8/9/2019 The Challenge, Vol. 7, No. 3

1/8

8/9/2019 The Challenge, Vol. 7, No. 3

2/8

Co Mwog! k~gp 788 glwfi|kpv iol lpwj iol ~ckagofgxpg~go|cko gtxgp|v ji|dgpgl co |dg oi|ckov fixc|ia|k lcvfwvv zgglcoj i ~gps aipjg jiplgo/

\dcv jiplgo cv |dg jiplgo kn xpg~go|cko xpkjpie%ecoji jiplgo |di| div xpklwfgl i `wexgp fpkx kncoc|ci|c~gv! `w| okz ogglv vkeg fipgnwa |golcoj/ I| |dgVing iol Lpwj%Npgg Vfdkkav Xpkjpie fkongpgofg |dcvxiv| vweegp! i||golggv zgpg zipogl kn |dg k~gpfpkzl%coj kn |dcv jiplgo iol zgpg jc~go vwjjgv|ckov ko dkz|k |gol c|v ogglv/

Xpg~go|cko xpkjpieecoj co |dg vfdkkaviv zgaa ivco fkeewoc|cgvnifgv eios fdiaagojgv |klis/ Fpc|cfiaiekoj |dgvg fdiaagojgv cv |dg cvvwg kn nwolcoj iol|dg cvvwg kn vwffgvv! zdcfd jk diol co diol/ @w|`gnkpg nifcoj |dgvg fdiaagojgv! |dg ncpv| ywgv|cko cv=Zds lpwj iol ~ckagofg xpg~go|cko xpkjpieecoj co |dg

oi|ckov vfdkkav;^cfg Xpgvclgo| kn |dg Woc|gl V|i|gv Ia Jkpg! lwpcoj

|dg kxgocoj vgvvcko kn |dg fkongpgofg! gtxaicogl c| vce%xas= \dg nw|wpg kn kwp vfdkkav gywiav |dg nw|wpg kn kwpfkwo|ps/ \k vgfwpg |dcv nw|wpg! |dg Xpgvclgo| iol ^cfgXpgvclgo| lgfaipgl glwfi|cko |k `g |dgcp owe`gp kogxpckpc|s lwpcoj |dcv ilecocv|pi|cko/ \dcv xpckpc|s zivvg| co xipieg|gpv vwfd iv |dgvg= g~gps 4%sgip%kal ewv|`g i`ag |k pgil2 g~gps 90%sgip%kal ewv| di~g iffgvv |k|dg Conkpei|cko Vwxgpdcjdzis2 g~gps 94%sgip%kal ewv|

`g i`ag |k jk |k fkaagjg cn dg kp vdg vk fdkkvgv2iol g~gps ilwa| ewv| `g i`ag |k fko|cowg agipocoj nkpi acng|ceg/

Cn v|wlgo|v ipg |k ifdcg~g ios glwfi|ckoia jkiav! |dg

vfdkkav zdgpg |dcv agipocoj |ibgv xaifg oggl |k g go~c%pkoego|v npgg kn k`v|ifagv |k |dg agipocoj xpkfgvv/ Cnv|wlgo|v iol |gifdgpv ngip nkp |dgcp xdsvcfia ving|szc|dco |dg vfdkkav! |dcv agipocoj zcaa ok| kffwp/Acbgzcvg! cn lpwjv ipg xpgvgo| iol cn |dgs `gfkeggo|iojagl co |dg v|wlgo|v ac~gv! |dcv agipocoj zcaa ok|kffwp/ Iv Jkpg xkco|gl kw|! @gfiwvg vfdkkav ipg vingp!|dgs ipg ekpg fkolwfc~g |k `k|d |gifdcoj iol agipo%coj/ @w| dg zipogl |dg ncjd| nkp |dg Ving iol Lpwj%Npgg Vfdkkav Xpkjpie cv ok| k~gp/

\dg Lgxip|ego| kn Glwfi|ckov Ving iol Lpwj%NpggVfdkkav Xpkjpie! |dgpgnkpg! dkv|gl i fkongpgofg |dcvvweegp |k lcvfwvv xpg~go|cko xpkjpieecoj nkp ilkagv%fgo|v iol dkz |k |wpo fwppgo| pgvgipfd co|k gnngf|c~gif|cko/ C| cv |dg fwppgo| pgvgipfd |di| xpk~clgv |dg nkwo%li|cko nkp |dg mk` kn zgglcoj |dg jiplgo/ Jgogpia @ippsEfFinnpgs! Lcpgf|kp kn |dg Knncfg kn Oi|ckoia LpwjFko|pka Xkacfs $KOLFX#! gtxaicogl! \dgpg cv okywgv|cko co es ecol |di| zg~g jk| |k bcaa vkeg kn |dg988 nakzgpv |di| di~g `akkegl iol g~iawi|g lpwj xpg%~go|cko xpkjpiev ko |dg `ivcv kn vfcgo|cncf ncolcojv/

Zg fio| di~g piolke if|c~c|cgv/ Zg~g jk| |k di~gi xwpxkvg/ Zg~g jk| |k di~g i npiegzkpbvkeg fko%

fgx|wia aillgp|k `wcal kwp lpwj xpg~go|cko xpk%jpiev! EfFinnpgs illgl/

Zgglcoj |dg jiplgo\k |ibg ko |dg |ivb kn zgglcoj |dcv pi|dgp aipjg jip%

lgo kn xpg~go|cko xpkjpieecoj! kog ogglv |dg xpkxgpjiplgocoj |kkav! kp co |dcv fivg! i vg| kn jwclgacogv/Awfbcas! zc|dco |dg Ving iol Lpwj%Npgg Vfdkkav iolFkeewoc|cgv If|! |dgvg jwclgacogv di~g `ggo vxgaaglkw|/ \dgs ipg |dg nkwp xpcofcxagv kn gnngf|c~gogvv|dgnkwp v|gxv |di| zcaa dgax govwpg vwffgvv zdgo fdkkvcoj

i xpg~go|cko xpkjpie/ \dgvg xpcofcxagv covcv| |di| ifdkvgo xpkjpie=

9/ Cv `ivgl ko i |dkpkwjd ivvgvvego| kn k`mgf|c~g li|ii`kw| |dg lpwj iol ~ckagofg xpk`agev co |dg fke%ewoc|cgv vgp~gl2

0/ Fio egg| egivwpi ag jkiav iol k`mgf|c~gv2

6/ Cv `ivgl ko pgvgipfd iol g~iawi|cko2 iol

8/9/2019 The Challenge, Vol. 7, No. 3

3/8\dG FdIAAGO

jG ~:! o6

3

\dpkwjdkw| |dg fkongpgofg |dgvgv|gxv zgpg gexdivc}gl `s xagoipsvgvvcko vxgibgpv! iol lwpcoj |dgzkpbvdkx vgvvckov! colc~clwia xpk%

jpiev |kal kn dkz |dgvg v|gxv agl|k gnngf|c~gogvv/

9OgglvIvvgvvego|

@gnkpg fdkkvcoj npke |dg eiosxpg~go|cko xpkjpiev |di| jpkz co|dg ncgal! i vfdkka kp fkeewoc|sewv| wolgpv|iol zdi| |dg vxg%fcncf xpk`agev kn c|v kzo fko%

v|c|wgofs ipg/ Cv |dg xpk`agefkoogf|gl |k lpwjv! |k ~ckagofg!kp |k k|d; Dkz lkgv kog ivfgp%|ico |dcv conkpei|cko;

Wolgpv|iolcoj |dg oi|ckoiaxpk`age ncpv| zcaa dgax |k nkfwvko io colc~clwia akfia xpk`age/Lp/ Aaksl Mkdov|ko! xpcofcxiaco~gv|cji|kp kn\dg Ekoc|kpcoj|dg Nw|wpg v|wls! gtxgp|aslgvfpc`gl |dg oi|ckoia xpk`agekn ilkagvfgo| lpwj wvg |k |dg

fkongpgofg i||golggv gipas ko co|dg |dpgg%lis g~go|/ Dg pgxkp|%gl fwppgo| v|i|cv|cfv npke dcvv|wls zdcfd vdkz io cofpgivgco eipcmwioi! |k`iffk! ioldgpkco wvg iekoj |dg oi|ckovskwoj xgkxag/

Co kplgp |k wolgpv|iol |dgvgcofpgivgv! Mkdovko lcvfwvvgl|dg pgai|ckovdcx kn lpwj wvg |k |dgiekwo| kn pcvb |di| ilkagvfgo|vivvkfci|g zc|d lpwj wvg iol |k

zdg|dgp kp ok| |dgs lcvixxpk~g knlpwj wvg/ Zdcag |dgvg v|i|cv|cfv xkp%|pis lcv|wp`coj |pgolv ifpkvv |dgfkwo|ps! |k fdkkvg |dg pcjd| xpg~go%|cko xpkjpie! glwfi|kpv ewv| |ps |kwolgpv|iol |dgvg |pgolv zc|dco|dgcp kzo fkeewoc|cgv/

Lp/ Li~cl Dizbcov kn |dg Vgi||agVkfcia Lg~gakxego| Xpkmgf|!

gtxaicogl dkz |k `ivg ivvgvvego|vko pcvb iol xpk|gf|cko nif|kpv/\dgvg nif|kpv di~g `ggo xpk~go coakojc|wlcoia v|wlcgv |k jpgi|as

conawgofg ilkagvfgo| gdi~ckp/ \dcvixxpkifd |k ivvgvvego|v `ivcfiaasvisv! Cn zg zio| |k xpg~go| i xpk`%age `gnkpg c| dixxgov! zg oggl |kbokz zdi| nif|kpv cofpgivg pcvb nkp|di| xpk`age iol |dgo pglwfg |dkvgpcvb nif|kpv/ Fko~gpvgas! kog ewv|bokz zdi| nif|kpv xpg~go| kp xpk%|gf| ijicov| |dg lg~gakxego| kn |dgxpk`age iol cofpgivg |dkvg xpk|gf%|c~g nif|kpv/

Dizbcov! |dgpgnkpg! vwjjgv|vivvgvvcoj i fkeewoc|sv wocywgxpkncag kn pcvb iol xpk|gf|cko/ \dcv

iaakzv |dg vfdkka iol |dg fkeew%oc|s |k eibg lgfcvckov i`kw| zdgpgc| vdkwal nkfwv c|v gnnkp|v iol fko%fgo|pi|g c|v pgvkwpfgv/

Xpgvgo| i| |dg fkongpgofg zgpgpgxpgvgo|i|c~gv npke i owe`gp knvwffgvvnwa xpkjpiev/ Ivvgvvego|kn fkeewoc|s ogglv ziv kn|go |dgbgs |k |dgcp vwffgvv/ Mkvgxd Fip|gp!npke |dg @kv|ko Xkacfg Lgxip|%

ego|! lgvfpc`gl dkz dcv kpjioc}i%|cko pgvxkolgl |k zclgvxpgil ngipfiwvgl `s io iaipecoj owe`gp knskw|dnwa dkecfclgv |di| kffwppgl

co @kv|ko lwpcoj |dg ai|g 9348v iolgipas 9338v/ @s v|wlscoj li|i ko|dg ~cf|cev! |dg Lgxip|ego| zivi`ag |k lg~gakx i ~cf|ce xpkncag/@w| c| |kkb i dcjd ag~ga kn fkaai`k%pi|cko `gnkpg xkacfg zgpg nwaas i`ag|k wolgpv|iol zdi| |dgs zgpg wxijicov|/ Koas `s zkpbcoj zc|d |dgXpk`i|cko Lgxip|ego| iol i og|%zkpb kn fkeewoc|s agilgpv ziv c|xkvvc`ag |k lgncog |dg xpk`age kn

skw|dnwa ~ckagofg co @kv|ko/

Co Lgo~gp! fkaai`kpi|cko ziviavk bgs |k wolgpv|iolcoj |dgxpk`age/ \dgpg! |dg IvcioXifcncf Fgo|gp nkp DweioLg~gakxego| fkolwf|gl i ~ipc%g|s kn nkfwv jpkwxv |di| cofawl%gl v|wlgo|v! xipgo|v! vfdkka pgx%pgvgo|i|c~gv! iol g~iawi|kpv`gnkpg fpgi|coj io in|gp%vfdkkaxpkjpie nkp i|%pcvb skw|dv/

@w| ok| iaa vwffgvvnwa xpk%jpiev di~g v|ip|gl zc|d i fka%

ai`kpi|c~g ivvgvvego| xdivg/I}ce Bdiecvi |kal |dg fkongp%gofg vxkbg i`kw| v|ip|coj |dg\ipcy Bdiecvi Nkwoli|cko!lglcfi|gl |k fpgi|coj vingp fke%ewoc|cgv `s fwp`coj skw|dnwa~ckagofg iol xpkek|coj xgpvko%ia pgvxkovc`cac|s! in|gp dcv vko!\ipcy ziv bcaagl |zk sgipv ijk/

\ipcyv ivvicaio| ziv 9< sgipv kal/Bdiecvi `pcojv |dg nkwoli|ckovxpkjpie kn ^ckagofg Cexif|

Nkpwev co|k akfia vfdkkav |k dgaxxpkek|g dgiacoj iol |k pglwfg |dg|piwei|cf gnngf|v kn ~ckagofg/

Nkp ekv| xpkjpiev pgxpgvgo|gli| |dg fkongpgofg! |dg fpc|cfia ncpv|v|gx co `pcojcoj lpwj iol ~ckagofgxpg~go|cko co|k |dg vfdkkav div`ggo wolgpv|iolcoj |dg akfia vc|wi%|cko/ Iv L/M/ Cli! npke |dg Ivcio

8/9/2019 The Challenge, Vol. 7, No. 3

4/8

98\dG FdIAAGO

jG ~:! o6

FFKONGPGOFGKONGPGOFG PPGXKP\GXKP\

Xifcncf Fgo|gp nkp DweioLg~gakxego| co Lgo~gp! vicl i`kw|dgp nkfwv jpkwxv! c|v zdgpg kogfio agipo zdi| k|dgpv vgg iv |dgxpk`agev iol zdi| ipg |dg fiwvgvkn |dkvg xpk`agev/

0

Egivwpi agJkiav .

K mgf|c~gvLg|gpecocoj fkeewoc|s ogglv

xpk~clgv |dg ivcv nkp vgagf|coj xpg%~go|cko xpkjpiev/ Vfdkkav ewv|govwpg |di| |dg xpkjpiev |dgsfdkkvg |k cexagego| ipg lgvcjogl|k pgvxkol |k |dg ogglv |dgs di~gclgo|cncgl! iol |dgs vdkwal fkovcl%gp koas xpkjpiev |di| di~g egivwp%i`ag jkiav iol k`mgf|c~gv/

\dg Fkeewoc|s \di| Fipgv xpk%jpie! lg~gakxgl `s Lp/ Dizbcov!xpk~clgv i xpkfgvv eibcoj c| xkvvc%`ag |k vgagf| xpg~go|cko xpkjpiev`s ncpv| lgncocoj xpkjpie jkiav/Kofg pcvb iol xpk|gf|c~g nif|kpvdi~g `ggo clgo|cncgl! i vg| knkw|fkeg%`ivgl xaioocoj |kkav ipgwvgl |k clgo|cns lgvcpgl eglcwe%iol akoj%|gpe kw|fkegv/ \dgvg! co

|wpo! gv|i`acvd |dg jkiav |di| lpc~gvgagf|cko kn ixxpkxpci|g xpkjpiev/

Ekv| xip|cfcxio|v i| |dg fkongp%gofg lgvfpc`gl |dgcp xpkjpiev co|gpev kn jkiav iol k`mgf|c~gv/Xdsaacv Gaacfbvko kn PiolFkpxkpi|cko! lg~gakxgp kn Xpkmgf|IAGP\! vxkbg `pkilas i`kw|cofpgivcoj v|wlgo| ek|c~i|cko |kpgvcv| lpwjv iol lg~gakxcoj vbcaav

kn pgvcv|iofg/ Vdg knngpgl iv kogk`mgf|c~g! dgaxcoj skwoj xgkxagifywcpg pgivkov ok| |k wvg lpwjv`s! nkp gtiexag! fdiaagojcoj fgp%|ico okpei|c~g `gacgnv i`kw| lpwjviol gofkwpijcoj ilkagvfgo|v |k`gacg~g |dgs ipg fixi ag kn pgvcv|%coj lpwjv/ Nkp |dg jkia kn lg~gakx%coj pgvcv|iofg vbcaav! Xpkmgf|IAGP\ dgaxv bclv clgo|cns xpgv%vwpgv |di| ecjd| gofkwpijg |dge |kwvg lpwjv iol agipo zisv |k fkwo|gp|dgvg xpgvvwpgv/

Xpkmgf| V\IP iavk gexdivc}gv|dg lg~gakxego| kn lpwj pgvcv|iofgvbcaav iv i xpkjpie jkia! `w| eibgvi xkco| |k cofawlg jkiav iol k`mgf%|c~gv nkp |dg fkeewoc|s iv zgaa/C|v cexkp|io| zdgo lg~gakxcoj kpfdkkvcoj io gnngf|c~g xpkjpie |di|c| cofawlgv fkeewoc|s%ag~ga k`mgf%|c~gv iol if|c~c|cgv |di| ipg |ceg%

acogl iol givs%|k%wvg zc|d gtcv|cojpgvkwpfgv! Eips Ioo Xgo|}!lg~gakxgp kn Xpkmgf| V\IP! pgxkp|%gl/ Kog kn |dcv xpkjpiev jkiav cv

|k gofkwpijg oko%lpwj wvg iolpgconkpfg oko%lpwj vkfcia okpeviol gtxgf|i|ckov co |dg fkeewoc|s/

Co @kv|ko! zdgpg |dg k~gppclcojjkia ziv |k pglwfg skw|d dkec%fclgv! |dg xkacfg fkeecvvckogplg~gakxgl 9> fkeewoc|s |gievco~ka~coj ekpg |dio

8/9/2019 The Challenge, Vol. 7, No. 3

5/8\dG FdIAAGO

jG ~:! o6

99

xpg~go|cko xpkjpiev |di| ipg `ivglaipjgas ko clgkakjs iol co|wc|cko/C|v |ceg |k ek~g |k ixxpkifdgv`ivgl ko vkwol vfcgofg/

Lcvfwvvcoj pgvgipfd ko pcvb iolxpk|gf|c~g nif|kpv! Lp/ Dizbcovgtxaicogl |di| i ak| div `ggoagipogl co |dg aiv| 08 sgipv i`kw|zdi| nif|kpv fko|pc`w|g |k eibcojskwoj xgkxag `k|d ekpg iol agvv~waogpi`ag |k vw`v|iofg i`wvg iol~ckagofg/ Nif|kpv zc|dco vfdkkav$c/g/! nicawpg |k govwpg ifilgecfvwffgvv kn iaa fdcalpgo#! zc|dconiecacgv $c/g/! nicawpg |k vg| fagipgtxgf|i|ckov nkp fdcalpgo#! iol nkp

colc~clwiav iol xggp jpkwxv $c/g/!coc|ci|coj wolgvcpi`ag `gdi~ckp i|gipas ijgv# iaa fko|pc`w|g |k pcvb/

Xpk|gf|c~g nif|kpv cofawlg xpk%ek|coj dgia|ds `gacgnv iol fagipv|ioliplv kn `gdi~ckp nkp skwojxgkxag iol eibcoj c| xkvvc`ag nkpskwoj xgkxag |k lg~gakx `kolvzc|d ilwa|v kp jpkwxv co fkeewoc%|cgv iol vfdkkav/ Xpk~clcoj kxxkp%|woc|cgv nkp if|c~g co~ka~gego|!|gifdcoj |dg vbcaav |di| ipg ogglgl

|k `g vwffgvvnwa! iol di~coj i fko%vcv|go| vsv|ge kn pgfkjoc|cko ipg|dg |dpgg fkolc|ckov |di| ewv| `gxpgvgo| cn i skwoj xgpvko cv |klg~gakx i dgia|ds `kol zc|d ioilwa| kp i jpkwx/ \dcv zcaa cofpgivg|dg xpk|gf|cko |di| jwiplv |dgskwoj xgpvko npke ~ckagofg iolvw`v|iofg i`wvg/

Eios xpkjpiev i| |dg fkongp%gofg di~g lg~gakxgl v|pi|gjcgv |kacec| pcvb nif|kpv iol godiofg xpk%|gf|c~g nif|kpv/ \dgvg cofawlgl=\dg Vgi||ag Vkfcia Lg~gakxego|Xpkmgf|! Fkeewoc|cgv |di| Fipg!NIV\! Acng Vbcaav \picocoj! Xpkmgf|V\IP! V|pgoj|dgocoj Niecacgv!Xpkmgf| Niecas! Pgfkoogf|cojSkw|d! iol Xpkmgf| IAGP\/

Ewfd pgvgipfd co pgfgo| sgipvdiv nkfwvgl ko |dg nwoliego|iav kn

gnngf|c~g xpg~go|cko xpkjpieecoj!iol ewfd lcvfwvvcko lwpcoj |dg|dpgg lisv kn |dg fkongpgofg lgia|zc|d |dgvg ncolcojv/

Ei|dgi Niafk! Xpgvclgo| kn LpwjV|pi|gjcgv! Cofkpxkpi|gl lg~gakxgli acv| kn bgs fkexkogo|v nkp gnngf%|c~g xpkjpiev in|gp vdg pg~cgzgl|dg

8/9/2019 The Challenge, Vol. 7, No. 3

6/8

90\dG FdIAAGO

jG ~:! o6

FFKONGPGOFGKONGPGOFG PPGXKP\GXKP\

fkaagf|gl/ Vkeg xpkjpiev gt%xaicogl |di| gipas g~iawi|cko kn |dgxpkjpie dgaxgl |dge lgncog ipgivzdgpg |dg xpkjpie ziv zgib/ \dcv

iaakzgl |dge |k pgegls |dg zgib%ogvv iol eibg |dg k~gpiaa xpkjpieekpg gnngf|c~g/

Zdi| lkgv iaakn |dcv egio;

Lp/ @k|~co dicagl |dg lizo kn iogz lis co xpg~go|cko2 Ei|dgiNiafk faicegl vdg ziv lgacjd|gl|di| xpg~go|cko cv

ncoiaas di~coj c|v lisco Zivdcoj|ko2 `w|g~gpskog npke ^cfgXpgvclgo| Ia Jkpg |k|dg Vgfpg|ips knGlwfi|cko! PcfdiplPcags! ijpggl |di| |dgzkpb kn fpgi|coj vingiol lpwj%npgg vfdkkavcv ok| k~gp/

Pgvgipfd div|iwjd| |dkvg co |dg

xpg~go|cko ncgal ingz |dcojv/ \dg ekv|cexkp|io| |dcoj agipo%gl cv |di| ~ckagofgiol lpwj wvg ipg xpg%~go|i`ag `gdi~ckpv/Lp/ Xpk|dkz%V|c|dlcvfwvvgl ~ckagofg ivi xpg~go|i`ag `gdi~%ckp iol xkco|glvxgfcncfiaas |k xpk%jpiev acbg |dg @kv|ko

V|pi|gjs! nkp pglwfcojskw|d fpceg! iolPgvka~coj Fkonacf|Fpgi|c~gas iv xpk%jpiev |di| di~gpgfkplv kn xpk~govwffgvv/ Iv nkp vw`%v|iofg wvg iol i`wvg!Lp/ Iaio Agvdogp!Lcpgf|kp kn |dg

Oi|ckoia Cov|c|w|g ko Lpwj I`wvg!vicl! Zg di~g clgkakjcgv jiakpgi`kw| lpwj i`wvg iol illcf|cko! w|zg iavk di~g vfcgo|cncf li|i/ Iol

|di| li|i |gaav wv |di| lpwj wvg cv ixpg~go|i`ag `gdi~ckp iol lpwjillcf|cko cv i |pgi|i`ag lcvgivg/

\dgpg cv xago|s kn g~clgofg |di|xpkjpiev lg~gakxgl iol |ipjg|gl|k xpg~go| |dgvg `gdi~ckpv zkpb/Eios xpgvgo|gpv i| |dg fkongpgofglg|icagl |dcv g~clgofg/ @w| iaa |dcvdiv |k jk kog v|gx nwp|dgp/ \dggo|cpg fkwo|ps! ok| mwv| xkac|cfiaagilgpv iol glwfi|kpv! ogglv

|k vwxxkp| xpg~go|cko! iol |di|zko| dixxgo wo|ca |dg fkwo|psfio vgg |di| c| zkpbv/ @gdi~ckpfdiojg cv |dg `k||ke acog/ Zc|dkw|

c| skw fio| pgiaas xpk~g vwffgvv!Niafk vicl/

G~iawi|cko! pgvgipfd! iol vkwolvfcgofg ipg |dg |dpgg |kkav |di|oggl |k kffwxs g~gpskogv jiplgo%coj vdgl/ Zc|d |dgvg |kkav codiol! zgglcoj |dg xpg~go|cko jip%lgo zcaa `g givcgp |dio iaekv|ioskog |dkwjd|/

\dg Iegpcfio Eglcfia Ivvkfci|cko pgxkp|vko ilkagvfgo| dgia|d iol |dg cexkp|iofg

kn xpk|gf|c~g nif|kpvIlkagvfgo|v zdk ipg gek|ckoiaas fkoogf|gl

|k |dgcp niecacgv iol vfdkkav ipg jgogpiaas

dgia|dcgp |dio |dkvg zdk ipg ok|! iffkplcoj |kio ip|cfag co |dg Vgx|ge`gp 98 cvvwg kn \dg

Mkwpoia kn |dg Iegpcfio Eglcfia Ivvkfci|cko

$MIEI#/

\dcv cv |dg IEIv ncpv| pgxkp| iv i pgvwa| kn

|dg Oi|ckoia Akojc|wlcoia V|wls koIlkagvfgo| Dgia|d/ IEI pgvgipfdgpv nkwol

|di| zdgo ilkagvfgo|v ngga fkoogf|gl |k |dgcp

xipgo|v iol |dgcp vfdkka! |dgs ipg agvv acbgas|dio k|dgp ilkagvfgo|v |k=

o Vwnngp npke gek|ckoia lcv|pgvv/

o Di~g vwcfclia |dkwjd|v iol `gdi~ckpv/

o Wvg ~ckagofg/

o Vekbg fcjipg||gv! lpcob iafkdka kp vekbgeipcmwioi/

\dgs iavk di~g |dgcp ncpv| vgtwia gtxgpcgofgai|gp |dio ilkagvfgo|v zdk ipg ok| fkoogf|gl |k

|dgcp xipgo|v iol vfdkkav! `w| pgvgipfdgpv

nkwol ok xpk|gf|c~g gnngf| ijicov| xpgjoiofs/\dg pgvgipfdgpv zpc|g= /// \dg pkag kn xip%

go|v iol niecas co vdixcoj |dg dgia|d kn ilk%agvfgo|v cv g~clgo|/ \dgs nkwol |di| xgpfgc~gl

dcjd gtxgf|i|ckov `s xipgo|v pgjiplcoj vfdkka

ifdcg~gego| ziv xpk|gf|c~g ijicov| vkeg pcvbs`gdi~ckpv! zdcag |dg xdsvcfia xpgvgofg kn i

xipgo| co |dg dkeg pglwfgl |dg pcvb kn vw`%

v|iofg i`wvg/ Dkzg~gp! xdsvcfia xpgvgofgziv agvv vcjocncfio| co |dg k~gpiaa dgia|d kn

ilkagvfgo|v |dio ziv xipgo|ia fkoogf|glogvv!

vwfd iv nggacojv kn zipe|d! ak~g! iol fipcoj

npke xipgo|v/

Iv zc|d xpg~ckwv v|wlcgv! |dg pgvgipfdgpv

nkwol dcjd pi|gv kn pcvbs `gdi~ckpv iekoj

ilkagvfgo|v=

o Vwcfclg98/0' kn jcpav iol :/7' kn `ksv

pgxkp|gl di~coj fkovclgpgl vwcfclg zc|dkw|

if|wiaas i||gex|coj c| k~gp |dg xiv| sgip!zdcag 7/9' kn jcpav iol 0/9' kn ksv pgxkp|%

gl vwcfclg i||gex|v/

o Fcjipg||gv07/:' kn ilkagvfgo|v pgxkp|gl

`gcoj fwppgo| vekbgpv! zc|d 98/8' kn eiagviol 3/0' kn ngeiagv vekbcoj vct kp ekpg

fcjipg||gv xgp lis/

o Iafkdka9:/3' kn v|wlgo|v pgxkp|gl lpcob%

coj iafkdka ekpg |dio eko|das! zc|d 3/3'

lpcobcoj i| agiv| kog lis xgp zggb/

o Eipcmwioi07/0' pgxkp|gl g~gp di~coj

vekbgl eipcmwioi! zc|d 90/:' pgxkp|coj|di| |dgs dil vekbgl i| agiv| kofg lwpcoj

|dg xpg~ckwv eko|d/

o Vgtwia `gdi~ckpvIxxpktcei|gas 9:' kn

:|d iol 4|d jpilgpv iol ogipas dian kn 3|d

|dpkwjd 90 jpilgpv colcfi|gl |di| |dgs dilg~gp dil vgtwia co|gpfkwpvg/

o XpgjoiofsIekoj vgtwiaas gtxgpcgofglngeiagv ijgl 97 sgipv iol kalgp! 93/4'

pgxkp|gl di~coj g~gp `ggo xpgjoio|/

Vkwpfg= \dg Mkwpoia kn |dg Iegpcfio Eglcfia Ivvkfci|cko

I`v|pif|v/

8/9/2019 The Challenge, Vol. 7, No. 3

7/8

08\dG FdIAAGO

jG ~:! o6

XXpgacecoips ncolcojv npke |dg 933>Oi|ckoia Dkwvgdkal Vwp~gs koLpwj I`wvg $ODVLI# vdkzlgfacogv co |ggoijg wvg kn iaacaacfc| lpwjv! iafkdka! iol vekbg%agvv |k`iffk/

Zdcag |dg k~gpiaa wvg kn lpwjviekoj Iegpcfiov kn iaa ijgvpgeicogl ~cp|wiaas wofdiojgl npke9337 |k 933> $90/4 ecaacko wvgpv co9337 |k 96/8 ecaacko co 933>#! |dgpi|g kn wvg iekoj 90% |k 9:%sgip%kalv lgfacogl nkp |dg ncpv| |cegvcofg 9330 $98/3' co 9337 |k 3/8'

co 933>#/ C| cv pgxkp|gl |di| |dglgfpgivg if|wiaas kffwppgl iekoj90% |k 97%sgip%kalv! zdcag ok vcj%ocncfio| fdiojgv kffwppgl iekoj|dkvg ijgl 9> |k 9:/

Cexkp|io| co |dgipgoi kn caacfc|

lpwj wvg cv |dg pi|g

kn eipcmwioi wvg `s |ggov/ G~go

|dkwjd |dg fdiojg npke 4/0' |k:/9' cv ok| fkovclgpgl v|i|cv|cfiaasvcjocncfio|! c| eis zgaa colcfi|g ipg~gpvia kn |dg |pgol |di| div vggoeipcmwioi wvg `s |ggov lkw`agnpke 9330 |k 9337/ Zg vdkwal `ggofkwpijgl `s |dg gol kn |dg nc~g%sgip pcvg co mw~gocag wvg kn eipcmwi%oi! Zdc|g Dkwvg Oi|ckoia LpwjXkacfs Lcpgf|kp @ipps EfFinnpgsvicl/ @w| dg zipogl! Lpwj wvg `skwp vfdkkafdcalpgo pgeicov woif%

fgx|i`as dcjd/ Ncn|s xgpfgo| kn kwpfdcalpgo zcaa di~g wvgl io caagjialpwj `s |dg |ceg |dgs ncocvd dcjdvfdkka/

ODVLI iavk vdkzv |di| zdcag|k`iffk iol iafkdka wvg `s |ggovfko|cowgv |k `g dcjd! |dgpg di~g`ggo cexpk~gego|v/ Iafkdka wvgiekoj 90% |k 9:%sgip%kalvlgfacogl npke 09/9' |k 94/4'`g|zggo 9337 iol 933>/ Co illc%|cko! vekbgagvv |k`iffk wvglgfacogl npke 0/4' co 9337 |k9/3' co 933>/

\dgpg zgpg v|caa ncolcojv kn|ggoijg `gdi~ckpv |di| fiwvg fko%fgpo/ Kog cv |dg ogzv |di| ekpg|ggoijgpv ipg okz |pscoj dgpkco nkp|dg ncpv| |ceg/ Vcofg 9330 ogzdgpkco wvg div `ggo cofpgivcoj/ Iaipjg xkp|cko kn |klisv ogz wvgpv

di~g `ggo vekb%coj! vokp|coj! kpvocnncoj dgpkco

iol ekv| `gjco`gnkpg ijg 0>/ Nkp|dg 90% |k 9:%

sgip%kalv |dg

pi|g kn dgpkco coc|ci|cko cv i| io iaa

|ceg dcjd kn 0/7'/ODVLI cv fkolwf|gl `s |dg

Vw`v|iofg I`wvg iol Ego|iaDgia|d Vgp~cfgv Ilecocv|pi|ckoiol cv `ivgl ko i pgxpgvgo|i|c~gviexag kn |dg W/V/ xkxwai|cko k~gp|dg ijg kn 90/ Co 933>! i viexag kn94!0>3 xgpvkov ziv co|gp~cgzgl nkp|dg vwp~gs/

\\dg Fkeecvvcko ko Vw`v|iofgI`wvg Iekoj Iegpcfiv Ilkagv%fgo|v! gv|i`acvdgl |zk sgipv ijk `s|dg Oi|ckoia Fgo|gp ko Illcf|ckoiol Vw`v|iofg I`wvg i| Fkawe`ci

Woc~gpvc|s $FIVI#! fkolwf|gl |dgi oi|ckoia vwp~gs kn |gifdgpv! xpco%fcxiav! ilkagvfgo|v! iol xipgo|v kovw`v|iofg i`wvg co W/V/ vfdkkav/

\dg vwp~gs pg~giav |di| lpwjv ipgxpg~iago| co |dg vfdkkav/ Ekpg |dio|dpgg%nkwp|dv kn |dg dcjd vfdkkav|wlgo|v vwp~gsgl iol iaekv| diankn |dg ecllag vfdkka v|wlgo|v vislpwjv ipg bgx|! wvgl! iol vkal kovfdkka jpkwolv/ Vcecaip owe`gpv$: ODVLI

\zk pgfgo| v|wlcgv pgai|g ogz ncolcoj

8/9/2019 The Challenge, Vol. 7, No. 3

8/8\dG FdIAAGO

jG ~:! o6

09

vkal co vfdkka kp ko vfdkka

jpkwolv! zdcag ' co 933>/\dcv xiv| sgip ekpg |dio 77' kn4|d jpilgpv dil |pcgl iafkdka/

Eipcmwioi wvg i| skwojgp ijgvdiv iavk vdkzo io cofpgivg/ Npke

9330 |k 933>! |dg xpkxkp|cko kn 4|djpilgpv zdk vicl |dgs dil wvgleipcmwioi lwpcoj kp `gnkpg :|djpilg pkvg npke :/:' |k 90/:'/\dg xgpfgo|ijg kn 3% |k 90%sgip%kalv |pscoj eipcmwioi lkw`agl npke0' co 9337 |k |k 06/7' co933:/ Dgpkco ixxgipv |k g |dg koascaagjia vw`v|iofg wvgl `s ekpg 4|djpilgpv |dio 98|d kp 90|d jpilgpvco 933>/

Xgpfgo| pgxkp|coj |dgcpXgpfgo| pgxkp|coj |dgcp Dcjd vfdkkaDcjd vfdkka Dcjd vfdkkaDcjd vfdkkavfdkka div |dg nkaakzcoj=vfdkka div |dg nkaakzcoj= v|wlgo|vv|wlgo|v |gifdgpv|gifdgpv

Lpwjv co vfdkkaLpwjv co vfdkka :>':>' ''

Zc|ogvvgl lpwjv vkal co vfdkkaZc|ogvvgl lpwjv vkal co vfdkka '7>'

Lpcobcoj co vfdkkaLpcobcoj co vfdkka '# |dio nkp |dkvg ijg 97 kp kalgp$lkzo 0'#/

Vkwpfg= KMMLX Mw~gocag Mwv|cfg @waag|co $i~icai`ag

npke |dg KMMLX zg`vc|g i| d||x++ofmpv/kpj+kmmlx#