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The Business Cycle and Unemployment. Chapter 13. The Business Cycle. Expansion Peak Recession Trough. Expansion Phase. GDP rises More jobs are available Unemployment rate falls National income expands People borrow to buy goods. Peak Phase. Expansion halts - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Business Cycle and Unemployment
Chapter 13
The Business Cycle Expansion Peak Recession Trough
Expansion Phase GDP rises More jobs are available Unemployment rate falls National income expands People borrow to buy goods
Peak Phase Expansion halts Causes that prevent continued growth:
› Limited raw materials – overproduction?› Limited labor - price of labor rises› Limited financial capital – rising interest
rates
› Shortages of land, labor, and capital result, creating high prices and cooling demand, beginning the recession phase.
Recession Consumers slow their spending. First durable goods Sellers reduce inventory by cutting
prices Production orders drop Production drops Workers aren’t needed and are laid off Whirlpool effect! Downward spiral.
Trough Phase Low prices High unemployment Depressed incomes Over an extended period of time, the
recession becomes a depression.
Causes of the Business Cycle
Sunspot Theory – affects agriculture Psychological Theory – degree of
confidence Monetary Theory – Changes in the
money supply and interest rates Technology/Political Theories
Milton Friedman – Monetary Theory A Monetary History of the United States
Unemployment
Two problems that come with the business cycle:
1. Unemployment (comes with recession)2. Inflation (comes with expansion)
Employment One goal of a nation is “full
employment.” Why is employment important? What are some effects of
unemployment?
Unemployment Rate Definition: the percentage of the
LABOR FORCE that is not employed but is LOOKING FOR WORK.
Excluded from Unemployment Statistics
Those under 16 and over 65. Those in the armed forces. Those in school, prison, or asylums.
Who else is NOT counted in the labor force?
Homemakers and others who do not work for money.
Discouraged workers.
Unemployment Rate Unemployment Rate = # of
unemployed/# of people in the labor force.
Why is the unemployment rate important?› It is an indicator of the health of the
economy.
Flaws in Unemployment Statistics
Some workers don’t get counted. Doesn’t include discouraged workers. Doesn’t take into account the
“underemployed.” May count people who are between
jobs as unemployed.
Types of Unemployment Frictional – those who are between jobs,
demonstrates a competitive labor market Structural – workers’ skills don’t match
available jobs Seasonal – Some jobs are available only
at certain times of the year. Ex. Christmas tree farm workers.
Cyclical – result of a downturn in the business cycle, cuts in production
Should the government do something about unemployment?
Texas Workforce Commission Job Training Drawbacks? Can government eliminate
unemployment by controlling the business cycle?
Unemployment & the Market
Free market answer to the cause of unemployment?
Supply and demand Difference between price that sellers of
labor (workers) are asking and the price that buyers of labor (businesses) are willing to pay.
Minimum Wage What effect does a government-
mandated minimum wage have on employment?
A Christian’s Role What is a Christian’s role in
unemployment?