Organic Organic Chemistry:Chemistry:

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Review of Review of ORGANIC CHEMISTRYORGANIC CHEMISTRY

DefinitionDefinition::– Contains Contains

CARBON (C)CARBON (C)

– Can also contain Can also contain HYDROGEN (H) AND OXYGEN (O)HYDROGEN (H) AND OXYGEN (O)

– Living things can add Living things can add NITROGEN, PHOSPHOROUS, SULFUR AND NITROGEN, PHOSPHOROUS, SULFUR AND

OTHER SUBSTANCESOTHER SUBSTANCES

– Create Create MacromoleculeMacromolecule:: built from smaller organic compounds.built from smaller organic compounds.

Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry

4 kinds4 kinds of of Organic Organic MacromoleculesMacromolecules1.1. CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

2.2. LipidsLipids

3.3. Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

4.4. ProteinsProteins

NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDS Named for where they Named for where they

were were first found:first found: The NucleusThe Nucleus

Three types that we will be studyingThree types that we will be studying1.1. DNA (Deoxyribnucleic Acid)DNA (Deoxyribnucleic Acid)2.2. RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)3.3. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDS Contain the elements:Contain the elements:

CarbonCarbonHydrogenHydrogenOxygenOxygenNitrogenNitrogenPhosphoroPhosphorousus

Structure of Nucleic Acids:Structure of Nucleic Acids:

Definition: Definition: – small, repeating small, repeating

chain of chain of nucleotides.nucleotides.

Nucleotide:Nucleotide:* 5 carbon sugar* 5 carbon sugar* phosphate* phosphate* nitrogenous base* nitrogenous base

DNADNADDeoxyriboeoxyribonnucleic ucleic AAcidcid Stores Stores hereditaryhereditary information in the cell that directs the information in the cell that directs the

cell’s activities cell’s activities

and determines a cell’s and determines a cell’s

characteristics.characteristics. Supercoiled into Supercoiled into

chromosomeschromosomes– DNA makes up DNA makes up GENESGENES

DNA NucleotideDNA Nucleotide

33 separate components separate components

DNA Nucleotide DNA Nucleotide Structure: component #1 Structure: component #1

1.1. 55 carbon sugar carbon sugar “ “DeDeoxyribose”oxyribose”– ““de” means de” means

without…without… With one fewer With one fewer

oxygen than ribose oxygen than ribose sugarsugar

DNA Nucleotide DNA Nucleotide Structure: Structure: component #2component #2

PhosphatePhosphate

POPO443-3-

Carries a Carries a negative negative charge.charge.

DNA Nucleotide DNA Nucleotide Structure: Structure: component #3component #3Nitrogenous Nitrogenous

BaseBase 2 possible types2 possible types

– Purines:Purines: Adenine and GuanineAdenine and Guanine Double ringedDouble ringed

– Pyrimidines:Pyrimidines: Thymine and Thymine and

CytosineCytosine Single ringedSingle ringed DNA does not contain DNA does not contain

UracilUracil XX

DNA NucleotideDNA Nucleotide

Sugar Phosphate BaseSugar Phosphate Base

3-D Structure of DNA3-D Structure of DNA

The nucleotides The nucleotides are connected are connected together into two together into two long chains long chains hooked together hooked together in the middle to in the middle to create a ladder.create a ladder.

Double StrandedDouble Stranded– Sides: alternating Sides: alternating

sugar and sugar and phosphate unitsphosphate units

– Rungs: Purine Rungs: Purine and pyrimidine and pyrimidine held together by held together by hydrogen bond.hydrogen bond.

Complementary bonding Complementary bonding between the bases in the between the bases in the rungsrungs

weak hydrogen bondsweak hydrogen bonds

– Purine=PyrimidinePurine=Pyrimidine

– *Adenine= Thymine*Adenine= ThymineA-TA-T

– *Guanine= Cytosine*Guanine= Cytosine

G-CG-C

3-D Structure of DNA3-D Structure of DNA

Double Stranded +Double Stranded +

TwistedTwisted

DOUBLE HELIX:DOUBLE HELIX:

““Spiral Spiral

Staircase”Staircase”

““Twisted Ladder”Twisted Ladder”

3-D Structure of DNA3-D Structure of DNA

The sequence of bases on one strand The sequence of bases on one strand determines the sequence of bases on determines the sequence of bases on the other strand…”complementary.”the other strand…”complementary.”

Ex. Ex. •TCGAACT on one strand TCGAACT on one strand dictates that the other strand dictates that the other strand will be will be

AGCTTGAAGCTTGA

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

We will cover RNA later and we We will cover RNA later and we have already studied ATPhave already studied ATP

So What is ATP = Adenosine TriPhosphate

Energy Currency of the Cell• Cells require a molecule that stores smaller quantities of Cells require a molecule that stores smaller quantities of

energy to be used in individual reactions (of metabolism) energy to be used in individual reactions (of metabolism) • And can be used over and over again. And can be used over and over again.

• This molecule acts as the short-term energy currency of the This molecule acts as the short-term energy currency of the cell.cell.

ATP Nucleotide

33 separate components separate components

ATP = ATP = AAdenosine denosine TTriripphosphate:hosphate:• Consists of • Nitrogenous Base: Adenine • Sugar: Ribose

(these 2 molecules make up “Adenosine”) • 3 Phosphate groups

ATP Nucleotide Structure: component #1

Nitrogenous Nitrogenous BaseBase

• AdenineAdenine

ATP Nucleotide Structure: component #2 1.1. 55 carbon sugar: Ribose carbon sugar: Ribose

ATP Nucleotide Structure: component #3

3 Phosphates3 Phosphates

POPO443-3-

• Carries a Carries a negative negative charge.charge.

ATP Nucleotide

Sugar 3 Phosphates BaseSugar 3 Phosphates Base

• The bond linking the last two phosphates onto the first are high-energy bonds…very, very UNSTABLE!• These bonds are broken by hydrolysis• High energy because large amounts are given off when they are

broken off• This is where the energy from the bonds in glucose are stored

during cellular respiration.

ATP + H2O ATP + H2O ADP + P + energy ADP + P + energy

ADP = Adenosine Diphosphate)• As the ATP breaks down by losing a phosphate, the

energy released is used for other reactions in the cell that require energy (metabolism!).• The bond that is broken is the high energy bond between

the last two phosphates.

• To go from ADP back ATP• phosphate (found in the cytoplasm) is joined to the ADP. • This is done through…

RESPIRATION: When energy is released from the bonds of glucose as it is broken down.

ATP is the Product of Cellular Respiration!!!! As glucose is broken

down: energy is released from

the bonds of the glucose and

becomes part of the bond between the 2nd and 3rd

phosphates..