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The Behavioral and Brain Science An International Journal ofCurrent Research and TheorywithOpenPeerCommentary ISSN 0140-525X
Editor
Stevan Harnad
Editorial Assis tant
Helaine Randerson
Associate Edi tors
A n i m a l I n t e l l i g e n c e David Premack Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania
B e h a v i o r a l B i o l o g y Hans Kummer Zoologisches Institut und Museum der Universität Zürich
C o g n i t i o n a n d A r t i f i c i a l I n t e l l i g e n c e Zenon Pylyshyn Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario
E t h o l o g y a n d N e u r o e t h o l o g y John C. Fentress Department of Psychology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S.
H i g h e r CNS F u n c t i o n Robert W. Doty Center for Brain Research, University of Rochester
H i s t o r y a n d Systems Julian Jaynes Department of Psychology, Princeton University
L a n g u a g e a n d C o g n i t i o n Peter Wason Psycholinguistics Research Unit, University College London
N e u r o b i o l o g y Barry H. Smith Surgical Neurology Branch National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
N e u r o p s y c h o l o g y Karl Pribram Department of Psychology, Stanford University
Volume 1 1978
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge London New York
1978
Published by the Syndics of The Cambridge University Press The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP Bentley House, 200 Euston Road, London N W 1 2DB 32 East 57th Street, New York, NY 10022
© Cambridge University Press 1978
P r i n t e d i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a by Science P r e s s , E p h r a t a , P e n n s y l v a n i a
Contents Volume 1 1978
Number 1, March 1978
Target Article Kupfermann, I. & Weiss, K. The command neuron concept 3
Open Peer Commentary
Hoyle, G. W h e r e d i d the n o t i o n of " c o m m a n d n e u r o n s " c o m e f r o m ? 10 Andreae, J. H. D e s c r i p t i v e a n d p r e s c r i p t i v e n a m e s 11 Balaban, P. " G e n e r a l " or "general a s s e m b l y " ? On c o m m a n d n e u r o n Systems 12 Bennett, M. V. L. C o m m a n d n e u r o n s : know a n d say what y o u m e a n 13 Bullock, T. H. " C o m m a n d " is h e u r i s t i c u n t i l we know better 15 Burke, R. E. " C o m m a n d " as f u n c t i o n a l concept rather than cellular label 15 Chapple, W. D. Do we need " c o m a n d " n e u r o n s ? 16 Davis, W. J. On the trau of the c o m m a n d n e u r o n 17 Evoy, W. H. F u n c t i o n a l descriptions of n e u r o n s that influence behavior 19 Fentress, J. C. On the sufficiency of c o m m a n d n e u r o n s 20 Fowler, C. A. & Turvey, M. T. T h e concept of " c o m m a n d n e u r o n s " i n explanations of behavior 20 Fräser, P. Vector c o d i n g a n d c o m m a n d fibres 22 Grillner, S. C o m m a n d neurons or central program C o n t r o l l i n g System? 23 Hermann, A. C o m m a n d fibers: only Strategie points i n n e u r o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n Systems 24 Horridge, G. A. N o u n s , n e u r o n s , a n d parallel pathways 25 lies, J. F. T h e c o m m a n d n e u r o n e concept i n m a m m a l i a n neurophysiology 25 Kater, S. B. & Granzow, B. Is " c o m m a n d " at the top of the hierarchy? 26 Krasne, F. T h e crayfish giant fibers as d e c i s i o n a n d c o m m a n d n e u r o n s 28 Kristan, Jr., W. B. & Weeks, J. Difficulties i n a p p l y i n g a f u n c t i o n a l definition of c o m m a n d n e u r o n s 28 Larimer, J. L. C o m m a n d n e u r o n , a n e v o l v i n g concept 29 Lewis, E. R. Causally o r i e n t e d devices 30 Lleinas, R. & Bunge, M. R e s t r i c t e d applicability of the concept of c o m m a n d i n n e u r o s c i e n c e :
dangers of metaphor 30 Lynch, J. C. The c o m m a n d f u n e t i o n concept i n s t u d i e s of the p r i m a t e nervous System 31 McCarthy, J. C o m m a n d neurons a n d unitary behavior 32 Rosenbaum, D. A. C o m m a n d n e u r o n s a n d effects of m o v e m e n t contexts 32 Stein, P. S. G. Defense of the W i e r s m a - K e n n e d y concept of the c o m m a n d n e u r o n 33 Tsukada, Y. Ambiguity of the proposed definition 34 Wiersma, C. A. G. The original definition of c o m m a n d n e u r o n 34 Wine, J. J. Triggering a n d organizing f u n e t i o n s of c o m m a n d n e u r o n s i n crayfish escape behavior 35 Zucker, R. S. C o m m a n d n e u r o n s : a more precise definition reveals gaps i n our e v i d e n c e a n d limits
to our models 35 Hoyle, G. W h o believes i n " c o m m a n d n e u r o n s " ? 36
Authors' Response
Kupfermann, I. & Weiss, K. Quis imperat? a panorama of perspectives 37 Target Article
Bindra, D. How adaptive behavior is produced: a perceptual-motivational alternative to response reinf orcement 41
Open Peer Commentary
Bitterman, M. E. Bindra's S-S contiguity theory of i n s t r u m e n t a l l e a r n i n g 52 Black, A. H. Is Bindra's theory of a d a p t i v e behavior radical e n o u g h ? 53 Bolles, R. C. The more things c h a n g e . . . 53 Booth, D. A. A l o n g s t r i d e towards sense i n psychology 54 Catania, A. C. What c o n s t i t u t e s e x p l a n a t i o n i n psychology 55 Dennett, D. C. R e q u i s i t i o n for a pexgo 56 Epstein, R. R e i n f o r c e m e n t , e x p l a n a t i o n , a n d B. F. S k i n n e r 57 Fentress, J. C. D e f i n i n g behavioral representations 58 Flynn, J. P. Sensory vs. motor effects of brain S t i m u l a t i o n 58 Gallistel, C. R. The irrelevance of past pleasure 59 Gilbert, R. M. M i s c o n c e p t i o n s about the origins of behavior 6 0 Hilgard, E. R. W i t h reinf orcement i n trouble, what about m o t i v a t i o n ? — B i n d r a ' s a l t e r n a t i v e 61 Hülse, S. H. The p r o b l e m of serial order i n adaptive behavior: why not some f o r m a l c o g n i t i v e
strueture 62 Irwin, F. W. Some comparisons of Bindra's theory w i t h a s i t u a t i o n - a c t - o u t c o m e System 63 Jenkins, H. M. Signal l e a r n i n g a n d response l e a r n i n g 64 Kendler, H. H. D e c i s i o n rules, d e c i s i o n rules 64 Killeen, P. R. Pexgo: a plausible construet i n need of data 65
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Klingsporn, M. J. On e x p l a n a t i o n , j a m i l i a r i t y , a n d response s e q u e n c i n g 66 Logan, F. A. Intelligent vs. s t u p i d behavior, or l e a r n i n g concepts vs. responses 67 Mackintosh, N. J. L i m i t s o n r e i n t e r p r e t i n g i n s t r u m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n i n g i n terms of classical
c o n d i t i o n i n g 67 Mazur, J. E. Reinforcement is dead: l o n g l i v e reinforcement theories 68 Menzel, Jr., E. W. Reinforcement theory: a n e x p e r i m e n t e r - o r i e n t e d rather than a s u b j e c t - o r i e n t e d
philosophy , 6 8 Mowrer, O. H. L e a r n i n g theory, a w i l l - o - t h e - w i s p ? 69 Murray, E. J. I m p l i c a t i o n s for c l i n i c a l behavior modification 7 0 Navarick, D. J. A framework w i t h n o f o u n d a t i o n : c o m m e n t s o n Bindra's p e r c e p t u a l - m o t i v a t i o n
theory of response p r o d u c t i o n 71 Notterman, J. M. Feedback Systems i n v i t e tautological constructs 71 Pribram, K. H. S t i m u l u s theory a n d response theory: their complementarity a n d neurobehavioral
basis 7 2 Rosenblatt, J. S. Behavioral e v o l u t i o n a n d i n d i v i d u a l d e v e l o p m e n t 73 Ryan, T. A. B i n d r a s theory f r o m the perspective of h u m a n m o t i v a t i o n : unit s i z e , Stimulus
c e n t e r i n g , a n d the v a l u e of neural theory 74 Salzinger, K. A d e a t h too soon reported 75 Soltysik, S. S. O m n i p o t e n t pexgos a n d the goddess parsimony 76 Staats, A. W. B i n d r a s p e r c e p t u a l - m o t i v a t i o n a l theory a n d social behaviorism's
e m o t i o n a l - m o t i v a t i o n a l theory: separatism exemplified 7 7 Stein, D. G. P e r c e p t i o n as response 7 7 Teevan, R. C. S k i n n e r , M a s l o w , a n d c o m m o n sense 79 von Glasersfeld, E. A n o t h e r minor r e v i s i o n , or the disregard for control theory a n d the analysis of
i n d u c t i v e feedback Systems 79 Warren, J. M. Neural m e c h a n i s m s and Occam's razor 80 Wasserman, E. A. Bindra's theory: some successes a n d precursors 80 Wong, R. Behavioral flexibility i n l e a r n i n g s i t u a t i o n s : adaptive or adaptable behavior? 81 Wood, W. S. I n defense of d e s c r i p t i v e b e h a v i o r i s m , or theories of l e a r n i n g s t i l l a r e n t necessary 82
Author's Response
Bindra, D. A behavioristic, cognitive-motivational, neuropsychological approach to explaining behavior 83
Target Article
Pylyshyn, Z. Computational models and empirical constraints 9 3 Open Peer Commentary
Andreae, J. H. A I : another defense of the field 100 Arbib, M. A. The h a l t i n g p r o b l e m for c o m p u t a t i o n a l c o g n i t i v e psychology 100 Atherton, M. The artificiality of Computer models 100 Cohen, L. J. Rational r e c o n s t r u c t i o n of inferential processes—a task s t r a d d l i n g the AI-CS
boundaries 101 Cushing, S. & Hornstein, N. Software Systems, language, a n d e m p i r i c a l constraints 102 Dennett, D. C. Why not the whole iguana? 103 Domotor, Z. A I : m o d e l - t h e o r e t i c aspects 104 Dreyfus, H. L. E m p i r i c a l e v i d e n c e for a p e s s i m i s t i c prognosis for c o g n i t i v e science 105 Goodluck, H. L e v e l s of e v o l u t i o n a n d p s y c h o l i n g u i s t i c e v i d e n c e 105 Harmon, L. D. I n t r o s p e c t i o n , black boxes, a n d m a c h i n e equivalence 106 Haugeland, J. T h e p r o b l e m of generality 107 Hayes, P. J. Döing A I bat s a y i n g CS 108 Johnson-Laird, P. N. T h e correspondence a n d c o h e r e n c e theories of c o g n i t i v e t r u t h 108 Leibovic, K. N. The p r o b l e m of Validation 109 Lenat, D. B. On astrophysics a n d s u p e r h u m a n Performance 109 Longuet-Higgins, C. On d e s c r i b i n g c o g n i t i v e processes 110 McDermott, J. On AT. as psychology: now a n d t h e n 110 Newell, A. State-of-the-art constraints 111 Ortony, A. C o g n i t i v e psychology, artificial i n t e l l i g e n c e , a n d c o g n i t i v e S i m u l a t i o n 112 Pascual-Leone, J. C o m p u t a t i o n a l models for metasubjective processes 112 Pribram, K. H. On behalf of the n e u r o s c i e n c e s 113 Rodger, R. S. Computer-specific methods 113 Schank, R. C. A I vs. CS: a methodological d i s t i n c t i o n 114 Simon, T. W. The AI/CS d i s t i n c t i o n and theory e v a l u a t i o n 114 Sloman, A. Artificial i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d e m p i r i c a l psychology 115 Sutherland, N. S. Task constraints a n d process models 116 Treisman, M. On the r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n A I a n d CS: the heart of the p r o b l e m 117 Ullman, S. A . I . Systems a n d h u m a n Cognition: the missing link 117 Weimer, W. B. A . I . a n d the methodology of scientific research: some cautions a n d l i m i t a t i o n s 119 Wilks, Y. Artificial i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d real constraints 120
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Author's Response Pylyshyn, Z. The A.I. debate: generality, goals, and methodological parochialism 121 Target Article Roland, P. E. Sensory feedback to the cerebral cortex during voluntary movement in man 129
Open Peer Commentary
Chapple, W. D. Consciousness a n d the l i m i t a t i o n s of psychophysical approaches 148 Dickinson, J. The f u n c t i o n of sensory feedback 148 Duysens, J. & Loeb, G. Precortical p r o c e s s i n g of somatosensory Information 149 Dyhre-Poulsen, P. Possible sources of d i s c r i m i n i t i v e kinaesthetic Information 150 Freund, H.-J. The w i e of extrapyramidal structures 150 Goodwin, G. M. The neural m e c h a n i s m s s u b s e r v i n g kinesthesia 151 Granit, R. Breaking d o w n o p e n doors 152 Grigg, P. On the a t t r i b u t i o n of a f u n c t i o n a l w i e to J o i n t afferent neurons 152 Iannone, A. M. What c o n s t i t u t e s " p r o o f " i n the study of neural control of m o v e m e n t ? 153 Kelso, J. A. S. C h a n g i n g views of feedforward a n d feedback i n voluntary m o v e m e n t 153 Levitt, M. On the w i e of m e n t a l sei i n voluntary m o v e m e n t 154 Libet, B. What is conscious sensory e x p e r i e n c e , operationally? 156 McCloskey, D. I. Sense of effort a n d sense of muscular t e n s i o n 156 Miliar, J. L a b s t r a t e g y vs. life strategy 157 Mpitsos, G. J. M u s c u l o t e n d i n o u s receptors i n conscious h u m a n behavior: e x p e r i m e n t a l factors 157 Pribram, K. H. M o v e m e n t s and acts: d i s t i n g u i s h i n g their neurophysiology 158 Pubols, L. M. On i n t e l l e c t u a l c o m p e n s a t i o n a n d deafferentation 159 Roberts, T. D. M. The transmission of parameters by neural messages 159 Shebilske, W. L. Sensory feedback d u r i n g eye m o v e m e n t s reconsidered 160 Somjen, G. G. What m u s c l e s p i n d l e s a n d G o l g i t e n d o n organs c o u l d a n d c o u l d not Signal to the
b r a i n 161 Sontag, K.-H. Conscious and u n c o n s c i o u s motor d e c i s i o n s 162 Stein, J. The i n t e r a c t i o n of motor a n d sensory Signals i n p r o p r i o c e p t i o n 162 Stevens, J. K. The corollary discharge: is it a sense of p o s i t i o n or a sense of space? 163 Trevarthen, C. C o r t i c a l collaboration a n d consciousness 165 Walsh, E. G. Sensing s p r i n g i n e s s 166 Wells, M. J. Invertebrate Stretch receptors a n d consciousness 166 Wiesendanger, M. Toward c o n t e x t u a l i n s t e a d of either/or t h i n k i n g 167
Author's Response
Roland, P. E. The cerebral cortex and conscious kinaesthetic and tensional information 167
Number 2, June 1978
Target Article
Brainerd, C. J. The stage question in cognitive-developmental theory 173 Open Peer Commentary
Baldwin, J. D. & J. I. Stages r e s u l t i n g f r o m c o n t i n u o u s u n d e r l y i n g variables 182 Berndt, T. J. Stages as d e s c r i p t i o n s , e x p l a n a t i o n s , and testable constraints 183 Ennis, R. H. D e s c r i p t i o n , e x p l a n a t i o n , a n d circularity 184 Epstein, H. T. Some a d d i t i o n a l data relevant to considerations about the e x i s t e n c e of
c o g n i t i v e - d e v e l o p m e n t a l stages 185 Fischer, K. W. Structural e x p l a n a t i o n of d e v e l o p m e n t a l change 186 Flavell, J. H. D e v e l o p m e n t a l stage: explanans or e x p l a n a n d u m ? 187 Gibson, K. R. C o r t i c a l m a t u r a t i o n : a n a n t e c e d e n t of Piaget's behavioral stages 188 Karmiloff-Smith, A. On stage: the i m p o r t a n c e of b e i n g a nonconserver 188 Kendler, T. S. On falsifying d e s c r i p t i o n s 190 Kinsbourne, M. M a t u r a t i o n a l succession vs. c u m u l a t i v e l e a r n i n g 191 Klahr, D. Rages over stages 191 Kurtines, W. M. Measurability, d e s c r i p t i o n , a n d e x p l a n a t i o n : the explanatory adequacy of stage
models 192 Lipsitt, L. P. "Stages" i n d e v e l o p m e n t a l psychology 194 Markman, E. M. Problems of logic a n d e v i d e n c e 194 Neimark, E. D. Improper questions cannot be properly answered 195 Nelson, K. Structural and d e v e l o p m e n t a l e x p l a n a t i o n s : stages i n theoretical d e v e l o p m e n t 196 Olson, D. R. A structuralist view of e x p l a n a t i o n : a critique of Brainerd 197 Parker, S. T. Species-specific a c q u i s i t i o n vs. universal sequence of acquisition 199 Pascual-Leone, J. Piaget's two m a i n stage criteria: a s e l e c t i v e reply to Brainerd 200 Rosenthal, T. L. A g n o s t i c gauges a n d Genevan stages 201
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Scandura, J. M. " M e a s u r e m e n t sequences," P i a g e t i a n s t r u c t u r e s , a n d high-order rules 201 Siegler, R. S. Is Piaget a P i e d P i p e r ? 202 Smedslund, J. M e a s u r e m e n t sequences, logical necessity, a n d c o m m o n sense 203 Uzgiris, I. C. H o l i s t i c aspects of the stage n o t i o n 204 Wetherick, N. E. I n defense of circularity 205 White, S. H. W h i c h comes first—describing or e x p l a i n i n g ? 205 Yonas, A. & Carleton, L. R. C o n j o i n t construct Validation 206
Author's Response
Brainerd, C. J. Invariant sequences, explanation, and other stage criteria: reflections and replies 207 Target Article
Haugeland, J. The nature and plausibility of Cognitivism 215 Open Peer Commentary
Andreae, J. H. On inference f r o m inputjOutput 226 Arbib, M. A. On m a k i n g d i s t i n c t i o n s that are not m a i n t a i n e d 2 2 7 Atherton, M. T h e scope of c o g n i t i v i s m 228 Baron, R. J. On e x p l a n a t i o n , holograms, moods, a n d skills 229 Charniak, E. H o w to register dissatisfaction w i t h A . I . 230 Cummins, R. Systems a n d c o g n i t i v e capacities 231 Dennett, D. C C o - o p t i n g holograms 232 Domotor, Z. C o g n i t i v e problems a n d problems of c o g n i t i v i s m 233 Dreyfus, H. L. C o g n i t i v i s m vs. h e r m e n e u t i c s 233 Economos, J. M i n d that last s t e p ; I think it's loose 234 Greeno, J. G. Systems a n d explanations 235 Harre, R. Half-way to realism: some sympathetic c o m m e n t s o n H a u g e l a n d ' s defence of c o g n i t i v i s m 236 Hayes, P. J. C o g n i t i v i s m as a paradigm 238 Matthews, R. J. Two remarks o n the characterization of I B B s 239 Maxwell, G. C o g n i t i v i s m , psychology, a n d physics 2 4 0 McCarthy, J. C o m p e t e n c e c o g n i t i v i s m vs. Performance c o g n i t i v i s m 241 Monk, R. C o g n i t i v i s m a n d c o g n i t i v e psychology 242 Natsoulas, T. H a u g e l a n d ' s first h u r d l e 243 Otto, H. R. A program is not a n e x p l a n a t i o n 243 Pinker, S. M i n d and brain r e v i s i t e d : f o r e s t a l l i n g the d o o m of c o g n i t i v i s m 244 Pribram, K. H. I m a g e , i n f o r m a t i o n , and fast Fourier transforms 245 Puccetti, R. A r e right h e m i s p h e r e activities c o g n i t i v i s t i c ? 245 Rey, G. Worries about H a u g e l a n d ' s worries 246 Rorty, R. A m i d d l e g r o u n d b e t w e e n neurons a n d holograms 248 Schwartz, R. Some limits a n d problems of c o g n i t i v i s m 248 Simon, T. W. On C o g n i t i v i s m ' s explanations and l i m i t a t i o n s 249 Taylor, C I n d i v i s i b l e Performances, i m p l i c i t grasp, a n d the problem of m e a n i n g f u l n e s s 250 Tweney, R. D. Is m a k i n g reasonable sense reasonable? 251 von Glasersfeld, E. Some problems of i n t e n t i o n a l i t y 252 Wilson, C C o g n i t i v i s m s c o n t r i b u t i o n s : some questions 253 Yevick, M. L. The two modes of identifying objects: d e s c r i p t i v e a n d holistic for concrete objects;
recursive a n d o s t e n s i v e for abstract objects 253 Author's Response
Haugeland, J. The critical assessment of Cognitivism: a closer look 254 Target Articles
Corballis, M. C. & Morgan, M. J. On the biological basis of human laterality: I. Evidence for a maturational left-right gradient 261
Morgan, M. J. & Corballis, M. C. On the biological basis of human laterality: II. The mechanisms of inheritance 270
Open Peer Commentary
Abler, W. L. Asymmetry a n d e v o l u t i o n 2 7 7 Annett, M. T h r o w i n g loaded a n d u n l o a d e d d i c e 278 Bakan, P. Why left-handedness? 279 Beaumont, J. G. On t e s t i n g the maturational left-right gradient hypothesis 280 Berlucchi, G. Does bigger equal better, f u n c t i o n a l l y ? 281 Bertelson, P. I n t e r p r e t i n g d e v e l o p m e n t a l s t u d i e s of h u m a n h e m i s p h e r i c s p e c i a l i z a t i o n 281 Boklage, C. E. On cellular m e c h a n i s m s for heritably t r a n s m i t t i n g structural information 282 Bradshaw, J. L. H a n d e d n e s s a n d h u m a n cerebral asymmetry: some u n a n s w e r e d questions 286 Bryden, M. P. H a n d e d n e s s , heritability, and perceptual laterality s t u d i e s 287 Bures, J. A fictitious gradient 288 Cernäcek, J. & Podivinsky, F. E n v i r o n m e n t a l influence o n lateralization 289
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Chaurasia, B. D. M o t o r asymmetries of the h u m a n body other t h a n handedness 289 Collins, R. L. I n the b e g i n n i n g was the asymmetry g r a d i e n t , even w h e n it was n u l l : a propositional
framework for a general theory of the i n h e r i t a n c e of asymmetry 289 Davidson, R. J. L a t e r a l s p e c i a l i z a t i o n i n the h u m a n brain: speculations c o n c e r n i n g its origins a n d
d e v e l o p m e n t 291 Davis, T. A. Reversible a n d irreversible lateralities i n some a n i m a l s 291 Dimond, S. J. L a t e r a l i z a t i o n a n d u n i t a r i a n i s m 293 Ettlinger, G. H a v e we forgotten the Infant? 294 Füller, J. L. // genes are not r i g h t - h a n d e d , what is? 295 Geffen, G. H u m a n laterality: cerebral d o m i n a n c e a n d h a n d e d n e s s 295 Geschwind, N. Pathological right-handedness 296 Goodglass, H. O b j e c t i o n s to a g r o w t h gradient theory of cerebral d o m i n a n c e 296 Goodwin, B. C. Symmetry-breaking processes a n d morphogenesis 297 Guerrier, P. E v i d e n c e for absence of preformed g e n e t i c or p l a s m a t i c laterality d u r i n g early
embryonic d e v e l o p m e n t 297 Hardyck, C. & Leiman, A. L. On the probable g e n e t i c basis of h u m a n h a n d e d n e s s 298 Hicks, R. E. On the homogeneity of h u m a n h a n d e d n e s s 299 Hudson, P. T. W. & Marshall, J. C. Is a unified (cross-species) theory of asymmetries f e a s i b l e ? 300 Jantz, R. L. D e r m a t o g l y p h i c s , d e v e l o p m e n t a n d h u m a n laterality 300 Kasinov, V. B. Is there a Single basis for biological laterality? 301 Kinsbourne, M. Pitfalls i n the box score approach to evolutionary m o d e l l i n g 302 Kopp, N. Possible c o n t r i b u t i o n of neuroanatomy to the c o m p r e h e n s i o n of g r o w t h a n d i n h e r i t a n c e of
h u m a n cerebral asymmetries 302 Lay ton, Jr., W. M. The d e t e r m i n a t i o n of morphological asymmetry 303 LeMay, M. P r o m i n e n c e of the right s i d e of the brain 304 Lepori, N. G. A s y m m e t r i e blastomere m o v e m e n t d u r i n g g a s t r u l a t i o n 304 Meshcheryakov, V. N. A r e genes left-right agnosic? 305 Mittwoch, U. Changes i n the d i r e c t i o n of the lateral g r o w t h gradient i n h u m a n development—left
to right a n d right to left 306 Molfese, D. L. & Schmidt, A. L. H u m a n laterality: is it u n i d i m e n s i o n a l ? 307 Ness, A. R. E n t e r the s e a - u n i c o r n 308 Neville, A. C. On the general p r o b l e m of asymmetry 308 Nottebohm, F. Precocial skills for the precocial h e m i s p h e r e ? Several u n t e s t e d hypotheses 309 Oppenheimer, J. M. G r a d i e n t s a n d genes 310 Perzigian, A. J. T h e nature a n d n u r t u r e of h u m a n laterality 3 1 0 Porac, C. & Coren, S. R e l a t i o n s h i p s a m o n g lateral preference behaviors i n h u m a n beings 311 Preilowski, B. Problems w i t h "grand schemes" a n d h a n d e d n e s s 312 Reeve, E. C. R. Asymmetry i n the narwhal, a l p h e u s , a n d drosophila 313 Rife, D. C. Heredity a n d h a n d e d n e s s 313 Siegel, M. I. M i c r o e n v i r o n m e n t a l effects a n d fluetuating asymmetry 314 Singh, I. & Chhibber, S. R. A n a t o m i c a l asymmetries i n the limbs of m a n a n d other vertebrates 315 Skibinski, D. O. F Is Variation i n cytoplasmic codes heritable? 315 Springer, S. P. H a n d e d n e s s a n d c e r e b r a l O r g a n i z a t i o n i n t w i n s — i m p l i c a t i o n s for the biological basis
of h u m a n laterality 316 Steklis, H. D. Of gonads a n d g a n g l i a 317 Taylor, D. C. The biases of sex a n d m a t u r a t i o n i n lateralisation: " i s o m e r i c " a n d compensatory
left-handedness 318 Van Valen, L. The control of h a n d e d n e s s 320 Vermeij, G. J. Left asymmetry i n the a n i m a l k i n g d o m 320 von Heyden, H. W. C e l l u l a r laterality 322 Warren, J. M. The Left Force: homology or analogy 322 Wehrmaker, A. L e f t - h a n d e d n e s s : etiological clues f r o m Situs inversus 322 Whitaker, H. A. Is the right leftover? 323 Wolpert, L. The p r o b l e m of d i r e c t e d left-right asymmetry i n d e v e l o p m e n t 324
Authors' Response
Morgan, M. J. Genetic models of asymmetry should be asymmetrical 325 Corballis, M. C. Brain twisters and hand wringers 331
Number 3, September 1978
Target Article
Puccetti, R. & Dykes, R. W. Sensory cortex and the mind-brain problem 337 Open Peer Commentary
Scheibel, A. B. On textural variance a n d the neocortical m i s s i o n : a l i g h t n i n g rod for the obvious 344 Anderson, Jr., R. M. R e l a t i v i s t i c color c o d i n g as a m o d e l for quality differences 345
vii
Armstrong, D. M. On p a s s i n g the buck 346 Beioff, J. The inevitability of d u a l i s m 347 Block, N. Strato m a t e r i a l i s m 347 Booth, D. A. M i n d - b r a i n p u z z l e versus m i n d - p h y s i c a l world identity 3 4 8 Bridgeman, B. The similarity of the sensory cortices: p r o b l e m or Solution? 3 4 9 Bunge, M. Cytoarchitectonic similarity does not e n t a i l f u n c t i o n a l identity 3 5 0 Churchland, P. M. & P. S. The virtuosity of the sensory cortex a n d the perils of c o m m o n sense 350 Dennett, D. C. What's the difference: some riddles 351 Dismukes, K. What m i n d - b r a i n problem? 351 Economos, J. What is it l i k e , M r . P u c c e t t i ? 352 Freemon, F. R. V i s u a l i z i n g V i s u a l cortex i n the m i n d ' s eye 353 Gedye, J. L. On a c c o u n t i n g for o n e k i n d of difference i n terms of another kind of difference 353 Gibson, K. R. A s k i n g the right q u e s t i o n s : other approaches to the m i n d - b r a i n p r o b l e m 354 Globus, G. G. What is the sound of o n e hand c l a p p i n g , the touch of a s t i l l w i n d , the sight of a
" H a c k h o l e " ? 355 Green, M. B. Some difference is e n o u g h difference 356 Harman, G. What is e x p e r i e n c e made of? 356 Hebb, D. O. A p r o b l e m of localization 357 Mackie, J. L. I n e x p l i c i t d u a l i s m 357 Mandler, G. M i n d (psychology) is not (currently) reducible to body (neurobiology) 3 5 8 Marks, L. E. Does the brain m i n d ? 358 Maxwell, G. M i n d a n d brain: a n arduous task by n e u r o s c i e n c e , physics, a n d philosophy 359 Milner, P. M. What's the matter w i t h m i n d ? 3 6 0 Natsoulas, T. What d o we know w h e n we know what h a v i n g auditory e x p e r i e n c e is like? 361 Norman, D. A. So what s h o u l d i n f o r m a t i o n look like? 361 Perry, J. R. Defenses for the m i n d - b r a i n identity theory: causal differences 362 Ritter, W. H o w completely are the processes that c o n s t i t u t e the brain k n o w n ? 363 Rose, S. P. R. M i n d - b r a i n ; P u c c e t t i 6- Dykes' n o n - s o l u t i o n to a n o n - p r o b l e m 363 Rosenthal, D. M. The insignificance of i n c o m m e n s u r a t e variations 364 Shallice, T. A r e the properties of cells relevant for u n d e r s t a n d i n g consciousness? 364 Smart, J. J. C. C o r t i c a l localization a n d the m i n d - b r a i n identity theory 365 Sperry, R. M e n t a l i s t m o n i s m : consciousness as a causal emergent of brain processes 365 Szentagothai, J. A false a l t e r n a t i v e 367 Uttal, W. R. Codes, s e n s a t i o n s , a n d the mind-body p r o b l e m 368 Ward, M. F. The m i n d - b r a i n issue unsimplified 368 Wilks, Y. L e i b n i z , l o c a t i o n , and d i s t i n g u i s h i n g t y p e s of S e n s a t i o n 369
Authors' Response
Puccetti, R. & Dykes, R. W. Localizationism and dualism: a second look at the paradox 369 Target Article
Rosenthal, R. & Rubin, D. B. Interpersonal expectancy effects: the first 345 studies 377 Open Peer Commentary
Adair, J. G. The c o m b i n e d probabilities of 345 s t u d i e s : only half the story? 386 Babad, E. Y. On the biases of psychologists 387 Barber, T. X. E x p e c t i n g expectancy effects: biased data analyses a n d f a i l u r e to e x c l u d e a l t e r n a t i v e
interpretations i n e x p e r i m e n t e r expectancy research 388 Carlier, M. & Gottesdiener, H. On the m i s u s e of statistics 390 Chubin, D. E. I n a t t e n t i o n to expectancy: resistance to a knowledge c l a i m 390 Collins, H. M. R e p l i c a t i o n of e x p e r i m e n t s : a sociological c o m m e n t 391 Elashoff, J. D. Box scores are for baseball 392 Ellsworth, P. C W h e n does a n e x p e r i m e n t e r bias? 392 Fiske, D. W. The several kinds of g e n e r a l i z a t i o n 393 Gadlin, H. Great expectations . . . big d i s a p p o i n t m e n t 394 Glass, G. V. I n defense of g e n e r a l i z a t i o n 394 Hilgard, E. R. Expectancy effects: valuable or f r i g h t e n i n g ? 395 Johnson, R. F. Q. E x p e r i m e n t e r expectancy effects: alternative explanations 396 Johnson, R. W. Interpersonal expectancy effects exist: what do we know beyond that? 396 Jung, J. Self-negating f u n c t i o n s of self-fulfilling prophecies 397 Krippner, S. The i m p o r t a n c e of Rosenthal's research for parapsychology 398 Kruglanski, A. W. Quantifying the interpersonal expectancy effect: o n the place of Statistical
significance i n a program of research 399 Mayo, R. J. Statistical considerations i n analyzing the results of a c o l l e c t i o n of e x p e r i m e n t s 4 0 0 Miller, A. G. A n d i n this corner, f r o m C a m b r i d g e , Massachusetts . . . 401 Nosanchuk, T. A. E x p e r i m e n t e r expectancy a n d the effects of a c a d e m i c debates 402 Page, S. Toward e v a l u a t i n g the "reality" of interpersonal expectancy effects 4 0 3 Rao, K. R. Expectancy effects, ESP effects, a n d replicability 4 0 3 Silverman, I. Expectancy effects r e v i s i t e d 404 Singer, J. E. Once y o u ' v e seen a decade of s t u d i e s , y o u ' v e seen t h e m all 4 0 5
vii i
Smale, G. G. Artifact or agent of change: the self-fulfilling prophecy redefined 405 Stewart, C. G. Progress toward the Statistical and psychological significance of expectancy effects 406 Valsiner, J. Expectancy effects: a paradoxical area of research 408 Wilkins, W. E. Expectancy research: the q u e s t i o n of quality 408 Wilkins, W. W. A poor case for causes 409
Authors' Response Rosenthal, R. & Rubin, D. B. Issues in summarizing the first 345 studies of interpersonal expectancy
effects 410 Target Article Rajecki, D. W., Lamb, M. E., & Obmascher, P. Toward a general theory of infantile attachment: a
comparative review of aspects of the social bond 417 Open Peer Commentary
Ainsworth, M. D. S. The B o w l b y - A i n s w o r t h attachment theory 436 Bischof, N. On the necessity of "appropriate behavior" o n the part of the caregiver 438 Blanchard, D. C. Is there adaptive significance i n the persistence of infantile attachment to
m a l t r e a t i n g attachment figures? 439 Brown, R. T. Three scientists i n search of a theorist (apologies to Pirandello) 440 Cairns, R. B. Beyond a t t a c h m e n t ? 441 Chalmers, N. R. E t h o l o g i c a l theory a n d i n f a n t i l e attachment 441 Dienske, H. The parental bond a n d the g a m e of t h e o r i z i n g 442 Dolhinow, P. L a n g u r monkey mother loss and a d o p t i o n 4 4 3 Eble, B. A. A t t a c h m e n t : the two sides of o n e c o i n 444 Eiserer, L. A. M a l t r e a t m e n t effects and l e a r n i n g processes i n infantile attachment 445 Gibson, K. R. Sociobiology, brain m a t u r a t i o n , a n d i n f a n t i l e filial attachment 446 Gottlieb, G. The e p i g e n e t i c character of d e v e l o p m e n t 446 Gunnar, M. R. H o w can we test attachment theories if our subjects a r e n t attached? 447 Hess, E. H. The road to general attachment theory: l i t t l e headway 448 Hoffman, H. S. On the matter of i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a n d j u d g e m e n t i n the e v a l u a t i o n of theory 4 4 8 Immelmann, K. I m p r i n t i n g a n d infantile attachment 4 4 9 Kaufman, I. C. E v o l u t i o n , i n t e r a c t i o n , a n d object r e l a t i o n s h i p 450 Kovach, J. K. I n f a n t i l e a t t a c h m e n t : a general theory or a set of loosely-knit paradigms? 451 Masters, J. C. I m p l i c i t a s s u m p t i o n s regarding the singularity of a t t a c h m e n t : a n o t e o n the validity
and heuristic v a l u e of a mega-construct 452 Mineka, S. & Rush, D. A t t a c h m e n t theories maltreated? 4 5 3 Passman, R. H. & Adams, R. E. L e a r n i n g theory a n d i n f a n t i l e a t t a c h m e n t : a r e - e v a l u a t i o n 454 Rutter, M. A t t a c h m e n t : its m e a n i n g a n d consequences 4 5 5 Salzen, E. A. O r i e n t a t i o n and affect i n infantile attachment 456 Scott, J. P. The Systems theoretic approach to social behavior 457 Sluckin, W. I n f a n t i l e attachment a n d exposure l e a r n i n g 458 Solomon, R. L. F u r t h e r i m p l i c a t i o n s of Opponent-process theory 459 Suomi, S. J. Is a general theory of attachment f e a s i b l e ? 4 5 9 Wolff, P. H. D e t a c h i n g f r o m attachment 4 6 0
Authors' Response
Rajecki, D. W. & Lamb, M. E. Interpretations, reinterpretations, and alleged misinterpretations of theory and data concerning attachment 461
Target Article
Steriade, M. Cortical long-axoned cells and putative interneurons during the sleep-waking cycle 4 6 5 Open Peer Commentary
Ben-Ari, Y. & Naquet, R. A c e t y l c h o l i n e : synaptic transmitter of the arousal System? 4 8 5 Berlucchi, G. Sleep and waking a n d two p o p u l a t i o n s of neurons 486 Borbely, A. A. A c t i v e wakefulness a n d paradoxical s l e e p : c o m m o n m e c h a n i s m s ? 487 Corazza, R. Electrophysiological differentiation b e t w e e n Output cells a n d i n t e r n e u r o n s : a n alternate
methodological proposal 487 Dewan, E. M. Physiological measurements a n d the " p r o g r a m m i n g " hypothesis for the f u n c t i o n of
REM sleep 4 8 8 Fishbein, W. C o r t i c a l i n t e r n e u r o n a c t i v a t i o n , D sleep a n d memory 4 8 9 Freemon, F. R. A Urne for inhibitory neurons to rest 4 8 9 Glenn, L. L. & Guilleminault, C N e u r o n a l identification a n d Classification strategies 4 9 0 Greenberg, R. The cortex finds its place i n REM sleep 4 9 0 Henriksen, S. J. T h e cellular Substrates of State 491 Humphrey, D. R. On the proportions of identified Output cells a n d p u t a t i v e i n t e r n e u r o n s i n the
precentral arm area of the monkey s motor cortex 492 Iwama, K. & Fukuda, Y. S l e e p - w a k i n g s t u d i e s o n the lateral g e n i c u l a t e n u c l e u s a n d Visual cortex 4 9 4
ix
Jones, B. E. Toward a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g of the basic m e c h a n i s m s of the s l e e p - w a k i n g cycle 4 9 5 Jouvet, M. C o r t i c a l i n t e r n e u r o n s a n d paradoxical sleep 4 9 5 Krnjevic, K. C h o l i n e r g i c control of excitability i n the s l e e p - w a k i n g cycle 496 McCarley, R. W. & Hobson, J. A. O u t p u t n e u r o n s , i n t e r n e u r o n s , a n d the m e c h a n i s m s a n d f u n c t i o n
of sleep 4 9 8 Metz, J. & Meitzer, H. Y. W h y d o cortical l o n g - a x o n e d cells a n d p u t a t i v e i n t e r n e u r o n s behave
differently d u r i n g the s l e e p - w a k i n g cycle? 4 9 9 Morrison, A. R. T h e p r o b l e m of d e t e r m i n i n g selectivity of n e u r o n a l firing d u r i n g different
behavioral states 4 9 9 Oniani, T. N. C o r t i c a l unit activity a n d the f u n c t i o n a l significance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle 5 0 0 Oshima, T. Intracellular a c t i v i t i e s of cortical l a m i n a e I - I I I neurones d u r i n g EEG arotisal 5 0 0 Pasik, T. & P. On the possibility of a third category of n e u r o n s i n cortical circuitry 501 Pearlman, C. A. Neurophysiologic i m p l i c a t i o n s of i n f o r m a t i o n p r o c e s s i n g d u r i n g D sleep 501 Pribram, K. H. Possible f u n c t i o n s of sleep—memory c o n s o l i d a t i o n ? 502 Ramon-Moliner, E. Two basic n e u r o n a l configurations i n the cerebral cortex 502 Ranck, Jr., J. B. T h e i m p o r t a n c e of n e u r o n a l i n t e r a c t i o n patterns 5 0 3 Routtenberg, A. T h e w i e of i n t e r n e u r o n s (Golgi type II) i n memory 5 0 3 Satoh, T. Possible reticular m e c h a n i s m u n d e r l y i n g altered activity of cortical n e u r o n s d u r i n g sleep 504 Schlag, J. On the significance of observations about cortical activity d u r i n g the s l e e p - w a k i n g cycle 5 0 5 Segundo, J. P. Postsynaptic p o t e n t i a l influences u p o n postsynaptic i m p u l s e g e n e r a t i o n 505 Szentagothai, J. I n t e r n e u r o n s a n d memory c o n s o l i d a t i o n 506 Tömböl, T. Classification of cortical i n t e r n e u r o n s o n the basis of G o l g i i m p r e g n a t i o n 506 Valleala, P. A c o m m e n t o n wakefulness as a reference State i n sleep s t u d i e s 507 Vanderwolf, C. H. What does cortical electrical activity have to d o w i t h sleep? 507 Wagman, A. M. I. M e m o r y - c o n s o l i d a t i o n hypothesis of REM sleep 5 0 8 Webb, A. C. H o w important is the m e a n frequency of n e u r o n a l discharge? 509 Woody, C. D. Identification a n d f u n c t i o n a l characterization of electrophysiologically s t u d i e d
cortical neurons 5 1 0 Author's Response
Steriade, M. Cell Classification and changes in neuronal activity with shifts in vigilance State 511
Number 4, December 1978
A Special Issue on Cognition and Consciousness in Nonhuman Species
Target Articles Premack, D. & Woodruff, G. Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? 5 1 5 Griffin, D. R. Prospects for a cognitive ethology 527 Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S., Rumbaugh, D. R., & Boysen, S. Linguistically-mediated tool use and
exchange by chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes) 539 Open Peer Commentary
Griffin, D. E x p e r i m e n t a l c o g n i t i v e ethology 555 Rumbaugh, E. S., Rumbaugh, D. R., & Boysen, S. Sarah's problems of c o m p r e h e n s i o n 555 Beck, B. B. Talkers a n d doers 557 Bennett, J. Some remarks about concepts 557 Bernstein, I. S. A w a r e n e s s , i n t e n t i o n , expectancy a n d plausibility 5 6 0 Bürge, T. C o n c e p t of m i n d i n p r i m a t e s ? 560 Burghardt, G. M. C l o s i n g the circle: the ethology of m i n d ? 562 Candland, D. K. H o w the animals lost their m i n d s 563 Churchland, P. S. & P. M. I n t e r n a l states a n d c o g n i t i v e theories 565 Davis, L. H. I n t e n t i o n s , awareness, a n d awareness thereof 566 Davis, R. T. A n i m a l Cognition without h u m a n consciousness 567 Dawkins, M. The second Urne around 568 Dennett, D. C. Beliefs about beliefs 568 Ding wall, W. O. A n i m a l s a n d the rest of us: Descartes versus D a r w i n 5 7 0 Farrell, B. A. Some considerations i n the philosophy of m i n d 571 Gardner, H. A social synthesis 572 Gould, J. L. Behavioral p r o g r a m m i n g i n honey bees 572 Greenfield, P. M. D e v e l o p m e n t a l processes i n the language l e a r n i n g of c h i l d a n d c h i m p 573 Grene, M. Basic concepts for c o g n i t i v e ethology 574 Groves, C. P. What does it m e a n to be c o n s c i o u s ? 575 Harman, G. S t u d y i n g the c h i m p a n z e e 's theory of m i n d 576 Hebb, D. O. Behavioral e v i d e n c e of thought a n d consciousness 577 Heffner, J. P e r c e p t i o n a n d a n i m a l consciousness: the p h i l o s o p h i c a l context 577 Jaynes, J. I n a manner of s p e a k i n g 578
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Jolly, A. T h e c h i m p a n z e e s tea-party 5 7 9 Lewis, M. Social knowledge a n d m e n t a l acts 5 8 0 Limber, J. Good-bye behaviorism! 581 Lockard, J. S. S p e c u l a t i o n s o n the a d a p t i v e significance of Cognition a n d consciousness i n
n o n h u m a n species 5 8 3 MacKay, D. M. E v a l u a t i o n as a n indicator of I n t e n t i o n 584 Mellgren, R. L. & Fouts, R., S. M e n t a l i s m and methodology 585 Menzel, Jr., E. W. & Johnson, M. K. S h o u l d m e n t a l i s t i c concepts be defended or assumed? 586 Moravcsik, J. M. Can the concept of Cognition bear the weight psychologists place o n i t ? 587 Morton, A. What to look for i n c o m p a r i n g species 5 8 8 Norman, D. A. S t o p already, my m i n d is m a d e u p 5 8 9 Pribram, K. H. Consciousness, classified a n d de-classified 5 9 0 Pylyshyn, Z. W. W h e n is a t t r i b u t i o n of beliefs justified? 592 Rachlin, H. W h o cares if the c h i m p a n z e e hos a theory of m i n d ? 5 9 3 Riesen, A. H. Responses versus c o g n i t i o n s 594 Sarles, H. One n e w t h e m e a n d . . . 5 9 5 Savage, C. W. I s n t the answer obvious? 596 Schubert, G. C o o p e r a t i o n , C o g n i t i o n , a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n 597 Scott, J. P. Fantasy a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n 6 0 0 Segal, E. F. Does m i n d matter? 601 Sloman, A. What about their i n t e r n a l languages? 602 Snowdon, C. T. & Hodun, A. What's the matter w i t h m i n d ? 6 0 3 Stich, S. P. C o g n i t i o n a n d content i n n o n - h u m a n species 604 Ullman, S. M e n t a l representations a n d m e n t a l experiences 6 0 5 Weiner, B. & Landes, S. A c o g n i t i v e psychology for infrahumans 606 Zaidel, E. Of apes a n d hemispheres 607
Authors' Responses
Griffin, D. R. Helpful "talk" on what to "do" 6 0 9 Savage-Rumbaugh et al. Describing chimpanzee communication: a communication problem 6 1 4 Premack, D. & Woodruff, G. Chimpanzee theory of mind: causality, purpose, and the use of Symbols 616
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Commentary/Rajecki et al. : Infantile attachment theory
by N. Bischof B i o l o g i s c h - M a t h e m a t i s c h e Abt., Psychologisches I n s t i t u t , Universität Zürich, CH-
8044 Zürich, S w i t z e r l a n d
Ort the necessity of "appropriate behavior" on the pari of the caregiver. In response to the article by Rajecki et al., I would like to limit myself to com-menting on an argument against the ethological theory of attachment. Ethologists assume that infantile motivation in an "expected environmental niche" leads to behavior that optimizes the child's Chance of survival. "Expected niches" are those that are similar to the environment in which the species evolved. The authors State that under experimental condi t ions at
tachment forms not only to parents, but also to inanimate objects bearing no similarity to conspecifics, and even to objects that severely maltreat the child. According to the authors, this poses a serious problem to ethological theory, since one cannot possibly view these objects as constituting part of an ordinarily expectable environment.
This argument contains a fallacy. Suppose that the objects constituting the "expected environment" of an infant immediately after birth or hatching dif-
438 THE BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (1978). 3
Commentary/Rajecki et al. : Infantile attachment theory
Figure 1 (Bischof), a = average intensity of attention-attracting Stimuli emit-ted by object; b = readiness of object to behave prosocially to infant; X = parents; Y = other objects; X' = "bad ' parents; V' = other objects becoming more conspicuous in later stages of ontogeny; det = detector for object con-spicuousness, releasing following-response in an early ontogenetic stage.
from ever developing - the danger of a child's following an object prone to
neglect or kill him would have been too great.
What about abusive objects? If they belong to class Y (e.g. predators), we
cannot expect the imprinting mechanism to be able to react to them in an
adequate way. If such objects do manage to approach the child so as to ac-
tivate the detectors of the attachment System, the child is done for anyway.
Whatever measures natural selection has produced to counteract infant
predation, they must prevent predators from lingering in the lower-right
quadrant (V) of Figure 1. That is, predators must be chased or lured away. or
the infants must be concealed. Since this is what the attachment system can
be expected to presuppose, anecdotal reports of occasional imprinting to
predators in captivity do not pose any theoretical problem.
If abusive objects are pathological parents (X'), this again would have
hardly been able to force the evolution of the detector system in another di-
rection. Parental maltreatment no doubt reduces the child's chances for sur-
vival, but the child normally has no alternative; there is no one to whom he
can run and be better cared for. In extraordinary cases the helpful she-wolf
might turn up to nurse Romulus and Remus, but extraordinary cases have no
effect on evolution. It is therefore always best to stay with one's own parents,
who are generally at least somewhat care-oriented and not quite as unin-
hibited in inflicting harm as strangers.
Thus, Lamb's theory, that infantile attachment presupposes "appropriate
behavior" of the parents, may be based on sensible arguments elsewhere,
but it is not implied in the context of ethological theorizing. If this assumption
appears to be invalidated by empirical results, Lamb should certainly not at-
tribute the error to his ethological position.
fer, among other characteristics, in two dimensions. a and 6, whereö isthe
probability with whichthe infant can expect prosocial behaviors (for example
caregiving) onthepart of the object, anda refers to the average intensity with
which the object attracts the attention of the infant.
We may assume that the "expected" objects fall into two classes (see
Figure 1): parents and their possible helpers (Class X), and other objects
(Class Y). The infant can only expect prosocial behavior (b +) from objects X;
all other objects are at best unconcerned, but they are frequently even hostile
and dangerous (b~). At the same time it is the objects X which regularly
come closer to the newborn than all others and interact with him more, and
which thus score highest on the scale of conspicuousness (a +).
In order to stay in proximity to prosocial objects, the infant ought to be able
to detect them. The initial cues for this detection must be simple enough to
be accessible without previous learning. In an "expected niche" in which
neither unfamiliar conspecifics, nor other animals, nor inanimate objects are
as conspicuous as the parents, a Stimulus detector sensitive to high grades
of a, as indicated in Figure 1, would be completely sufficient. It would cause
the infant to attach to those objects in his early environment that are most
efficient in attracting his attention.
Such a mechanism is of course expedient only in an early phase of on
togeny. Discriminating cues in other character dimensions (c, d, etc., not
represented in Figure 1), concerning the individual physiognomies of the
parents, should become associated with the unconditioned Stimulus a + as
soon as possible. The older the child, the greater the probability of his en-
countering unfamiliar objects (Y'), and then the simple detector system in
Figure 1 no longer makes correct discriminations. The sensitive period of im
printing, therefore, should be limited to early ontogeny, and this is generally
the case.
Precisely when primary detection of potential caregivers is achieved
through a mechanism such as that in Figure 1, we find the infant in the labo-
ratory attaching himself to any Surrogate, as long as this Surrogate fulfills the
criterion of predominant conspicuousness. Rajecki et al.'s imputation that
the ethological theorist is forced to conclude that non-specific objects
belong to the "expected environment" of the species is positively in-
comprehensible. Exactly the opposite is the case: had styrofoam cubes, toy
trains, flashing lights, or even potential predators been regularly present in
the intimate environment of early childhood in the course of evolution, then
natural selection would have presented a mechanism of the kind discussed
THE BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (1978), 3 439
BBS Associateship Genealogy
Associates are listed alphabetically and numbered sequentially. Numerais to the
right of an associates entry designate his or her nominator(s).
Explanation of letter codes:
E: First generation, invited by Editor
A: Article accepted for publication in BBS
R: Refereed for BBS
C Commentary accepted for publication
O: Ex officio
N o t e : (i) The coded entries are not meant to be an exhaustive list of all
capacities in which an associate has served in 1978, but merely to indicate the
source of his associateship. (ii) This list only corresponds to the associateship as
of June 30, 1978. Since then there have been two hundred new associates. New
associates* names will appear in an updated list appearing annually.
1. Abler, W.L. ( H l . I n s t . T e c h n o l . ) Cognition 258
2. Altmann, S.A. (V. C h i c a g o ) behavioral biology E
3. Anderson, R.M. ( R e n s s e l a e r P o l y . I n s t . ) philosophy of mind 313
4. Anderson, S.W. ( N . Y . P s y c h i a t . I n s t . ) neurolinguistics E
5. Andreae, J H . (V. C a n t e r b u r y . N . Z . ) artificial intelligence 129
6. Andrew, R.J. (V. Sussex) animal behavior E
7. Arbib, M.A. (V. M a s s . A m h e r s t ) a r t i f i c i a l i n t e l l i g e n c e 3 1 6
8. Atherton, M. (V. M a r y l a n d ) philosophy 35
9. Avila, R. ( C o l . d e M e x i c o ) linguistics 229
10. Bakan, D. ( Y o r k V.) p s y c h o l o g y E
11. Bakan, P. ( S i m o n Fräser V.) C
12. Bakker, DJ . ( P a e d o l . I n s t . , A m s t e r d a m ) neuropsychology 34
13. Balonov, L.J. A c a d . o f Sei., L e n i n g r a d ) neuropsychology 285
14. Barlow, G.W. ( V C , B e r k e l e y ) ethology 134
15. Baron, R.J. (V. I o w a ) artificial intelligence E
16. Bart, W. M. (V. M i n n . ) cognitive development C
17. Bates, E. ( U . C o l o r a d o ) psycholinguistics 157
18. Baxter, C.F. ( V . A . H o s p . S e p u l v e d a ) neurochemistry 98
19. Beishaw, CS. ( e d . CURR. A N T H . ) anthropology O
20. Berlucchi, G. (V. P i s a ) neurophysiology 98
21. Berndt, T.J. ( Y a l e ) developmental psychology C
22. Bertelson, P. (V. L i b r e , B r u x e l l e s ) Cognition 12
23. Bever, T G . ( C o l u m b i a ) psycholinguistics 316, 338
24. Bierwisch, M. ( D D R A k a d . W i s s e n s c h a f t e n ) E
25. Bigelow, J. ( I n s t . Adv. S t u d y , P r i n c e t o n ) mathematical models E
2b. Bindra, D. ( M c G i l l ) psychobiology E
27. Bishop, P.O. ( A u s t r a t N a t . V.) neurobiology 63, 98
28. Bitterman, M E . (V. Hawaii)animal intelligence 409
29. Bizzi, E. ( M . I . T . ) neurophysiology 411
30. Black, A H . ( M c M a s t e r ) psychobiology C
31. Blakemore, C. ( C a m b r i d g e ) neurophysiology 180
32. Blanchard, D.C. (V. H a w a i i ) behavioral biology 28
33. Blanchard, R. (V. H a w a i i ) behavioral biology 28
34. Blank, M. ( R u t g e r s M e d . S c h . ) developmental psychology E
35. Block, N. M . I . T . ) philosophy of psychology 89
36. Bloom, L. ( C o l u m b i a ) developmental psychology E
37. Blough, D.S. ( B r o w n ) animal psychophysics 411
38. Boden, M.A. (V. Sussex) Cognition 316
39. Bogen, J E . ( R o s s Loos, L A . ) neurosurgery E
40. Bolles, R.C. (V. W a s h . ) animal learning 26
41. Booth, D A . (V. B i r m i n g h a m , V K ) physiological psychology 316
42. Borbely, A.A. (V. Zürich) psychopharmacology 369
43. Bornstein, M.H. ( P r i n c e t o n ) Cognition 138
44. Bowsher, D. (V. L i v e r p o o l ) neurobiology 221
45. Boynton, R. ( V C , S a n D i e g o ) V i s i o n 2 9 0
46. Brainerd, C.J. ( V . W . O n t a r i o ) developmental psychology 316
47. Bridgeman, B. ( V C , S a n t a C r u z ) psychobiology 411
48. Brown, R. ( H a r v a r d ) psycholinguistics E
49. Brown, R.T. ( V N C , W i l m i n g t o n ) developmental biopsychology 6, 111
50. Bryden, M.P. (V. W a t e r l o o ) pereeption C
51. Bubenik, A.B. ( M i n . N a t . Res., O n t . ) behavioral biology 357
52. Burdsal, C. ( e d . M V L T . EX. CLIN. RES.) personality O
53. Bures, J. ( I n s t . P h y s i o l . , P r a g u e ) neurobiology 98
54. Burghardt, G M . (V. T e n n . ) behavioral biology 148
55. Buser, P. (V. C u r i e , P a r i s ) neurobiology 98
56. Caldwell, R.L. ( V C , B e r k e l e y ) behavioral biology 14
57. Campbell, D. ( N o r t h w e s t e r n ) social psychology E
58. Campbell, JA. ( E x e t e r V.) artificial intelligence 323
59. Caplan, D. ( B r i g h t o n , M a s s . ) Neurolinguistics 229
60. Capranica, RR. ( C o r n e l l ) neurobiology E
61. Carlton, P. ( R u t g e r s M e d . S c h . ) psychobiology E
62. Catania, A.C. (V. M a r y l a n d ) animal behavior 389
63. Chapple, W.D. (V. C o n n . ) neurobiology E
64. Charniak, E. ( Y a l e ) artificial intelligence 166, 350, 419
65. Chiarelli, B. ( e d . J. H V M A N E V O L V T I O N ) O
66. Chomsky, N. ( M . I . T . ) linguistics 316
67. Chorover, S.L. ( M . L T . ) neuropsychology 221
68. Chow, K L . ( S t a n f o r d M e d . C t r . ) neurology E
69. Glowes, M. (V. Sussex) Cognition 166, 316
70. Codeceira, A. ( e d . N E V R O B I O L O G I A ) O
71. Cole, R A . ( C a r n e g i e - M e l l o n V.) psycholinguistics 73
72. Collins, R.L. ( J a c k s o n L a b . , B a r H a r b o r ) behavioral genetics E
73. Cooper, W E . ( M . I . T . ) psycholinguistics 338
74. Corballis, M.C. (V. A u c k l a n d , N . Z . ) psychobiology E
75. Coscina, D.V. ( C l a r k e I n s t . P s y c h i a t r y , T o r o n t o ) behavioral
neurochemistry 174
76. Covian, M.R. (V. Sao P a u l o ) neurobiology 98
77. Cromer, R. ( M R C , L o n d o n ) developmental psycholinguistics 410
78. Creutzfeldt, O ( M . - P . - L , G o e t t i n g e n ) neurobiology 98
79. Crow, T.J. ( M R C . H a r r o w ) psychiatry 169
80. Cushing, S. ( H i g h e r O r d e r S o f t w a r e ) s e n v a n l i c s C
81. Daltzman, R.J. ( S t a m f o r d , C o n n . ) psychoneuroendoerinology 341
82. Danks, J H . ( K e n t S t a t e ) pycholinguistics E
83. Davidson, D. (V. C h i c a g o ) philosophy 96
84. Davidson, R.J. (SVNY, P u r c h a s e ) psychophysiology C
85. Davis W.J. ( V C , S a n t a C r u z ) neurobiology 411
86. Deglin, V.L. ( A c a d . of Sei., L e n i n g r a d ) neuropsychology 285
87. del Cerro, M. (V. R o c h e s t e r ) neuroanatomy 98
88. Delgado, J.M. ( C e n t r o R a m o n y C a j a l , M a d r i d ) neurophysiology 225
89. Dennett, D.C. ( T u f t s ) philosophy 316
90. Desmedt, J E . ( e d . PROG. CLIN. NEVROLOCY) neurophysiology O
91. Dev, P. ( B o s t o n V.) 369
92. Diamond, M.C. ( V C , B e r k e l e y ) neuroanatomy E
93. Dimond, S.J. (V. Coli, Cardiff) psychobiology E
94. Dingwall, W.O. (V. M a r y l a n d ) neurolinguistics 416, 329
95. Dismukes, R.K. ( M . L T . ) neurochemistry 369
96. Domotor, Z. (V. P e n n . ) artificial intelligence E
97. Donchin, E. (V. I l l i n o i s ) cognitive psychophysiology 306, 324, 369
98. Doty, R.W. (V. R o c h e s t e r ) neuropsychology E
99. Drachman, G. (V. S a l z b u r g ) linguistics 258
100. Dreyfus, H L . ( V C , B e r k e l e y ) philosophy 96
101. Eccles, J.C. ( C a a la Grä) neurobiology E
102. Economos, J. ( R e n a i s s a n c e S t u d i o ) philosophy E
103. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. ( M . - P . - L , P e r c h a ) human ethology 98
104. Eidelberg, E. ( V . A . H o s p . S a n A n t o n i o ) neuropsychology 98
105. Eisenberg, J.F. ( S m i t h s o n i a n I n s t . ) behavioral biology 381, 134
106. Ellis, H. (V. A b e r d e e n ) 93
107. Ettlinger, G. ( I n s t . P s y c h i a t . , L o n d o n ) neuropsychology 409
108. Evans, J. ( P l y m o u t h P o l y t e c h . ) Cognition 410
109. Eysenck, H.J. ( I n s t , o f P s y c h i a t r y ) 340
110. Favazza, A.R. (V. M i s s o u r i ) cultural psychiatry E
111. Fentress, J.C. ( D a l h o u s i e ) comparative psychology 98
112. Filmore, C.J. ( V C , B e r k e l e y ) linguistics E
113. Finley, G.E. ( e d . , I N T E R A M E R . ] . PSYCHOL.) cross-cultural
psychology O
THE BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (1978). 4 631
114. Fischer, K.W. ( U . D e n v e r ) developmental psychology C
115. Fishbein, W. (CUNY, C i t y C o l i . ) neuropsychology E
116. Fitzgerald, H E . ( M i c h i g a n S t a t e U . ) developmental psychology E
117. Flavell, J H . ( S t a n f o r d ) developmental psychology 316
118. Fletcher, P. ( U . R e a d i n g , U . K . ) language development 202
119. Flores d'Arcais, G.B. ( U . L e i d e n ) psycholinguistics 410
120. Fodor, JA. ( M . I . T . ) psycholinguistics 89, 35, 315
121. Fonberg, E. ( N e n c k i I n s t . , W a r s a w ) neurophysiology 98
122. Fräser, P.J. ( U . A b e r d e e n ) neuroethology C
123. Freemon, F.R. ( V . A . H o s p . , N a s h v i l l e ) clinical neurology C
124. Friedhoff, A.J. ( N . Y . U . M e d . C t r . ) biological psychiatry 313
125. Frigyesi, T .L . ( T e x a s T e c h U . ) 221
126. Frijda, N.H. ( U . A m s t e r d a m ) cognitive psychology 410
127. Füller, J.L. (SUNY, B i n g h a m t o n ) psychology E
128. Furedy, J.J ( U . T o r o n t o ) psychophysiology 144
129. Gaines, B.R. ( U . Essex) artificial intelligence 303
130. Galbraith, G. fUCLAJ neuropsychology E
131. Gardner, H. ( H a r v a r d ) neruopsychology 341
132. Gazzaniga, M.S. (SUNY, S t o n y B r o o k ) psychobiology E
133. Gedye, J.L. ( W a y n e S t a t e U . ) neuropsychology 129
134. Geist, V. ( U . C a l g a r y ) behavioral biology 171
135. Gibson, K R . ( U . T e x a s H l t h . Sei. C t r . , H o u s t o n ) developmental
psychobiology C
136. Glass, A L . ( R u t g e r s ) Cognition E
137. Glickstein, M. ( B r o w n ) sensory coding 412
138. Glucksberg, S. ( P r i n c e t o n ) psycholinguistics E
139. Goguen, J.A. ( U C L A ) Computer science 228
140. Goldstein, L. ( R u t g e r s M e d . S c h o o l ) neuropsychology E
141. Gould, S.J. ( H a r v a r d ) evolutionary biology 421
142. Gourevitch, G. (CUNY, H u n t e r C o l i . ) animal psychophysics 190
143. Granit, R. ( N o b e l I n s t . , S t o c k h o l m ) neurobiology 98
144. Grastyän, E. ( I n s t . P h y s i o i , P e e s ) neurobiology 53
145. Greenberg, G. ( W i c h i t a S t a t e U . ) comparative psychology 52
146. Greenblatt, S.H. ( M e d . Coli. O h i o ) neurosurgery 416
147. Greenwald, A G . ( e d . J. PER. & SOC. PSYCH.) Cognition O
148. Griffin, D. ( R o c k e f e l l e r ) behavioral biology 312, 357
149. Grigg, P. ( U . M a s s , W o r c e s t e r ) neurophysiology C
150. Grillner, S. ( K a r o l i n s k a I n s t - S t o c k h o l m ) neurophysiology E
151. Gross, C.G. ( P r i n c e t o n ) neuropsychology E
152. Grossberg, S. ( B o s t o n U . ) psychobiology R
153. Grüsser, O.J. ( F r e i e U., B e r l i n ) neurobiology 98
154. Guth, S.L. ( I n d i a n a U n i v . ) sensory physiology 411
155. Gyr, J.W. ( U . M i c h . ) developmental psychology A
156. Hailman, J.P. ( U . W i s c . ) behavioral biology 357, 372
157. Halwes, T. ( H a s k i n s L a b s . ) psycholinguistics 338
158. Handy, R. ( B e h a v . Res. C o u n c i l ) philosophy of science 19
159. Haralick, R. ( U . K a n s . ) artificial intelligence 7
160. Hardyck, C. ( U C , B e r k e l e y ) c o g n i t i v e p s y c h o l o g y E
161. Harmon, L.D. ( C a s e W e s t e r n R e s . ) pattern recognition E
162. Harrington, G M . ( U . N o . I o w a ) psychobiology 173
163. Harris, L.J. ( M i c h i g a n S t a t e U . ) developmental psychology 116
164. Hastie, R. ( H a r v a r d ) cognitive psychology 334
165. Haugeland, J. ( U . P i t t s b u r g h ) philosophy 316
166. Hayes, P.J. ( U . Essex) artificial intelligence 316
167. Hebb, D.O. ( D a l h o u s i e ) psychology 316
168. Henle, M. ( N e w School f o r S o c i a l R e s e a r c h ) history of psychology R
169. Herberg, L.J. ( I n s t . N e u r o i , L o n d o n ) neurology 174
170. Hilgard, E.R. ( S t a n f o r d ) Cognition 190
171. Hill, D. R. ( U . C a l g a r y ) artificial intelligence 5
172. Hirsch, H.V.B. (SUNY, A l b a n y ) sensory coding 411
173. Hirsch, J. ( U . I l l i n o i s , C h a m p a i g n ) behavioral biology 2, 190
174. Hoebel, B. G. ( P r i n c e t o n ) neuropsychology E
175. Hooker, C A . ( U . W . O n t a r i o ) philosophy E
176. Hopkins, B. ( U . H o s p . , G r o n i n g e n ) developmental psychology 201
177. Horn, B.K.P. ( M . I . T . ) artificial intelligence 251
178. Hoyle, G. ( U . O r e g o n ) neurobiology 63, 225
179. Hubbard, J.I. ( U . O t a g o , N . Z . ) n e u r o p h y s i o l o g y E
180. Hubel, D.H. ( H a r v a r d M e d . S c h o o l ) neurobiology E
181. Hülse, S.H. (Johns H o p k i n s ) animal learning C
182. Hunsperger, R. ( U . Zürich) neurophysiology 221
183. Immelmann, K. (U. Bielefeld) ethology 14
184. Ingle, D. (Brandeis U.) neurophysiology 369
185. Ingvar, D.H. ( U . L u n d ) neuropsychology 98
186. Irwin, F.W. ( U . P e n n . ) motivation C
187. Isaacson, R.L. (SUNY, B i n g h a m t o n ) neuropsychology 313
188. Isard, S.D. ( U . Sussex) psycholinguistics 195
189. Jacobson, M. ( U . U t a h ) neurobiology E
190. Jaynes, J. ( P r i n c e t o n ) Cognition E
191. Jeannerod, M. ( L a b . N e u r o p h y s . E x p . , B r o n ) neuropsychology E
192. Jeffrey, W.E. ( U C L A ) perceptual development E
193. Jenkins, J.J. ( U . M i n n . ) Cognition 316
194. Jerison, J H . ( U C L A ) paleo-neurology E
195. Johnson-Laird, P.N. ( U . Sussex) psycholinguistics 299
196. Jones, E.E. ( P r i n c e t o n ) social psychology 147
197. Jones, E.G. ( W a s h i n g t o n U . ) neurobiology E
198. Julesz, B. ( B e l l L a b . ) visual pereeption 411
199. Kaas, J.H. ( V a n d e r b i l t ) sensory coding 411
200. Kaiser, P.K. ( Y o r k U . ) sensory coding 411
201. Kalverboer, A.F. ( R i j k s u n i v . , G r o n i n g e n ) neuropsychology 12
202. Karmiloff-Smith, A. ( U . G e n e v e ) developmental psychology 410
203. Kater, S.B. ( U . I o w a ) neuroethology C
204. Katz, J.J. ( C U N Y G r a d . S c h . ) linguistics E
205. Kauf man, L. ( N . Y . U . ) pereeption R
206. Keenan, E.O. ( U . S o u t h C a l . ) linguistics 228
207. Kelso, J.A.S. ( H a s k i n s L a b . ) movement science C
208. Kenshalo, D R . ( F l o r i d a S t a t e U . ) psychology 411
209. Kessen, W. ( Y a l e ) child psychology 34
210. Kimmel, H D . ( U . So. F l a . ) psychobiology 128
211. Kinsbourne, M. ( H o s p . Sick C h i l d . , T o r o n t o ) neuropsychology E
212. Klahr, D. ( C a r n e g i e - M e l l o n ) Cognition 316
213. Klima, ES. ( U C , S a n D i e g o ) linguistics E
214. Kohout, L.J. ( U C H M e d . School, L o n d o n ) mathematical biology 133
215. Klingsporn, M.J. ( W i c h i t a S t a t e U . ) zoosemiotics C
216. Klitzner, M D . ( U . W i s c . ) clinical psychology 318
217. Kohn, H. ( R u t g e r s M e d . S c h . ) neuropsychology E
218. Kolers, P.A. ( U . Toronto) Cognition E
219. Kopp, N. (Höpital N e u r o l o g i q u e L y o n ) neuropathology C
220. Kovach, J.K. ( M e n n i n g e r F d n . ) psychobiology 173
221. Krauthamer, G. ( R u t g e r s M e d . S c h o o l ) neuropsychology E
222. Kruger, L. ( U C L A ) neuroanatomy 244
223. Kuhn, T.S. ( P r i n c e t o n ) history of science R
224. Kummer, H. ( U . Zürich) behavioral biology 98, 134
225. Kupfermann, I. ( C o l u m b i a ) neurobiology E
226. Kuypers, H.G.J. ( E r a s m u s U., R o t t e r d a m ) neurobiology R
227. Laferriere, D. ( e d . S E M I O T I C SCENE) semiotics O
228. Lakoff, G. ( U C , B e r k e l e y ) linguistics 338
229. Lecours, A R . (Hötel-Dieu. M o n t r e a l ) neuropsychology 416
230. Leibovic, K.N. (SUNY, Buffalo) biophysics C
231. Leisman, G. (CUNY, B r o o k l y n ) neurophysiology E
232. Lenherr, F.K. ( B e r k e l e y B r a i n C t r . ) artificial intelligence 366
233. Levelt, W.J.M. ( M a x - P l a n c k - G e s . , N i j m e g e n ) psycholinguistics 253
234. Liberman, A.M. ( H a s k i n s L a b s . ) psycholinguistics E
235. Libet, B. ( U C , S a n F r a n c i s c o ) neurophysiology 369
236. Linde, C ( S t r u c t u r a l S e m a n t i c s ) linguistics 139
237. Lissak, K. ( P e e s M e d . U n i v . ) neurobiology 98
238. Llinas, R. ( N . Y . U . M e d . S c h . ) neurophysiology E
239. Longuet-Higgins, C. ( U . Sussex) Cognition 195, 316
240. Luco, J.V. ( U . C a t o l i c a , S a n t i a g o ) neurobiology 98
241. Lynch, J.C. ( M a y o F d n . ) neurophysiology C
242. Mackintosh, N.J. ( U . Sussex) animal behavior E
243. Madsen, K.B. ( C o p e n h a g e n ) neuropsychology 336
244. Magalhaes-Castro, B. ( U . B r a s i l i a ) neurobiology 327
245. Mandler, G. ( U C , S a n D i e g o ) Cognition E
246. Mansfield, R.J.W. ( H a r v a r d ) vision 411
247. Marg, E. ( U C , B e r k e l e y ) vision 411
248. Marino, M. ( U . A l a b a m a ) English 356
249. Marks, L.E. ( P i e r c e F d n . L a b . ) sensory processes 411
250. Marler, P. ( R o c k e f e i l e r ) behavioral biology E
251. Marr, D. ( M . I . T . ) artificial intelligence 66, 316, 369
252. Marshack, A. ( P e a b o d y M u s e u m ) cognitive archaeology E
253. Marshall, J.C. ( U . N i j m e g e n ) psycholinguistics 188
254. Matin, L. ( C o l u m b i a ) visual sciences 98
255. Matthews, R.J. ( R u t g e r s ) philosophy 356
256. Maxwell, G. ( U . M i n n e s o t a ) philosophy of science 102
257. McCarthy, J. ( S t a n f o r d ) artificial intelligence 96, 316
258. McCawley, J.D. ( U . C h i c a g o ) linguistics 228
259. McFadden, D. ( U . T e x a s ) psychoacoustics 411
260. McNeill, D. ( U . C h i c a g o ) psycholinguistics E
261. Meerson, J.A. ( A c a d . o f Sei., L e n i n g r a d ) neuropsychology 285
262. Meier, G.W. ( e d . DEVELOP. P S Y C H O B I O L . ) devel. psychology O
263. Melzack, R. ( M c G i l l ) sensory coding 411
264. Menzel, E.W. (SUNY, S t o n y B r o o k ) primate behavior 224
265. Meulders, M. ( U . C a t h . L o u v a i n ) neurophysiology 98, 221, 383
266. Mikaelian, H.H. ( U . N e w B r u n s w i c k ) visual pereeption R
632 THE BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (1978). 4
267. Mill. P.J. (V. L e e d s ) neurobiology 85
268. Miller, C A . ( R o c k e f e i l e r ) psychology E
269. Miner, E. ( P r i n c e t o n ) comparative literature E
270. Mishkin, M. ( N I M H , B e t h e s d a ) neuropsychology 98
271. Morgan, M.J. ( U . D u r h a m , V . K . ) neuropsychology A
272. Morgane, P.J. ( W o r c e s t e r F d n . E x p . B i o l o g y ) neurobiology 369, 391
273. Morrell, R. ( V A H o s p . A l l e n p a r k ) neuropsychology 133
274. Morton, J. ( M R C , C a m b r i d g e ) Cognition 253
275. Moshman, D. (V. N e b r . ) cognitive development E
276. Mpitsos, G.J. ( C a s e W e s t e r n Res. Sch. M e d . ) neuroethology 178
277. Murphy, G. ( G . W a s h i n g t o n V.) Cognition 220
278. Murray, E.J. (V. M i a m i ) clinical psychology C
279. Murthy, K.S.K. (V. T e x a s M e d . C t r . , H o u s t o n ) neurophysiology 104
280. Narikashvili, SP. ( A c a d . Sei., T b i l i s i ) neurophysiology 98
281. Natani, K. (VSAF Sch. A e r o s p a c e . M e d . , T e x . ) neuropsychology 39
282. Natsoulas, T. ( V C , D a v i s ) Cognition 316
283. Negrao, N. (V. Sao P a u l o ) neurophysiology 391
284. Nelson, K. ( C V N Y G r a d . S c h . ) Cognitive Development E
285. Nicolayenko, N N . ( A c a d . Sei., L e n i n g r a d ) neuropsychology E
286. Nilsson, N.J. ( S R I I n t e r n a t i o n a l ) artificial intelligence 5
287. Nishihara, H.K. ( M . I . T . ) artificial intelligence 251
288. Noback, C. ( C o l u m b i a ) neurobiology E
289. Nonneman, A.J. (V. K e n t u c k y ) neuropsychology 409
290. Norman, D A . ( V C , S a n D i e g o ) Cognition 316, 423
291. Notterman, J.M. ( P r i n c e t o n ) experimental analysis of behavior C
292. Ohman, S. ( V p p s a l a V., S w e d e n ) linguistics 258
293. Olson, D. ( O n t . I n s t . S t u d . E d . ) developmental psychology 284
294. Oniani, T. ( G e o r g i a n A c a d . Sei., T b i l i s i ) neurobiology 98
295. Oswaldo-Cruz, E. ( I n s t . Biofxsica VFRJ, R i o d e J a n e i r o ) visual
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296. Otto, H R . (V. N. H a m p s h i r e ) philosophy 66
297. Ozer, M.N. ( G . W a s h i n g t o n Sch. M e d . ) neurology 407
298. Paillard, J. ( C N R S - I N P , M a r s e i l l e ) psychophysiology 98
299. Parisi, D. ( I s t . Psic, CNR, R o m e ) psycholinguistics 206
300. Pascual-Leone, J. ( Y o r k V ) cognitive development 316
301. Pasik, P. ( M t . S i n a i Sch. M e d . ) neurobiology 221
302. Pasik, T. ( M t . S i n a i Sch. M e d . ) neurobiology 221
303. Pask, G. ( S y s t e m Res., S u r r e y ) artificial intelligence 403
304. Perzigian, A.J. (V. C i n c i n n a t i ) physical anthropology C
305. Petrinovich, L. ( V C , R i v e r s i d e ) psychology 160
306. Picton, T.W. (V. O t t a w a ) human neurophysiology E
307. Pinard, A. (V. M o n t r e a l ) developmental psychology 316
308. Pinkava, V. ( S e v e r a l l s H o s p . , C o l c h e s t e r ) neuropsychology 133
309. Poggio, T. ( M - P - I , Tübingen) neurobiology 251
310. Pompeiano, O. (V. P i s a ) 221
311. Preilowski, B. (V. K o n s t a n z ) psychobiology C
312. Premack, D. (V. P e n n . ) behavioral biology E
313. Pribram, K. ( S t a n f o r d ) neuropsychology E
314. Prescott, J.W. ( N I H , B e t h e s d a ) developmental psychobiology E
315. Puccetti, R. ( D a l h o u s i e ) philosophy E
316. Pylyshyn, Z. ( U . W . O n t a r i o ) Cognition E
317. Rachlin, H. (SUNY, S t o n y B r o o k ) animal behavior R
318. Rajecki, D.W. (V. W i s c o n s i n ) social psychology A
319. Ray, W.J. ( P e n n . S t a t e ) neuropsychology 409
320. Regener, E. ( C o n c o r d i a V.) Computer science 133
321. Reichert, T A . ( C a r n e g i e - M e l l o n ) bioengineering 133
322. Reid, W H . (V. N e b r . M e d . C t r . ) psychiatry 110
323. Reiss, R.F. ( P a i n e s C o t t . , O x f o r d s h i r e ) artificial intelligence 7
324. Ritter, W. ( A . E i n s t e i n Coli. M e d . ) psychophysiology 306
325. Roberts, T . D . M . (V. G l a s g o w ) neurophysiology C
326. Robinson, D.N. ( G e o r g e t o w n V.) neurophysiology 313
327. Rocha-Miranda, C E . (V. R i o d e J a n e r i o ) neurobiology 391
328. Roland, P.E. ( B i s p e b j e r g H o s p . C o p e n h a g e n ) neurobiology 98
329. Romeo, L. ( e d . , ARS S E M E I O T I C A ) semiotics O
330. Rorty, R. ( P r i n c e t o n ) philosophy E
331. Rose, S. ( O p e n V n i v . , U.K.) neurobiology 67
332. Rosenblatt, J.S. ( R u t g e r s ) behavioral science R
333. Rosenthal, D.M. ( C V N Y G r a d . S c h . ) philosophy of mind 353
334. Rosenthal, R. ( H a r v a r d ) social psychology 342
335. Rosenthal, T L . ( M e m p h i s S t a t e V.) clinical psychology C
336. Rosenzweig, M R . ( e d . ANN. REV. PSYCH.) neuropsychology O
337. Ross, B. ( e d . J. H I S T . BEHAV. S C I . ) behavioral biology O
338. Ross, JR. ( M . I . T . ) linguistics 48
339. Ross, R.N. ( B o s t o n V. M e d . C t r . ) psycholinguistics 357
340. Royce, JR. (V. A l b e r t o ) 313
341. Rubens, A.B. ( H e n n e p i n H o s p . , M i n n e a p o l i s ) neurology 416
342. Rubin, D.B. ( E T S , P r i n c e t o n ) statistics E
343. Rumbaugh, D.M. ( G e o r g i a S t a t e V.) animal learning E
344. Rutter, M. ( I n s t . P s y c h i a t . , L o n d o n ) developmental psychology 34
345. Saayman, C S . (V. C a p e T o w n ) psychobiology E
346. Sacks, S. ( e d . C R I T I C A L I N Q V I R Y ) comparative literature 269
347. Sakitt, B. ( S t a n f o r d ) vision 411
348. Savin, H.B. ( T h o m p s o n , P a . ) Cognition E
349. Scandura, J.M. (V. P e n n ) , s t r u c t u r a l l e a r n i n g R
350. Schank, R.C. ( Y a l e ) Computer science 166
351. Scheibel, A.B. ( V C L A ) neurobiology 98
352. Schubert, G. ( N . I . A . S . N e d e r l a n d s ) human ethology 173
353. Schwartz, R. (CVNY, B r o o k l y n ) philosophy 35
356. Searle, L.F. (V. W a s h i n g t o n ) comparative literature 269
357. Sebeok, T A . ( I n d i a n a V.) linguistics 99
358. Sekuler, R. ( N o r t h w e s t e r n ) sensory coding 411
359. Shallice, T. ( M R C , C a m b r i d g e ) neuropsychology C
360. Shaver, P. ( N . Y . V . ) social psychology E
361. Shaw, R.E. (V. C o n n . ) psychology 316
362. Shebilske, W. (V. V i r g i n i a ) visual pereeption C
363. Siegel, J.A. (V. W. O n t a r i o ) Cognition 316
364. Siegel, W. (V. W. O n t a r i o ) Cognition 316
365. Siegler, RS. ( C a r n e g i e - M e l l o n V.) developmental psychology C
366. Simon, T.W. (V. F l o r i d a ) philosophy E
367. Slobin, D.I. ( V C , B e r k e l e y ) psycholinguistics 17
368. Sloman, A. (V. Sussex) artificial intelligence 316
369. Smith, B.H. ( N . I . H . ) neurobiology 327
370. Smith, E.O. ( E m o r y V.) behavioral biology R
371. Smith, N.V. (V. Coli, L o n d o n ) psycholinguistics 274
372. Snowdon, C T . (V. W i s c o n s i n ) neurophysiology E
373. Somjen, G.G. ( D u k e ) neurophysiology 411
374. Sontag, K.-H. ( M - P - I , G o t t i n g e n ) neurophysiology C
375. Spinelli, D.N. (V. M a s s . , A m h e r s t ) artificial intelligence E
376. Stanton, R.B. ( A u s t r a l . N a t . V.) artificial intelligence 316
377. Steele-Russell, I. ( M R C , L o n d o n ) neurobiology 410
378. Steffe, L.P. (V. G e o r g i a ) mathematics learning E
379. Stein, B.E. ( M e d . Coi, V i r g i n i a ) neorophysiology 244
380. Stein, P.S.G. ( W a s h i n g t o n V.) neurophysiology C
381. Steklis, H.D. ( R u t g e r s ) neuropsychology E
382. Stenlund, S. ( V p p s a l a V., S w e d e n ) philosophy 292
383. Steriade, M. (V. L a v a l ) neurobiology 98
384. Sternberg, R.J. ( Y a l e ) Cognition R
385. Suppes, P. ( S t a n f o r d ) mathematical models 96, 316
386. Sutherland, N.S. (V. Sussex) Cognition 316
387. Taylor, D A . (V. R o c h e s t e r ) Cognition E
388. Teevan, R.C (SUNY, A l b a n y ) motivation C
389. Terrace, H.S. ( C o l u m b i a ) animal learning E
390. Thomas, A.J. ( U . L a u s a n n e ) artificial intelligence 419
391. Timo-Iaria, C. ( U . Sao P a u l o ) neuroscience 98
392. Townsend, J.T. ( P u r d u e ) psychophysics 411
393. Treisman, M. ( O x f o r d ) Cognition 169
394. Tucker, J. ( U . W a t e r l o o , O n t . ) artificial intelligence E
395. Turkewitz, G. ( C U N Y - H u n t e r C o l i . ) developmental biopsychology E
396. Tweney, R.D. ( B o w l i n g G r e e n S t a t e U . ) history of psychology C
397. Ullman, S. ( M . I . T . ) artificial intelligence 251
398. Uttal, W.R. ( U . M i c h i g a n ) sensory coding 411
399. Uzgiris, I.C ( C l a r k U . ) developmental psychology C
401. Valsiner, J. ( T a r t u S t a t e , E s t o n i a n SSR) developmental psychology E
402. Van Valen, L. ( U . C h i c a g o ) C
403. Varela, F. ( N . Y . U . M e d . Sch.)neurobiology 139
404. Vetta, A. ( O x f o r d P o l y t e c h . ) behavior genetics 173
405. Villablanca, J. (UCLA M e d . S c h . ) 427
406. von Foerster, H. ( P e s c a d e r o , C a . ) psycholinguistics 407
407. von Glasersfeld, E. ( U . G e o r g i a ) psycholinguistics E
408. Walter, D.O. ( U C L A ) neurophysiology 130
409. Warren, J.M. ( P e n n . S t a t e ) neuropsychology E
410. Wason, P. ( U . Coli., L o n d o n ) Cognition E
411. Wasserman, C S . ( P u r d u e ) sensory coding E
412. Weimer, W.B. ( P e n n . S t a t e U . ) Cognition 313
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414. Weiss, K. ( C o l u m b i a ) neurobiology 225
415. Wetherick, N E . ( U . A b e r d e e n ) Cognition C
416. Whitaker, H.A. ( U . R o c h e s t e r ) neurolinguistics E
417. White, S.H. ( H a r v a r d ) developmental psychology 57
418. Wiggins, R.C. ( U . T e x a s ) neurobiology E
419. Wilks, Y. ( U . Essex) artificial intelligence 166, 316
420. Wilson, D L . ( U . M i a m i ) neurobiology 189
421. Wilson, E.O. ( H a r v a r d ) behavioral biology 357
422. Winn, W.W. ( A l a s k a N a t i v e M e d . C t r . ) psychiatry E
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423. Winograd, T. ( S t a n f o r d ) artificial intelligence 228
424. Witelson, S.F. ( M c M a s t e r ) neuropsychology E
425. Wohwill, J.F. ( P e n n . S t a t e U . ) aesthetics 209
426. Wong, R. (ü. B r i t . C o l u m b i a ) behavioral biology C
427. Woody, C D . ( U C L A ) neurobiology 98
428. Wyler, A.R. ( U . W a s h i n g t o n ) neurological surgery E
429. Yeni-Komshian, G. (V. M a r y l a n d ) psychobiology 94
430. Zacks, J.L. ( M i c h . S t a t e V.) psychophysics R
431. Zernicki, B. ( N e n c k i I n s t . , W a r s a w ) higher CNS function 98
432. Zielinski, K. ( N e n c k i I n s t . , W a r s a w ) neurobiology 98
433. Zuckerman, C.B.(CUNY, B r o o k l y n ) neuropsychology 353
434. Zurif, E. ( B o s t o n U. M e d . C t r . ) neuropsychology 341
634 THE BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (1978). 4
