The Chemistry Of Dirt

What is Dirt Made OF?

So, How do atoms Hook Together to make

compounds and minerals and stuff like dirt?

…… Well, I’m Glad you asked That question – But you need to hear a story first!!!!

A Story AboutEarnest Rutherford in 1898

• Who used a led box with a radioactive compound in it to unveil the makeup of the atom.

Particle charge mass symbol stopped byAlpha 2+ 4 amu PaperBeta 1- 1/1837 amu foil

Gamma 0 0 1 inch lead

Particle symbol mass charge positionProton p+ 1.67 x10-27kg (1amu) 1+ nucleus

Neutron n 1.67 x10-27kg(1amu) 0 nucleusElectron e- 9.11 x 10-31kg 1- outside

Atomic number

The number of protons

and

electrons in an atom

Atomic Mass

The number of protons

+

Neutrons in an atom

Isotope

Atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of

neutrons

Counting Electrons

Total Electrons and Valence Electrons

Valence Electrons – number of electrons in the outer shell of an atom

The valence Electrons are the only ones used in Bonding

Hey, ….. That number matches the group number on my periodic table in a way!!!!

Valence Electrons

1 valence e-

2 valence e-

3 va

lenc

e e-

4 va

lenc

e e-

5 va

lenc

e e-

6 va

lenc

e e-

7 va

lenc

e e-

8 va

lenc

e e-

....Se Mg. .. .Na . ...

Cl: .. ..

..Na . ...

Cl: ..+ Na+ -...Cl: ..

..

Ionic Bond

bond formed by the giving or

taking of electrons

Al3+

+ O2- Al2O3

Mg2+

Cl MgCl2+

Na+

N3+

NaN3+

Al3+

+ O2- Al2O3

Mg2+

Cl MgCl2+

Na+

N3+

NaN3+

Properties of Ionic Compounds

Formed from a metal and a non metal

Most are soluble in water

Form crystalline lattices

Covalent Bond

bond formed by the Sharing

of electrons

Properties of Covalent Compounds

Formed by two nonmetals

Solubility varies

The strongest bond

Br..: ...Br.. :...

+ Br..: ...Br.. :...

bonding pair

nonbonding pairs

Polar Covalent Bond

Bond formed with the unequal sharing of electrons due to one atom being more electronegative

Electrongeativity -The attraction an atom has for a pair of shared electrons

S+

S-S-

More Electronegative

Metallic Bond

A bond between metal atoms that allows electrons to freely flow throughout the material

Ionic bond

Covalent bondPolar Covalent bond

Relationship Between Bonds