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VOLUME FOUR

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THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF JUDAISM

VOLUME ED ITOR

Steven T. Katz

EXECUT IVE ED ITOR IA L COMMITTEE

David Goodblatt

Richard Kalmin

Reuven Kimelman

INTERNAT IONAL ED ITOR IAL COMMITTEE

Nicholas DeLange

Menachem Elon

Shamma Friedman

Martin Goodman

David Weiss Halivni

Judith Hauptman

Lee Levine

Eric Meyers

Peter Schafer

Daniel Sperber

Gunter Stemberger






THE CAMBRIDGE

HISTORY OF JUDAISM

VOLUME IV

THE LATE ROMAN -RABB IN IC PER IOD

VO LUM E ED I T O R

STEVEN T. KATZ






CAMBR IDGE UNIVER S I TY PRE S S

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo

Cambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

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CONTENTS

List of figures page xList of general abbreviations xiiiList of abbreviations of rabbinic sources xxiii

IntroductionSTEVEN T. KATZ

1

1 Political, social, and economic life in the Landof Israel, 66–c. 235

SETH SCHWARTZ, Department of History, Jewish TheologicalSeminary of America, New York

23

2 The Diaspora from 66 to c. 235 CE 53I The Jews in Egypt and Cyrenaica, 66–c. 235 CE

ALLEN KERKESLAGER, Department of Theology,Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia

53

II The Jews in Carthage and Western North Africa,66–235 CE

CLAUDIA SETZER, Department of Religion, ManhattanCollege, New York

68

III The Jews in Asia Minor, 66–c. 235 CE

PAUL TREBILCO, Department of Theology and ReligiousStudies, University of Otago, Dunedin

75

IV The Jews in Babylonia, 66–c. 235 CE

DAVID GOODBLATT, Department of History, Universityof California, San Diego

82

3 The uprisings in the Jewish Diaspora, 116–117MIRIAM PUCCI BEN ZEEV, Department of History, Ben GurionUniversity of the Negev, Beersheva

93

4 The Bar Kochba Revolt, 132–135HANAN ESHEL, Department of Land of Israel Studies andArchaeology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan

105

v






5 The legal status of the Jews in the Roman EmpireAMNON LINDER, Department of History, The HebrewUniversity of Jerusalem

128

6 Jewish art and architecture in the Land of Israel, 70–c. 235ERIC M. MEYERS, Department of Religion, Duke University,Durham

174

7 The destruction of the Jerusalem Temple: its meaningand its consequences

ROBERT GOLDENBERG, Department of History and JudaicStudies, State University of New York, Stony Brook

191

8 The origins and development of the rabbinic movementin the Land of Israel

HAYIM LAPIN, Department of History, Universityof Maryland

206

9 The canonical processJAMES A. SANDERS, Ancient Biblical Manuscripts Centerand Claremont School of Theology, California

230

10 The beginnings of Christian anti-Judaism, 70–c. 235PETER RICHARDSON, Department and Centre for the Studyof Religion, University of Toronto

244

11 The rabbinic response to ChristianitySTEVEN T. KATZ, Elie Wiesel Center for Judaic Studiesand Department of Religion, Boston University

259

12 The MishnahDAVID KRAEMER, Department of Talmud and Rabbinics,Jewish Theological Seminary of America, New York

299

13 The ToseftaPAUL MANDEL, Department of Hebrew and ComparativeLiterature, University of Haifa

316

14 Midrash HalachahJAY M. HARRIS, Department of Near Eastern Languagesand Civilization, Harvard University, Cambridge

336

15 Mishnaic Hebrew: an introductory surveyMOSHE BAR-ASHER, Department of Hebrew Language,Hebrew University of Jerusalem

369

vi CONTENTS






16 The political and social history of the Jewish communityin the Land of Israel, c. 235–638

DAVID GOODBLATT, Department of History, Universityof California, San Diego

404

17 The material realities of Jewish life in the Land of Israel,c. 235–638

JOSHUA J. SCHWARTZ, Department of Land of Israel Studies,Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan

431

18 Aramaic in late antiquityYOCHANAN BREUER, Department of Hebrew Language,The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

457

19 The Diaspora, c. 235–638 492

I The Jews of Italy, c. 235–638LEONARD V. RUTGERS, Department of Late AntiqueStudies, Utrecht University

492

II The Jews of Spain, c. 235–638SCOTT BRADBURY, Department of Classical Languagesand Literatures, Smith College, Northampton,Massachusetts

508

20 Jewish archaeology in late antiquity: art, architecture,and inscriptions

LEE I. LEVINE, Department of Jewish History and Archaeology,The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

519

21 Jewish festivals in late antiquityJOSEPH TABORY, Department of Talmud, Bar Ilan University,Ramat-Gan

556

22 Rabbinic prayer in late antiquityREUVEN KIMELMAN, Department of Near Eastern and JudaicStudies, Brandeis University, Boston

573

23 Rabbinic views on marriage, sexuality, and the familyMICHAEL L. SATLOW, Program in Judaic Studiesand Department of Religious Studies, BrownUniversity, Providence

612

24 Women in Jewish life and lawTAL ILAN, Jerusalem

627

CONTENTS vii






25 Gentiles in rabbinic thoughtDAVID NOVAK, Department of Philosophy, Centre for the Studyof Religion, University of Toronto

647

26 The formation and character of the Jerusalem TalmudLEIB MOSCOVITZ,Department of Talmud, Bar-Ilan University,Ramat-Gan

663

27 The late midrashic, paytanic, and targumic literatureAVIGDOR SHINAN, Department of Hebrew Literature,The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

678

28 Jewish magic in late antiquityMICHAEL D. SWARTZ, Professor of Hebrew and ReligiousStudies, Ohio State University

699

29 Jewish folk literature in late antiquityELI YASSIF, Faculty of Humanities, Tel-Aviv University

721

30 Early forms of Jewish mysticismRACHEL ELIOR, Department of Jewish Studies, The HebrewUniversity of Jerusalem

749

31 The political, social, and economic history of BabylonianJewry, 224–638 CE

ISAIAH M. GAFNI, Sol Rosenbloom Professor of Jewish History,The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

792

32 The history of the Babylonian academiesDAVID GOODBLATT, Department of History, Universityof California, San Diego

821

33 The formation and character of the Babylonian TalmudRICHARD KALMIN, Jewish Theological Seminary of America,New York

840

34 Talmudic law: a jurisprudential perspectiveHANINA BEN-MENAHEM, Faculty of Law, Hebrew Universityof Jerusalem

877

35 Torah in rabbinic thought: the theology of learningMARC HIRSHMAN,TheMelton Center of The Hebrew Universityof Jerusalem

899

36 Man, sin, and redemption in rabbinic JudaismSTEVEN T. KATZ, Elie Wiesel Center for Judaic Studiesand Department of Religion, Boston University

925

viii CONTENTS






37 The rabbinic theology of the physical: blessings, bodyand soul, resurrection, and covenant and election

REUVEN KIMELMAN, Department of Near Eastern and JudaicStudies, Brandeis University

946

38 Christian anti-Judaism: polemics and policiesPAULA FREDRIKSEN, Department of Religion, Boston UniversityODED IRSHAI, Department of Jewish History, The HebrewUniversity of Jerusalem

977

39 Jews in ByzantiumSTEVEN BOWMAN, Department of Judaic Studies, Universityof Cincinnati

1035

40 Messianism and apocalypticism in rabbinic textsLAWRENCE H. SCHIFFMAN, Skirball Department of Hebrewand Judaic Studies, New York University

1053

Appendix: Justinian and the revision of Jewish legal statusALFREDO MORDECHAI RABELLO, Faculty of Law,The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

1073

Index 1077

CONTENTS ix






F IGURES

Map A The Roman world in the time of Marcus Aurelius page xxviMap B The Roman East in the second century 31.1 Judaea 242.1 Ancient synagogues in the Diaspora, selected sites 542.2 Asia Minor 742.3 Sardis synagogue plan 782.4 Sardis synagogue reconstruction 784.1 Bar Kochba didrachm (shekel) 1144.2 The geographical distribution of the coins of the Bar

Kochba Revolt 1174.3 The group of letters from Nah. al H. ever as they

were found 1184.4 A Greek letter from Shimon Bar Kosiba about

the Four Species 1194.5 An Aramaic letter from Shimon Bar Kosiba about

the Four Species 1206.1 Dionysos mansion at Sepphoris 1816.2 The Necropolis at Beth Shearim 1857.1 The Temple seven-branched candelabrium (menorah);

detail from the Arch of Titus 19513.1 A page from the Tosefta: Baba Metsia, ch. 2 (the Erfurt

manuscript) 31816.1 Ancient synagogues in the Land of Israel, selected sites 42619.1 The Jewish Diaspora in the Roman Empire 49320.1 Bet Shearim Cemetery. Left: Catacomb 20; right:

Catacomb 14 52120.2 Sarcophagus fragment depicting Leda and the Swan

(Bet Shearim) 52320.3 Inscriptions from Catacomb 14, where members

of the patriarchal family or circle were buried 52320.4 Jewish catacomb in Rome 52420.5 Synagogue sites in the Roman-Byzantine period 52620.6 Western wall of the Dura Europos synagogue 528

x






20.7 Torah shrine in the western wall of the Dura Europossynagogue 530

20.8 Four biblical figures in the western wall of the DuraEuropos synagogue 531

20.9 Plan of the Sardis synagogue and adjacentbath-gymnasium complex 533

20.10 ‘‘Eagle’’ table from the main hall of the Sardis synagogue 53420.11 Synagogue sites in Roman-Byzantine Palestine 53620.12 Facade of Baram synagogue 53720.13 Susiya synagogue 54120.14 Reconstruction of the mosaic floor from the Sepphoris

synagogue 54520.15 Zodiac panel from the mosaic floor in the Sepphoris

synagogue: original left, reconstruction right 54620.16 Mosaic floor from the Bet Alpha synagogue 54820.17 Aniconic mosaic floor from Jerusalem in the Second

Temple period 54920.18 Main hall of the Capernaum synagogue 55231.1 Sasanid Iran 79531.2 Babylonia and its environs and talmudic Babylonia 80631.3 Magic bowl 81531.4 Magic bowl 81639.1 Justinian’s empire in 565 1037

F IGURES xi






GENERAL ABBREVIAT IONS

AA Archaologischer AnzeigerAAH Acta Academiae Scientiarum HungaricaeAASOR Annual of the American Schools of Oriental ResearchAB Anchor BibleABD Anchor Bible DictionaryAcOr Acta Orientalia (Copenhagen)ACW Ancient Christian WritersAfO Archiv fur OrientforschungAGG Abhandlungen der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften,

philologisch-historische Klasse, GottingenAGJU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des

UrchristentumsAGSU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des Spatjudentums und UrchristentumsAHHI Alon ha-Hevra ha-numismatith l Yisra’elAHR American Historical ReviewAJA American Journal of ArchaeologyAJP American Journal of PhilologyAJSR Association for Jewish Studies ReviewsAJT American Journal of TheologyALBO Analecta lovaniensia biblica et orientaliaALGHJ Arbeiten zur Literatur und Geschichte des hellenistischen

JudentumsALUOS Annual of the Leeds University Oriental SocietyAnBib Analecta BiblicaANET J. B. Pritchard (ed.), Ancient Near Eastern Texts (Oxford

and Princeton, 1950; 3rd ed. 1969)ANF A. Roberts and J. Donaldson (eds.), Ante-Nicene Fathers,

10 vols. (Edinburgh, 1867 ff.)ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der romischen WeltAPAT E. Kautzsche (ed.), Die Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen des

Alten Testaments, 2 vols. (Tubingen, 1900)APOT R.H. Charles (ed.), The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the

Old Testament in English, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1913)

xiii






ARW Archiv fur ReligionswissenschaftASOR American Schools of Oriental ResearchASTI Annual of the Swedish Theological InstituteATD Das Alte Testament DeutschATR Anglican Theological ReviewAusBR Australian Biblical ReviewBA Biblical ArchaeologistBASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental ResearchBASP Bulletin of the American Society of PapyrologistsBav. Talmud BavliBBB Bonner biblische BeitrageBETL Bibliotheca ephemeridum theologicarum lovaniensiumBevT Beitrage zur evangelischen TheologieBGU Aegyptische Urkunden aus den Konigslichen Staatlichen Museen Zu

Berlin, Griechische Urkunden, 15 vols. (Berlin, 1895–1983)BHT Beitrage zur historischen TheologieBiAR Biblical Archaeology ReviewBib BiblicaBIDR Bulletino dell’Istituto di Divitto RomanoBIFAO Bulletin de l’Institut francais d’archeologie orientaleBiOr Bibliotheca OrientalisBJ Bible de JerusalemBJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands University LibraryBJS Brown Judaic StudiesBLE Bulletin de litterature ecclesiastiqueBMCRE H. Mattingley (ed.), Coins of the Roman Empire in the British

Museum (London, 1965–8)BNTC Black’s New Testament CommentaryBPC L. Pirot and A. Clamer, La Sainte Bible (Paris, 1951)BrAR British Archaeological ReportsBTB Biblical Theology BulletinBWANT Beitrage zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen TestamentBZ Biblische ZeitschriftBZAW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fur die alttestamentliche WissenschaftBZNW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fur die neutestamentliche WissenschaftCAH Cambridge Ancient History (Cambridge, 1924–39; new ed.

1970– )CAT Commentaire de l’Ancien Testament (1963– )CBQ Catholic Biblical QuarterlyCCAR Central Conference of American Rabbis JournalCCHS Catholic Commentary on Holy Scripture New York, 1953;

2nd ed., 1969

xiv GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS






CCSL Corpus Scriptorum Series LatinaCD Cairo Genizah text of the Damascus DocumentCGTC Cambridge Greek Testament CommentariesChE Chronique d’EgypteCHJ The Cambridge History of Judaism (Cambridge, 1984– )CIG Corpus inscriptionum graecarum (Berlin, 1825– )CIJ J.-B. Frey (ed.), Corpus Inscriptionum Judaicarum, I (1936;

rev. B. Lifschitz, New York, 1975); I I (Rome, 1952)CIRB V. Struve (ed.), Corpus Inscriptionum Regni Bosporani

(Moscow, 1965)CJud Conservative JudaismCJZC Corpus judischev Zeugnisse aus der CyrenaikaCMH The Cambridge Medieval History (Cambridge, 1911–36;

new ed. 1996– )CPh Classical PhilologyCPJ V. Tcherikover and A. Fuks (eds.), Corpus Papyrorum

Judaicarum, 3 vols. (Cambridge, MA, 1957–64)CQ Classical QuarterlyCRAIBL Comptes-rendus de l’Academie des inscriptions et belles-lettresCRINT Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum

(Assen, 1984– )CSCO J. B. Chabot et al. (eds.), Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum

Orientalium (Paris, 1903 ff.)CSEL Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum (Vienna, 1866– )CTM Concordia Theological MonthlyDACL Dictionnaire d’Archeologie chretienne et de liturgie, 15 vols.

(Paris, 1907–50)DBSup Dictionnaire de la Bible, Supplement (Paris, 1928– )DCA W. Smith and S. Cheetham (eds.), Dictionary of Christian

Antiquities, 2 vols. (London, 1875–80)DF B. Lifschitz, Donateurs et fondateurs dans les synagogues juives

(Paris, 1967)DJD P. Benoit et al. (eds.),Discoveries in the Judaean Desert of Jordan

(Oxford, 1955– )DSD Dead Sea DiscoveriesDTC A. Vacant and E. Mangenot, Dictionnaire de theologie

catholique, 18 vols. (Paris, 1899–1972)EB Echter BibelEBib Etudes bibliquesEKKNT Evangelisch-Katholischer Kommentar zumNeuen TestamentEncJud C. Roth and J. Wigoder (eds.), Encyclopedia Judaica, 2 vols.

( Jerusalem and New York, 1971)

GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS xv






EnsMiq Ensiklopedia Miqra’it ( Jerusalem, 1950)ErIs Eretz IsraelESC Annales. Economies, Societes, CivilisationsEstBib Estudios bıblicosET English translationETL Ephemerides theologicae lovaniensesETS Erfurter theologische StudienEvT Evangelische TheologieExT Expository TimesFC Fathers of the ChurchFGrHist Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, ed. F. Jacoby (Leiden,

1923– )FJB Frankfurter Judaistiche BeitrageFRLANT Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen

TestamentsFZPhTh Freiburger Zeitschrift fur Philosophie und TheologieGaR Greece and RomeGCS Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten drei

JahrhundertenGL W.D. Davies, The Gospel and the Land (Berkeley, 1974)GLAJJ M. Stern (ed.), Greek and Latin Authors on the Jews

and Judaism, 3 vols. (1974–84)GRBS Greek, Roman and Byzantine StudiesHAT Handbuch zum Alten TestamentHAW Handbuch der AltertumswissenschaftHDB Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible, 5 vols. (Edinburgh

and New York, 1898–1904)HJPAJC E. Schurer (ed.), The History of the Jewish People in the Age

of Jesus Christ, rev. and ed. by G. Vermes, F. Millar,and M. Black, 3 vols. (Edinburgh, 1973–87)

HKAT Handkommentar zum Alten TestamentHNT Handbuch zum Neuen TestamentHSAT Die heilige Schrift des Alten Testaments, ed. F. Feldmann

and H. Herkenne (Bonn, 1923– )HSCP Harvard Studies in Classical PhilologyHSM Harvard Semitic MonographsHTKNT Herders theologischer Kommentar zum Neuen TestamentHTR Harvard Theological ReviewHTS Harvard Theological StudiesHUCA Hebrew Union College AnnualHZ Historische ZeitschriftIB Interpreter’s Bible

xvi GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS






ICC International Critical CommentaryIDBSup Supplementary volume to the Interpreter’s Dictionary

of the Bible, ed. K. Crim (Abingdon, 1976)IEJ Israel Exploration JournalIG Inscriptiones Graecae, ed. Preussische Akademie der

Wissenschaften (Berlin, 1873– )IGLS Inscriptions grecques et latines de la SyrieILR Israel Law ReviewILS H. Dessau (ed.), Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, 5 vols. (Berlin,

1892–1916)Int InterpretationIOSPE I. Latyschev, Inscriptiones Antiquae Graecae Septentrionalis

Ponti Euxini Graecae et Latinae (Petrograd, 1916)JA Journal AsiatiqueJAAR (Sup) Journal of the American Academy of Religion (Supplement)JAC Jahrbuch fur Antike und ChristentumJAOS Journal of the American Oriental SocietyJBC R. E. Brown, J. Fitzmyer, and R. E. Murphy (eds.),The Jerome

Biblical Commentary (Englewood Cliffs, 1968)JBL Journal of Biblical LiteratureJBLMS Journal of Biblical Literature Monograph SeriesJE Jewish Encyclopaedia, 12 vols. (New York, 1901–6)JEA Journal of Egyptian ArchaeologyJECS Journal of Early Christian StudiesJEH Journal of Ecclesiastical HistoryJESHO Journal of the Economic and Social History of the OrientJHS Journal of Hellenic StudiesJIGRE W. Horbury and D. Noy, Jewish Inscriptions of Graeco-Roman

Egypt, with an index of the Jewish Inscriptions of Egypt andCyrenaica (Cambridge, 1992)

JRIL A. Linder, The Jews in Roman Imperial Legislation (Detroit,1987)

JIWE D. Noy, Jewish Inscriptions of Western Europe: vol. I , Italy(excluding Rome), Spain and Gaul; vol. I I , The City of Rome(Cambridge, 1993, 1995)

JJS Journal of Jewish StudiesJNES Journal of Near Eastern StudiesJPFC S. Safrai and M. Stern (eds.), The Jewish People in the First

Century, 2 vols. (1974–6)JPS W.D. Davies, Jewish and Pauline Studies (Philadelphia,

1984)JQR Jewish Quarterly Review

GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS xvii






JR Journal of ReligionJRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic SocietyJRRW M. Pucci Ben Zeev, ed., Jewish Rights in the Roman World

(Tubingen, 1998)JRS Journal of Roman StudiesJSHRZ Judische Schriften der hellenistisch-romischen ZeitJSJ (Sup) Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic

and Roman Period (Supplements)JSJT Jerusalem Studies in Jewish ThoughtJSNT Journal for the Study of the New TestamentJSOTSS Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement

SeriesJSP (Sup) Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha (Supplements)JSQ Jewish Studies QuarterlyJSS Journal of Semitic StudiesJTC Journal for Theology and the ChurchJTS Journal of Theological StudiesJWSTP M.E. Stone (ed.), Jewish Writings of the Second Temple Period

(Assen and Philadelphia, 1984)KAT Kommentar zum Alten TestamentKD Kerygma und DogmaKS Kleine SchriftenLCL Loeb Classical LibraryLD Lectio divinaLeS LeSonenuMAMA Monumenta Asiae Minoris AntiquaMBPAR Munchener Beitrage zur Papyrusforschung und antiken

RechtsgeschichteMEFR Melanges de l’Ecole francaise de Rome. Moyen Age. Temps

ModernesMeyerK H.A.W. Meyer, Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar uber das Neue

TestamentMGWJ Monatsschrift fur Geschichte und Wissenschaft des

JudentumsMNTC Moffatt New Testament CommentaryMPAT J. A. Fitzmyer and D. J. Harrington, AManual of Palestinian

Aramaic Texts (Rome, 1978)MTZ Munchener theologische ZeitschriftNEAEHL E. Stern (ed.), New Encyclopaedia of Archaeological Excavations

in the Holy Land, 4 vols. ( Jerusalem, 1993)NEB New English BibleNF Neue Folge

xviii GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS






NJV New Jewish VersionNovT Novum TestamentumNovTSup Novum Testamentum SupplementsNPNF Nicene and Post-Nicene FathersNRSV New Revised Standard Version of the BibleNRT Nouvelle revue theologiqueNTAbh Neutestamentliche AbhandlungenNTS New Testament StudiesOBO Orbis Biblicus et OrientalisOEANE E.M. Myers (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology

in the Near East, 5 vols. (New York, 1997)OGIS W. Dittenberger (ed.), Orientis Graecae Inscriptiones Selectae

(Leipzig, 1903–5, repr. Hildesheim, 1970)OTL Old Testament LibraryOTS Oudtestamentische StudienP. PapyrusPAAJR Proceedings of the American Academy of Jewish ResearchPCZ C. C. Edgar (ed.), Zenon Papyri, 4 vols. (Cairo,

1925–31)PEFA Palestine Exploration Fund AnnualPEQ Palestine Exploration QuarterlyPER Papyrus Erzherzog RainerPG J. P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae cursus completus, series graeca

(Paris, 1875– )P. Giess. O. Eger, E. Kornemann, and P.M. Meyer (eds.), Griechische

Papyri zu GiessenPJ Palastina-Jahrbuch des deutschen Evangelischen InstitutsPL J. P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae cursus completus, series latina

(Paris, 1844– )P. Lond. F. G. Kenyon et al. (eds.), Greek Papyri in the British Museum

(London, 1893– )PLRE A.M.H. Jones, J. R. Martindale, and J. Marris (eds.),

The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, 3 vols.(Cambridge, 1971–92)

P. Petrie J. P. Mahaffy and J. G. Smyly (eds.), The Flinders Petrie Papyri(Dublin, 1891– )

PRJ W.D. Davies, Paul and Rabbinic Judaism (London andPhiladelphia, 1948; 4th ed. 1980)

PSI G. Vitelli et al. (eds.), Publicazioni della Societa italianaper la Ricerca dei Papiri greci e latini in Egitto: Papiri grecie latini (Florence, 1912– )

PVTG Pseudepigrapha Veteris Testamenti graecae

GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS xix






PW A. F. von Pauly (ed.), Real-Encyclopadie der classischenAltertumswissenschaft, 24 vols. (Stuttgart, 1894–1978)(Pauly-Wissowa)

PWSup Supplements to Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopadie derclassischen Altertumswissenschaft (Stuttgart, 1903– )

QDAP Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine1QH Hodayot (Thanksgiving Hymns) from Qumran Cave 11QM MilHAmAh (War Scroll)1QS Serek ha-yaHad (Rule of the Community, Manual of Discipline)RAC T. Klauser (ed.), Reallexikon fur Antike und Christentum

(Stuttgart, 1950– )RArch Revue archeologiqueRB Revue bibliqueREA Revue des etudes anciennesRechBib Recherches bibliquesREG Revue des etudes grecquesREJ Revue des etudes juivesREL Revue des etudes latinesRevQ Revue de QumranRevSR Review of Science and ReligionRev Tun Revue tunisienneRFIC Revista di filologia e di istruzione classicaRGG Die Religion in Geschichte und GegenwartRGVV Religionsgeschichtliche Versuche und VorarbeitenRHPR Revue d’histoire et de philosophie religieusesRHR Revue de l’histoire des religionsRIDA Revue internationale des droits de l’AntiquiteRivAC Rivista di archeologia cristianaRN Revue numismatiqueRPh Revue de philologie, d’histoire et de litterature anciennesRQ Romische Quartalschrift fur christliche Altertumskunde und

KirchengeschichteRSI Rivista storica italianaRSR Recherches de science religieuseRSV Revised Standard Version of the BibleSAH Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften,

philosophisch-historische KlasseSAW Sitzungsberichte, Oesterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften

in Wien, philosophisch-historische KlasseSB Sources bibliquesSBL Society of Biblical LiteratureSBLASP Society of Biblical Literature Abstracts and Seminar Papers

xx GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS






SBLDS Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation SeriesSBLMS Society of Biblical Literature Monograph SeriesSBLSCS Society of Biblical Literature Septuagint and Cognate StudiesSBS Stuttgarter BibelstudienSBT Studies in Biblical TheologySC Sources chretiennesSCI Scripta Classica IsraelicaSCO Studi classici e orientaliScrHie Scripta HierosolymitanaSD Studies and DocumentsSE Studia EvangelicaSEA Svensk exegetisk arsbokSEG J. J. E. Hondius et al. (eds.), Supplementum Epigraphicum

Graecum, (Leiden, 1923– )SGUA F. Preisigke et al. (eds.), Sammelbuch griechischer Urkunden

aus Agypten, (Strasbourg etc., 1913– )SHA Scriptores Historiae AugustaeSJLA Studies in Judaism in Late AntiquitySJT Scottish Journal of TheologySNT Studien zum Neuen TestamentSNTSMS Society for New Testament Studies Monograph SeriesSP Studia patristicaSPB Studia postbiblicaSSM W.D. Davies, The Setting of the Sermon on the Mount

(Cambridge, 1964)ST Studia theologicaStLi Studia LiturgicaStr-B H. Strack and P. Billerbeck, Kommentar zum Neuen Testament

aus Talmud und Midrasch, 6 vols. (Munich, 1922–61)SUNT Studien zur Umwelt des Neuen TestamentsSVF Stoicorum Veterum FragmentaSVTP Studia in Veteris Testamenti Pseudepigrapha H. Kreissig, Die

sozialen Zusammenhange des judaischen Krieges (Berlin, 1970)TAM Tituli Asiae MinorisTAPA Transactions of the American Philological AssociationTB Theologische BuchereiTBei Theologische BeitrageTDNT G. Kittel and G. Friedrich (eds.), Theological Dictionary

of the New Testament (Grand Rapids, 1964– ); ET ofTWNT

TextsS Texts and StudiesTextus Textus, Annual of the Hebrew University Bible Project

GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS xxi






TF Theologische ForschungThViat Theologia ViatorumTLZ Theologische LiteraturzeitungTRE G. Krause and D. Muller (eds.), Theologische Realenzyklopadie

(Berlin, 1977– )TRev Theologische RevueTRu Theologische RundschauTSAJ Texte und Studien zum antiken JudentumTSK Theologische Studien und KritikenTU Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der

altchristlichen LiteraturTWNT G. Kittel and G. Friedrich (eds.), Theologisches Worterbuch

zum Neuen Testament (Stuttgart, 1933– )TZ Theologische ZeitschriftUNT Untersuchungen zum Neuen TestamentUSQR Union Seminary Quarterly ReviewUUA Uppsala universitetsarsskriftVC Vigiliae ChristianaeVCSup Vigiliae Christianae, SupplementVS Verbum salutisVT Vetus TestamentumVTSup Vetus Testamentum SupplementsWF Wege der ForschungWHJP C. Roth et al. (eds.),World History of the Jewish People (1966– )WMANT Wissenschaftliche Monographien zum Alten und Neuen

TestamentWUNT Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen TestamentYer. Talmud YerushalmiZAW Zeitschrift fur die alttestamentliche WissenschaftZDMG Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlandischen GesellschaftZDPV Zeitschrift des deutschen Palastina-VereinsZKG Zeitschrift fur KirchengeschichteZNW Zeitschrift fur die neutestamentliche WissenschaftZPE Zeitschrift fur Papyrologie und EpigraphikZTK Zeitschrift fur Theologie und KircheZWT Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Theologie

xxii GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS






ABBREVIAT IONS OF RABB INICSOURCES

Ah. AhilutAr. ArakhinARN A/B Avot de-Rabbi Natan, version A/BAv. Zar. Avoda ZaraBava K./M./B. Bava Kamma/Metsia/BatraBekh. BekhorotBen. BenachovBer. BerachotBez. BezahBikk. BikkurimBT Babylonian TalmudCant. R. Canticles RabbaDem. DemaiDeut. R. Deuteronomy RabbaEccles. R. Ecclesiastes RabbaEd. EduyotEr. EruvinEsth. R. Esther RabbaExod. R. Exodus RabbaGen. R. Genesis RabbaGitt. GittinHag. HagigaHor. HorayotH. ull. H. ullinKel. KelimKer. KeritotKet. KetubbotKidd. KiddushinKil. KilayimKinn. KinnimLam. R. Lamentations RabbaLev. R. Leviticus RabbaM. Mishnah

xxiii






Maasr. MaasrotMaas. Sh. Maaser SheniMakhsh. MakhshirinMakk. MakkotMeg. MegillaMeg. Taan. Megillat TaanitMekh. Mekhilta (de-R. Yishmael )Mekh. de-R. Sh.b.Y. Mekhilta de-R. Shimon bar YohaiMen. MenahotMidr. Ha-Gad. Midrash ha-GadolMidr. Prov. Midrash ProverbsMidr. Pss. Midrash Psalms (Shohar Tov)Midr. Tanh. Midrash TanhumaMidr. Tann. Midrash TannaimMikw. MikwaotMoed K. Moed KatanNaz. NazirNed. NedarimNeg. NegaimNez. NezikinNid. NiddahNum. R. Numbers RabbaOh. OhalotPar. ParaPes. PesahimPes. de-R.K. Pesikta de-Rav KahanaPirke de-R. El. Pirke de-R. EliezerPes. R. Pesikta RabbatiPT Palestinian TalmudRosh H. Rosh ha-ShanahRuth R. Ruth RabbaSanh. SanhedrinSem. SemahothSER Seder Eliyahu RabbaSEZ Seder Eliyahy ZuttaShabb. ShabbatShek. ShekalimShev. SheviitShevu. ShevuotSifre Deut. Sifre DeuteronomySifre Num. Sifre NumbersSifrei Z. Sifrei Zutta

xxiv ABBREVIATIONS OF RABBINIC SOURCES






S.O.(R.) Seder Olam (Rabba)Song R. Song of Songs RabbaSot. SotahSuk. SukkotTaan. TaanitTam. TamidTanh. TanhumaTanh. B. Tanhuma ed. BuberTem. TemuraTer. TerumotTev. Y. Tevul YomTg. TargumTg. Jon. Targum JonathanTg. N. Targum NeofytiTg. Onk. Targum OnkelosTg. Ps.-Jon. Targum Pseudo-JonathanToh. TohorotTos. ToseftaUkts. UktsinYad. YadayimYal. Shim. Yalkut ShimoniYev. YevamotZav. ZavimZev. Zevahim

ABBREVIATIONS OF RABBINIC SOURCES xxv






Provinces shown thus

Land over 1,000 metres

A B20°W C 0 D E10°E

Camulodunum

Chester

Londinium

York

CHERUSCI

Moguntiacum

ColoniaAgrippinensis

Lugdunum

BRITANNIA

AQUITANIA

Burdigala

TolosaNarboMartius Massilia

Arelate

Tarraco

Saguntum

Balearic IsCarthago

Nova

BAETICA

Corduba

Gades

MAURITANIATINGITANIA

HISPANIA CITERIOR

CORSICA

SARDINIA

SICILIA

AFRICA

NUMIDIA

Caesarea

LambaesisBullaRegia

CirtaCarthago

Lepcis Magna

Syracusae

BrundisiumNeapolis

Rome

Genua

AquileiaMediolanum

RAETIA

NumantiaAriminum

Agrigentum

10°W

c

40°N

b

a

50°N

30°N

C 0 D E10°E

d

0 250 500 750 1000 km

0 250 500 miles

SCALE

ASIA

CHATTI

MARCOMANNI

Bonna

Aleria

GERMANIASUPERIOR

Legio

Carteia

Emerita

Volubilis

MAURITANIACAESARIENSIS

Baetis

Tagus

GERMANIAINFERIOR

QUADI

ArausioNemausus

Rhodanus(Rhône)

Emporiae

Carnuntum

ALPESCOTTIAE

ALPESMARITIMAE

(Po)

Albis (Elbe)

Liger (Loire)

LUGDUNENSIS

BELGICA

(Danube)

G arumna

Iberus(Ebro)

ApenninusM

.

DALM

ATIA

NORCIU

Savus

Dravus

Pyrenaei M

(Garonne)

NARBONENSIS

Rhe

nus

(Rhi

ne)

LUSI

TANIA

Danuvius

A l p e s

Padus

Tib

eris

Ligurians

Thamesis(Thames)

c. A.D. 142

c. A.D. 122

Map A The Roman world in the time of Marcus Aurelius

xxvi






c

40°N

b

a

CYRENE

Cyrene

CRETE

CYPRUS

SirmiumDACIA

ILLYRICUM

MACEDONIA

Danuvius

Thessalonica

THESSALY

PELOPONNESE

Athens

BASTARNAE

ARMENIA

AEGYPTUS

Alexandria

Memphis

Petra

ARABIA

Palmyra

AntiochiaTarsus

SamosataTyana

Melitene

SYRIAPALAESTINA

SYRIA

CI L I C I A

Sinope

AncyraGALATIA

LYCIA

PA M PHY LIA

ASIA

Ephesus

Smyrna

Cyzicus

Byzantium Nicomedia

Nicaea

PONTUS EUXINUS(Black Sea)

Borysthenes

Salamis

Caesarea

20°E F 30°E4 40°EG 50°EH 60°EJ

30°N

20°E F 30°E 40°EG H

Nilus

d

(Dneiper)

SARMATIANS

TAURI

PARTHIA

Jerusalem

SINUSARABICUS

Pergamum

MYSIA

HalysP O N T U S

B I T HY

NI A

CAPPADOCIA

Ta u r u s M.

THRACE

(Danube)

GETAE

Hebrus

M OESIA

IN FERIOR

MO

ESIA

SU

PERIOR

EP

IRU

SAEGAEUM

MARE

Dyrrhachium

Apollonia

ActiumCorcyra

Chios

DelosCos

Sparta

Dyme

Olympus ArgosCorinth

A CHA EADelphi

Cnossus

Rhodes

Aphrodisias

50°N

PANNONIASUPERIOR

PANNONIAINFERIOR

Map A (cont.)

xxvii




