The Chemistry of Life

Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry

ORGANIC means comes from and found in living things All organic compounds contain both All organic compounds contain both CarbonCarbon and and HydrogenHydrogen

togethertogether Inorganic – Inorganic – Doesn’t contain Doesn’t contain bothboth C and H C and H

Practice: Organic or Inorganic???Practice: Organic or Inorganic??? H2O = ___________ (water)H2O = ___________ (water) NaCl = ___________ (salt)NaCl = ___________ (salt) C6H12O6 = ___________ (sugar/glucose)C6H12O6 = ___________ (sugar/glucose) CH4 = ______________ (methane)CH4 = ______________ (methane) CO2 = _____________ (carbon dioxide)CO2 = _____________ (carbon dioxide) O2 = ______________ (oxygen)O2 = ______________ (oxygen)

MacromoleculesMacromolecules Means “Means “Giant moleculesGiant molecules”” Formed by Formed by polymerizationpolymerization::

Small things (Small things (MONOMERSMONOMERS) join together to ) join together to make large things (make large things (POLYMERSPOLYMERS))

EXEX. monomer + monomer + monomer = polymer. monomer + monomer + monomer = polymer

Four (4) types of Four (4) types of OrganicOrganic Macromolecules: Macromolecules:CarbohydratesCarbohydratesLipidsLipidsProteinsProteinsNucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

VIDEO: (3:10) http://www.brainpop.com/science/matterandchemistry/bodychemistry/

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Elements present:Elements present: Carbon, Hydrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen,

OxygenOxygen Building Blocks Building Blocks (and Digestive End (and Digestive End

products)products):: Monosaccharides or Simple Sugars Example: glucose (Formula C6H12O6 )

Are found in both simple (sugars) and complex forms (starches)

Function:Function: Main Energy source

Molecular Structure of CarbsMolecular Structure of Carbs 11 Ring = Ring = MONOMONOsaccharidesaccharide

BUILDING BLOCKSBUILDING BLOCKS of complex sugarsof complex sugars Ex. Ex. Glucose Glucose AND fructoseAND fructose

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22 Rings = Rings = DIDIsaccharidesaccharide Ex. Ex. lactose, maltose, and sucrose

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33 or more Rings = or more Rings = POLYPOLYsaccharidesaccharide Ex. Ex. Starch, cellulose, Starch, cellulose, glycogenglycogen, chitin, chitin

Polysaccharide Glucose

Making or Breaking Polymers DEHYDRATION

SYNTHESIS Synthesis =

building/joining Monosaccharides

ARE HOOKED TOGETHER BY LOSING A WATER MOLECULE TO FORM DI AND POLYSACCS.

HYDROLYSIS Hydrolysis =

digestion/breaking up Polysaccharides AND

Disacchararides BREAK APART BY ADDING WATER MOLECULES.

LipidsLipids Elements present:Elements present: Carbon, Carbon,

Hydrogen, OxygenHydrogen, Oxygen

Building Blocks Building Blocks (and Digestive End (and Digestive End products)products) 3 Fatty acids 1 glycerol molecule

ExamplesExamples Fats, oils,Fats, oils, waxes waxes

Functions:Functions: protection and insulation Parts of Parts of CELL membranesCELL membranes Chemical messengersChemical messengers (hormones) (hormones)

Types of LipidsTypes of Lipids Saturated Saturated Fat:Fat:

SOLID SOLID at room temp (ex. at room temp (ex. Butter)Butter)

may lead to heart disease or hardening of the arteries

Unsaturated Unsaturated FatFat LIQUIDLIQUID at room temp (ex. at room temp (ex.

Olive oil) Olive oil) may lower cholesterol may lower cholesterol

levelslevels

Bad for you Good for you

ProteinsProteins Elements present:Elements present:

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and NitrogenNitrogen

Building blocks (and Digestive End products) Amino Acids Amino acids are linked in any

order and in any number to make endless numbers of proteins!

Proteins are formed at the ribosomes of a cell and held together by peptide bonds.

The shape determines the function

Amino acid

Function and (examples) of proteins:Function and (examples) of proteins: growth growth and and repairrepair transport (hemoglobin)transport (hemoglobin) form form bonebone and and musclemuscle (collagen) (collagen) sends signals (sends signals (hormoneshormones-insulin)-insulin) DefenseDefense (makes (makes antibodiesantibodies)) Control rates of reactions (Control rates of reactions (enzymesenzymes))

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids Elements present:Elements present:

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, PhosphorusCarbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

Basic Building Blocks:Basic Building Blocks: NUCLEOTIDESNUCLEOTIDES

Let’s look closer at Let’s look closer at oneone nucleotide nucleotide Nucleotides have Nucleotides have 33 parts parts

PPhosphatehosphate Ribose Ribose sugarsugar Nitrogen Base (1 of 4)Nitrogen Base (1 of 4)

• Each nucleotide is connected across to another nucleotide

• Each nucleotide is also connected to another above and below.

• This forms the Double-helix molecule

Types of Nucleic Acids:Types of Nucleic Acids:

1.1. DNA DNA (Deoxy-ribo-Nucleic-Acid)(Deoxy-ribo-Nucleic-Acid)

2.2. RNARNA (Ribo-Nucleic-Acid(Ribo-Nucleic-Acid

Functions: StoreStore and and transmit GENETICtransmit GENETIC information information

Group activityGroup activity Create a graphic

organizer, using the template below as a starting point, in order to organize important information regarding the four major organic molecules.

Include (minimally): What is the molecule

made of? What is its function(s)? Examples (general or

specific)?

Nucleic acids

carbohydrates

lipids

proteins

Organic molecules

Acids and Bases:

used for different functions in body (such as digestion).

pH is different in different parts of body, like acid (pH 3) in stomach and basic (pH 8) in small intestines

VIDEO: (3:49)

http://www.brainpop.com/science/matterandchemistry/phscale/

Characteristics of Acids Any compound that GIVES OFF H+ ions in solution

Ex. HCl H+ and Cl-

Traits: Sour taste pH value less than 6.9 Strong acids 1-3

Common acids: Juices, vinegar, HCl

Add water

Characteristics of Bases Any compound that GIVES OFF OH- ions in

solution Ex. NaOH Na+ and OH-

Traits: Slippery PH greater than 7.1 Strong base pH 11 - 14

Common Bases: Soaps, detergents, ammonia

Add water

measures the strengths of acids and bases.

pH 0-6.9 = acid pH 7.1-14 = base pH 7 = neutral (water).

pH scale:

Chemical Indicators - Are used to test for certain substances

1. Lugol’s solution (iodine) Tests for starch

Yellow = no starch Blue/Black = starch

2. Benedict’s solution Tests for monosacchardies (ie. Glucose)

Blue = no glucose A diff. color = glucose

Positive Test

Negative Test

3. Litmus paper Tests for Acids or bases

Red change = acidic Blue change = basic

4. Bromothymol blue Test for carbon dioxide

Blue = basic (>7.6 pH ) Green = neutral (~7 pH) Yellow = acidic (< 6.0 pH )

Enzymes

The biological catalyst of life

Click for Discovery channel video

Enzymes…. are protein substances that are necessary for:

The chemical reactions that occur in your bodyEx. Pepsin (enzyme) breaks protein down in

the stomach.

Help to release energy in the form of ATP (adenine tri-phosphate) to the cells

Enzyme Vocabulary Enzymes end in –ase

Maltase binds to maltose Lactase binds to lactose Lipase breaks down fat Amylase is found in saliva

Catalyst: Substance that affects the rate of a

chemical reaction WITHOUT BEING ALTERED

Because it is not altered, can do same thing over, and, over, and, over, and over…….

Enzymes are ORGANIC CATALYSTS

Enzyme Vocabulary Substrate:

The substance upon which the enzyme reacts

Active site: Site where enzyme binds to

substrate Denature:

When enzyme’s shape is altered due to: high temp strong acids or bases

How Do Enzymes Work?

DEMO

The enzyme has an active site which has a on its surface which has a very specific shape.

The enzyme and the substrate (what enzymes acts upon) temporarily join together forming the enzyme substrate

complex.

Importance of Enzyme Shape

Enzymes have specific shapes This means enzymes are specific to

their substrate They will only attach to a substrate

that “fits” their shape If shape of enzyme is denatured, will

it be able to bind to its substrate? NO!

Two things can cause denaturing: Temperature pH

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Formed when enzyme binds to substrate Very specific

Lock and Key Model:• Enzyme-substrate complex often compared to a lock and key.• Active site on enzyme can only “FIT” or bind to a specific substrate

Example: Amylase will bind to starch, but not cellulose

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PILzvT3spCQ&feature=fvwrel

What factors influence Enzyme Action?

Remember, enzymes speed up reactions

What can affect the rate at which enzymes perform?It’s shape!

Denaturing affects rateThe amount of enzyme and

substrate!

Temperature - Enzyme shape and reaction rate: Enzymes have a specific temperature

range at which they work best EX. Human enzymes work best at 37°C

Temps not in the optimal range will cause enzymes to denature

Shape is altered, so reaction rates are SLOWED or stopped altogether

Reaction rates will DROP dramatically depending on how much denaturing of enzyme

Temperature vs. Reaction Rate

pH - Enzyme shape and reaction rate: Enzymes have a specific pH range at which

they work best EX. Most enzymes work best at pH 7 Where in the body would enzymes be optimal at a

low (acidic) pH? Why? In stomach, this is because stomach acid has a

low pH pH not in the optimal range will cause

enzymes to denature Shape is altered, so reaction rates are

SLOWED or stopped altogether Reaction rates will DROP dramatically

depending on how much denaturing of enzyme.

pH vs. Reaction Rate

3 9

Concentration - Enzyme amount and reaction rate:

Enzyme rate also depends on the amount of enzyme and substrateLittle enzyme, lots of substrate:

Slower ratesHow can we speed up the rate?

Add more enzyme until max. rate achieved.

Substrate Concentration vs. Reaction Rate