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The Characteristics of Living Things
The Characteristics of Living Things
The Characteristics of Living Things
The Characteristics of Living Things
• Great Complexity & Cellular Organization• Reproduction & Development• Responds with the Environment• Metabolism • Capacity for growth• Homeostasis• Heredity• Evolution (Adaptation)
• Atoms• Molecules• Organelles• Cells• Tissues• Organs• Organ Systems• Organisms• Populations• Communities• Ecosystems• Biosphere
Some ElementsSome Elements
• Water (H2O)
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Molecular Oxygen (O2)
• Ammonium (NH3)
• Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
• Water (H2O)
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Molecular Oxygen (O2)
• Ammonium (NH3)
• Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
Simple Inorganic MoleculesSimple Inorganic Molecules
Categories:
Lipids
Proteins Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds
Cell OrganellesCell Organelles
mitochondria
smooth ER
nucleus
golgi
rough ER
CellsCells
OsteocyteNerve cell
Blood cell Muscle cell
Levels of Body OrganizationLevels of Body Organization
carbonatom
organ system
DNA molecule
organelle celltissue
organ
organismpopulationcommunity
ecosystem
biosphere
Prokaryotic CellProkaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Animal CellEukaryotic Animal Cell
Eukaryotic Plant CellEukaryotic Plant Cell
Classification: Six kingdom system:
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Archaebacteria
E. coli Cyanobacteria
Paramecium Diatom Slime mold
Asexual ReproductionAsexual Reproduction
Coral polyp budding
Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction
DevelopmentDevelopment
Both Sexual & Asexual
–Living things interact with each other and with the environment
–Ecology – the study of these interactions• Hawaiian Monk seals eat fish• Humans eat fish• What if something happened to the
fish?
Interaction with the environment
Interaction with the EnvironmentInteraction with the Environment
The sum total of the chemical processes that occur in living organisms, resulting in growth, production of energy, elimination of waste material, etc.
• Anabolism- build up of complex molecules
• Catabolism- break down of complex molecules
Metabolism
Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + energyC6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
6H2O + 6CO2 + light C6H12O6 + 6O26H2O + 6CO2 + light C6H12O6 + 6O2
GrowthGrowth
• Organisms require a source of food to provide energy for growth
• Organisms require a source of food to provide energy for growth
Autotrophs• Organisms that make their own food (like plants,
some protists, and some bacteria)• Plants capture energy from the sun, use water
and carbon dioxide to make sugars and starches
Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis
Heterotrophs• Organisms that take
in food to meet their energy needs
• Animals must consume autotrophs (plants), and other heterotrophs to meet their energy needs
HomeostasisHomeostasis
1. Maintenance of constant internal conditions in varying environments
2. Adaptation of organisms to specific environments
HomeostasisHomeostasis
Three big problems
1. Obtaining energy and nutrients
2. Maintaining temperature
3. Obtaining and holding onto water
Body Temperature Regulation
Temperature ControlTemperature ControlEctotherms (Poikilotherms)Ectotherms (Poikilotherms)
• Generate body heat metabolically, but Generate body heat metabolically, but cannot maintain constant internal body cannot maintain constant internal body temperaturetemperature
• Body temperature mimics the Body temperature mimics the surrounding environmentsurrounding environment
Most ectotherms regulate their body temperature by
• basking
• moving between shade/sun
• being active at certain times of day
EctothermsEctotherms
Temperature ControlTemperature ControlEndotherms (homeothermic)Endotherms (homeothermic)
• Generate body heat metabolically and Generate body heat metabolically and body temperature does not match the body temperature does not match the temperature of the surrounding temperature of the surrounding environmentenvironment
• These organisms retain metabolic heat These organisms retain metabolic heat and can control metabolism to maintain and can control metabolism to maintain a constant internal temperaturea constant internal temperature
• Transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring
• Instructions from parent to offspring are passed on in the form of genes
HeredityHeredity
DNADNAContains
information for almost all cell
activities
Heritable variations
Blood type
Dwarfism
Beak Depth
Banding pattern
Eye color
EvolutionEvolutionChange in the genetic
composition of a population through time
Change in the genetic composition of a population
through time
Mechanisms Contributing to Evolutionary Change
Mechanisms Contributing to Evolutionary Change
• Production of heritable variations• Natural Selection• Chance
• Production of heritable variations• Natural Selection• Chance
AdaptationsAdaptationsThe structural, functional, and behavioral features that contribute to the success of a species.