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The Bandung dumpsite disasterProblems of waste management and disposal
in tropical countries
The Bandung dumpsite disasterProblems of waste management and disposal
in tropical countries
Dr.-Ing. Florian KoelschDr. Koelsch Geo- und Umwelttechnik GmbH /Technical University Braunschweig (Germany)
presented May 4, 2005 at
Worldbank, Washington (USA)
Bandung dumpsite disaster
ContentThe Bandung landfill failureScope of tropical waste problemsProspects
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Bandung landfill failure
Coordinates
Java
120 Million people60 % of Indonesian population
120.000 km2 (half of GB)
Bandung landfill failure
Coordinates
Bandung
Bandung Metropolitan area: 6 million people
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Bandung landfill failure
Waste managementWaste generation:
appr. 6000 t/dayWaste collection
operated by wards using manual cartsdelivered to transfer stations
Bandung landfill failure
Waste managementWaste transport
trucks: transfer station-dumpsiteWaste disposal
4 dumpsiteslargest: Leuwigajah, 4500 t/day
Jelekong landfill
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Bandung landfill failure
Leuwigajah dumpsiteGeometryArea: 10 ha, Height: 60-70 m, Front slope: 30-45°
SiteNarrow valley, 5-10 % natural slopeSoil: Bedrock + 1 m clay (k = 3.8 x 10-10 m/sec)
Operationdropping from the top over the edgepoor compaction by crawler
Bandung landfill failure
CollapseFebruary 21st, 2005, 2 A.M.2.7 million m3
Scavanger village:147 people dead
Vertical slope
Downhill viewArea devasted: 300 x 900 m (27 ha)10 m waste layer
uphill view – the cliff
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Forensic analysis I• Geometry
Slip joint between clay and waste
• WaterGround water + surface run-off
Bandung landfill failure
Creek formed in the valley
Forensic analysis I• Geometry
Slip joint between clay and waste• Water
Ground water + surface run-offWater level inside is low (no infiltration)
• Shear strengthapparently high (blocks, vertical slope)
Bandung landfill failure
Rigid waste blocks down the valley
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Forensic analysis I• First Calculation
Most unfavorable case:Entire dumpsite fails
Bandung landfill failure
η = 1.13, still safe! Why did the waste fail?
Geometry requireswaste yielding (difficult!)
Geometry requireswaste yielding (difficult!)
Forensic analysis II• Additional observations
housing areas clustered
Bandung landfill failure
Dumpsite was regularly burning during dry seasonSmoke expelled scavangers
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Burned waste sector
Bandung landfill failure
Finding
Smouldering fires combustedwaste particles (plastics, paper)
Reinforcement weakened
Shear strength dropped down
Forensic analysis II
Bandung landfill failure
Final conclusion
Combination of water + fire caused the failureproblem is typical for tropical countries
Final conclusion
Combination of water + fire caused the failureproblem is typical for tropical countries
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Tropical Problems
Situation Specific economical and technical
problems in tropical countriesSpecific economical and technical
problems in tropical countries
• technicalhigh and non-uniform precipitation
• economicall tropical nations underdeveloped (poverty)climate enables slum housinginadequate funding for waste disposal
Tropical problems
Climate IPrecipitation
050
100150200250300350400
Jan Feb Mar Apr Mai Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dez
Prec
ipita
tion
[mm
]
Frankfurt (Ger) Chiang Rai (Thai) Dushanbe (TAJ) Peking (China)
Ger: 611 mmThai: 1733 mmTAJ: 568 mmChi: 593 mm
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Tropical problems
Climate IITemperature
-505
1015202530
Jan Feb Mar Apr Mai Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dez
Tem
pera
ture
[°C]
Frankfurt (Ger) Chiang Rai (Thai)Dushanbe (TAJ) Peking (China)
Tropical problems
Technical problems: inappropriate landfill design (pit) Technical problems: inappropriate landfill design (pit)
Dong Thanh/HCMC (Vietnam)Dong Thanh/HCMC (Vietnam)
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Tropical problems
Technical problems: landfill water balanceTechnical problems: landfill water balance
Go Cat/HCMC (Vietnam)Go Cat/HCMC (Vietnam)
Massive water and fire problemsat landfills in all tropical countries.
Landfill stability jeopardized everywhere
Massive water and fire problemsat landfills in all tropical countries.
Landfill stability jeopardized everywhere
Tropical problems
Economic problems: poverty, slum housing Economic problems: poverty, slum housing
Payatas/Manila (Philippines)Payatas/Manila (Philippines)
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Tropical problems
• Grammachu, 2002• Bandeirantes, 1997
• Bogota, 1997
• Cincinnati, 1996• Maine, 1989
• Athens, 2003• Istambul, 1995
• Payatas,2000
• Bandung, 2005
Tropical stability problem
Prospects
Obstacles• Technical understanding
landfill design, operation
• Specific conditionsclimate, poverty Out of scope
• Operator‘s capacityfinancial means, supervision
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Prospects
Financial MeansWaste fees in Bandung: 10 $/ton
including collection, transfer, disposal
Not sufficient!
Problems:• Political committment (NIMTO)• Undervaluing the technical impact• Lack of supervision
Prospects
R & D projectCommunity based monitoring
Goals:• Improve live standard of poor local communities• Strengthen EPAs capacity and power• Enforces operator to proper management• Improve environmental situation• Justifies adequate fees
Goals:• Improve live standard of poor local communities• Strengthen EPAs capacity and power• Enforces operator to proper management• Improve environmental situation• Justifies adequate fees
Idea: Concerned local citizens • operate monitoring program (gas, water, stability)• report to regional EPA• get money from landfill operator
Idea: Concerned local citizens • operate monitoring program (gas, water, stability)• report to regional EPA• get money from landfill operator
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Biotreatment plant Teheran, Iran
Biotreatment plant Teheran, Iran
Dr. Koelsch Geo- und Umwelttechnik GmbHwww.dr-koelsch.de • [email protected]
Technical University Braunschweigwww.tu-bs.de • [email protected]
Thank you for attentionThank you for attention
