceded states in shambles states in shambles and the pre-war and the pre-war social system in social system in disarray. disarray.

Physical DestructionPhysical Destruction Widespread in the South where most of the Widespread in the South where most of the

fighting had taken place. fighting had taken place. Sherman’s March to the Sea had left Sherman’s March to the Sea had left

desolation in its wake.desolation in its wake. A preview of Modern War. A preview of Modern War. In some cases Confederates employed In some cases Confederates employed

“scorched earth” tactics. “scorched earth” tactics. Major cities (Richmond, Petersburg, Major cities (Richmond, Petersburg,

Charleston) had been besieged. Charleston) had been besieged. Guerrilla warfare had devastated Border Guerrilla warfare had devastated Border

States. States.

The South’s EconomyThe South’s Economy Largely in ruins. Largely in ruins. Crops, livestock, and structures of both planters Crops, livestock, and structures of both planters

and small farmers were heavily damaged or and small farmers were heavily damaged or destroyed. destroyed.

The area’s inadequate industrial structure was The area’s inadequate industrial structure was largely inoperative. largely inoperative.

Confederate money and bonds were worthless. Confederate money and bonds were worthless. The market for cash crops (Cotton, sugar, The market for cash crops (Cotton, sugar,

tobacco) had shriveled. tobacco) had shriveled. Emancipation had freed the South’s slave labor Emancipation had freed the South’s slave labor

supply. supply. Capital was in very short supply. Capital was in very short supply.

Society Society

The pre-war social hierarchy was shaken. The pre-war social hierarchy was shaken. Over 250,000 Confederate soldiers lay Over 250,000 Confederate soldiers lay

dead. dead. Both white and black refugees roamed Both white and black refugees roamed

the land, though most continued to work. the land, though most continued to work. Plantation aristocrats experienced a Plantation aristocrats experienced a

temporary loss of power. temporary loss of power. Fears of insurrection by former slaves Fears of insurrection by former slaves

were revived. were revived.

Confederate Confederate GovernmentsGovernments

National, state, and local, were deposed. National, state, and local, were deposed. Jefferson Davis and a few others served Jefferson Davis and a few others served

brief prison terms. brief prison terms. Many former Confederate politicians Many former Confederate politicians

quickly returned to public office. quickly returned to public office. There were no treason or “war crimes” There were no treason or “war crimes”

trials except that of Henry Wirz, who had trials except that of Henry Wirz, who had commanded the Andersonville, Georgia commanded the Andersonville, Georgia prisoner of prisoner of war camp. (The war camp. (The Union had had its counterparts at Elmira, Union had had its counterparts at Elmira, New York and elsewhere.) New York and elsewhere.)

Rehearsals for Rehearsals for ReconstructionReconstruction

Policies for dealing with liberated Policies for dealing with liberated Confederate territory were necessary early Confederate territory were necessary early in the war, but a comprehensive plan in the war, but a comprehensive plan emerged only slowly. emerged only slowly.

Border States and Occupied Border States and Occupied AreasAreas

Provided the first opportunities for Provided the first opportunities for federal reconstruction of the South. federal reconstruction of the South.

Mountainous Western counties of Mountainous Western counties of Virginia, with few slaves, rejected Virginia, with few slaves, rejected secession in 1861 and were admitted secession in 1861 and were admitted as a separate state. (West Virginia, as a separate state. (West Virginia, 1863). 1863).

Border States and Occupied Border States and Occupied AreasAreas

Lincoln appointed military governors in Lincoln appointed military governors in areas of Louisiana, Arkansas, areas of Louisiana, Arkansas, and western and western Tennessee occupied by Union troops. Tennessee occupied by Union troops.

Some Union officers used runaway slaves Some Union officers used runaway slaves as “contraband of war”. as “contraband of war”.

When General John CWhen General John C. . Fremont proclaimed Fremont proclaimed the emancipation of slaves held by rebel the emancipation of slaves held by rebel masters in Missouri, Lincoln had the order masters in Missouri, Lincoln had the order retracted. retracted.

The Sea Islands The Sea Islands ExperimentExperiment

Began when the Navy occupied Began when the Navy occupied offshore South Carolina islands in late offshore South Carolina islands in late 1861. 1861.

After the planters fled, idealistic After the planters fled, idealistic Northern reformers promoted a model Northern reformers promoted a model black free-labor economy. black free-labor economy.

Speculators bought land at auction, Speculators bought land at auction, and many blacks returned to paid and many blacks returned to paid labor on cotton farms. labor on cotton farms.

The Confiscation Act of The Confiscation Act of 18621862

Gave the president Gave the president authority to use authority to use seized rebel property seized rebel property for the Union war for the Union war effort, including effort, including slaves held by slaves held by Confederate soldiers. Confederate soldiers.

The act also provided The act also provided for amnesty (pardon) for amnesty (pardon) under certain under certain conditions. conditions.

Occupied New OrleansOccupied New Orleans General Benjamin General Benjamin

Butler administered a Butler administered a loyalty oath and held loyalty oath and held elections that sent two elections that sent two representatives to representatives to Congress.Congress.

Louisiana’s 1864 Louisiana’s 1864 constitution abolished constitution abolished slavery, but Lincoln’s slavery, but Lincoln’s suggestion for limited suggestion for limited black suffrage was black suffrage was resisted. resisted.

The Freedmen’s BureauThe Freedmen’s Bureau Was set up by Congress in March 1865Was set up by Congress in March 1865 to to

provide for the immediate needs of provide for the immediate needs of refugees and freedmen. refugees and freedmen.

Confiscated and abandoned lands could be Confiscated and abandoned lands could be rented and sold to freedmen, false rumors rented and sold to freedmen, false rumors persisted that “40 acres and a mule” persisted that “40 acres and a mule” would be distributed as outright gifts. would be distributed as outright gifts.

Under General O. O. Howard, labor Under General O. O. Howard, labor contract agreements were formulated. contract agreements were formulated.

The Bureau established schools and The Bureau established schools and hospitals and provided courts to settle hospitals and provided courts to settle legal disputes involving freed blacks. legal disputes involving freed blacks.

Lincoln and Congress’ Lincoln and Congress’ PlansPlans

The executive and legislative branches The executive and legislative branches differed in their views of how the seceded differed in their views of how the seceded states should constitutionally be restored states should constitutionally be restored to the Union. to the Union.

ConflictConflict

President Lincoln and the Congress President Lincoln and the Congress differed on the status of the seceded differed on the status of the seceded states. states.

The Constitution mentions neither a right The Constitution mentions neither a right of secession nor provisions for re-of secession nor provisions for re-admission of states. admission of states.

To Lincoln the eleven rebellious states had To Lincoln the eleven rebellious states had never legally left the Union, making rapid never legally left the Union, making rapid restorationrestoration possible under presidential possible under presidential administration. administration.

ConflictConflict

Radicals argued that Congress Radicals argued that Congress should administer the seceded states should administer the seceded states as conquered territories. as conquered territories.

In Texas v. White (1869) the In Texas v. White (1869) the Supreme Court described the Union Supreme Court described the Union as as “constitutionally “constitutionally indestructible”.indestructible”.

Lincoln’s 10% PlanLincoln’s 10% Plan

A Proclamation of Amnesty and A Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) was Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) was issued under his presidential pardoning issued under his presidential pardoning power. power.

When 10% of those who had voted in 1860 When 10% of those who had voted in 1860 took an oath of loyalty a state government took an oath of loyalty a state government could be organized. could be organized.

Top Confederate officials would be Top Confederate officials would be excluded from pardon but some well-excluded from pardon but some well-qualified blacks would be allowed to vote. qualified blacks would be allowed to vote.

Loyal State GovernmentsLoyal State Governments

Were organized in Louisiana and Were organized in Louisiana and Arkansas (Spring 1864) and in Arkansas (Spring 1864) and in Tennessee (February 1865). Tennessee (February 1865).

However, congress refused to However, congress refused to recognize their electoral votes or recognize their electoral votes or seat their representatives after the seat their representatives after the 1864 1864 election. election.

Congressional Congressional ReconstructionReconstruction

Proposed in the Wade-Davis Bill (July Proposed in the Wade-Davis Bill (July 1864). 1864).

A majority of white male citizens A majority of white male citizens would have to swear they had never would have to swear they had never been disloyal. been disloyal.

A state constitutional convention A state constitutional convention would be required to abolish slavery would be required to abolish slavery and repudiate secession. and repudiate secession.

The bill was pocket vetoed by Lincoln. The bill was pocket vetoed by Lincoln.

The Wade-Davis Manifesto The Wade-Davis Manifesto (August 1864)(August 1864)

Declared the authority of Congress to Declared the authority of Congress to be paramount and advised the be paramount and advised the

president to “confine himself to president to “confine himself to his executive duties and leave his executive duties and leave

political reorganization to political reorganization to Congress.”Congress.”

Congress and the president Congress and the president were were stalemated at the time of Appomattox stalemated at the time of Appomattox and the Lincoln’s assassination. and the Lincoln’s assassination.

Johnson and CongressJohnson and Congress

Clashing views on Reconstruction between Clashing views on Reconstruction between the president and a radical Congress led to the president and a radical Congress led to a constitutional and political crisis. a constitutional and political crisis.

Andrew JohnsonAndrew Johnson Became president after Became president after

Lincoln’s assassination. Lincoln’s assassination. Born in poverty, becoming Born in poverty, becoming

literate as an adult, literate as an adult, Johnson hated Southern Johnson hated Southern planter aristocrats. planter aristocrats.

A War Democrat, he A War Democrat, he remained in the Senate remained in the Senate when his state when his state (Tennessee) seceded.(Tennessee) seceded.

He was appointed military He was appointed military governor when Union governor when Union armies occupied most of armies occupied most of the state. the state.

In 1864 he was elected In 1864 he was elected vice president with Lincoln vice president with Lincoln on the Union ticket. on the Union ticket.

Radicals at first believed Radicals at first believed he was their ally. he was their ally.

Johnson’s PlanJohnson’s Plan

Similar to Lincoln’s, it provided for rapid Similar to Lincoln’s, it provided for rapid restoration of the Southern states. restoration of the Southern states.

Johnson’s PlanJohnson’s Plan With Congress in recess Johnson issued two With Congress in recess Johnson issued two

proclamations in May 1865.proclamations in May 1865. A new Amnesty Proclamation with a longer list of A new Amnesty Proclamation with a longer list of

exclusions, particularly large property holders exclusions, particularly large property holders (Johnson then issued numerous individual (Johnson then issued numerous individual pardons). pardons).

Provision for steps to return states to the Union Provision for steps to return states to the Union eliminated Lincoln’s 10% provision but required eliminated Lincoln’s 10% provision but required ratification of the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment and Thirteenth Amendment and repudiation of secession and of Confederate debts. repudiation of secession and of Confederate debts.

Johnson’s PlanJohnson’s Plan

In December Congress reconvened In December Congress reconvened and denied seats to Southern and denied seats to Southern representatives (including former representatives (including former Confederate leaders). Confederate leaders).

Without distribution of land, without Without distribution of land, without political or educational guarantees, political or educational guarantees, Southern blacks were now burdened Southern blacks were now burdened with restrictive Black Codes. with restrictive Black Codes.

Radical RepublicansRadical Republicans

Angered by Southern resistance, Angered by Southern resistance, they become more militant. they become more militant.

A Joint Committee on Reconstruction A Joint Committee on Reconstruction was dominated by Thaddeus Stevens was dominated by Thaddeus Stevens (Pennsylvania), Charles Sumner (Pennsylvania), Charles Sumner (Massachusetts), and Ben Wade (Massachusetts), and Ben Wade (Ohio). (Ohio).

Radical RepublicansRadical Republicans

Humanitarian concerns (to assure the Humanitarian concerns (to assure the rights of freed former slaves) rights of freed former slaves) were mixed with partisan political were mixed with partisan political motives (to delay the return of motives (to delay the return of Democrats and to cement Republican Democrats and to cement Republican Party control). Party control).

In 1866 Johnson vetoed renewal of the In 1866 Johnson vetoed renewal of the Freedmen’s Bureau. Freedmen’s Bureau.

The next month a civil rights bill was The next month a civil rights bill was passed over his veto. passed over his veto.

Fourteenth AmendmentFourteenth Amendment

Was approved by Congress in June 1866. Was approved by Congress in June 1866. Freedmen citizens’ privileges and Freedmen citizens’ privileges and

immunities were protected. immunities were protected. ““Due processDue process of law” and “equal of law” and “equal

protection of the law were guaranteed protection of the law were guaranteed (but not to women explicitly). (but not to women explicitly).

Johnson spoke against the amendment, Johnson spoke against the amendment, and ten Southern states rejected it and ten Southern states rejected it

Fourteenth AmendmentFourteenth Amendment

Although the Courts later used the Although the Courts later used the amendment to protect corporations, amendment to protect corporations, itit became the basis for most modern became the basis for most modern civil rights cases. civil rights cases.

The Amendment was later used to The Amendment was later used to apply most of the Bill of Rights to the apply most of the Bill of Rights to the states. states.

1866 Congressional 1866 Congressional ElectionElection

Johnson’s “swing around the circle” Johnson’s “swing around the circle” appeal to the public failed. appeal to the public failed.

The Radicals gained over a two-thirds The Radicals gained over a two-thirds majority in Congress. majority in Congress.

Congressional Congressional Reconstruction Acts (March Reconstruction Acts (March

1867)1867) Passed over Johnson vetoes. Passed over Johnson vetoes. Military Reconstruction Act: a Military Reconstruction Act: a

moderate compromise, required moderate compromise, required acceptance of the Fourteenth acceptance of the Fourteenth Amendment and black suffrage by Amendment and black suffrage by the South. the South.


1867)1867) Ten states were divided into five Ten states were divided into five

military districts. military districts. Statehood could result from a Statehood could result from a

constitution approved by adult males constitution approved by adult males (white and Black). (white and Black).


1867)1867) Command of the Army Act: limited the Command of the Army Act: limited the

president’s military authority. president’s military authority. Tenure of Office Act: required Senate Tenure of Office Act: required Senate

approval for removal of presidential approval for removal of presidential appointees. appointees.

The Supreme Court’s power to review The Supreme Court’s power to review Reconstruction policy was also Reconstruction policy was also restricted by Congressional action. restricted by Congressional action.

Impeachment of JohnsonImpeachment of Johnson

Based on his violation of the Tenure Based on his violation of the Tenure of Office Act when he tried to remove of Office Act when he tried to remove Secretary of War, Stanton. Secretary of War, Stanton.

This was clearly a political move on This was clearly a political move on the part of the Radicals. the part of the Radicals.

The House of Representatives voted The House of Representatives voted impeachment charges (February, impeachment charges (February, 1868). 1868).

Impeachment of JohnsonImpeachment of Johnson

After a three-month trial in the After a three-month trial in the Senate (Johnson was not present), Senate (Johnson was not present), the vote for conviction (and removal the vote for conviction (and removal from office) fell one vote short of the from office) fell one vote short of the necessary two-thirds. necessary two-thirds.

Johnson served out his last few Johnson served out his last few months, with Radical Reconstruction months, with Radical Reconstruction in control. in control.

Grant Grant

The two terms of The two terms of General U. S. Grant General U. S. Grant spanned most of spanned most of the Reconstruction the Reconstruction period and wereperiod and were marked by an marked by an extraordinary extraordinary amount of amount of corruption. corruption.

Election of 1868Election of 1868

Republican Convention endorsed Republican Convention endorsed Radical Reconstruction and nominated Radical Reconstruction and nominated war hero Ulysses S. Grant for president. war hero Ulysses S. Grant for president.

The Democrats nominated the wartime The Democrats nominated the wartime governor of New York, Horatio Seymour. governor of New York, Horatio Seymour.

The Republicans waved the “bloody The Republicans waved the “bloody shirt” and won a close popular majority shirt” and won a close popular majority due to the black vote. due to the black vote.

Fifteenth AmendmentFifteenth Amendment

Enfranchising black voters, it was adopted Enfranchising black voters, it was adopted in 1870 only after Southern states were in 1870 only after Southern states were required to ratify it. required to ratify it.


Horace Greeley, editor of the New Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, was the presidential York Tribune, was the presidential

candidate of both the liberal candidate of both the liberal Republicans (who had bolted the part Republicans (who had bolted the part over the issue of political corruption) over the issue of political corruption) and the Democrats. Grant won and the Democrats. Grant won reelection easily. reelection easily.

Political CorruptionPolitical Corruption

In an era of materialism and greed. In an era of materialism and greed. The Democratic Tweed Ring in New The Democratic Tweed Ring in New

York City and the Republican Gas York City and the Republican Gas Ring in Philadelphia were examples Ring in Philadelphia were examples of municipal political theft. of municipal political theft.


Jim Fiske and Jay Gould plotted with Jim Fiske and Jay Gould plotted with Grant’s brother-in-law to corner the Grant’s brother-in-law to corner the gold market, leading to a Black gold market, leading to a Black Friday crash (September 24, 1869). Friday crash (September 24, 1869).

In the Credit Mobilier scandal, profits In the Credit Mobilier scandal, profits from construction of the Union Pacific from construction of the Union Pacific Railroad went to the road’s Railroad went to the road’s promoters. promoters.


Other examples were the “whiskey ring” Other examples were the “whiskey ring” fraud and the bribing of the Secretary of fraud and the bribing of the Secretary of War by corrupt Indian agents. War by corrupt Indian agents.

A “salary grab” act increasing A “salary grab” act increasing congressional and presidential pay congressional and presidential pay retroactively aroused public anger. retroactively aroused public anger.

Scandals and depression led to Scandals and depression led to Democratic gains in the 1874 Democratic gains in the 1874 Congressional elections. Congressional elections.

Economic ProblemsEconomic Problems

Although the Grant administration Although the Grant administration favored “sound money”, favored “sound money”, “greenbacks” were only partially “greenbacks” were only partially removed from circulation. removed from circulation.

The Panic of 1873 began a six-year The Panic of 1873 began a six-year depression. depression.

The Redemption Act of 1875 provided The Redemption Act of 1875 provided payment for greenbacks in gold. payment for greenbacks in gold.

Radical Reconstruction and Radical Reconstruction and White ResistanceWhite Resistance

A decade of A decade of Radical Republican Radical Republican Reconstruction in Reconstruction in the South fell short the South fell short of its promise and of its promise and potential. potential.

Southern StatesSouthern States

New state constitutions were written by New state constitutions were written by conventions (under military supervision). conventions (under military supervision).

After ratifying the Fourteenth Amendment After ratifying the Fourteenth Amendment all but three former Confederate states all but three former Confederate states were admitted in 1868. were admitted in 1868.

Universal manhood suffrage, legislative Universal manhood suffrage, legislative reapportionment, and civil rights reapportionment, and civil rights protections for blacks were included. protections for blacks were included.

Southern StatesSouthern States

Public (segregated) schools and Public (segregated) schools and social services were established. social services were established.

Criminal codes were reformed; rights Criminal codes were reformed; rights of’ women extended. of’ women extended.

Economic recovery programs were Economic recovery programs were initiated. initiated.

No provision as made for land No provision as made for land confiscation or distribution. confiscation or distribution.

A Republican CoalitionA Republican Coalition

Secured political power in the South. Secured political power in the South. Carpetbaggers were Northerners who Carpetbaggers were Northerners who

moved South after the war. moved South after the war. Some were veterans seeking Some were veterans seeking

economic opportunity. economic opportunity. Others were idealistic teachers or Others were idealistic teachers or

missionaries. missionaries.


Scalawags (Southern white Scalawags (Southern white Republicans often in mountainous, Republicans often in mountainous, Union areas) Union areas) were also reviled by were also reviled by Conservative Democrats. Conservative Democrats.

Union leagues and the Freedmen’s Union leagues and the Freedmen’s Bureau also supported the coalition. Bureau also supported the coalition.

A Republican CoalitionA Republican Coalition Blacks never held political office equal to Blacks never held political office equal to

their proportion in the population.their proportion in the population. Two Black U.S. Senators (from Mississippi) Two Black U.S. Senators (from Mississippi)

and 14 black members of the House ofand 14 black members of the House of Representatives were elected but no Representatives were elected but no governors. governors.

Some served in all Southern state Some served in all Southern state legislatures. legislatures.

Despite inexperience and limited education, Despite inexperience and limited education, many blacks made significant political many blacks made significant political contributions. contributions.


Republican governments were Republican governments were criticized for “lavish” spending criticized for “lavish” spending (higher taxes and debt) and political (higher taxes and debt) and political corruption, but this was a national corruption, but this was a national phenomenon of the time. phenomenon of the time.

White ResistanceWhite Resistance

Was accompanied by a reemergence of Was accompanied by a reemergence of racism (North and South). racism (North and South).

The Ku Klux Klan (organized in Tennessee The Ku Klux Klan (organized in Tennessee in late 1865) intimidated and terrorized in late 1865) intimidated and terrorized blacks and white Republicans through the blacks and white Republicans through the South. South.

Other groups (Knights of the White Other groups (Knights of the White Camellia, South Carolina Red Shirts) also Camellia, South Carolina Red Shirts) also resorted to whippings and murder. resorted to whippings and murder.

The white social hierarchy was gradually The white social hierarchy was gradually restored to power. restored to power.

Three Enforcement ActsThree Enforcement Acts

Passed by Congress in 1870-71, Passed by Congress in 1870-71, sought to protect freedmen’s right to sought to protect freedmen’s right to vote, vote, supervise elections, and supervise elections, and outlaw Klan activities. outlaw Klan activities.

By late 1871 the KKK had been By late 1871 the KKK had been crushed by vigorous Federal action. crushed by vigorous Federal action.

Civil Rights Act of 1875Civil Rights Act of 1875

Sought to assure equal accommodations Sought to assure equal accommodations in public places and black participation on in public places and black participation on juries. juries.

No means of enforcement were provided. No means of enforcement were provided. Key portions were declared Key portions were declared

unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1883, when it ruled that discrimination by 1883, when it ruled that discrimination by private individuals was not illegal. private individuals was not illegal.

Radical ReconstructionRadical Reconstruction Continued to fade. Continued to fade. All but three Southern Republican governments All but three Southern Republican governments

were “redeemed” by Conservative Democrats by were “redeemed” by Conservative Democrats by 1876. 1876.

The North tired of the “Southern problem” and The North tired of the “Southern problem” and Republican Stalwarts turned their attention to Republican Stalwarts turned their attention to other concerns. other concerns.

The most vigorous Radical leaders, such us The most vigorous Radical leaders, such us Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner, had died. Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner, had died.

For generations the “Solid South” would be For generations the “Solid South” would be dominated by the Democratic Party. dominated by the Democratic Party.

Compromise of 1877: End Compromise of 1877: End of Reconstructionof Reconstruction

The compromise settling the disputed election of The compromise settling the disputed election of 1876 brought an effective end to Reconstruction. 1876 brought an effective end to Reconstruction.

Election of 1876Election of 1876 Though backed by stalwart Though backed by stalwart

Republicans, Grant withdrew Republicans, Grant withdrew from seeking a third term. from seeking a third term.

Frontrunner James G. Blame Frontrunner James G. Blame was denied the Republican was denied the Republican nomination after the nomination after the “Mulligan letters” revealed “Mulligan letters” revealed alleged railroad company alleged railroad company bribes. bribes.

Governor Rutherford B. Governor Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio became the Hayes of Ohio became the Republican candidate. Republican candidate.


Governor Rutherford Governor Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio B. Hayes of Ohio became the became the Republican candidate. Republican candidate.

His Democratic His Democratic opponent was Samuel opponent was Samuel J. Tilden, reform J. Tilden, reform governor of New York, governor of New York, who had helped to who had helped to smash the Tweed smash the Tweed Ring. Ring.


The Republicans were hurt by the The Republicans were hurt by the depression and by Grant depression and by Grant administration scandals and administration scandals and Reconstruction policies. Reconstruction policies.

Republicans gained by “waving the Republicans gained by “waving the bloody shirt (reviving wartime bloody shirt (reviving wartime bitterness). bitterness).

Disputed ResultsDisputed Results

Tilden, with a popular majority, was Tilden, with a popular majority, was one electoral vote short with 19 one electoral vote short with 19 votes from three Southern states in votes from three Southern states in dispute. dispute.

A special electoral commission voted A special electoral commission voted 8 to 7 along party lines for Hayes, 8 to 7 along party lines for Hayes, who would win by 185-184. who would win by 185-184.

Disputed ResultsDisputed Results

With control of two houses of Congress With control of two houses of Congress split, a constitutional crisis loomed. split, a constitutional crisis loomed.

In the so-called Compromise of 1877, a In the so-called Compromise of 1877, a bargain was struck. bargain was struck.

The last federal troops would leave The last federal troops would leave South Carolina and Louisiana. South Carolina and Louisiana.

Republicans would pledge financial aid Republicans would pledge financial aid and patronage to Southern states. and patronage to Southern states.

The election of Hayes would be The election of Hayes would be certified. certified.

Redemption: Redemption: Return to Home RuleReturn to Home Rule

Occupation by Occupation by federal troops federal troops ended in the South. ended in the South.

Conservative Conservative Democratic control Democratic control returned (the Solid returned (the Solid South). South).

Hayes appointed an Hayes appointed an ex-Confederate as ex-Confederate as Postmaster General. Postmaster General.

Redemption: Redemption: Return to Home RuleReturn to Home Rule

Reconciliation came Reconciliation came at the expense of at the expense of blacks: Jim Crow blacks: Jim Crow segregation laws segregation laws began to be passed began to be passed through the South. through the South.

Thousands of Thousands of disillusioned disillusioned Southern blacks Southern blacks migrated to Kansas migrated to Kansas (Exodusters) in (Exodusters) in 1877. 1877.

Documents

Reconstruction Chapter 12. The Devastated South The Civil War left the economics of the eleven seceded states in shambles and the pre-war social system