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The Civil The Civil Rights Rights
MovementMovement
Essential Questions:Essential Questions: How had legalized segregation How had legalized segregation
deprived African-Americans of their deprived African-Americans of their rights as citizens?rights as citizens?
What were the origins of the Civil What were the origins of the Civil Rights Movement?Rights Movement?
What were key court decisions of the What were key court decisions of the movement? What were the responses movement? What were the responses to those decisions?to those decisions?
Who were the key leaders and Who were the key leaders and organizations of the Civil Rights organizations of the Civil Rights movement?movement?
What were victories of the What were victories of the movement?movement?
How did the movement expand and How did the movement expand and change?change?
Post- Reconstruction Post- Reconstruction DiscriminationDiscrimination
After Reconstruction (1870’s) many After Reconstruction (1870’s) many newly won freedoms disappeared newly won freedoms disappeared for African Americansfor African Americans
In the South voting was prevented, In the South voting was prevented, segregation enforced and racial segregation enforced and racial violence widespread ( Black Codes)violence widespread ( Black Codes)
In the North discrimination was In the North discrimination was rampantrampant
The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was ruled unconstitutional by the ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1883Supreme Court in 1883
Voting Restrictions 1890’s-Voting Restrictions 1890’s-1960’s1960’s
Poll TaxesPoll Taxes – Required voters to own – Required voters to own property and pay a special fee to property and pay a special fee to votevote
Literacy TestsLiteracy Tests – You had to be able – You had to be able to read, whites were given easier to read, whites were given easier teststests
Grandfather ClausesGrandfather Clauses – If your father – If your father or grandfather could vote then you or grandfather could vote then you could votecould vote
Segregation : The World Segregation : The World of Jim Crowof Jim Crow
Many states passed Many states passed Jim Crow lawsJim Crow laws The laws required separation of The laws required separation of
blacks and whites in schools, parks, blacks and whites in schools, parks, public buildings, hospitals, and public buildings, hospitals, and transportation systemstransportation systems
Whites and Blacks could not use Whites and Blacks could not use the same toilets and water the same toilets and water fountains, theaters were fountains, theaters were segregated as well segregated as well
African American Facilities were African American Facilities were always inferioralways inferior
Violence towards Violence towards African- African- Americans was Americans was widespreadwidespread
LynchingsLynchings were were carried out when carried out when mobs seized mobs seized innocent innocent individuals and individuals and tortured, tortured, mutilated and mutilated and hung the victimhung the victim
Those who did it Those who did it were not caught were not caught or punished (KKK)or punished (KKK)
Discrimination: North Vs Discrimination: North Vs SouthSouth
In the South In the South de jure segregationde jure segregation was was practiced because of the Jim Crow practiced because of the Jim Crow laws (The Law)laws (The Law)
In the North In the North de facto segregationde facto segregation was was practiced, the not posted or practiced, the not posted or unannounced separation of races unannounced separation of races ( The Fact)( The Fact) Public Areas, schools, housing, and Public Areas, schools, housing, and
employment were effectively segregatedemployment were effectively segregated Bloody Race Riots occurred in NYC in Bloody Race Riots occurred in NYC in
1900, and Springfield Illinois in 19081900, and Springfield Illinois in 1908
Plessy Vs Ferguson Plessy Vs Ferguson ( 1896)( 1896) In the 1890’s many In the 1890’s many
court decisions court decisions limited African-limited African-Americans rightsAmericans rights
In 1896 the Supreme In 1896 the Supreme Court ruled in Court ruled in Plessy Plessy Vs Ferguson that the Vs Ferguson that the “Separate but equal”“Separate but equal” did not violate the did not violate the 1414thth Amendment Amendment (Equal Protection)(Equal Protection)
Jim Crow laws Jim Crow laws worsenedworsened
African American ResponseAfrican American Response The The Niagara MovementNiagara Movement led by led by WEB WEB
DuboisDubois denounced all political, civil and denounced all political, civil and economic discriminationeconomic discrimination
Mary White Ovington and Niagara Mary White Ovington and Niagara Movement leaders found the interracial Movement leaders found the interracial group the group the National Association for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored PeopleAdvancement of Colored People (NAACP)(NAACP)
By 1914 the NAACP had 50 branches By 1914 the NAACP had 50 branches and 6,000 membersand 6,000 members
Its magazine, Its magazine, The CrisisThe Crisis edited by edited by DuBois reached 30,000 readersDuBois reached 30,000 readers
NAACP worked in the courts, 1915 NAACP worked in the courts, 1915 Grandfather Clauses were repealedGrandfather Clauses were repealed
WEB Du BoisWEB Du Bois graduated from Fisk graduated from Fisk University, 1University, 1stst African African American to get a American to get a PH.D. from HarvardPH.D. from Harvard
He proposed higher He proposed higher education for blacks education for blacks and to take pride in and to take pride in both their African and both their African and American heritageAmerican heritage
He disagreed with He disagreed with Booker T. Booker T. Washington’s Washington’s submissive submissive acceptance approach acceptance approach
African American Pride and African American Pride and AchievementAchievement
The National Negro Business League (1900) The National Negro Business League (1900) founded by founded by Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington
Booker T. Washington born a slave wrote Booker T. Washington born a slave wrote Up From SlaveryUp From Slavery (1901) he thought blacks (1901) he thought blacks should obtain vocational skills to gain white should obtain vocational skills to gain white acceptance and he founded the Tuskegee acceptance and he founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama (Very different from Institute in Alabama (Very different from WEB Du Bois)WEB Du Bois)
The National Urban League (1911) – The National Urban League (1911) – Improved Job Opportunities and Housing for Improved Job Opportunities and Housing for blacksblacks
African Americans will move North for jobs, African Americans will move North for jobs, education and less discriminationeducation and less discrimination
The Great Migration 1890-The Great Migration 1890-19201920
Success and Black PrideSuccess and Black Pride The 369The 369thth Harlem Hell Harlem Hell
Fighters of WWIFighters of WWI Madame CJ Walker Madame CJ Walker
became the richest became the richest women in Americawomen in America
Marcus Garvey’s Marcus Garvey’s United Negro United Negro Improvement Improvement Association (UNIA) Association (UNIA) gained support in the gained support in the 1920’s1920’s
The Harlem The Harlem Renaissance of the Renaissance of the 1920’s1920’s
Discrimination and Discrimination and InjusticeInjustice Blacks up North faced segregation and Blacks up North faced segregation and
racial prejudice, down South the number racial prejudice, down South the number of lynchings increasedof lynchings increased
Competition for jobs led to violence Competition for jobs led to violence (Race Riots) Racism increased by the (Race Riots) Racism increased by the 1930’s1930’s
During the Great Depression jobs were During the Great Depression jobs were scarce and blacks were the first fired scarce and blacks were the first fired and last hiredand last hired
Discrimination existed in FDR’s New Deal Discrimination existed in FDR’s New Deal Programs (CCC Segregated, and WPA)Programs (CCC Segregated, and WPA)
The The Scottsboro BoysScottsboro Boys case signified racial case signified racial injustice in the late 1930’sinjustice in the late 1930’s
Civil Rights of the 1940’sCivil Rights of the 1940’s New job opportunities for Blacks, Latinos, New job opportunities for Blacks, Latinos,
and womenand women 1million African Americans served in WWII1million African Americans served in WWII Double V CampaignDouble V Campaign In 1942 Civil Rights leader In 1942 Civil Rights leader James FarmerJames Farmer
founded the founded the Congress of Racial Equality Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)(CORE) to confront segregation in the North to confront segregation in the North
First Sit In was used in Chicago, and boycottsFirst Sit In was used in Chicago, and boycotts In 1943 Race Riot in Detroit, 34 killedIn 1943 Race Riot in Detroit, 34 killed A. Phillip Randolph’sA. Phillip Randolph’s March on Washington March on Washington FDR’s establishing the Fair Labor Practices FDR’s establishing the Fair Labor Practices
Commission ( No Discrimination in War Work)Commission ( No Discrimination in War Work)
NAACP’s Legal StrategyNAACP’s Legal Strategy The The NAACP focused on the NAACP focused on the
inequalities between the B/W inequalities between the B/W schoolsschools
Under lawyer Under lawyer Thurgood MarshallThurgood Marshall the NAACP would win 29 out of 32 the NAACP would win 29 out of 32 cases cases
Morgan Vs Virginia (1946) - No Morgan Vs Virginia (1946) - No segregated seating on interstate segregated seating on interstate busesbuses
Sweatt Vs Painter (1950) – State Sweatt Vs Painter (1950) – State Law schools must admit black Law schools must admit black applicants applicants
Brown V. Board of Brown V. Board of EducationEducation The father of 8 yr old Linda Brown The father of 8 yr old Linda Brown
challenged the idea of his daughter challenged the idea of his daughter traveling 21 blocks to school in traveling 21 blocks to school in Topeka, KansasTopeka, Kansas
Thurgood MarshallThurgood Marshall argued the case argued the case before the Supreme Court (1954)before the Supreme Court (1954)
Under Under Chief Justice Earl WarrenChief Justice Earl Warren the the court unanimously struck down school court unanimously struck down school segregationsegregation
It violated the 14It violated the 14thth Amendment and Amendment and “in public education the doctrine of “in public education the doctrine of separate but equal has no place.”separate but equal has no place.”
12 million schoolchildren in 21 states were 12 million schoolchildren in 21 states were impactedimpacted
Crisis in Little Rock 1957Crisis in Little Rock 1957 In September Gov. In September Gov. Orval FaubusOrval Faubus of of
Arkansas ordered the AK National Arkansas ordered the AK National Guard to turn away nine African Guard to turn away nine African American students trying to attend American students trying to attend Little Rock’s Central High schoolLittle Rock’s Central High school
A Federal Judge ordered the “Little A Federal Judge ordered the “Little Rock Nine” be admittedRock Nine” be admitted
The students were turned away by The students were turned away by hostile crowds and guardsmanhostile crowds and guardsman
IKE called out the 101IKE called out the 101stst Airborne in Airborne in support of the Federal Court Order support of the Federal Court Order (Troop escort)(Troop escort)
Civil Rights Act of 1957Civil Rights Act of 1957 gave the gave the Attorney General power over school Attorney General power over school desegregationdesegregation
Montgomery Bus Boycott Montgomery Bus Boycott 19561956 In December 1In December 1stst, 1955 Seamstress , 1955 Seamstress
and NAACP officer and NAACP officer Rosa ParksRosa Parks refused to give up her seat on the refused to give up her seat on the bus home bus home
The Montgomery Improvement The Montgomery Improvement Association suggested a boycott and Association suggested a boycott and a young 26 yr. old Minister a young 26 yr. old Minister Martin Martin Luther KingLuther King was elected leader was elected leader
African-Americans filed a lawsuit and African-Americans filed a lawsuit and boycotted the busses for 381 daysboycotted the busses for 381 days
A bomb ripped through MLK’s home A bomb ripped through MLK’s home but in 1956 the Supreme Court but in 1956 the Supreme Court outlawed bus segregationoutlawed bus segregation
Dr. Martin Luther KingDr. Martin Luther King DR. King called his brand of non-DR. King called his brand of non-
violent resistance “Soul Force”violent resistance “Soul Force” He was influenced by his Christian He was influenced by his Christian
beliefs, Henry David Thoreau, A. Phillip beliefs, Henry David Thoreau, A. Phillip Randolph, and Mohandas GandhiRandolph, and Mohandas Gandhi
King graduated from Morehouse King graduated from Morehouse CollegeCollege
King earned a divinity degree from King earned a divinity degree from Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, PAPA
King earned a PH.D from Boston Univ King earned a PH.D from Boston Univ where he met his wife Coretta Scott where he met his wife Coretta Scott KingKing
Dr. King and the SCLCDr. King and the SCLC In 1957 King joined with Baptist In 1957 King joined with Baptist
Ministers and Civil Rights leaders in Ministers and Civil Rights leaders in forming the forming the Southern Christian Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)Leadership Conference (SCLC)
King worked with two Northern King worked with two Northern pacifists: pacifists: Beyard RustinBeyard Rustin and and Glenn Glenn SmilySmily
Ella BakerElla Baker was the backbone of SCLC was the backbone of SCLC by setting up branches all over the by setting up branches all over the SouthSouth
The Reverend The Reverend Ralph AbernathyRalph Abernathy was was elected treasurerelected treasurer
The Movement SpreadsThe Movement Spreads In April 1960 Baker helped students In April 1960 Baker helped students
at Shaw University organize at Shaw University organize The The Student Non-violent Coordinating Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)Committee (SNCC)
Student Activism would be essentialStudent Activism would be essential In February 1960 sit-in were held at In February 1960 sit-in were held at
the White Only lunch counter at the White Only lunch counter at Woolworth’s in Greensboro, NCWoolworth’s in Greensboro, NC
By late 1960 students had By late 1960 students had descended on segregated lunch descended on segregated lunch counters in 48 cities in 11 states counters in 48 cities in 11 states resisting violent backlashresisting violent backlash
The Politics of Civil The Politics of Civil Rights 1960Rights 1960
JFK supported the Sit-ins, Nixon JFK supported the Sit-ins, Nixon supported Civil Rights in Congress but supported Civil Rights in Congress but mentioned it little while campaigningmentioned it little while campaigning
Robert Kennedy’s influence in getting Robert Kennedy’s influence in getting Dr. MLK out of jail in Atlanta, and JFK’ Dr. MLK out of jail in Atlanta, and JFK’ phone call to Coretta Scott King helpedphone call to Coretta Scott King helped
JFK won 70% of the black voteJFK won 70% of the black vote JFK established a Committee on Equal JFK established a Committee on Equal
Employment OpportunityEmployment Opportunity Robert Kennedy’s in the field Robert Kennedy’s in the field
lawyers/agents (Active Attorney lawyers/agents (Active Attorney General)General)
The Freedom RidesThe Freedom Rides In 1961 CORE members black and white In 1961 CORE members black and white
began riding interstate buses to test the began riding interstate buses to test the courts decision to end segregation on courts decision to end segregation on buses and public placesbuses and public places
Freedom Riders were attacked and Freedom Riders were attacked and beaten by white mobs in Birmingham beaten by white mobs in Birmingham and Anniston, ALand Anniston, AL
One bus was firebombed, in Montgomery One bus was firebombed, in Montgomery riders were beaten with bats and pipesriders were beaten with bats and pipes
RFK sent in 400 Federal Marshals for the RFK sent in 400 Federal Marshals for the rest of the ride to Mississippirest of the ride to Mississippi
The ICC banned segregation in all The ICC banned segregation in all interstate travel interstate travel
The Albany MovementThe Albany Movement Activist from SNCC, NAACP and local Activist from SNCC, NAACP and local
groups of Albany, GA formed a groups of Albany, GA formed a coalition in an effort to desegregate coalition in an effort to desegregate the small citythe small city
Black citizens and activists sat-in, Black citizens and activists sat-in, boycotted, marched in an effort to boycotted, marched in an effort to integrate public facilities and secure integrate public facilities and secure voting rightsvoting rights
Thousands spent time in jail (MLK 2X)Thousands spent time in jail (MLK 2X) Chief Pritchett filed the jails with black Chief Pritchett filed the jails with black
demonstrators, and prevented white demonstrators, and prevented white mob violencemob violence
Albany, GA remained segregatedAlbany, GA remained segregated
Integrating Old MissIntegrating Old Miss In Sept. 1962 In Sept. 1962
air-force veteran air-force veteran James MeredithJames Meredith won a case to won a case to enrollenroll
Gov. Ross Gov. Ross Barnett refused Barnett refused to let him to let him registerregister
Riots broke out, Riots broke out, thousands of thousands of soldiers, 200 soldiers, 200 arrests, and two arrests, and two deathsdeaths
Birmingham, AlabamaBirmingham, Alabama The SCLC and Dr. MLK targeted The SCLC and Dr. MLK targeted
Birmingham, AL to hold a marchBirmingham, AL to hold a march In April 12, 1963 Dr. MLK was arrestedIn April 12, 1963 Dr. MLK was arrested He wrote “He wrote “Letter from a Birmingham Letter from a Birmingham
Jail”Jail” On May 2On May 2ndnd, 2,000 children marched, 2,000 children marched Chief Bull ConnerChief Bull Conner arrested 959 of them arrested 959 of them On May 3On May 3rdrd, Police Dogs, high pressure , Police Dogs, high pressure
hoses, and clubs were used (National hoses, and clubs were used (National TV Audience)TV Audience)
Protests, Boycotts, and Negative Protests, Boycotts, and Negative Media forced desegregationMedia forced desegregation
JFK sent a Civil JFK sent a Civil Rights Bill to Rights Bill to CongressCongress
US troops are sent US troops are sent in to desegregate in to desegregate the Univ. of ALthe Univ. of AL
Gov. George Wallace Gov. George Wallace stands in the doorstands in the door
NAACP’s Medger NAACP’s Medger Evers is gunned Evers is gunned downdown
In Sept. a bomb In Sept. a bomb killed four girls in a killed four girls in a Baptist ChurchBaptist Church
The March on WashingtonThe March on Washington To encourage the Congress to pass To encourage the Congress to pass
JFK’s Civil Rights Bill, A. Phillip JFK’s Civil Rights Bill, A. Phillip Randolph and Bayard Rustin Randolph and Bayard Rustin organized a march on Washingtonorganized a march on Washington
On August 28On August 28thth, 1963 more than , 1963 more than 250,000 people including 75,000 250,000 people including 75,000 whites assembled on the national whites assembled on the national mallmall
All listened to many speaker All listened to many speaker including Dr. Martin Luther King’s including Dr. Martin Luther King’s “I have a dream!”“I have a dream!”
The Civil Rights Act of The Civil Rights Act of 19641964 After JFK was killed LBJ pledged to After JFK was killed LBJ pledged to
continue his workcontinue his work On July 2On July 2ndnd, 1964 LBJ signed the , 1964 LBJ signed the Civil Civil
Rights Act of 1964Rights Act of 1964 which prohibited which prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, discrimination because of race, religion, national origin, and gendernational origin, and gender
It gave all citizens the right to enter It gave all citizens the right to enter libraries, parks, washrooms, libraries, parks, washrooms, restaurants, theaters and all public restaurants, theaters and all public placesplaces
It gave more government power to It gave more government power to desegregate and created the Equal desegregate and created the Equal Employment Opportunity CommissionEmployment Opportunity Commission
Freedom SummerFreedom Summer In the summer of 1964 CORE and SNCC In the summer of 1964 CORE and SNCC
members under Bob Moses began voting members under Bob Moses began voting drives in the deep South to register African drives in the deep South to register African American voters American voters ( Freedom Summer)( Freedom Summer)
In June 1964 3 civil rights workers In June 1964 3 civil rights workers disappeared, in Miss. they were murdered disappeared, in Miss. they were murdered by the KKK and local policeby the KKK and local police
Project workers suffered 1,000 arrests, 80 Project workers suffered 1,000 arrests, 80 beatings, 35 shootings, and 30 bombingsbeatings, 35 shootings, and 30 bombings
Blacks wanted a voice within the Miss. Blacks wanted a voice within the Miss. Democratic party, so SNCC organized the Democratic party, so SNCC organized the Miss. Freedom Democratic Party led by Miss. Freedom Democratic Party led by Fannie Lou HamerFannie Lou Hamer ( They were given only 2 ( They were given only 2 of 68 seatsof 68 seats))
The Selma CampaignThe Selma Campaign In 1965 SNCC organized a voting In 1965 SNCC organized a voting
campaign in Selma, Alabamacampaign in Selma, Alabama 2,000 African-Americans had been 2,000 African-Americans had been
arrestedarrested On March 7On March 7thth, 1965 , 600 protestors , 1965 , 600 protestors
began the march from Selma to began the march from Selma to Montgomery, ALMontgomery, AL
Police swung pipes, clubs and used Police swung pipes, clubs and used tear-gastear-gas
On March 21, 3,000 members led by On March 21, 3,000 members led by MLK with Federal Protection marchedMLK with Federal Protection marched
The numbers grew to 25,000 marchersThe numbers grew to 25,000 marchers
The Voting Rights Act of The Voting Rights Act of 19651965 That summer LBJ signed the Voting That summer LBJ signed the Voting
Rights Act of 1965Rights Act of 1965 The act eliminated literacy tests, The act eliminated literacy tests,
allowed federal officials to register allowed federal officials to register votersvoters
The 24The 24thth Amendment to the Amendment to the Constitution eliminated poll taxesConstitution eliminated poll taxes
Violence Erupts in the cities Violence Erupts in the cities of the Northof the North
Centuries of de facto segregation had Centuries of de facto segregation had produced social and economic produced social and economic inequalitiesinequalities
Slums, high unemployment, poor Slums, high unemployment, poor schools all contributed to desperationschools all contributed to desperation
Aggressive Police was a point of Aggressive Police was a point of contentioncontention
In July 1964, a race riot erupted in In July 1964, a race riot erupted in Harlem after a 15 year old black student Harlem after a 15 year old black student was killed was killed
On Aug. 11On Aug. 11thth, 1965 the worst riot , 1965 the worst riot erupted in Watts, Los Angeleserupted in Watts, Los Angeles
Watts- 34 deaths, Watts- 34 deaths, $200 million in $200 million in damagesdamages
Detroit 1967 – 43 Detroit 1967 – 43 deaths, $40 million deaths, $40 million in property in property damagesdamages
In 1966 and 67 In 1966 and 67 more than 100 riots more than 100 riots and violent clashes and violent clashes took placetook place
Newark, San Newark, San Francisco, Francisco, Milwaukee, Phila., Milwaukee, Phila., Cleveland, and Cleveland, and DaytonDayton
The Kerner CommissionThe Kerner Commission What caused race riots and the What caused race riots and the
destruction?destruction? People suffered in the cities from People suffered in the cities from
heightened expectationsheightened expectations from the from the civil rights movement and LBJ’s civil rights movement and LBJ’s promises in the Great Society that promises in the Great Society that were not realizedwere not realized
““White RacismWhite Racism” created an explosive ” created an explosive mixture of mixture of poverty, police brutalitypoverty, police brutality, , and the commission recommended and the commission recommended extensive public housing, integrated extensive public housing, integrated schools, 2 million new jobs, and a schools, 2 million new jobs, and a national system of income national system of income supplementationsupplementation
Voices of DiscontentVoices of Discontent Malcolm Little joined Malcolm Little joined The Nation of The Nation of
IslamIslam when he was in prison converted when he was in prison converted and changed his name to and changed his name to Malcolm XMalcolm X
He preached He preached Elijah Muhammad’sElijah Muhammad’s views views that whites were the cause of the that whites were the cause of the problem and black should separate problem and black should separate from societyfrom society
Malcolm X preached black supremacyMalcolm X preached black supremacy Malcolm X got media attention which Malcolm X got media attention which
resulted in resentment from other resulted in resentment from other Nation of Islam membersNation of Islam members
In March of 1964 Malcolm X broke with In March of 1964 Malcolm X broke with the Nation and went on the pilgrimage the Nation and went on the pilgrimage to Meccato Mecca
““Ballots or Bullets?”Ballots or Bullets?” Malcolm X returned and preached an Malcolm X returned and preached an
extremely moderate message, found extremely moderate message, found a new tolerant Muslim organization a new tolerant Muslim organization and proposed working with Dr. MLKand proposed working with Dr. MLK
On Feb. 21, 1965, Malcolm X was On Feb. 21, 1965, Malcolm X was assassinated by members of the assassinated by members of the Nation of IslamNation of Islam
Black PowerBlack Power In June 1966 march it had become In June 1966 march it had become
evident to MLK that CORE and SNCC evident to MLK that CORE and SNCC had become militanthad become militant
““We shall overrun!”We shall overrun!” Stokely CarmichaelStokely Carmichael of SNCC of SNCC
preached the slogan preached the slogan “Black Power”“Black Power” the battle cry for militant civil rightsthe battle cry for militant civil rights
The Black PanthersThe Black Panthers In October 1966, In October 1966, Huey Newton and Huey Newton and
Bobby SealeBobby Seale founded the political founded the political party party the Black Panthersthe Black Panthers
It advocated self-sufficiency, full It advocated self-sufficiency, full employment opportunities, decent employment opportunities, decent housing and no military service due housing and no military service due to the unfair numbers being drafted to the unfair numbers being drafted and killed in Vietnamand killed in Vietnam
Police shootouts occurred and the Police shootouts occurred and the FBI conducted many investigationsFBI conducted many investigations
Panthers helped out with many Panthers helped out with many community projects in urban ghettoscommunity projects in urban ghettos
A Turning Point - 1968A Turning Point - 1968 On April 3On April 3rdrd, 1968 DR. MLK addressed , 1968 DR. MLK addressed
a crowd in Memphisa crowd in Memphis He was there to support the city He was there to support the city
striking garbage workersstriking garbage workers He gave his famousHe gave his famous
““Promised Land” SpeechPromised Land” Speech
He was assassinated He was assassinated
one day later by Jamesone day later by James
Earl Ray on his hotelEarl Ray on his hotel
balconybalcony
Reaction to King’s DeathReaction to King’s Death RFK passionate plea RFK passionate plea
for non-violence in for non-violence in IndianapolisIndianapolis
Over 100 cities Over 100 cities exploded in flamesexploded in flames
Baltimore, Chicago, Baltimore, Chicago, KC, and Washington KC, and Washington were the worstwere the worst
RFK was killed in RFK was killed in June 1968 by Sirhan June 1968 by Sirhan SirhanSirhan
The Civil Rights Act of 1968 and The Civil Rights Act of 1968 and BeyondBeyond
The Civil Rights Act of 1968 targeted The Civil Rights Act of 1968 targeted de facto discriminationde facto discrimination
It ended discrimination in housingIt ended discrimination in housing By 1970, 2/3 of African Americans By 1970, 2/3 of African Americans
were registered to votewere registered to vote Black elected officials grew from 100 Black elected officials grew from 100
in 1965 to more than 7,000 in 1992in 1965 to more than 7,000 in 1992 In the late 1960’s early 1970’s In the late 1960’s early 1970’s
Affirmative Action programs were Affirmative Action programs were startedstarted
