The Analysis of the Bedrock Deformation in …5 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE LEVELLING WORK All important areas in Olkiluoto have been connected by the levelling network (Figure1). During

January 2014

Working Reports contain information on work in progress

or pending completion.

Veikko Saaranen

Paavo Rouhiainen

Hel i Suurmäki

F innish Geodetic Inst i tute

Working Report 2013-69

The Analysis of the Bedrock Deformationin Olkiluoto Using PreciseLevelling Measurements

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ABSTRACT In order to research vertical bedrock deformations in the Olkiluoto area, Posiva Oy and the Finnish Geodetic Institute began monitoring with precise levelling in 2003. At the moment, the measuring plan includes a loop between the monitoring GPS stations around the island, a levelling line from the island to the mainland, levelling loops to ONKALO, the final disposal site, and VLJ, the low and intermediate level waste repository there. The levelling to the mainland has been performed every fourth year and the levelling of the GPS stations every second year. The micro loops (ONKALO and VLJ) have been measured annually. In this report, we use three-step method to research a vertical deformation of the Olkiluoto area. Firstly, the linear deformation rate in the area has been determined by the least squares adjustment of the levelling data. It varies from –0.2 mm/yr to +0.2 mm/yr. Secondly, local deformations have been analysed by comparing the height differences for different years. In this comparison a starting value for the yearly adjustment has been corrected for land uplift. Using this method the elevation changes are relative to the whole network. For a fixed benchmark, we correct its yearly deformation. Thirdly, the fault lines have been analysed by comparing the elevation changes between the successive benchmarks from one observation epoch to another. The results show that ONKALO and Lapijoki are in the subsidence area of the network, and VLJ has small uplift rate. On the island some deformations exist, but elevation difference from 2003 to 2011 is less than one millimetre at every benchmarks. The measurements in the Lapijoki-Olkiluoto line in 2003, 2007 and 2011 show that linear elevation change between the mainland and Olkiluoto island is a little since 2003. The elevation differences, from Olkiluoto to Lapijoki, measured in 2003 and 2011 differ less than one millimetre each other, but the 2007 observation differs three millimetres from the other measurements. Keywords: Deformation of bedrock, precise levelling, vertical control.

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Olkiluodon kallioperän muodonmuutosten analyysi tarkkavaaitusten avulla TIIVISTELMÄ Geodeettinen laitos perusti Olkiluodon GPS-verkon 1994 ja suoritti ensimmäiset tarkkavaaitukset syksyllä 2003. Tällöin mitattiin GPS-verkko ja vaaituslinja Lapijoki-Olkiluoto. Linja liittää Olkiluodon alueen tarkkavaaitusverkkoon ja mahdollistaa Olkiluodon saaren ja mantereen välisen muutoksen seurannan. Mittaukset linjalla Lapijoki-Olkiluoto päätettiin suorittaa joka neljäs vuosi ja GPS-verkossa joka toinen vuosi. Syksyllä 2006 ONKALOn ja VLJ-luolan yläpuolelle perustettiin mikrosilmukat. Nämä vaaitussilmukat on mitattu vuosittain. Tässä raportissa analysoidaan Olkiluodon alueen kallioperän deformaatiota käyttäen vuosien 2003-2011 havaintoja. Kiintopisteiden maannousunopeudet on laskettu käyttäen pienimmän neliösumman tekniikkaa. Maannousunopeuksia käyttäen on määritetty deformaatiomalli eli kunkin pisteen liike suhteessa muihin pisteisiin. Olkiluodon saarella painumisalue on ONKA-LOn ja GPS-asema 13:n ympäristössä. Lisäksi Lapijoen alueella maannousunopeus on hitaampaa kuin alueella keskimäärin. Olkiluodon salmen saaren puoleisella alueella maannousunopeus on suurempi kuin mantereen puolella. VLJ-luolan alue kuuluu keskimääräistä nopemman maannousun alueelle. Maannousunopeuden muutoksen tutki-minen vaatii pidemmän vaaitushistorian. Nyt yksittäisten pisteiden deformaatiot domi-noivat puolitetun aikahistorian ratkaisua, eikä luotettavaa arviota maannousunopeuden muutoksesta pystytä kertomaan. Kiintopisteiden korkeus mittausajankohtana on määritty käyttäen kiinnitettyjen pistei-den deformaationopeuksia. Määrityksen perusajatuksena on kiintopisteiden korkeuksien summan vakiona pysyminen vuosien ajan. Koska eri vuosien kiintopisteiden joukot eivät ole identtisiä, niin suoraan ei voida kiinnittää korkeussummaa vakioksi. Korkeudet on ratkaistu käyttäen yhtä kiinnitettyä pistettä yhtenäisessä verkon osassa. Eniten käytetty piste on 03216. Sen deformaatio suhteessa muihin pisteisiin on –0.084 mm/vuodessa. Näin ollen kunkin vuoden kiinnitetty arvo on tätä deformaatiota pie-nempi kuin edellisenä vuonna. Tämän kaltainen tasoitusratkaisu leikkaa suurimpia deformaatioarvoja. Esimerkiksi mittaushistorian aikana piste 03216 on painunut 0.7 mm ja GPS6 on vastaavasti noussut 0.9 mm suhteessa koko alueeseen. Tämä tekniikka antaa todenmukaisemman kuvan deformaatiotilanteesta, kuin se että ajateltaisiin deformaation kohdistuneen ainoastaan pisteeseen GPS6, joka olisi noussut 1.6 mm. Itseasiassa Olkiluodon saarella kiintopisteiden korkeuksien poikkeamat vuonna 2011 ovat alle millimetrin vuoden 2003 korkeuksista. Kallioperän paikallista deformaatiota on tutkittu vertailemalla kiintopistevälin korkeuk-sien muuttumista eri vuosien mittausten välillä. Liikkeiden merkittävyys riippuu matkan pituudesta, mittauksen tarkkuudesta ja tietenkin korkeuserosta eri vuosien välillä. Merkittävimmät poikkeavan liikkeen pisteet ovat 06220 (ONKALO), 03211 (Olki-luodon salmi) ja GPS9 (VLJ) ja saaren lounaisosassa oleva GPS13. Avainsanat: Kallioperän deformaatio, tarkkavaaitus, korkeuskontrolli.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT TIIVISTELMÄ 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 3

2 DESCRIPTION OF THE LEVELLING WORK ........................................................ 5

3 DETERMINATION OF THE KINEMATIC DEFORMATION MODEL .................... 11

3.1 Land uplift rate change on the island .......................................................... 12

4 ELEVATIONS FOR THE DIFFERENT YEARS .................................................... 15

5 THE ANALYSIS OF THE FAULT LINES ............................................................. 17

6 LOCAL DEFORMATIONS .................................................................................... 21

6.1 Lapijoki-Olkiluoto ......................................................................................... 21

6.2 Olkiluoto strait ............................................................................................. 23

6.3 Deformation of the island: OLKIA and OLKIB ............................................. 25

6.4 Micro loop ONKALO .................................................................................... 27

6.5 Micro Loop VLJ ........................................................................................... 29

6.6 GPS antenna platform measurements ........................................................ 31

7 SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... 35

8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................... 37

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 39

APPENDIX I: BENCHMARKS AND DEFORMATIONS ................................................ 41

APPENDIX II: LEVELLING OBSERVATIONS .............................................................. 43

APPENDIX III: THE YEARLY ELEVATIONS OF THE BENCHMARKS (M) ................. 51

APPENDIX IV: THE GPS PLATFORM OBSERVATIONS ........................................... 53

APPENDIX V: THE FAULT LINE ANALYSIS SUMMARY ............................................ 55

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1 INTRODUCTION

Researching of bedrock deformation is a part of rock mechanics monitoring in the Olkiluoto area (Posiva 2012). Important locations are a final disposal site of spent nuclear fuel (ONKALO) and a low and intermediate level waste repository (VLJ). The levelling network has micro loops for the deformation monitoring of ONKALO and VLJ. Other parts of the network monitor large-scale deformation in the island itself and its deformation relative to the mainland. Deformation analysis is based on a three-step method (Saaranen et al. 2013). Firstly, the kinematic model as a solution for the least squares adjustment is determined. Secondly, the elevations of the benchmarks for different years are computed. The starting values for the adjustments are corrected with the deformation rate, which was determined in the first step, and thus the heights are relative to the mean deformation of the research area. Thirdly, using a statistical test, probable fault lines are sought. The deformation of the Olkiluoto–Lapijoki line, ONKALO and the GPS network is presented relative to the deformation of the whole research area. VLJ and the Olkiluoto strait, which are small research networks, are presented relative to one fixed benchmark of the network. For the GPS antenna deformation rates we prefer the movement of the control marks. Measurements for the antenna platform levels need an extra bolt and performance of the measurement is more complicated, due to the heights of the GPS pillars. Since 2003, vertical deformation of the Olkiluoto area has been studied using precise levelling. Results of the measurements have been published every second year in the Posiva levelling working reports by Lehmuskoski (2004, 2006, 2008 and 2010) and Saaranen et al. (2012). In this report, a summary of deformation is presented.

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2 DESCRIPTION OF THE LEVELLING WORK

All important areas in Olkiluoto have been connected by the levelling network (Figure1). During the years, it has been extended. In the beginning, in autumn 2003, it included the GPS network loops and the Olkiluoto–Lapijoki line, which connects Olkiluoto to the national precise levelling network in Lapijoki. The line gives information about the movement of the Olkiluoto area relative to the mainland. It was decided that this line should be surveyed every fourth year and the GPS network every two years (Table 1). In 2005, the antenna platforms of the GPS stations were added to the measuring plan. In 2006, the network was extended when new levelling loops were established and levelled to ONKALO and VLJ. Since 2007, the lines at Olkiluoto strait, ONKALO and VLJ have been levelled annually. All benchmarks were established on bedrock.

Figure 1. The levelling network of this report. Benchmark 03216 has been used as a fixed benchmark in the Posiva Levelling Working Reports.

Table 1. Observation plan of the Olkiluoto levelling network.

2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Olkiluoto-Lapijoki * * *

Olkiluoto strait * * * * * *

Olkiluoto GPS network on the island (OLKIA, OLKIB)

* * * * *

ONKALO * * * * * *

VLJ * * * * * *

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The extension of the levelling network was based on the observed deformation. In the GPS network loop, height change of benchmarks GPS6 and GPS9 was more than one millimetre relative to other benchmarks from 2003 to 2005 (Lehmuskoski 2006). So, new loops were established onto the ONKALO and VLJ. In 2007, it was noticed that in the loop ONKALO benchmark no. 06220 was one millimetre higher than a year ago (Lehmuskoski 2008). Two new benchmarks were established near the benchmark in 2008. The problem area over the Olkiluoto strait was found out in 2007. The height difference of the benchmarks 03208 and 03211 changed 1.91 mm from 2003 to 2007 (Lehmuskoski 2008). The analysis of the fault lines and local deformations is presented in Chapters 5 and 6. The benchmarks and their geographical coordinates longitude (°) and latitude (°) are presented in Appendix I. Coordinates have been observed by Garmin eTrex GPS receiver. Accuracy of the coordinates can be some metres. The levelling observations are presented in Appendix II and special measurements for the GPS antenna platforms in Appendix IV. Observers from the Finnish Geodetic Institute have performed levelling observations. Assisting persons were employed by Posiva. There are five persons in a levelling team: an observer, two people taking care of levelling rods, one person measuring distance on the levelling line and one person, with an umbrella, protecting an instrument against rain and disturbing sunlight (Figure 2). Levelling teams have established the benchmarks. There are five digits in a benchmark number. First two numbers represent the year, when the benchmark was established. For example, benchmark no. 06220 was established in 2006. Benchmark intervals have been measured in both directions in order to minimise systematic errors, which are typical for levelling measurements (Takalo et al. 2002). Every levelling observation is therefore based on at least two measurements. In the adjustments average values have been used. Accuracy of the levellings has been around 0.2mm/√km (Table 7), with this accuracy the closing error of a hundred kilometres long levelling loop would be 2 millimetres. Equipment of a levelling team were according to a standard precise levelling procedure. The digital level Zeiss DiNi12 no. 320243 was used as a levelling instrument. Only exception was the last week of the 2003 observations, when the level no. 320015 was used. Usually rod bases were steel plates (turtles). Sometimes wedges and spikes were used. Sighting distances were measured using Rollfix Super measuring wheel. The rods with a bar-code scale and an aluminium frame were used. One-metre rod Zeiss Nedo LD11 no. 11640 was used in the GPS antenna platform measurements, but during a normal levelling the three-metre LD13 rods 13926 and 14092 were used. The calibrations of the levelling rods were carried out before and after the field season, using the FGI vertical rod comparator; Takalo (1999), Takalo and Rouhiainen (2002). The scale corrections and thermal expansion coefficients are presented in the Tables 2 and 3.Temperature readings were used to correct the rod length change due to changing temperature conditions. The distances between the single lines of a rod scale were

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measured using the laser interferometer HP 5529A with a laser head HP 5519A no. 3627A00665 and the COHU CCD-camera with an area sensor. Positions of every bar code were determined by measuring distances from the defined beginning graduation line. The nominal and true positions were compared and the results were reduced to the temperature of 20 °C. The scale factor was determined with a linear regression. Standard uncertainty in a rod calibration is 1.0 µm/m. The linear thermal expansion coefficient of a invar rod was determined using the vertical laser rod comparator of the FGI. The length of the invar band was measured in at temperatures in a cycle of 20° - 10° - 30 °C. Vaisala QLI50 thermo/humi cap HMP35D no. S0920037 and pressure unit PTB100A no. S0430008 were used to determine ambient temperature, relative humidity and atmospheric pressure. The procedures meet the requirements of ISO 9001 and ISO 17025 quality standards. Table 2. Rod calibrations of the rods 13926 and 14092.

Year Month Day Rod 13926 Rod 13926 Rod 14092 Rod 14092 Thermal

expansion (µm/m/°C)

Scale correction (µm/m) at

20°C

Thermal expansion

(µm/m/°C)

Scale correction (µm/m) at

20°C

2003 5 12 0.76 -4.3 0.76 -3.5

2003 11 13 0.77 -2.0 0.68 -0.5

2004 5 10 0.83 -3.1 0.75 -1.7

2004 11 10 0.80 -3.9 0.69 -2.9

2005 3 14 0.85 -6.7

2005 5 3 0.89 -4.5 0.86 -2.5

2005 8 23 0.82 -3.2 0.76 -1.6

2005 11 15 0.76 -5.2 0.81 -3.7

2006 8 22 0.88 -3.4 0.81 -0.5

2006 10 19 0.79 -5.9 0.70 -4.0

2007 8 21 0.76 -2.7 0.75 -0.9

2007 10 17 0.89 -5.3 0.81 -2.8

2008 9 10 0.82 -5.4 0.79 -2.0

2008 9 22 0.79 -4.0 0.74 -2.2

2009 8 25 0.87 -0.8 0.81 -2.0

2009 10 5 0.79 -3.7 0.69 -1.5

2010 8 10 0.76 -0.6 0.72 1.3

2010 10 6 0.76 -3.9 0.72 -1.6

2011 8 15 0.81 -0.9 0.73 0.5

2011 10 19 0.78 -1.3 0.74 -1.7

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Table 3. The calibration results of the rod 11640.

Year Month Day Rod 11640 Rod 11640 Thermal expansion

(µm/m/°C) Scale correction

(µm/m) at 20°C

2005 8 23 0.74 -11.6

2005 11 15 1.31 -15.2

2007 8 21 0.86 -11.6

2007 10 17 0.91 -12.6

2009 8 25 1.24 -13.3

2009 10 5 0.73 -11.3

2010 8 10 0.96 -9.2

2010 10 6 0.96 -15.5

2011 8 15 1.04 -10.1

2011 10 19 0.72 -13.1

The rod correction formula (in metres) is

∆ = ∆ (a + (T-20)) , (1) where a = 1.0 +(Scale correction · 10-6 ) , = Thermal expansion · 10-6 , ∆ = Height difference (observation, in metres) Deformation of the earth due to tidal forces was corrected with the formulas of Heikkinen (1978). Refraction correction was computed with the Kukkamäki formula (Hytönen 1967). In the correction, temperature difference between 2.5 m and 0.5 m above the ground is needed. It was recorded during the levelling, with a Fluke 54 II thermometer at one-minute intervals. The refraction correction, in mm, for one setup is

10 ∆ ∆ , (2)

where is equal to 70, is sighting distance (m), ∆ is temperature difference above the ground: 2.5m 0.5m , , and ∆ is height difference in mm. All measurements of a single line or a loop have been collected to a line paper. In a line paper can be seen computed corrections and height differences in geopotential units, which have been used in the determination of N2000 height for a fixed benchmark. Line papers are presented in the Posiva levelling working reports.

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Figure 2. Levelling work in progress in 2007. Photo A. Hiironen.

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3 DETERMINATION OF THE KINEMATIC DEFORMATION MODEL

The deformation was solved with the help of the least squares estimation of the adjusted height differences. The applied method is the same as in the land uplift determination of repeated precise levellings in Finland (Mäkinen and Saaranen 1998). In the adjustment, we have 49 benchmarks and 243 observations (Appendix I and II). In the model, we determine the uplift rates (mm/yr) and the heights in the adjustment epoch of 2003.7, which is the epoch of the first performed levelling. The observation equation is

y(i,j,k) = h(j,2003.7) – h(i,2003.7) + [h(j) – h(i)][t i, j, k – 2003.7] + e(i,j,k), (3) where y(i, j, k) is the observed height difference between benchmarks i and j in the observation epoch t(i, j, k), that is equal to the elevation difference of the benchmarks in the adjustment epoch and an unknown land uplift between the observation and adjustment epochs. Notations for the benchmark heights in the adjustment epoch are h(i, 2003.7) and h(j, 2003.7). The time derivatives of heights h(j) and h(i) are the land uplift rates, and e(i, j, k) is the residual of measurement. Because the levelling produces only height and land uplift differences, we use fixed height and land uplift values for the benchmark no. 03216. The height 9.870 m is in the new Finnish height system N2000; Lehmuskoski et al. (2008) and Saaranen et. al (2006). The starting value for the land uplift values, 5.439 mm/yr, is taken from the Nordic land uplift model NKG2005LU (Ågren and Svensson 2007). The model is based on Vestol’s empirical model and Lambeck’s geophysical model, Vestøl (2007) and Lambeck et al. (1998). All repeated Nordic precise levellings, data from the permanent GPS stations, and observation series of tide gauges in 1892–1991 are included in the Vestøl’s model. Lambeck’s empirical data include tide gauge data in the territory of the Baltic Sea and information about the tilting of the water level of the biggest lakes in Sweden and Finland. In our deformation analysis, we do not use the land uplift rates relative to mean sea level, since we are more interested in researching deformation differences in the area. So the average uplift, 5.523 mm/yr, has been removed from the uplift rates in Figure 3. The kinematic solution shows, that a local subsidence area includes the ONKALO loop. The VLJ loop is in the rising area. Its mean deformation rate is +0.05 mm/yr. ONKALO has an average deformation rate of –0.10 mm/yr, and the Olkiluoto strait has a small subsidence value of –0.03 mm/yr. In the Olkiluoto strait area benchmarks on the island are rising and on the other side of the strait they have opposite deformation. The Lapijoki area has a deformation rate similar to that of ONKALO, i.e. –0.11 mm/yr. This rate is based on the average value of the three easternmost benchmarks of the Olkiluoto–Lapijoki line.

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Figure 3. The deformation rates (mm/yr) when the average land uplift has been removed. In the Olkiluoto-Lapijoki line deformation is based on three levellings, and thus the deformation rates are less reliable than on the island, where exist more levellings in small levelling loops. The standard deviation of the land uplift rate at Lapijoki is about ±0.3 mm/yr and on the island ±0.1 mm/yr. The standard deviation is relative to the fixed benchmark no. 03216. The complete list of the adjustment is presented in Appendix I. In the list can be found the land uplift values which are more or less in the NKG2005LU model, and the deformation of the benchmarks relative to the other benchmarks.

3.1 Land uplift rate change on the island

In this section we research deformation rate change on the island. We compare land uplift rates which are based on observations from 2003 to 2007 for the model from 2007 to 2001 observations (Table 4). These comparisons are correlated, both have observation from the year 2007. Deformation between the island and Lapijoki area is discussed in Section 6.1. The most significant land uplift rate change happens with the ONKALO benchmark no. 06220. The movement of this benchmark is independent from other benchmarks in vicinity. Detailed analysis of this movement is presented in Section 6.4.

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Remarkable change happens in the loop VLJ due to the fact that it is connected to the network using the control marks of GPS9. From 2006 to 2007, GPS9 had negative deformation value, but from 2003 to 2007, it has a small linear rate. As a combination of these, we get large uplift rate value for the benchmarks in the loop VLJ. In the model UPL1, at the benchmark 06220 and the benchmarks in VLJ, uplift rate is based on only one year deformation, from 2006 to 2007. Table 4. Land uplift rates (millimetres/year) on the island from the 2003-2007(UPL1), 2007-2011(UPL2), and the adjustment of the whole history(UPL3), and the land uplift rate chance between the models UPL1 and UPL2.

BM

2003 -07 UPL1

Std. Dev. 2007 -11 UPL2

Std. Dev. 2003 -11 UPL3

Std. Dev. UPL1-UPL2

1 03216 5.439 0.000 5.439 0.000 5.439 0.000 0.000

2 GPS6A 5.668 0.102 5.594 0.162 5.623 0.078 0.074

3 GPS6B 5.690 0.102 5.597 0.162 5.634 0.079 0.093

4 GPS7A 5.480 0.116 5.562 0.185 5.525 0.090 -0.082

5 GPS7B 5.425 0.117 5.597 0.186 5.523 0.090 -0.172

6 GPS9A 5.661 0.135 5.565 0.222 5.579 0.104 0.096

7 GPS9B 5.632 0.135 5.569 0.222 5.570 0.104 0.063

8 GPS8A 5.626 0.139 5.456 0.226 5.532 0.108 0.170

9 GPS8B 5.620 0.139 5.464 0.225 5.533 0.108 0.156

10 03217 5.676 0.138 5.504 0.222 5.590 0.106 0.172

11 GPS4B 5.661 0.130 5.607 0.207 5.637 0.100 0.054

12 GPS1A 5.618 0.119 5.476 0.190 5.550 0.092 0.142

13 GPS1B 5.590 0.119 5.499 0.190 5.549 0.092 0.091

14 03218 5.521 0.107 5.532 0.169 5.540 0.082 -0.011

15 GPS2A 5.433 0.066 5.572 0.105 5.494 0.051 -0.139

16 GPS13B 5.651 0.171 5.517 0.210 5.503 0.113 0.134

17 GPS13A 5.647 0.171 5.485 0.210 5.476 0.113 0.162

18 06217 5.211 0.241 5.381 0.085 5.349 0.070 -0.170

19 06218 5.548 0.249 5.355 0.088 5.375 0.073 0.193

20 06219 5.548 0.240 5.390 0.085 5.422 0.070 0.158

21 06220 6.122 0.232 5.453 0.082 5.566 0.068 0.669

22 06221 5.637 0.222 5.362 0.079 5.416 0.065 0.275

23 06213 5.979 0.159 5.445 0.224 5.529 0.107 0.534

24 06214 6.113 0.180 5.481 0.226 5.577 0.110 0.632

25 06215 5.995 0.185 5.503 0.226 5.573 0.110 0.492

26 06216 6.139 0.185 5.512 0.226 5.605 0.110 0.627

27 GPS3B 5.606 0.118 5.539 0.187 5.592 0.091 0.067

28 GPS3A 5.601 0.118 5.552 0.187 5.597 0.091 0.049

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4 ELEVATIONS FOR THE DIFFERENT YEARS

In this report we research deformation, if possible, relative to the whole levelling field. In a computation method we correct deformation rate of a fixed benchmark. We use three different benchmarks (Table 5). The most important benchmark is 03216. It is the fixed benchmark in the Olkiluoto-Lapijoki line, Olkiluoto GPS network (OLKIA, OLKIB), and the loop ONKALO. Benchmark no. 06214 has been used in the loop VLJ, if it was measured without a connection to 03216. Third fixed benchmark is 03208, which was used in the Olkiluoto strait computations. In the deformation analysis in Chapter 6, we compare only the elevations which were measured in the continuous network i.e. elevations were adjusted using a single fixed benchmark and both benchmarks were included into the same network. For example we study deformation between the benchmarks 03216 and 03208 only using observations from 2003, 2007 and 2011, when these benchmarks were connected by the levelling observations in the campaingns. All measurements and computations have been presented in the Posiva levelling working reports. We do not make any new adjustments for the elevation determinations. We only correct starting value (Table 6), so that height differences between benchmarks remain the same in an single year, but the elevations can have a constant value difference in comparison with the previous values in the Posiva levelling reports. Table 5. Fixed benchmarks in the adjustments and their deformation rate relative to the levelling network.

BM 03216 06214 /VLJ 03208 /Strait Deformation rate -0.084 mm/yr +0.056 mm/yr 0.067 mm/yr

Table 6. Fixed benchmarks and the starting values, in metres, in the yearly adjustments. Benchmark no. 06214 is fixed in the adjustment of the loop VLJ and 03208 in the Olkiluoto strait adjustment. In 2004, some new benchmarks were established without network measurements.

Year 03216 06214 /VLJ 03208 /Strait

2003.7 9.87000 - -

(2004) - - -

2005.7 9.86983 - -

2006.7 9.86975 10.33764 -

2007.7 9.86966 - -

2008.7 9.86958 10.33775 10.06007

2009.7 9.86950 - 10.06013

2010.7 9.86941 10.33786 10.06020

2011.7 9.86933 - -

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Fixed benchmark for the elevations is the benchmark no. 03216, with the elevation 9.870 m in 2003.7. The benchmark is located in Olkiluoto island near ONKALO. Deformation values for the fixed benchmarks are in Table 5. These values are used in computation of the fixed values for the different years. Yearly elevations of the benchmarks are presented in Appendix III.

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5 THE ANALYSIS OF THE FAULT LINES

In our case we are interested in dip-slip faults, in which the relative motion of the bedrock on each side of the fault line happens in a vertical direction. The problem has been studied by comparing the elevation changes of the successive benchmarks on a levelling line. We use a simple method, which is presented in Lehmuskoski (2006). Complete results of the fault line analysis is presented in Appendix V. The uncertainty of measurement in levelling is relative to the measured distance. The smaller the levelled distance and its uncertainty are, the smaller the movements that can be reliably detected. The standard deviations for the yearly levellings are presented in Table 7. The standard deviations of the levelling in 2010 and 2011 are from the levelling network adjustments (Saaranen et al. 2012). For the previous levelling values were estimated by the Formula 4. (Kääriäinen 1966)

n

i e

e

i

i

FFn 1

222

1

1 , (4)

where n = number of the loops, φi = closing error of the loop, Fi = circumference of the loop, φe = closing error of the circumference of the network and Fe = length of the circumference of the network. Table 7. Standard deviations for the levelling campaigns (mm/√km).

2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 ±0.10 ±0.14 ±0.17 ±0.23 ±0.12 ±0.14 ±0.27 ±0.23

When we compare the results of two campaigns, the standard deviation of their difference is estimated by the formula

τ , (5) Where and are the standard deviations of the campaigns. As an example, the standard deviations for the comparisons for the 2011 observations are presented in Table 8. Table 8. Standard deviations for the comparisons.

2011-2010 ±0.35 mm/√km

2011-2009 ±0.27 mm/√km

2011-2008 ±0.26 mm/√km

2011-2007 ±0.33 mm/√km

2011-2006 ±0.29 mm/√km

2011-2005 ±0.27 mm/√km

2011-2003 ±0.25 mm/√km

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The critical value can be considered significant, when the change of the elevation is more than threefold of the standard deviation of the discrepancy:

S=[y(i,j,k1)–y(i,j,k2)]/[ , (6) In the formula (4), y(i,j,k1) is the observed height difference in the year k1, τ is the standard deviation, and , is the length, in kilometres, of the levelling line between the benchmarks i and j. The deformation can be considered significant if the significance level Sτ >3. In other words, the change in the height difference is more than three times the standard deviation of the difference. For instance, if the elevation difference of one kilometre long interval has changed from 2003 to 2011 more than 0.75 mm, the change can be considered to be significant. Table 9 shows the most probable fault lines. In the table the most significant deformations are presented, so some benchmark intervals are several times. For example the deformations from the benchmark no. 06220 to 06219 and 06221 are significant in many comparisons. From the table we can see that the movement of the benchmark no. 06220 from 2006 to 2009 differs from the movement of other benchmarks in the vicinity. The locations of the fault lines is presented in Figure 4. Table 9. The most significant deformations inside the benchmark intervals in the Olkiluoto research network.

BM1 BM2 S

Deformation (mm)

Distance (km)

Observation years

Location

1 06219 06220 11.2 0.89 0.131 2006 2009 ONKALO

2 06220 06221 11.0 -0.81 0.111 2006 2009 ONKALO

3 03211 03208 10.8 1.48 0.770 2003 2008 LAPI

4 06219 06220 9.0 0.68 0.131 2006 2008 ONKALO

5 04005 03211 8.9 -0.45 0.038 2008 2011 LAPI

6 06220 06221 8.9 -0.85 0.111 2006 2011 ONKALO

7 GPS9A 06213 8.8 -0.66 0.085 2008 2011 VLJ

8 03211 03208 8.7 1.91 0.770 2003 2007 LAPI

9 06219 06220 8.7 0.90 0.131 2006 2011 ONKALO

10 GPS7A GPS7B 8.0 -0.22 0.012 2003 2007 OLKIA

11 04005 03211 7.6 -0.40 0.038 2009 2011 LAPI

12 06220 06221 7.6 -0.53 0.111 2006 2008 ONKALO

13 GPS7A GPS7B 7.5 0.22 0.012 2007 2009 OLKIA

14 04005 03211 7.2 -0.50 0.038 2010 2011 LAPI

15 03211 03208 7.2 1.09 0.770 2003 2009 LAPI

16 GPS6A GPS6B 7.0 0.12 0.010 2003 2009 OLKIA

17 06220 06221 7.0 -0.74 0.111 2006 2010 ONKALO

18 04005 03211 6.9 -0.44 0.038 2007 2011 LAPI

19 GPS9B 06213 6.8 -0.54 0.093 2008 2011 VLJ

20 03211 03208 6.7 1.48 0.770 2003 2011 LAPI

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Figure 4. The locations of the most significant fault lines.

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6 LOCAL DEFORMATIONS

The local deformation in the different parts of the network is presented in this chapter. In the comparisons we use the elevations, which are presented in the Appendix III. Firstly we present results from the island to the mainland of Finland.

6.1 Lapijoki-Olkiluoto

The line from Olkiluoto to Lapijoki begins from the benchmark no. 03216, and the nodal point in Lapijoki is no. 51310 (Figure 5). That nodal point belongs to the network of the Finnish precise levelling network. The deformation rate difference between the nodal point on the Olkiluoto island and the Lapijoki area is small (Figure 3), and it is less than standard deviation of the uplift rate. The most significant fault line is located over Olkiluoto strait from benchmark no. 03208 to 03211 (Table 10), which is studied in Chapter 6.2. Table 10. The most significant benchmark interval deformations in the Olkiluoto-Lapijoki line.

1 03211 03208 10.8 1.48 0.770 2003 2008 LAPI

2 04005 03211 8.9 -0.45 0.038 2008 2011 LAPI

3 03211 03208 8.7 1.91 0.770 2003 2007 LAPI

4 04005 03211 7.6 -0.40 0.038 2009 2011 LAPI

5 04005 03211 7.2 -0.50 0.038 2010 2011 LAPI

6 03211 03208 7.2 1.09 0.770 2003 2009 LAPI

7 04005 03211 6.9 -0.44 0.038 2007 2011 LAPI

8 03211 03208 6.7 1.48 0.770 2003 2011 LAPI

9 03211 03208 6.3 1.58 0.770 2003 2010 LAPI

10 51310 03212 5.6 0.40 0.080 2003 2007 LAPI

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Figure 5. The benchmarks in the Olkiluoto-Lapijoki line, which are used in this report. Levelling line Lapijoki-Olkiluoto has been measured every fourth year. Levelling results measured in 2003 and 2011 indicate that Olkiluoto island is not uplifting or going down relative to Lapijoki. Without land uplift correction difference is only 0.27 mm. From NKG2005 land uplift model (Ågren and Svensson, 2007) we get that during one year land uplift at Olkiluoto is 0.17 mm more than at Lapijoki. Figure 6 shows a comparison between three levellings. The small uplift difference is a result of three measurements, which have interesting differences. It can be seen that the differences between the 2007 measurement and the other measurements in 2003 and in 2011 is about three millimetres. For the heights this means that, relative to the fixed benchmark no. 03216 on the island, in 2007 Lapijoki benchmark was three millimetres lower than it was in 2003. Between 2007 and 2011, the deformation had opposite direction. There are two positive deformation anomalies in the line Olkiluoto–Lapijoki Figure 6. The benchmarks no. 03204 and no. 03206 have been raised by about 1 mm from 2003 to 2011. These benchmarks have anomalous uplift values, more than +0.10 mm/yr. The benchmark between these two, the benchmark no. 03205, has a small subsidence value, which stands out, in Figure 3 and Figure 5, as a distinctive curve. The algorithm for the contours is presented in Smith and Wessel (1990). This kind of surface is not the best possible when we have only one line, like in our case, in that part of the levelling network. Nevertheless, the result nicely shows that the deformation rate is changing between the positive and negative values in the Olkiluoto–Lapijoki line.

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Figure 6. The elevation changes in the Olkiluoto-Lapijoki line from 2003 to 2007 and 2011 (in millimetres). The starting benchmark, the benchmark no. 03216, is in the subsidence area of the network. Only the benchmarks which belong to all the campaigns are presented.

6.2 Olkiluoto strait

Olkiluoto strait is an eight hundred metres long benchmark interval, which connects the island to the mainland. Land uplift rates on the island side of the strait are higher than on the mainland side (Figure 7). From 2003 to 2007, the benchmark no. 03208 on the Olkiluoto island had lifted 1.91 mm up compared to the benchmark no. 03211 on the mainland. To study this interval more precisely some new benchmarks were established in 2008, and it has been measured annually since 2007. The elevation change of the interval has stabilised since 2007, and in 2011 height difference was close to that of 2007. The deformation over the Olkiluoto strait is presented in Figure 8. The height differences relative to the benchmark no. 03208 were computed for every benchmark and for every year. The deformation between the years was then determined by removing the benchmarks height in 2008. If we compare the benchmark no. 03208 to the other benchmarks on the island, we observe no remarkable deformation. For example, the height changes between the benchmark no. 03208 and the benchmarks no. 04004 and no. 08203 in the vicinity are about 0.1 mm during the observation period. The latest deformation is in a short interval between the benchmarks 03211 and 04005. In 2011 height difference is about a half millimetre more than in the previous measurements. It can be seen from Figure 8, that elevation of 04005 has changed about a half millimetre from 2010 to 2011, but during that time, 03211 was stable.

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During the year 2004, some new benchmarks were established without network measurements. We study deformation using the adjusted elevations relative to fixed benchmarks, so we skip observations made in 2004 from the Figure 8. For example in spring, benchmark no. 04004 was added to the network with the observation from 03208. Height difference was 279.88 mm. Later this height difference has been about 279.2 mm, like in 2010. The land uplift rate of the benchmark 04004 is smaller than 03208, due to the 2004 observation in the land uplift model computation (Figure 7). According to Lehmuskoski (2010), the 2004 measurement was levelled 31st of March and later measurements have been done in late autumn and the reason for the elevation difference can be the different temperature of bedrock in March and September, estimated to be about 15 °C in the vicinity of the surface of the bedrock (Lehmuskoski et al. 2006).

Figure 7. Line Olkiluoto strait has six benchmarks. At the moment most active part of the line is 04005-03211.

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Figure 8. Deformation over the Olkiluoto strait (in millimetres). In the comparison, the benchmark no. 03208 on the island has been fixed. The deformation is relative to the year 2008. Benchmarks no. 04004 and no. 08203 are removed from the comparison. Their movements relative to 03208 are about 0.1 mm in the comparison years.

6.3 Deformation of the island: OLKIA and OLKIB

Levellings around the island are included in the loops OLKIA and OLKIB. There are two micro loops on the island, ONKALO and VLJ, these loops will be discussed in the chapters 6.4 and 6.5. The local stability of the GPS stations will be discussed in chapter 6.6. Table 11. The most significant benchmark interval deformations in the GPS network loop (OLKIA).

1 GPS7A GPS7B 8.0 -0.22 0.012 2003 2007 OLKIA

2 GPS7A GPS7B 7.5 0.22 0.012 2007 2009 OLKIA

3 GPS6A GPS6B 7.0 0.12 0.010 2003 2009 OLKIA

4 03216 GPS6A 6.5 1.61 2.080 2003 2009 OLKIA

5 GPS6B GPS7A 6.5 -1.04 0.860 2003 2009 OLKIA

6 GPS13B GPS13A 6.5 -0.14 0.012 2005 2009 OLKIA

7 GPS7A GPS7B 6.4 -0.12 0.012 2003 2005 OLKIA

8 GPS1A GPS1B 6.4 -0.14 0.016 2003 2005 OLKIA

9 GPS6A GPS6B 5.8 0.10 0.010 2003 2005 OLKIA

10 GPS7A GPS7B 5.5 0.12 0.012 2005 2009 OLKIA

Deformation happens in the loop OLKIA (Figure 9). Connection to the GPS station GPS3, OLKIB, has been stable during the years. The most interesting deformations are related to GPS stations GPS6, GPS9 and GPS13. For example, between 2003 and 2005, the elevations of the GPS stations GPS6 and GPS9 raised more than one millimetre relative to levelling research network (Figure 10). GPS13 has an interesting elevation

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minimum in 2009. Elevation was 0.7 mm lower than two years before, but in 2011 it was almost at the same level like in 2007. According to Lehmuskoski (2010), deformations of GPS6, in 2003-2009, and GPS13, in 2007-2009, were based on large construction works near these stations, parking area around GPS6 and nuclear power station of Olkiluoto 3 near GPS13. The fault line list (Table 11) is dominated by the short measurements between the control marks of the GPS stations.

Figure 9. The benchmarks on the island and their deformation relative to the mean deformation of the levelling network.

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Figure 10. Deformation of the Olkiluoto island relative to the year 2003 and the average deformation of the Olkiluoto research area (in millimetres). The benchmark no. 03216 has been fixed in the yearly adjustments with a linear subsidence rate. The deformation of GPS13 is relative to the year 2005.

6.4 Micro loop ONKALO

ONKALO is in the subsidence area, but the benchmark 06220 has an unique deformation rate, which seems to be a very local phenomenon (Figure 11). Its neighboring benchmarks are stable, but the observations from the benchmark no. 06220 are in the fault line list (Table 12). It can be seen in Figure 12, that mostly deformation happened between 2006 and 2007. Since then it has been stable relative to the levelling network. Of course movement relative to 03216 continued to rise after 2007, because 03216 has a negative deformation rate. In order to research deformation of 06220, benchmarks 08201 and 08202 were added in 2008, but after some observation years no significant deformation has been found. The observations show that benchmarks 08201 and 08202 do not belong to the same rising area. During the last years, no any active crustal deformation happens over ONKALO. All the comparisons between the 2009, 2010 and 2011 observations were below statistical significant level. The fixed benchmark 03216 seems to have a peak elevation in 2010 (Fig 12). In the figure it can be seen, that the other benchmarks in the ONKALO loop have local minimum elevation in 2010. It is more likely that the simultaneous deformation does not exist and thus the elevation minimum is based on the positive deformation of the starting value benchmark 03216.

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Table 12. The most significant benchmark interval deformations in the loop ONKALO.

1 06219 06220 11.2 0.89 0.131 2006 2009 ONKALO

2 06220 06221 11.0 -0.81 0.111 2006 2009 ONKALO

3 06219 06220 9.0 0.68 0.131 2006 2008 ONKALO

4 06220 06221 8.9 -0.85 0.111 2006 2011 ONKALO

5 06219 06220 8.7 0.90 0.131 2006 2011 ONKALO

6 06220 06221 7.6 -0.53 0.111 2006 2008 ONKALO

7 06220 06221 7.0 -0.74 0.111 2006 2010 ONKALO

8 06219 06220 6.0 0.69 0.131 2006 2010 ONKALO

9 06219 06220 5.6 0.58 0.131 2006 2007 ONKALO

10 06220 06221 5.1 -0.49 0.111 2006 2007 ONKALO

Figure 11. Benchmarks in the loop ONKALO and their deformation relative to the mean deformation of the levelling network.

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Figure 12. The deformation in the ONKALO loop since 2006 relative to the average deformation of the Olkiluoto research area (in millimetres). The deformation of the benchmarks no. 08201 and no. 08202 is relative to the year 2008.

6.5 Micro Loop VLJ

In the VLJ loop, the most active deformation is related to the control benchmarks of GPS9 (Table 13 and Figure 14). This movement does not have any systematic nature. The deformation is like the other benchmarks, except for 06213. It is interesting that 06213 has a linear subsidence deformation relative to the other benchmarks in the VLJ loop (Figure 13 and Figure 14). Table 13. The most significant benchmark interval deformations in the loop VLJ.

1 GPS9A 06213 8.8 -0.66 0.085 2008 2011 VLJ

2 GPS9B 06213 7.0 -0.54 0.089 2008 2011 VLJ

3 GPS9A 06213 6.7 -0.36 0.085 2008 2009 VLJ

4 GPS9A 06213 6.5 -0.67 0.085 2010 2011 VLJ

5 GPS9B 06213 6.4 -0.62 0.089 2007 2011 VLJ

6 GPS9A 06213 6.4 -0.61 0.085 2007 2011 VLJ

7 GPS9A 06213 5.3 0.32 0.085 2006 2008 VLJ

8 GPS9B 06213 5.0 -0.53 0.089 2010 2011 VLJ

9 GPS9B 06213 4.8 -0.26 0.089 2008 2009 VLJ

10 GPS9B 06213 4.7 0.29 0.089 2006 2008 VLJ

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Figure 13. The benchmarks in the Loop VLJ and their deformation rate. Benchmark no. 06213 has deformation rate +0.008, which is about 0.05 smaller value than of the other benchmarks have in the loop.

Figure 14. Deformation in the VLJ loop since the year 2006, relative to the fixed benchmark no. 06214 (in millimetres). The elevation chances between the years 2006 and 2011 are small, except for 06213.

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6.6 GPS antenna platform measurements

The stability of the GPS pillars was controlled from 2005 to 2011. At the moment, the GPS stations operate continuously, but earlier the 24-hour-long sessions were observed annually in spring and autumn. Between the sessions, antenna platforms were available for the levelling measurements. The control benchmarks of the GPS stations were included in the measuring plan when the GPS network was levelled for the first time in 2003. Since 2005, the elevations of the GPS antenna platform levels have been measured. During the observation, a small one-metre-long rod is placed on a bolt fastened on a GPS antenna platform (Figure 15). One assistant has a three-metre rod on a control benchmark, as in an ordinary levelling, and another assistant is standing on a ladder (Figure 16). The control benchmarks are at the distance of about 10 metres from the GPS stations. Having been established on the same bedrock block, the GPS stations should have the same uplift rate as the control benchmarks. The difference in the uplift rates is presented in the Table 14. The results are based on six years of monitoring and included four levelling campaigns.

Figure 15. The bolt used in the measurements of antenna platform levels. Photo: J. Ahola.

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Figure 16. The levelling of the GPS6 antenna platform, in 2005. Photo: J. Ahola

In 2011, there were 19 GPS stations in the Olkiluoto GPS network and the stations with repeated levellings were GPS2, GPS3, GPS4, GPS6, GPS7, GPS8, GPS9 and GPS13. The errors due to a special extra bolt on an antenna platform, and a zero error error of a rod was corrected before the analysis. The levelling was focused on a bolt on an antenna platform. To obtain the elevation of the antenna platform, the height of the bolt have to reduce from the levelling results. There are two extra bolts “A” and “B”, which were used. For example, in 2011, the bolt “A” was used, and its height was 19,912 mm. A levelling rod can have so called zero point error. It has been eliminated using the same rod on a benchmark at the starting and ending benchmarks. In the GPS platform measurements we use different rods, so the zero point error have to correct. In 2011, it was eliminated by the observing method. In the previous years, the zero error was determined and corrected afterwards. In Appendix IV, is the list of observations between the GPS antenna platforms and control marks, and the used corrections for the extra bolt height and the zero point correction of the rod. When the elevations of GPS points were compared, we used the mean of their control mark pair with the exceptions of GPS2 and GPS4, whose other pair had been damaged. The control mark GPS2B was measured in 2011. It was found to be damaged by a working machine in 2009 so it was not used in the comparison with the previous measurements. A new control mark GPS4C for GPS4, was established in 2011.

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Local stabilitity of the GPS pillars is good. In Table 14, the summary of the deformations between the GPS pillars and their control marks is presented. Maximum difference between the observations of different years is 0.26 mm at the GPS4, but it does not have any linear effect. Deformation difference between the pillar and its control marks is only +0.03 mm/yr. In the table is the average levelled distance, which is based on the distances from an instrument to a rod on GPS pillar and rod on a control mark. Land uplift rates are relative to the mean sea level due to the NKG2005 rate as a fixed value. In order to compute the land uplift relative to mass centre of the earth, the sea level rise 1.32 mm/yr and geoid rise, which is 6% of the uplift rate, have to add the uplift rates in the Table 14. Land uplift rates for the control benchmarks are from the table of Appendix I. This kinematic solution has been computed without GPS platform measurements. Deformation rate difference between the control benchmarks and the GPS stations were determined by the different least squares solution which included not only levelling observations (Appendix II), but also GPS platform observations (Appendix IV). The land uplift rate solutions for the contol benchmarks with and without the GPS platform measurements, differ less than 0.01 mm/yr. In the future, the platform levels will have continuously operating GPS receivers. So, new GPS platform measurements will not be performed for those GPS stations. Table 14. Local deformations of the GPS stations.

GPS station

Max–Min observation range, mm

Average levelled distance (m)

Average land uplift of the control benchmarks, mm/yr

Deformation rate difference, GPS platform– control benchmarks, mm/yr

Land uplift of the GPS station mm/yr

GPS2 0.11 21 5.499 0.014 5.512

GPS3 0.07 15 5.595 0.025 5.620

GPS4 0.26 36 5.637 0.030 5.667

GPS6 0.22 17 5.629 0.031 5.659

GPS7 0.14 15 5.524 -0.008 5.517

GPS8 0.07 11 5.533 -0.001 5.532

GPS9 0.03 24 5.575 0.014 5,589

GPS13 0.25 16 5.550 -0.037 5.453

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35

7 SUMMARY

The precise levellings in Olkiluoto were started in autumn 2003. Deformation results have been reported every second year. This report deals with a deformation based on the measurements from 2003 to 2011. Observation material includes the measurements of GPS network and Lapijoki-Olkiluoto line, from the Olkiluoto island to the precise levelling network of Finland, and the micro loops upon ONKALO and VLJ. The deformation in the Olkiluoto area was analysed using a kinematic deformation solution and heights which had been computed relative to the mean deformation of the area. Using the height difference changes of the benchmark intervals, the probable fault lines were sought. The analysis shows that the bedrock at the Olkiluoto island is stable. Land uplift differences within the island are small. There seems to be no systematic deformation between the island and the mainland although more repeated measurements and longer time span is needed in order to get a reliable result. The most significant subsidence area of the island is over the ONKALO. Other one is GPS13, in the west-south of the island. In the Olkiluoto-Lapijoki line there are two subsidence areas: one is the eastside of the Olkiluoto strait, and the other is Lapijoki area. In the middle of the line is located 03205, which belongs to a local subsidence area. The rising area includes the island outside the ONKALO, and the benchmarks 03206 and 03204 in the Olkiluoto-lapijoki line. Some single elevation differences may occur on the island, but during the observation period, the individual benchmarks differ mostly less than one millimetre from the mean deformation of the research area. Interesting deformations include the movements of GPS6 and GPS9 from 2003 to 2005, and GPS13 from 2007 to 2009. GPS station GPS4 has the largest difference relative to 2003, but this deformation has happened gradually. The benchmark no. 06220 over ONKALO uplifted from 2006 to 2007. This movement continued in 2009 but in 2010 and 2011 the benchmark was at a lower level than in 2009. Kinematic deformation rate is slightly positive for this benchmark. In the loop VLJ, deformation is connected to control marks of GPS9. The Lapijoki-Olkiluoto line has been measured in 2003, 2007 and 2011. These measurements show that the linear movement between Lapijoki and Olkiluoto island is small. There are some unstable intervals inside the line. In comparison with 2003 observation in 2007 a remarkable movement was found in a benchmark interval 03208-03211 over the Olkiluoto strait. Later the movement over the Olkiluoto strait was found to be a little smaller and the measurement in 2011 gives the same result like 2007 measurement. The latest measurements show that the interval between benchmarks 04005 and 03211 had an elevation change between the 2010 and 2011 measurements.

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37

8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank professor Markku Poutanen, leader Hannu Koivula, and the members of the GNSS deformation team Ulla Kallio, Sonja Nyberg and Pasi Häkli. Ideas of Ulla Kallio have been a fruitful starting point of view for the deformation analysis. Warmest thanks for Dr. Heikki Virtanen about the gravity system information during the observation years. We are thankful for Jorma Jokela for his useful help during the research process.

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REFERENCES

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Hytönen, E. (1967): Measuring of the refraction in the Second Levelling of Finland. Publications of the Finnish Geodetic Institute No. 63. Helsinki.

Kääriäinen, E. (1966): The Second Levelling of Finland. Publications of the Finnish Geodetic Institute No. 61. Helsinki.

Lambeck, K., C. Smither and M. Ekman (1998): Tests of glacial rebound models for Fennoscandia based on intrumented sea- and lake-level records. Geophys. J. Int. 135, 375-387.

Lehmuskoski, P. (2004): Precise Levelling of the Olkiluoto GPS Network in 2003. Working Report 2004-7. Posiva Oy, Olkiluoto.

Lehmuskoski, P. (2006): Precise Levelling of the Olkiluoto GPS Network in 2005. Working Report 2006-27. Posiva Oy, Olkiluoto.

Lehmuskoski, P. (2008): Precise Levelling Campaigns at Olkiluoto in 2006-2007. Working Report 2008-19. Posiva Oy, Olkiluoto.

Lehmuskoski, P. (2010): Precise Levelling Campaigns at Olkiluoto in 2008 and 2009. Working Report 2010-30. Posiva Oy, Olkiluoto.

Lehmuskoski, P., P. Rouhiainen, V. Saaranen, M. Takalo and H. Virtanen (2006): Seasonal Change of the Bedrock Elevation at the Metsähovi Levelling Test Field. Nordic Journal of Surveying and Real Estate Research Vol. 3, No. 1. Helsinki.

Lehmuskoski, P., V. Saaranen, M. Takalo and P. Rouhiainen (2008): Suomen Kolmannen tarkkavaaituksen kiintopisteluettelo. Bench mark list of the Third Levelling of Finland. Publications of the Finnish Geodetic Institute No. 139. Kirkkonummi.

Mäkinen J. and V. Saaranen (1998): Determination of postglacial land uplift from the three precise levellings in Finland, J. Geodesy 72:516-529, 1998.

POSIVA (2012): Monitoring at Olkiluoto – a Programme for the Period Before Repository Operation. Posiva Report 2012-1, Posiva Oy, Olkiluoto.

Saaranen, V. , P. Lehmuskoski, P. Rouhiainen, M. Takalo and J. Mäkinen: The New Finnish Height System N2000 Symposium of the IAG Subcommission for Europe (EUREF), Riga, 14 –17 June 2006.

Saaranen V., P. Rouhiainen and H. Suurmäki (2012): Precise Levelling Campaigns at Olkiluoto in 2010 and 2011. Working Report 2012-64. Posiva Oy, Olkiluoto.

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Saaranen V., P. Rouhiainen and H. Suurmäki (2013): Monitoring bedrock deformation in Olkiluoto using precise leveling data. Second Joint International Symposium on Deformation Monitoring (JISDM), 9-11 September, 2013, Nottingham.

Smith W. H. F. and P. Wessel, "Gridding with continuous curvature splines in tension", Geophysics 55:293-305, 1990.

Takalo, M. (1999): Verification of Automated Calibration of Precise Levelling Rods in Finland. Reports of the Finnish Geodetic Institute No. 99:7. Kirkkonummi.

Takalo M. and P. Rouhiainen (2002): On System calibration of Digital Levels. Proceedings of the 14th General Meeting of the Nordic Geodetic Commission, October 1-5, 2002, Espoo, Finland pp. 278-283. Ed. M. Poutanen and H. Suurmäki, FGI, Kirkkonummi.

Takalo T., P. Rouhiainen, P. Lehmuskoski and V. Saaranen (2002): On the systematic behaviour of the digital levelling system Zeiss DiNi12. TS6.6 Engineering Surveys for Industry and Research. FIG XXII International Congress Washington, D.C. USA, April 19-26 2002. http://www.Figurenet/pub/fig_2002/ts6-6/ts6_6_takalo_etal.pdf

Vestøl, O. (2006): Determination of postglacial land uplift in Fennoscandia from levelling, tide gauges and continuous GPS stations using least squares collocation. Journal of Geodesy 80, 248-258.

Ågren, J. and R. Svensson, (2007): Postglacial Land Uplift Model and System Definition for the new Swedish Height System RH 2000. Lantmäteriet, Reports in Geodesy and Geographic Information Systems, 2007:4.

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APPENDIX I: BENCHMARKS AND DEFORMATIONS

Land uplift is relative to mean sea level. Its starting value for the benchmark 03216 is from the NKG2005LU model. BM refer to the benchmark.

BM Longitude (°) Latitude (°) Land uplift mm/yr

Deformation mm/yr

51310 21.682802 61.170530 5.419 -0.104

03212 21.681969 61.170722 5.458 -0.065

03202 21.670307 61.171287 5.375 -0.148

03203 21.641726 61.176929 5.429 -0.094

03204 21.620590 61.188871 5.644 0.121

04001 21.620123 61.188880 5.653 0.130

04002 21.591058 61.198918 5.460 -0.063

03205 21.591082 61.198775 5.504 -0.019

04003 21.572522 61.206829 5.713 0.190

03206 21.572714 61.207016 5.667 0.144

03207 21.544281 61.217089 5.476 -0.047

04005 21.528361 61.218955 5.458 -0.065

03211 21.527854 61.218755 5.412 -0.111

08204 21.524222 61.220011 5.496 -0.027

08203 21.519255 61.221744 5.591 0.068

03208 21.517275 61.222509 5.590 0.067

04004 21.517045 61.222113 5.509 -0.014

03216 21.483343 61.233624 5.439 -0.084

03219 21.483216 61.233493 5.447 -0.076

GPS6A 21.449890 61.236924 5.623 0.100

GPS6B 21.449748 61.236882 5.634 0.111

GPS7A 21.445825 61.242596 5.525 0.002

GPS7B 21.445611 61.242641 5.523 0.000

GPS9A 21.429719 61.243184 5.579 0.056

GPS9B 21.429465 61.243147 5.570 0.047

GPS8A 21.447472 61.247216 5.532 0.009

GPS8B 21.447517 61.247173 5.533 0.010

03217 21.457735 61.245037 5.590 0.067

GPS4B 21.469667 61.245355 5.637 0.114

GPS1A 21.472807 61.239717 5.550 0.027

GPS1B 21.472814 61.239573 5.549 0.026

03218 21.479407 61.241039 5.540 0.017

GPS2B 21.494630 61.233761 5.503 -0.020

GPS2A 21.494829 61.233688 5.494 -0.029

GPS13 21.428152 61.237182 5.503 -0.020

GPS13 21.428152 61.237182 5.476 -0.047

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BM Longitude (°) Latitude (°) Land uplift mm/yr

Deformation mm/yr

06217 21.473191 61.237006 5.349 -0.174

06218 21.478371 61.237803 5.375 -0.148

06219 21.481503 61.236338 5.422 -0.101

06220 21.479889 61.235858 5.566 0.043

06221 21.480779 61.235148 5.416 -0.107

08202 21.480559 61.235976 5.513 -0.010

08201 21.480805 61.235428 5.420 -0.103

06213 21.429778 61.242539 5.529 0.006

06214 21.431491 61.242987 5.577 0.054

06215 21.431862 61.242580 5.573 0.050

06216 21.432806 61.243257 5.605 0.082

GPS3B 21.483222 61.247168 5.592 0.069

GPS3A 21.483398 61.247121 5.597 0.074

43

APPENDIX II: LEVELLING OBSERVATIONS

Observations in the kinematic model determination and the levelling network adjustments.

BM1 BM2 Distance (km)

Height difference (mm)

Observation epoch

Location of the interval

1 51310 03212 0.078 1481.520 2011.72 LAPI

2 03212 03202 0.828 -3268.410 2011.72 LAPI

3 03202 03203 2.077 -6055.930 2011.72 LAPI

4 03203 03204 1.852 -368.820 2011.72 LAPI

5 03204 04001 0.017 1122.640 2011.72 LAPI

6 04001 04002 2.065 13283.820 2011.72 LAPI

7 04002 03205 0.014 453.710 2011.72 LAPI

8 03205 04003 1.508 -14922.670 2011.72 LAPI

9 04003 03206 0.019 417.840 2011.72 LAPI

10 03206 03207 2.016 -7300.430 2011.72 LAPI

11 03207 04005 0.910 -727.403 2011.72 LAPI

12 04005 03211 0.037 -908.500 2011.72 LAPI

13 03211 08204 0.208 634.315 2011.72 LAPI

14 08204 08203 0.392 3909.890 2011.72 LAPI

15 08203 03208 0.126 3627.950 2011.72 LAPI

16 03208 04004 0.051 279.261 2011.72 LAPI

17 04004 03216 2.303 -470.250 2011.72 LAPI

18 03216 03219 0.018 1020.201 2011.72 LAPI

19 51310 03212 0.082 1481.610 2007.71 LAPI

20 03212 03202 0.828 -3267.980 2007.71 LAPI

21 03202 03203 2.046 -6056.340 2007.71 LAPI

22 03203 03204 1.849 -368.860 2007.71 LAPI

23 03204 04001 0.017 1122.600 2007.71 LAPI

24 04001 03205 2.056 13737.870 2007.71 LAPI

25 03205 04002 0.020 -453.530 2007.71 LAPI

26 04002 03206 1.502 -14051.550 2007.71 LAPI

27 03206 04003 0.019 -418.020 2007.71 LAPI

28 04003 03207 2.011 -6880.950 2007.71 LAPI

29 03207 03211 0.912 -1635.730 2007.71 LAPI

30 03211 04005 0.037 908.060 2007.71 LAPI

31 04005 03208 0.729 7264.530 2007.71 LAPI

32 03208 04004 0.050 279.040 2007.71 LAPI

33 04004 03216 2.333 -469.130 2007.71 LAPI

34 03216 03219 0.018 1020.140 2007.71 LAPI

35 51310 03212 0.080 1481.210 2003.71 LAPI

44



Observation epoch


36 03212 03202 0.830 -3267.750 2003.71 LAPI

37 03202 03203 2.050 -6056.360 2003.71 LAPI

38 03203 03204 1.850 -370.545 2003.71 LAPI

39 03204 03205 2.070 14861.295 2003.71 LAPI

40 03205 03206 1.520 -14506.140 2003.71 LAPI

41 03206 03207 2.030 -7298.905 2003.71 LAPI

42 03207 03211 0.910 -1635.135 2003.71 LAPI

43 03211 03208 0.770 8170.675 2003.71 LAPI

44 03208 03216 2.380 -190.025 2003.71 LAPI

45 03216 03219 0.020 1020.140 2003.71 LAPI

46 03211 04005 0.039 907.990 2004.25 STRAIT

47 03208 04004 0.051 279.880 2004.25 STRAIT

48 03211 04005 0.039 908.050 2008.71 STRAIT

49 04005 08204 0.226 -273.880 2008.71 STRAIT

50 08204 08203 0.402 3909.970 2008.71 STRAIT

51 08203 03208 0.128 3628.020 2008.71 STRAIT

52 03208 04004 0.051 279.160 2008.71 STRAIT

53 03211 04005 0.039 908.100 2009.72 STRAIT

54 04005 08204 0.226 -273.990 2009.72 STRAIT

55 08204 08203 0.402 3909.650 2009.72 STRAIT

56 08203 03208 0.128 3628.010 2009.72 STRAIT

57 03208 04004 0.051 279.080 2009.72 STRAIT

58 03211 04005 0.039 908.000 2010.75 STRAIT

59 04005 08204 0.226 -273.830 2010.75 STRAIT

60 08204 08203 0.402 3910.120 2010.75 STRAIT

61 08203 03208 0.128 3627.970 2010.75 STRAIT

62 03208 04004 0.051 279.200 2010.75 STRAIT

63 03216 GPS6A 2.080 -6088.289 2003.71 OLKIA

64 GPS6A GPS6B 0.010 -198.680 2003.71 OLKIA

65 GPS6B GPS7A 0.860 7497.669 2003.71 OLKIA

66 GPS7A GPS7B 0.012 77.720 2003.71 OLKIA

67 GPS7B GPS9A 1.355 -1045.275 2003.71 OLKIA

68 GPS9A GPS9B 0.010 -524.410 2003.71 OLKIA

69 GPS9B GPS8A 1.540 -5224.387 2003.71 OLKIA

70 GPS8A GPS8B 0.380 423.170 2003.71 OLKIA

71 GPS8B 03217 0.796 6106.356 2003.71 OLKIA

72 03217 GPS4B 1.404 -3250.405 2003.71 OLKIA

73 GPS4B GPS1A 0.980 1547.045 2003.71 OLKIA

74 GPS1A GPS1B 0.016 305.660 2003.71 OLKIA

75 GPS1B 03218 0.820 -512.043 2003.71 OLKIA

76 03218 GPS2B 1.490 2558.584 2003.71 OLKIA

45



Observation epoch


77 GPS2B GPS2A 0.056 -42.150 2003.71 OLKIA

78 GPS2A 03216 0.790 -1630.565 2003.71 OLKIA

79 03216 GPS6A 2.080 -6087.338 2005.74 OLKIA

80 GPS6A GPS6B 0.010 -198.580 2005.74 OLKIA

81 GPS6B GPS7A 0.860 7496.818 2005.74 OLKIA

82 GPS7A GPS7B 0.012 77.600 2005.74 OLKIA

83 GPS7B GPS13B 1.411 -1884.162 2005.74 OLKIA

84 GPS13B GPS13A 0.012 323.828 2005.74 OLKIA

85 GPS13A GPS9A 1.180 515.960 2005.74 OLKIA

86 GPS9A GPS9B 0.010 -524.459 2005.74 OLKIA

87 GPS9B GPS8A 1.540 -5224.965 2005.74 OLKIA

88 GPS8A GPS8B 0.380 423.150 2005.74 OLKIA

89 GPS8B 03217 0.796 6106.136 2005.74 OLKIA

90 03217 GPS4B 1.404 -3250.310 2005.74 OLKIA

91 GPS4B GPS1A 0.980 1546.971 2005.74 OLKIA

92 GPS1A GPS1B 0.016 305.520 2005.74 OLKIA

93 GPS1B 03218 0.820 -512.273 2005.74 OLKIA

94 03218 GPS2B 1.490 2558.841 2005.74 OLKIA

95 GPS2B GPS2A 0.056 -42.160 2005.74 OLKIA

96 GPS2A 03216 0.790 -1630.577 2005.74 OLKIA

97 03216 GPS6A 2.080 -6087.353 2007.73 OLKIA

98 GPS6A GPS6B 0.010 -198.591 2007.73 OLKIA

99 GPS6B GPS7A 0.860 7496.827 2007.73 OLKIA

100 GPS7A GPS7B 0.012 77.502 2007.73 OLKIA

101 GPS7B GPS13B 1.411 -1883.975 2007.73 OLKIA

102 GPS13B GPS13A 0.012 323.810 2007.73 OLKIA

103 GPS13A GPS9A 1.180 515.778 2007.73 OLKIA

104 GPS9A GPS9B 0.010 -524.538 2007.73 OLKIA

105 GPS9B GPS8A 1.540 -5224.396 2007.73 OLKIA

106 GPS8A GPS8B 0.380 423.150 2007.73 OLKIA

107 GPS8B 03217 0.796 6106.587 2007.73 OLKIA

108 03217 GPS4B 1.404 -3250.455 2007.73 OLKIA

109 GPS4B GPS1A 0.980 1546.876 2007.73 OLKIA

110 GPS1A GPS1B 0.016 305.552 2007.73 OLKIA

111 GPS1B 03218 0.820 -512.314 2007.73 OLKIA

112 03218 GPS2B 1.490 2558.271 2007.73 OLKIA

113 GPS2B GPS2A 0.056 -42.192 2007.73 OLKIA

114 GPS2A 03216 0.790 -1630.539 2007.73 OLKIA

115 03216 GPS6A 2.080 -6086.681 2009.72 OLKIA

116 GPS6A GPS6B 0.010 -198.560 2009.72 OLKIA

117 GPS6B GPS7A 0.860 7496.634 2009.72 OLKIA

46



Observation epoch


118 GPS7A GPS7B 0.012 77.720 2009.72 OLKIA

119 GPS7B GPS13B 1.411 -1885.223 2009.72 OLKIA

120 GPS13B GPS13A 0.012 323.690 2009.72 OLKIA

121 GPS13A GPS9A 1.180 516.394 2009.72 OLKIA

122 GPS9A GPS9B 0.010 -524.509 2009.72 OLKIA

123 GPS9B GPS8A 1.540 -5224.754 2009.72 OLKIA

124 GPS8A GPS8B 0.380 423.180 2009.72 OLKIA

125 GPS8B 03217 0.796 6106.514 2009.72 OLKIA

126 03217 GPS4B 1.404 -3250.034 2009.72 OLKIA

127 GPS4B GPS1A 0.980 1546.645 2009.72 OLKIA

128 GPS1A GPS1B 0.016 305.550 2009.72 OLKIA

129 GPS1B 03218 0.820 -512.136 2009.72 OLKIA

130 03218 GPS2A 1.546 2516.226 2009.72 OLKIA

131 GPS2A 03216 0.790 -1630.656 2009.72 OLKIA

132 03216 GPS6A 2.080 -6086.737 2011.72 OLKIA

133 GPS6A GPS6B 0.010 -198.587 2011.72 OLKIA

134 GPS6B GPS7A 0.860 7496.681 2011.72 OLKIA

135 GPS7A GPS7B 0.012 77.649 2011.72 OLKIA

136 GPS7B GPS13B 1.411 -1884.299 2011.72 OLKIA

137 GPS13B GPS13A 0.012 323.688 2011.72 OLKIA

138 GPS13A GPS9A 1.180 516.095 2011.72 OLKIA

139 GPS9A GPS9B 0.010 -524.525 2011.72 OLKIA

140 GPS9B GPS8A 1.540 -5224.847 2011.72 OLKIA

141 GPS8A GPS8B 0.380 423.187 2011.72 OLKIA

142 GPS8B 03217 0.796 6106.748 2011.72 OLKIA

143 03217 GPS4B 1.404 -3250.041 2011.72 OLKIA

144 GPS4B GPS1A 0.980 1546.353 2011.72 OLKIA

145 GPS1A GPS1B 0.016 305.641 2011.72 OLKIA

146 GPS1B 03218 0.820 -512.180 2011.72 OLKIA

147 03218 GPS2A 1.546 2516.235 2011.72 OLKIA

148 GPS2A 03216 0.790 -1631.061 2011.72 OLKIA

149 03216 06217 1.000 -1975.296 2006.72 ONKALO

150 06217 06218 0.331 2444.504 2006.72 ONKALO

151 06218 06219 0.337 -420.380 2006.72 ONKALO

152 06219 06220 0.131 403.088 2006.72 ONKALO

153 06220 06221 0.111 4766.147 2006.72 ONKALO

154 06221 03216 0.727 -5218.063 2006.72 ONKALO

155 03216 06217 1.000 -1975.526 2007.73 ONKALO

156 06217 06218 0.331 2444.844 2007.73 ONKALO

157 06218 06219 0.337 -420.380 2007.73 ONKALO

158 06219 06220 0.131 403.668 2007.73 ONKALO

47



Observation epoch


159 06220 06221 0.111 4765.657 2007.73 ONKALO

160 06221 03216 0.727 -5218.263 2007.73 ONKALO

161 03216 06217 1.000 -1975.654 2008.71 ONKALO

162 06217 06218 0.331 2444.792 2008.71 ONKALO

163 06218 06219 0.337 -420.065 2008.71 ONKALO

164 06219 08202 0.081 -24.137 2008.71 ONKALO

165 08202 06220 0.050 427.912 2008.71 ONKALO

166 06220 06221 0.111 4765.615 2008.71 ONKALO

167 06221 08201 0.036 -4037.531 2008.71 ONKALO

168 08201 03216 0.691 -1180.932 2008.71 ONKALO

169 03216 06217 1.000 -1975.636 2009.72 ONKALO

170 06217 06218 0.331 2444.804 2009.72 ONKALO

171 06218 06219 0.337 -420.210 2009.72 ONKALO

172 06219 08202 0.081 -24.101 2009.72 ONKALO

173 08202 06220 0.050 428.079 2009.72 ONKALO

174 06220 06221 0.111 4765.337 2009.72 ONKALO

175 06221 08201 0.036 -4037.420 2009.72 ONKALO

176 08201 03216 0.691 -1180.853 2009.72 ONKALO

177 03216 06217 1.000 -1976.032 2010.75 ONKALO

178 06217 06218 0.331 2444.811 2010.75 ONKALO

179 06218 06219 0.337 -420.070 2010.75 ONKALO

180 06219 08202 0.081 -24.109 2010.75 ONKALO

181 08202 06220 0.050 427.889 2010.75 ONKALO

182 06220 06221 0.111 4765.406 2010.75 ONKALO

183 06221 08201 0.036 -4037.482 2010.75 ONKALO

184 08201 03216 0.691 -1180.413 2010.75 ONKALO

185 03216 06217 1.000 -1975.616 2011.72 ONKALO

186 06217 06218 0.331 2444.709 2011.72 ONKALO

187 06218 06219 0.337 -420.208 2011.72 ONKALO

188 06219 08202 0.081 -24.043 2011.72 ONKALO

189 08202 06220 0.050 428.025 2011.72 ONKALO

190 06220 06221 0.111 4765.300 2011.72 ONKALO

191 06221 08201 0.036 -4037.480 2011.72 ONKALO

192 08201 03216 0.691 -1180.687 2011.72 ONKALO

193 GPS9A GPS9B 0.016 -524.435 2006.72 VLJ

194 GPS9B 06213 0.075 1368.012 2006.72 VLJ

195 06213 06214 0.129 -619.683 2006.72 VLJ

196 06214 06215 0.079 1083.444 2006.72 VLJ

197 06215 06216 0.124 -3400.584 2006.72 VLJ

198 06216 GPS9A 0.294 2093.246 2006.72 VLJ

199 GPS9A GPS9B 0.016 -524.541 2007.73 VLJ

48



Observation epoch


200 GPS9B 06213 0.098 1368.375 2007.73 VLJ

201 06213 06214 0.130 -619.537 2007.73 VLJ

202 06214 06215 0.082 1083.335 2007.73 VLJ

203 06215 06216 0.118 -3400.426 2007.73 VLJ

204 06216 GPS9A 0.291 2092.794 2007.73 VLJ

205 GPS9A GPS9B 0.014 -524.407 2008.71 VLJ

206 GPS9B 06213 0.093 1368.297 2008.71 VLJ

207 06213 06214 0.126 -619.527 2008.71 VLJ

208 06214 06215 0.079 1083.254 2008.71 VLJ

209 06215 06216 0.121 -3400.398 2008.71 VLJ

210 06216 GPS9A 0.293 2092.782 2008.71 VLJ

211 GPS9B GPS9A 0.014 524.507 2009.72 VLJ

212 GPS9A 06213 0.079 843.532 2009.72 VLJ

213 06213 06214 0.134 -619.450 2009.72 VLJ

214 06214 06215 0.078 1083.403 2009.72 VLJ

215 06215 06216 0.126 -3400.358 2009.72 VLJ

216 06216 GPS9B 0.331 1568.366 2009.72 VLJ

217 GPS9B GPS9A 0.014 524.389 2010.75 VLJ

218 GPS9A 06213 0.088 843.899 2010.75 VLJ

219 06213 06214 0.126 -619.506 2010.75 VLJ

220 06214 06215 0.078 1083.308 2010.75 VLJ

221 06215 06216 0.114 -3400.320 2010.75 VLJ

222 06216 GPS9B 0.258 1568.227 2010.75 VLJ

223 GPS9B GPS9A 0.014 524.525 2011.72 VLJ

224 GPS9A 06213 0.088 843.229 2011.72 VLJ

225 06213 06214 0.126 -619.367 2011.72 VLJ

226 06214 06215 0.078 1083.415 2011.72 VLJ

227 06215 06216 0.114 -3400.410 2011.72 VLJ

228 06216 GPS9B 0.258 1568.606 2011.72 VLJ

229 03218 GPS3B 0.851 -2732.280 2003.71 OLKB

230 GPS3B GPS3A 0.011 -74.722 2003.71 OLKB

231 GPS3A 03218 0.862 2807.002 2003.71 OLKB

232 03218 GPS3B 0.851 -2732.140 2005.74 OLKB

233 GPS3B GPS3A 0.011 -74.742 2005.74 OLKB

234 GPS3A 03218 0.862 2806.882 2005.74 OLKB

235 03218 GPS3B 0.851 -2731.940 2007.73 OLKB

236 GPS3B GPS3A 0.011 -74.742 2007.73 OLKB

237 GPS3A 03218 0.862 2806.682 2007.73 OLKB

238 03218 GPS3B 0.851 -2731.840 2009.72 OLKB

239 GPS3B GPS3A 0.011 -74.702 2009.72 OLKB

240 GPS3A 03218 0.862 2806.542 2009.72 OLKB

49



Observation epoch


241 03218 GPS3B 0.851 -2731.915 2011.72 OLKB

242 GPS3B GPS3A 0.011 -74.692 2011.72 OLKB

243 GPS3A 03218 0.862 2806.607 2011.72 OLKB

50

51

APPENDIX III: THE YEARLY ELEVATIONS OF THE BENCHMARKS (M)

BM 2003.7 2005.7 2006.7 2007.7 2008.7 2009.7 2010.7 2011.7

03202 16.89515 16.89167 16.89390

03203 10.83879 10.83533 10.83797

03204 10.46824 10.46647 10.46915

03205 25.32954 25.32694 25.32932

03206 10.82340 10.82186 10.82449

03207 3.52449 3.52289 3.52406

03208 10.06003 10.05975 10.06007 10.06013 10.06020 10.06032

03211 1.88935 1.88716 1.88791 1.88836 1.88794 1.88816

03212 20.16290 20.15965 20.16231

03216 9.87000 9.86983 9.86975 9.86966 9.86958 9.86950 9.86941 9.86933

03217 10.89388 10.89382 10.89446 10.89390 10.89438

03218 8.98414 8.98373 8.98412 8.98393 8.98415

03219 10.89014 10.88980 10.88953

04001 11.58907 11.59179

04002 24.87341 24.87561

04003 10.40384 10.40665

04004 10.33879 10.33923 10.33921 10.33940 10.33958

04005 2.79522 2.79596 2.79646 2.79594 2.79666

06213 10.95732 10.95750 10.95728 10.95700 10.95737 10.95705

06214 10.33764 10.33796 10.33775 10.33755 10.33786 10.33767

06215 11.42108 11.42130 11.42100 11.42095 11.42117 11.42109

06216 8.02050 8.02087 8.02060 8.02059 8.02085 8.02068

06217 7.89445 7.89413 7.89393 7.89386 7.89338 7.89371

06218 10.33895 10.33897 10.33872 10.33866 10.33819 10.33842

06219 9.91857 9.91859 9.91865 9.91845 9.91811 9.91821

06220 10.32166 10.32226 10.32242 10.32243 10.32189 10.32220

06221 15.08781 15.08792 15.08804 15.08777 15.08730 15.08750

08201 11.05051 11.05035 11.04982 11.05002

08202 9.89451 9.89435 9.89400 9.89417

08203 6.43205 6.43212 6.43223 6.43237

08204 2.52208 2.52247 2.52211 2.52248

51310 18.68169 18.67804 18.68079

GPS1A 9.19052 9.19048 9.19088 9.19052 9.19069

GPS1B 9.49618 9.49600 9.49643 9.49607 9.49633

GPS2A 11.50057 11.50041 11.50020 11.50016 11.50039

GPS3A 6.17714 6.17685 6.17744 6.17739 6.17754

GPS3B 6.25186 6.25159 6.25218 6.25209 6.25223

GPS4B 7.64347 7.64351 7.64400 7.64387 7.64434

GPS6A 3.78171 3.78249 3.78231 3.78282 3.78259

52

GPS6B 3.58303 3.58391 3.58372 3.58426 3.58400

GPS7A 11.08070 11.08073 11.08055 11.08089 11.08068

GPS7B 11.15842 11.15833 11.15805 11.15861 11.15833

GPS8A 4.36435 4.36453 4.36472 4.36421 4.36444

GPS8B 4.78752 4.78768 4.78787 4.78739 4.78763

GPS9A 10.11314 10.11396 10.11375 10.11366 10.11339 10.11347 10.11347 10.11382

GPS9B 9.58873 9.58950 9.58931 9.58912 9.58898 9.58896 9.58908 9.58929

GPS13A 9.59800 9.59788 9.59708 9.59772

GPS13B 9.27417 9.27407 9.27339 9.27403

53

APPENDIX IV: THE GPS PLATFORM OBSERVATIONS


Observation Observation

year

Correction of the extra bolt height

Correction of a rod datum difference

GPS2A GPS2 0.021 2393.034 2005.74 -19.855 -0.081

GPS2 GPS2B 0.007 -2350.954 2005.74 -19.855 -0.081

GPS3A GPS3 0.009 2530.494 2005.74 -19.855 -0.081

GPS3 GPS3B 0.01 -2455.734 2005.74 -19.855 -0.081

GPS4 GPS4B 0.037 -2500.664 2005.74 -19.855 -0.081

GPS6A GPS6 0.011 2284.374 2005.74 -19.855 -0.081

GPS6 GPS6B 0.011 -2482.964 2005.74 -19.855 -0.081

GPS7A GPS7 0.01 2329.934 2005.74 -19.855 -0.081

GPS7 GPS7B 0.01 -2252.414 2005.74 -19.855 -0.081

GPS8A GPS8 0.008 2448.994 2005.74 -19.855 -0.081

GPS8 GPS8B 0.008 -2025.804 2005.74 -19.855 -0.081

GPS9A GPS9 0.021 2569.104 2005.74 -19.855 -0.081

GPS9 GPS9B 0.017 -3093.604 2005.74 -19.855 -0.081

GPS13A GPS13 0.008 1270.554 2005.74 -19.855 -0.081

GPS13 GPS13B 0.011 -1594.434 2005.74 -19.855 -0.081

GPS2A GPS2 0.023 2393.186 2007.73 -19.855 -0.039

GPS2 GPS2B 0.015 -2350.946 2007.73 -19.855 -0.039

GPS3A GPS3 0.009 2530.566 2007.73 -19.855 -0.039

GPS3 GPS3B 0.01 -2455.796 2007.73 -19.855 -0.039

GPS4B GPS4 0.04 2500.876 2007.73 -19.855 -0.039

GPS4 GPS4B 0.042 -2500.966 2007.73 -19.855 -0.039

GPS6A GPS6 0.012 2284.416 2007.73 -19.855 -0.039

GPS6 GPS6B 0.013 -2482.956 2007.73 -19.855 -0.039

GPS7A GPS7 0.011 2329.926 2007.73 -19.855 -0.039

GPS7 GPS7B 0.01 -2252.416 2007.73 -19.855 -0.039

GPS8A GPS8 0.01 2448.986 2007.73 -19.855 -0.039

GPS8 GPS8B 0.006 -2025.886 2007.73 -19.855 -0.039

GPS9A GPS9 0.024 2569.166 2007.73 -19.855 -0.039

GPS9 GPS9B 0.02 -3093.676 2007.73 -19.855 -0.039

GPS13A GPS13 0.009 1270.556 2007.73 -19.855 -0.039

GPS13 GPS13B 0.02 -1594.296 2007.73 -19.855 -0.039

GPS2A GPS2 0.014 2393.181 2009.72 -19.754 -0.045

GPS3A GPS3 0.009 2530.581 2009.72 -19.754 -0.045

GPS3 GPS3B 0.013 -2455.851 2009.72 -19.754 -0.045

GPS4B GPS4 0.036 2500.901 2009.72 -19.754 -0.045

GPS4 GPS4B 0.036 -2500.911 2009.72 -19.754 -0.045

54


Observation Observation

year

Correction of the extra bolt height

Correction of a rod datum difference

GPS6A GPS6 0.012 2284.543 2009.72 -19.912 -0.045

GPS6 GPS6B 0.013 -2483.063 2009.72 -19.912 -0.045

GPS7A GPS7 0.012 2329.931 2009.72 -19.754 -0.045

GPS7 GPS7B 0.014 -2252.211 2009.72 -19.754 -0.045

GPS8A GPS8 0.01 2448.951 2009.72 -19.754 -0.045

GPS8 GPS8B 0.007 -2025.771 2009.72 -19.754 -0.045

GPS9A GPS9 0.01 2569.161 2009.72 -19.754 -0.045

GPS9 GPS9B 0.028 -3093.621 2009.72 -19.754 -0.045

GPS13A GPS13 0.009 1270.411 2009.72 -19.754 -0.045

GPS13 GPS13B 0.019 -1594.141 2009.72 -19.754 -0.045

GPS2 GPS2A 0.026 -2393.208 2011.72 -19.912 0.000

GPS3B GPS3 0.034 2455.91 2011.72 -19.912 0.000

GPS3 GPS3A 0.029 -2530.602 2011.72 -19.912 0.000

GPS4 GPS4B 0.022 -2500.912 2011.72 -19.912 0.000

GPS6A GPS6 0.033 2284.529 2011.72 -19.912 0.000

GPS6 GPS6B 0.032 -2483.116 2011.72 -19.912 0.000

GPS7A GPS7 0.029 2330.022 2011.72 -19.912 0.000

GPS7 GPS7B 0.027 -2252.374 2011.72 -19.912 0.000

GPS9B GPS9 0.045 3093.729 2011.72 -19.912 0.000

GPS9 GPS9A 0.027 -2569.203 2011.72 -19.912 0.000

GPS8A GPS8 0.018 2449.031 2011.72 -19.912 0.000

GPS8 GPS8B 0.02 -2025.844 2011.72 -19.912 0.000

GPS13A GPS13 0.028 1270.483 2011.72 -19.912 0.000

GPS13 GPS13B 0.021 -1594.172 2011.72 -19.912 0.000

55

APPENDIX V: THE FAULT LINE ANALYSIS SUMMARY

BM1 BM2 S Deformation (mm)

Distance (km)

Observation years Location

1 51310 03212 5.6 0.40 0.080 2003 2007 LAPI

2 51310 03212 4.4 0.31 0.080 2003 2011 LAPI

3 51310 03212 1.0 -0.09 0.080 2007 2011 LAPI

4 03212 03202 1.0 -0.23 0.829 2003 2007 LAPI

5 03212 03202 2.9 -0.66 0.829 2003 2011 LAPI

6 03212 03202 1.5 -0.43 0.829 2007 2011 LAPI

7 03202 03203 0.1 0.02 2.058 2003 2007 LAPI

8 03202 03203 1.2 0.43 2.058 2003 2011 LAPI

9 03202 03203 0.9 0.41 2.058 2007 2011 LAPI

10 03203 03204 5.0 1.69 1.850 2003 2007 LAPI

11 03203 03204 5.1 1.73 1.850 2003 2011 LAPI

12 03203 03204 0.1 0.04 1.850 2007 2011 LAPI

13 03204 04001 0.9 0.04 0.017 2007 2011 LAPI

14 04001 04002 1.1 -0.52 2.065 2007 2011 LAPI

15 04002 03205 4.2 0.18 0.017 2007 2011 LAPI

16 03205 04003 1.1 0.43 1.508 2007 2011 LAPI

17 04003 03206 4.0 -0.18 0.019 2007 2011 LAPI

18 03206 03207 0.2 -0.06 2.023 2003 2007 LAPI

19 03206 03207 4.3 -1.52 2.023 2003 2011 LAPI

20 03206 03207 3.2 -1.46 2.023 2007 2011 LAPI

21 03207 04005 0.9 0.27 0.910 2007 2011 LAPI

22 04005 03211 0.2 0.01 0.038 2007 2008 LAPI

23 04005 03211 0.8 -0.04 0.038 2007 2009 LAPI

24 04005 03211 0.9 0.06 0.038 2007 2010 LAPI

25 04005 03211 6.9 -0.44 0.038 2007 2011 LAPI

26 04005 03211 1.4 -0.05 0.038 2008 2009 LAPI

27 04005 03211 0.9 0.05 0.038 2008 2010 LAPI

28 04005 03211 8.9 -0.45 0.038 2008 2011 LAPI

29 04005 03211 1.7 0.10 0.038 2009 2010 LAPI

30 04005 03211 7.6 -0.40 0.038 2009 2011 LAPI

31 04005 03211 7.2 -0.50 0.038 2010 2011 LAPI

32 03211 08204 0.7 -0.06 0.208 2008 2009 LAPI

33 03211 08204 0.0 0.00 0.208 2008 2010 LAPI

34 03211 08204 1.3 0.15 0.208 2008 2011 LAPI

35 03211 08204 0.4 0.06 0.208 2009 2010 LAPI

36 03211 08204 1.7 0.21 0.208 2009 2011 LAPI

37 03211 08204 0.9 0.15 0.208 2010 2011 LAPI

38 08204 08203 2.7 -0.32 0.400 2008 2009 LAPI

56


Distance (km)


39 08204 08203 0.8 0.15 0.400 2008 2010 LAPI

40 08204 08203 0.5 -0.08 0.400 2008 2011 LAPI

41 08204 08203 2.4 0.47 0.400 2009 2010 LAPI

42 08204 08203 1.4 0.24 0.400 2009 2011 LAPI

43 08204 08203 1.0 -0.23 0.400 2010 2011 LAPI

44 08203 03208 0.2 -0.01 0.128 2008 2009 LAPI

45 08203 03208 0.5 -0.05 0.128 2008 2010 LAPI

46 08203 03208 0.8 -0.07 0.128 2008 2011 LAPI

47 08203 03208 0.4 -0.04 0.128 2009 2010 LAPI

48 08203 03208 0.6 -0.06 0.128 2009 2011 LAPI

49 08203 03208 0.2 -0.02 0.128 2010 2011 LAPI

50 03208 04004 2.1 0.12 0.051 2007 2008 LAPI

51 03208 04004 0.7 0.04 0.051 2007 2009 LAPI

52 03208 04004 2.0 0.16 0.051 2007 2010 LAPI

53 03208 04004 3.0 0.22 0.051 2007 2011 LAPI

54 03208 04004 1.9 -0.08 0.051 2008 2009 LAPI

55 03208 04004 0.6 0.04 0.051 2008 2010 LAPI

56 03208 04004 1.7 0.10 0.051 2008 2011 LAPI

57 03208 04004 1.7 0.12 0.051 2009 2010 LAPI

58 03208 04004 3.0 0.18 0.051 2009 2011 LAPI

59 03208 04004 0.8 0.06 0.051 2010 2011 LAPI

60 04004 03216 1.3 -0.52 2.318 2007 2008 LAPI

61 04004 03216 1.4 -0.59 2.318 2007 2009 LAPI

62 04004 03216 1.6 -0.86 2.318 2007 2010 LAPI

63 04004 03216 2.3 -1.12 2.318 2007 2011 LAPI

64 04004 03216 0.3 -0.07 2.318 2008 2009 LAPI

65 04004 03216 0.8 -0.34 2.318 2008 2010 LAPI

66 04004 03216 1.5 -0.60 2.318 2008 2011 LAPI

67 04004 03216 0.6 -0.27 2.318 2009 2010 LAPI

68 04004 03216 1.3 -0.53 2.318 2009 2011 LAPI

69 04004 03216 0.5 -0.26 2.318 2010 2011 LAPI

70 03216 03219 0.0 0.00 0.019 2003 2007 LAPI

71 03216 03219 1.8 0.06 0.019 2003 2011 LAPI

72 03216 03219 1.4 0.06 0.019 2007 2011 LAPI

73 04001 03205 0.7 -0.34 2.056 2007 2011 LAPI

74 04002 03206 1.1 0.43 1.502 2007 2011 LAPI

75 04003 03207 3.6 -1.64 2.011 2007 2011 LAPI

76 03207 03211 2.5 -0.59 0.911 2003 2007 LAPI

77 03207 03211 3.2 -0.76 0.911 2003 2011 LAPI

78 03207 03211 0.5 -0.17 0.911 2007 2011 LAPI

79 04005 03208 1.9 -0.42 0.729 2007 2008 LAPI

57


Distance (km)


80 04005 03208 3.7 -0.86 0.729 2007 2009 LAPI

81 04005 03208 0.9 -0.27 0.729 2007 2010 LAPI

82 04005 03208 3.1 -0.87 0.729 2007 2011 LAPI

83 04005 03208 2.8 -0.44 0.729 2008 2009 LAPI

84 04005 03208 0.6 0.15 0.729 2008 2010 LAPI

85 04005 03208 2.0 -0.45 0.729 2008 2011 LAPI

86 04005 03208 2.3 0.59 0.729 2009 2010 LAPI

87 04005 03208 0.0 -0.01 0.729 2009 2011 LAPI

88 04005 03208 2.0 -0.60 0.729 2010 2011 LAPI

89 03204 03205 2.3 -0.83 2.070 2003 2007 LAPI

90 03204 03205 3.1 -1.13 2.070 2003 2011 LAPI

91 03204 03205 0.6 -0.30 2.070 2007 2011 LAPI

92 03205 03206 3.4 1.06 1.520 2003 2007 LAPI

93 03205 03206 4.2 1.31 1.520 2003 2011 LAPI

94 03205 03206 0.6 0.25 1.520 2007 2011 LAPI

95 03211 03208 8.7 1.91 0.770 2003 2007 LAPI

96 03211 03208 10.8 1.48 0.770 2003 2008 LAPI

97 03211 03208 7.2 1.09 0.770 2003 2009 LAPI

98 03211 03208 6.3 1.58 0.770 2003 2010 LAPI

99 03211 03208 6.7 1.48 0.770 2003 2011 LAPI

100 03211 03208 1.9 -0.43 0.770 2007 2008 LAPI

101 03211 03208 3.5 -0.82 0.770 2007 2009 LAPI

102 03211 03208 1.1 -0.33 0.770 2007 2010 LAPI

103 03211 03208 1.5 -0.43 0.770 2007 2011 LAPI

104 03211 03208 2.4 -0.39 0.770 2008 2009 LAPI

105 03211 03208 0.4 0.10 0.770 2008 2010 LAPI

106 03211 03208 0.0 0.00 0.770 2008 2011 LAPI

107 03211 03208 1.8 0.49 0.770 2009 2010 LAPI

108 03211 03208 1.7 0.39 0.770 2009 2011 LAPI

109 03211 03208 0.3 -0.10 0.770 2010 2011 LAPI

110 03208 03216 0.2 -0.06 2.380 2003 2007 LAPI

111 03208 03216 1.9 -0.46 2.380 2003 2008 LAPI

112 03208 03216 2.3 -0.61 2.380 2003 2009 LAPI

113 03208 03216 1.7 -0.76 2.380 2003 2010 LAPI

114 03208 03216 2.5 -0.96 2.380 2003 2011 LAPI

115 03208 03216 1.0 -0.40 2.380 2007 2008 LAPI

116 03208 03216 1.3 -0.55 2.380 2007 2009 LAPI

117 03208 03216 1.3 -0.70 2.380 2007 2010 LAPI

118 03208 03216 1.8 -0.90 2.380 2007 2011 LAPI

119 03208 03216 0.5 -0.15 2.380 2008 2009 LAPI

120 03208 03216 0.7 -0.30 2.380 2008 2010 LAPI

58


Distance (km)


121 03208 03216 1.3 -0.50 2.380 2008 2011 LAPI

122 03208 03216 0.3 -0.15 2.380 2009 2010 LAPI

123 03208 03216 0.8 -0.35 2.380 2009 2011 LAPI

124 03208 03216 0.4 -0.20 2.380 2010 2011 LAPI

125 04005 08204 1.3 -0.11 0.226 2008 2009 STRAIT

126 04005 08204 0.4 0.05 0.226 2008 2010 STRAIT

127 04005 08204 2.4 -0.30 0.226 2008 2011 STRAIT

128 04005 08204 1.1 0.16 0.226 2009 2010 STRAIT

129 04005 08204 1.5 -0.19 0.226 2009 2011 STRAIT

130 04005 08204 2.1 -0.35 0.226 2010 2011 STRAIT

131 03216 GPS6A 3.8 0.95 2.080 2003 2005 OLKIA

132 03216 GPS6A 2.6 0.94 2.080 2003 2007 OLKIA

133 03216 GPS6A 6.5 1.61 2.080 2003 2009 OLKIA

134 03216 GPS6A 4.3 1.55 2.080 2003 2011 OLKIA

135 03216 GPS6A 0.0 -0.01 2.080 2005 2007 OLKIA

136 03216 GPS6A 2.3 0.66 2.080 2005 2009 OLKIA

137 03216 GPS6A 1.5 0.60 2.080 2005 2011 OLKIA

138 03216 GPS6A 1.7 0.67 2.080 2007 2009 OLKIA

139 03216 GPS6A 1.3 0.61 2.080 2007 2011 OLKIA

140 03216 GPS6A 0.2 -0.06 2.080 2009 2011 OLKIA

141 GPS6A GPS6B 5.8 0.10 0.010 2003 2005 OLKIA

142 GPS6A GPS6B 3.6 0.09 0.010 2003 2007 OLKIA

143 GPS6A GPS6B 7.0 0.12 0.010 2003 2009 OLKIA

144 GPS6A GPS6B 3.6 0.09 0.010 2003 2011 OLKIA

145 GPS6A GPS6B 0.4 -0.01 0.010 2005 2007 OLKIA

146 GPS6A GPS6B 1.0 0.02 0.010 2005 2009 OLKIA

147 GPS6A GPS6B 0.4 -0.01 0.010 2005 2011 OLKIA

148 GPS6A GPS6B 1.1 0.03 0.010 2007 2009 OLKIA

149 GPS6A GPS6B 0.0 0.00 0.010 2007 2011 OLKIA

150 GPS6A GPS6B 1.1 -0.03 0.010 2009 2011 OLKIA

151 GPS6B GPS7A 5.3 -0.85 0.860 2003 2005 OLKIA

152 GPS6B GPS7A 3.6 -0.84 0.860 2003 2007 OLKIA

153 GPS6B GPS7A 6.5 -1.04 0.860 2003 2009 OLKIA

154 GPS6B GPS7A 4.3 -0.99 0.860 2003 2011 OLKIA

155 GPS6B GPS7A 0.0 0.01 0.860 2005 2007 OLKIA

156 GPS6B GPS7A 1.0 -0.19 0.860 2005 2009 OLKIA

157 GPS6B GPS7A 0.6 -0.14 0.860 2005 2011 OLKIA

158 GPS6B GPS7A 0.8 -0.20 0.860 2007 2009 OLKIA

159 GPS6B GPS7A 0.5 -0.15 0.860 2007 2011 OLKIA

160 GPS6B GPS7A 0.2 0.05 0.860 2009 2011 OLKIA

161 GPS7A GPS7B 6.4 -0.12 0.012 2003 2005 OLKIA

59


Distance (km)


162 GPS7A GPS7B 8.0 -0.22 0.012 2003 2007 OLKIA

163 GPS7A GPS7B 0.0 0.00 0.012 2003 2009 OLKIA

164 GPS7A GPS7B 2.5 -0.07 0.012 2003 2011 OLKIA

165 GPS7A GPS7B 3.4 -0.10 0.012 2005 2007 OLKIA

166 GPS7A GPS7B 5.5 0.12 0.012 2005 2009 OLKIA

167 GPS7A GPS7B 1.7 0.05 0.012 2005 2011 OLKIA

168 GPS7A GPS7B 7.5 0.22 0.012 2007 2009 OLKIA

169 GPS7A GPS7B 4.2 0.15 0.012 2007 2011 OLKIA

170 GPS7A GPS7B 2.4 -0.07 0.012 2009 2011 OLKIA

171 GPS7B GPS9A 4.5 0.91 1.355 2003 2005 OLKIA

172 GPS7B GPS9A 3.0 0.89 1.355 2003 2007 OLKIA

173 GPS7B GPS9A 0.7 0.14 1.355 2003 2009 OLKIA

174 GPS7B GPS9A 2.6 0.77 1.355 2003 2011 OLKIA

175 GPS7B GPS9A 0.1 -0.02 1.355 2005 2007 OLKIA

176 GPS7B GPS9A 3.3 -0.77 1.355 2005 2009 OLKIA

177 GPS7B GPS9A 0.4 -0.14 1.355 2005 2011 OLKIA

178 GPS7B GPS9A 2.4 -0.75 1.355 2007 2009 OLKIA

179 GPS7B GPS9A 0.3 -0.12 1.355 2007 2011 OLKIA

180 GPS7B GPS9A 2.0 0.63 1.355 2009 2011 OLKIA

181 GPS9A GPS9B 2.6 -0.05 0.013 2003 2005 OLKIA

182 GPS9A GPS9B 1.4 -0.03 0.013 2003 2006 OLKIA

183 GPS9A GPS9B 4.6 -0.13 0.013 2003 2007 OLKIA

184 GPS9A GPS9B 0.0 0.00 0.013 2003 2008 OLKIA

185 GPS9A GPS9B 5.2 -0.10 0.013 2003 2009 OLKIA

186 GPS9A GPS9B 0.6 0.02 0.013 2003 2010 OLKIA

187 GPS9A GPS9B 4.3 -0.12 0.013 2003 2011 OLKIA

188 GPS9A GPS9B 0.8 0.02 0.013 2005 2006 OLKIA

189 GPS9A GPS9B 2.7 -0.08 0.013 2005 2007 OLKIA

190 GPS9A GPS9B 2.4 0.05 0.013 2005 2008 OLKIA

191 GPS9A GPS9B 2.3 -0.05 0.013 2005 2009 OLKIA

192 GPS9A GPS9B 2.1 0.07 0.013 2005 2010 OLKIA

193 GPS9A GPS9B 2.3 -0.07 0.013 2005 2011 OLKIA

194 GPS9A GPS9B 3.1 -0.10 0.013 2006 2007 OLKIA

195 GPS9A GPS9B 1.3 0.03 0.013 2006 2008 OLKIA

196 GPS9A GPS9B 2.8 -0.07 0.013 2006 2009 OLKIA

197 GPS9A GPS9B 1.4 0.05 0.013 2006 2010 OLKIA

198 GPS9A GPS9B 2.8 -0.09 0.013 2006 2011 OLKIA

199 GPS9A GPS9B 4.5 0.13 0.013 2007 2008 OLKIA

200 GPS9A GPS9B 1.0 0.03 0.013 2007 2009 OLKIA

201 GPS9A GPS9B 3.8 0.15 0.013 2007 2010 OLKIA

202 GPS9A GPS9B 0.3 0.01 0.013 2007 2011 OLKIA

60


Distance (km)


203 GPS9A GPS9B 4.8 -0.10 0.013 2008 2009 OLKIA

204 GPS9A GPS9B 0.6 0.02 0.013 2008 2010 OLKIA

205 GPS9A GPS9B 4.1 -0.12 0.013 2008 2011 OLKIA

206 GPS9A GPS9B 3.5 0.12 0.013 2009 2010 OLKIA

207 GPS9A GPS9B 0.7 -0.02 0.013 2009 2011 OLKIA

208 GPS9A GPS9B 3.5 -0.14 0.013 2010 2011 OLKIA

209 GPS9B GPS8A 2.7 -0.58 1.540 2003 2005 OLKIA

210 GPS9B GPS8A 0.0 -0.01 1.540 2003 2007 OLKIA

211 GPS9B GPS8A 1.7 -0.36 1.540 2003 2009 OLKIA

212 GPS9B GPS8A 1.5 -0.46 1.540 2003 2011 OLKIA

213 GPS9B GPS8A 1.7 0.57 1.540 2005 2007 OLKIA

214 GPS9B GPS8A 0.9 0.22 1.540 2005 2009 OLKIA

215 GPS9B GPS8A 0.4 0.12 1.540 2005 2011 OLKIA

216 GPS9B GPS8A 1.0 -0.35 1.540 2007 2009 OLKIA

217 GPS9B GPS8A 1.1 -0.45 1.540 2007 2011 OLKIA

218 GPS9B GPS8A 0.3 -0.10 1.540 2009 2011 OLKIA

219 GPS8A GPS8B 0.2 -0.02 0.380 2003 2005 OLKIA

220 GPS8A GPS8B 0.1 -0.02 0.380 2003 2007 OLKIA

221 GPS8A GPS8B 0.1 0.01 0.380 2003 2009 OLKIA

222 GPS8A GPS8B 0.1 0.02 0.380 2003 2011 OLKIA

223 GPS8A GPS8B 0.0 0.00 0.380 2005 2007 OLKIA

224 GPS8A GPS8B 0.2 0.03 0.380 2005 2009 OLKIA

225 GPS8A GPS8B 0.2 0.04 0.380 2005 2011 OLKIA

226 GPS8A GPS8B 0.2 0.03 0.380 2007 2009 OLKIA

227 GPS8A GPS8B 0.2 0.04 0.380 2007 2011 OLKIA

228 GPS8A GPS8B 0.1 0.01 0.380 2009 2011 OLKIA

229 GPS8B 03217 1.4 -0.22 0.796 2003 2005 OLKIA

230 GPS8B 03217 1.0 0.23 0.796 2003 2007 OLKIA

231 GPS8B 03217 1.0 0.15 0.796 2003 2009 OLKIA

232 GPS8B 03217 1.7 0.39 0.796 2003 2011 OLKIA

233 GPS8B 03217 1.9 0.45 0.796 2005 2007 OLKIA

234 GPS8B 03217 2.1 0.37 0.796 2005 2009 OLKIA

235 GPS8B 03217 2.5 0.61 0.796 2005 2011 OLKIA

236 GPS8B 03217 0.3 -0.08 0.796 2007 2009 OLKIA

237 GPS8B 03217 0.6 0.16 0.796 2007 2011 OLKIA

238 GPS8B 03217 1.0 0.24 0.796 2009 2011 OLKIA

239 03217 GPS4B 0.5 0.10 1.404 2003 2005 OLKIA

240 03217 GPS4B 0.2 -0.05 1.404 2003 2007 OLKIA

241 03217 GPS4B 1.9 0.38 1.404 2003 2009 OLKIA

242 03217 GPS4B 1.2 0.37 1.404 2003 2011 OLKIA

243 03217 GPS4B 0.5 -0.15 1.404 2005 2007 OLKIA

61


Distance (km)


244 03217 GPS4B 1.2 0.28 1.404 2005 2009 OLKIA

245 03217 GPS4B 0.8 0.27 1.404 2005 2011 OLKIA

246 03217 GPS4B 1.3 0.43 1.404 2007 2009 OLKIA

247 03217 GPS4B 1.1 0.42 1.404 2007 2011 OLKIA

248 03217 GPS4B 0.0 -0.01 1.404 2009 2011 OLKIA

249 GPS4B GPS1A 0.5 -0.08 0.980 2003 2005 OLKIA

250 GPS4B GPS1A 0.7 -0.17 0.980 2003 2007 OLKIA

251 GPS4B GPS1A 2.3 -0.40 0.980 2003 2009 OLKIA

252 GPS4B GPS1A 2.8 -0.70 0.980 2003 2011 OLKIA

253 GPS4B GPS1A 0.3 -0.09 0.980 2005 2007 OLKIA

254 GPS4B GPS1A 1.6 -0.32 0.980 2005 2009 OLKIA

255 GPS4B GPS1A 2.3 -0.62 0.980 2005 2011 OLKIA

256 GPS4B GPS1A 0.9 -0.23 0.980 2007 2009 OLKIA

257 GPS4B GPS1A 1.6 -0.53 0.980 2007 2011 OLKIA

258 GPS4B GPS1A 1.1 -0.30 0.980 2009 2011 OLKIA

259 GPS1A GPS1B 6.4 -0.14 0.016 2003 2005 OLKIA

260 GPS1A GPS1B 3.5 -0.11 0.016 2003 2007 OLKIA

261 GPS1A GPS1B 5.1 -0.11 0.016 2003 2009 OLKIA

262 GPS1A GPS1B 0.6 -0.02 0.016 2003 2011 OLKIA

263 GPS1A GPS1B 0.9 0.03 0.016 2005 2007 OLKIA

264 GPS1A GPS1B 1.2 0.03 0.016 2005 2009 OLKIA

265 GPS1A GPS1B 3.5 0.12 0.016 2005 2011 OLKIA

266 GPS1A GPS1B 0.0 0.00 0.016 2007 2009 OLKIA

267 GPS1A GPS1B 2.2 0.09 0.016 2007 2011 OLKIA

268 GPS1A GPS1B 2.6 0.09 0.016 2009 2011 OLKIA

269 GPS1B 03218 1.5 -0.23 0.820 2003 2005 OLKIA

270 GPS1B 03218 1.2 -0.27 0.820 2003 2007 OLKIA

271 GPS1B 03218 0.6 -0.10 0.820 2003 2009 OLKIA

272 GPS1B 03218 0.6 -0.14 0.820 2003 2011 OLKIA

273 GPS1B 03218 0.2 -0.04 0.820 2005 2007 OLKIA

274 GPS1B 03218 0.7 0.13 0.820 2005 2009 OLKIA

275 GPS1B 03218 0.4 0.09 0.820 2005 2011 OLKIA

276 GPS1B 03218 0.7 0.17 0.820 2007 2009 OLKIA

277 GPS1B 03218 0.4 0.13 0.820 2007 2011 OLKIA

278 GPS1B 03218 0.2 -0.04 0.820 2009 2011 OLKIA

279 GPS2A 03216 0.1 -0.01 0.790 2003 2005 OLKIA

280 GPS2A 03216 0.1 0.03 0.790 2003 2007 OLKIA

281 GPS2A 03216 0.6 -0.09 0.790 2003 2009 OLKIA

282 GPS2A 03216 2.2 -0.49 0.790 2003 2011 OLKIA

283 GPS2A 03216 0.2 0.04 0.790 2005 2007 OLKIA

284 GPS2A 03216 0.5 -0.08 0.790 2005 2009 OLKIA

62


Distance (km)


285 GPS2A 03216 2.0 -0.48 0.790 2005 2011 OLKIA

286 GPS2A 03216 0.5 -0.12 0.790 2007 2009 OLKIA

287 GPS2A 03216 1.8 -0.52 0.790 2007 2011 OLKIA

288 GPS2A 03216 1.7 -0.40 0.790 2009 2011 OLKIA

289 GPS7B GPS13B 0.6 0.18 1.411 2005 2007 OLKIA

290 GPS7B GPS13B 4.5 -1.06 1.411 2005 2009 OLKIA

291 GPS7B GPS13B 0.4 -0.14 1.411 2005 2011 OLKIA

292 GPS7B GPS13B 3.9 -1.24 1.411 2007 2009 OLKIA

293 GPS7B GPS13B 0.8 -0.32 1.411 2007 2011 OLKIA

294 GPS7B GPS13B 2.9 0.92 1.411 2009 2011 OLKIA

295 GPS13B GPS13A 0.7 -0.02 0.012 2005 2007 OLKIA

296 GPS13B GPS13A 6.5 -0.14 0.012 2005 2009 OLKIA

297 GPS13B GPS13A 4.7 -0.14 0.012 2005 2011 OLKIA

298 GPS13B GPS13A 4.1 -0.12 0.012 2007 2009 OLKIA

299 GPS13B GPS13A 3.4 -0.12 0.012 2007 2011 OLKIA

300 GPS13B GPS13A 0.0 0.00 0.012 2009 2011 OLKIA

301 GPS13A GPS9A 0.6 -0.18 1.180 2005 2007 OLKIA

302 GPS13A GPS9A 2.0 0.43 1.180 2005 2009 OLKIA

303 GPS13A GPS9A 0.5 0.14 1.180 2005 2011 OLKIA

304 GPS13A GPS9A 2.1 0.61 1.180 2007 2009 OLKIA

305 GPS13A GPS9A 0.9 0.32 1.180 2007 2011 OLKIA

306 GPS13A GPS9A 1.0 -0.29 1.180 2009 2011 OLKIA

307 03218 GPS2A 1.2 0.25 1.546 2003 2005 OLKIA

308 03218 GPS2A 1.1 -0.35 1.546 2003 2007 OLKIA

309 03218 GPS2A 0.9 -0.20 1.546 2003 2009 OLKIA

310 03218 GPS2A 0.6 -0.19 1.546 2003 2011 OLKIA

311 03218 GPS2A 1.8 -0.60 1.546 2005 2007 OLKIA

312 03218 GPS2A 1.8 -0.45 1.546 2005 2009 OLKIA

313 03218 GPS2A 1.3 -0.44 1.546 2005 2011 OLKIA

314 03218 GPS2A 0.4 0.15 1.546 2007 2009 OLKIA

315 03218 GPS2A 0.4 0.16 1.546 2007 2011 OLKIA

316 03218 GPS2A 0.0 0.01 1.546 2009 2011 OLKIA

317 03216 06217 0.8 -0.23 1.000 2006 2007 ONKALO

318 03216 06217 1.7 -0.35 1.000 2006 2008 ONKALO

319 03216 06217 1.5 -0.34 1.000 2006 2009 ONKALO

320 03216 06217 2.3 -0.73 1.000 2006 2010 ONKALO

321 03216 06217 1.1 -0.32 1.000 2006 2011 ONKALO

322 03216 06217 0.5 -0.12 1.000 2007 2008 ONKALO

323 03216 06217 0.4 -0.11 1.000 2007 2009 ONKALO

324 03216 06217 1.4 -0.50 1.000 2007 2010 ONKALO

325 03216 06217 0.3 -0.09 1.000 2007 2011 ONKALO

63


Distance (km)


326 03216 06217 0.1 0.01 1.000 2008 2009 ONKALO

327 03216 06217 1.3 -0.38 1.000 2008 2010 ONKALO

328 03216 06217 0.1 0.03 1.000 2008 2011 ONKALO

329 03216 06217 1.3 -0.39 1.000 2009 2010 ONKALO

330 03216 06217 0.1 0.02 1.000 2009 2011 ONKALO

331 03216 06217 1.2 0.41 1.000 2010 2011 ONKALO

332 06217 06218 2.1 0.34 0.331 2006 2007 ONKALO

333 06217 06218 2.4 0.29 0.331 2006 2008 ONKALO

334 06217 06218 2.4 0.30 0.331 2006 2009 ONKALO

335 06217 06218 1.7 0.31 0.331 2006 2010 ONKALO

336 06217 06218 1.3 0.21 0.331 2006 2011 ONKALO

337 06217 06218 0.3 -0.05 0.331 2007 2008 ONKALO

338 06217 06218 0.3 -0.04 0.331 2007 2009 ONKALO

339 06217 06218 0.2 -0.03 0.331 2007 2010 ONKALO

340 06217 06218 0.7 -0.13 0.331 2007 2011 ONKALO

341 06217 06218 0.1 0.01 0.331 2008 2009 ONKALO

342 06217 06218 0.1 0.02 0.331 2008 2010 ONKALO

343 06217 06218 0.5 -0.08 0.331 2008 2011 ONKALO

344 06217 06218 0.1 0.01 0.331 2009 2010 ONKALO

345 06217 06218 0.6 -0.09 0.331 2009 2011 ONKALO

346 06217 06218 0.5 -0.10 0.331 2010 2011 ONKALO

347 06218 06219 0.0 0.00 0.337 2006 2007 ONKALO

348 06218 06219 2.6 0.31 0.337 2006 2008 ONKALO

349 06218 06219 1.3 0.17 0.337 2006 2009 ONKALO

350 06218 06219 1.7 0.31 0.337 2006 2010 ONKALO

351 06218 06219 1.0 0.17 0.337 2006 2011 ONKALO

352 06218 06219 2.1 0.31 0.337 2007 2008 ONKALO

353 06218 06219 1.1 0.17 0.337 2007 2009 ONKALO

354 06218 06219 1.5 0.31 0.337 2007 2010 ONKALO

355 06218 06219 0.9 0.17 0.337 2007 2011 ONKALO

356 06218 06219 1.3 -0.14 0.337 2008 2009 ONKALO

357 06218 06219 0.0 0.00 0.337 2008 2010 ONKALO

358 06218 06219 0.9 -0.14 0.337 2008 2011 ONKALO

359 06218 06219 0.8 0.14 0.337 2009 2010 ONKALO

360 06218 06219 0.0 0.00 0.337 2009 2011 ONKALO

361 06218 06219 0.7 -0.14 0.337 2010 2011 ONKALO

362 06219 06220 5.6 0.58 0.131 2006 2007 ONKALO

363 06219 06220 9.0 0.68 0.131 2006 2008 ONKALO

364 06219 06220 11.2 0.89 0.131 2006 2009 ONKALO

365 06219 06220 6.0 0.69 0.131 2006 2010 ONKALO

366 06219 06220 8.7 0.90 0.131 2006 2011 ONKALO

64


Distance (km)


367 06219 06220 1.1 0.10 0.131 2007 2008 ONKALO

368 06219 06220 3.2 0.31 0.131 2007 2009 ONKALO

369 06219 06220 0.8 0.11 0.131 2007 2010 ONKALO

370 06219 06220 2.7 0.32 0.131 2007 2011 ONKALO

371 06219 06220 3.1 0.21 0.131 2008 2009 ONKALO

372 06219 06220 0.1 0.01 0.131 2008 2010 ONKALO

373 06219 06220 2.3 0.22 0.131 2008 2011 ONKALO

374 06219 06220 1.8 -0.20 0.131 2009 2010 ONKALO

375 06219 06220 0.1 0.01 0.131 2009 2011 ONKALO

376 06219 06220 1.6 0.21 0.131 2010 2011 ONKALO

377 06220 06221 5.1 -0.49 0.111 2006 2007 ONKALO

378 06220 06221 7.6 -0.53 0.111 2006 2008 ONKALO

379 06220 06221 11.0 -0.81 0.111 2006 2009 ONKALO

380 06220 06221 7.0 -0.74 0.111 2006 2010 ONKALO

381 06220 06221 8.9 -0.85 0.111 2006 2011 ONKALO

382 06220 06221 0.5 -0.04 0.111 2007 2008 ONKALO

383 06220 06221 3.6 -0.32 0.111 2007 2009 ONKALO

384 06220 06221 2.1 -0.25 0.111 2007 2010 ONKALO

385 06220 06221 3.3 -0.36 0.111 2007 2011 ONKALO

386 06220 06221 4.6 -0.28 0.111 2008 2009 ONKALO

387 06220 06221 2.1 -0.21 0.111 2008 2010 ONKALO

388 06220 06221 3.7 -0.32 0.111 2008 2011 ONKALO

389 06220 06221 0.7 0.07 0.111 2009 2010 ONKALO

390 06220 06221 0.4 -0.04 0.111 2009 2011 ONKALO

391 06220 06221 0.9 -0.11 0.111 2010 2011 ONKALO

392 06221 03216 0.8 -0.20 0.727 2006 2007 ONKALO

393 06221 03216 2.3 -0.40 0.727 2006 2008 ONKALO

394 06221 03216 1.1 -0.21 0.727 2006 2009 ONKALO

395 06221 03216 0.6 0.17 0.727 2006 2010 ONKALO

396 06221 03216 0.5 -0.11 0.727 2006 2011 ONKALO

397 06221 03216 0.9 -0.20 0.727 2007 2008 ONKALO

398 06221 03216 0.0 -0.01 0.727 2007 2009 ONKALO

399 06221 03216 1.2 0.37 0.727 2007 2010 ONKALO

400 06221 03216 0.3 0.09 0.727 2007 2011 ONKALO

401 06221 03216 1.2 0.19 0.727 2008 2009 ONKALO

402 06221 03216 2.3 0.57 0.727 2008 2010 ONKALO

403 06221 03216 1.3 0.29 0.727 2008 2011 ONKALO

404 06221 03216 1.5 0.38 0.727 2009 2010 ONKALO

405 06221 03216 0.4 0.10 0.727 2009 2011 ONKALO

406 06221 03216 0.9 -0.28 0.727 2010 2011 ONKALO

407 06219 08202 0.8 0.04 0.081 2008 2009 ONKALO

65


Distance (km)


408 06219 08202 0.3 0.03 0.081 2008 2010 ONKALO

409 06219 08202 1.4 0.10 0.081 2008 2011 ONKALO

410 06219 08202 0.1 -0.01 0.081 2009 2010 ONKALO

411 06219 08202 0.8 0.06 0.081 2009 2011 ONKALO

412 06219 08202 0.7 0.07 0.081 2010 2011 ONKALO

413 08202 06220 4.1 0.17 0.050 2008 2009 ONKALO

414 08202 06220 0.3 -0.02 0.050 2008 2010 ONKALO

415 08202 06220 2.1 0.12 0.050 2008 2011 ONKALO

416 08202 06220 2.8 -0.19 0.050 2009 2010 ONKALO

417 08202 06220 0.8 -0.05 0.050 2009 2011 ONKALO

418 08202 06220 1.8 0.14 0.050 2010 2011 ONKALO

419 06221 08201 3.1 0.11 0.036 2008 2009 ONKALO

420 06221 08201 0.9 0.05 0.036 2008 2010 ONKALO

421 06221 08201 1.0 0.05 0.036 2008 2011 ONKALO

422 06221 08201 1.0 -0.06 0.036 2009 2010 ONKALO

423 06221 08201 1.2 -0.06 0.036 2009 2011 ONKALO

424 06221 08201 0.0 0.00 0.036 2010 2011 ONKALO

425 08201 03216 0.5 0.08 0.691 2008 2009 ONKALO

426 08201 03216 2.1 0.52 0.691 2008 2010 ONKALO

427 08201 03216 1.1 0.24 0.691 2008 2011 ONKALO

428 08201 03216 1.7 0.44 0.691 2009 2010 ONKALO

429 08201 03216 0.7 0.16 0.691 2009 2011 ONKALO

430 08201 03216 0.9 -0.28 0.691 2010 2011 ONKALO

431 GPS9B 06213 4.3 0.37 0.089 2006 2007 VLJ

432 GPS9B 06213 4.7 0.29 0.089 2006 2008 VLJ

433 GPS9B 06213 0.5 0.03 0.089 2006 2009 VLJ

434 GPS9B 06213 2.9 0.28 0.089 2006 2010 VLJ

435 GPS9B 06213 2.9 -0.25 0.089 2006 2011 VLJ

436 GPS9B 06213 1.0 -0.08 0.089 2007 2008 VLJ

437 GPS9B 06213 4.2 -0.34 0.089 2007 2009 VLJ

438 GPS9B 06213 0.9 -0.09 0.089 2007 2010 VLJ

439 GPS9B 06213 6.4 -0.62 0.089 2007 2011 VLJ

440 GPS9B 06213 4.8 -0.26 0.089 2008 2009 VLJ

441 GPS9B 06213 0.1 -0.01 0.089 2008 2010 VLJ

442 GPS9B 06213 7.0 -0.54 0.089 2008 2011 VLJ

443 GPS9B 06213 2.8 0.25 0.089 2009 2010 VLJ

444 GPS9B 06213 3.5 -0.28 0.089 2009 2011 VLJ

445 GPS9B 06213 5.0 -0.53 0.089 2010 2011 VLJ

446 06213 06214 1.4 0.14 0.129 2006 2007 VLJ

447 06213 06214 2.0 0.15 0.129 2006 2008 VLJ

448 06213 06214 2.9 0.23 0.129 2006 2009 VLJ

66


Distance (km)


449 06213 06214 1.5 0.17 0.129 2006 2010 VLJ

450 06213 06214 3.0 0.31 0.129 2006 2011 VLJ

451 06213 06214 0.1 0.01 0.129 2007 2008 VLJ

452 06213 06214 0.9 0.09 0.129 2007 2009 VLJ

453 06213 06214 0.2 0.03 0.129 2007 2010 VLJ

454 06213 06214 1.4 0.17 0.129 2007 2011 VLJ

455 06213 06214 1.2 0.08 0.129 2008 2009 VLJ

456 06213 06214 0.2 0.02 0.129 2008 2010 VLJ

457 06213 06214 1.7 0.16 0.129 2008 2011 VLJ

458 06213 06214 0.6 -0.06 0.129 2009 2010 VLJ

459 06213 06214 0.8 0.08 0.129 2009 2011 VLJ

460 06213 06214 1.1 0.14 0.129 2010 2011 VLJ

461 06214 06215 1.2 -0.10 0.079 2006 2007 VLJ

462 06214 06215 3.2 -0.19 0.079 2006 2008 VLJ

463 06214 06215 0.6 -0.04 0.079 2006 2009 VLJ

464 06214 06215 1.4 -0.13 0.079 2006 2010 VLJ

465 06214 06215 0.3 -0.02 0.079 2006 2011 VLJ

466 06214 06215 1.2 -0.09 0.079 2007 2008 VLJ

467 06214 06215 0.8 0.06 0.079 2007 2009 VLJ

468 06214 06215 0.3 -0.03 0.079 2007 2010 VLJ

469 06214 06215 0.9 0.08 0.079 2007 2011 VLJ

470 06214 06215 2.9 0.15 0.079 2008 2009 VLJ

471 06214 06215 0.7 0.06 0.079 2008 2010 VLJ

472 06214 06215 2.3 0.17 0.079 2008 2011 VLJ

473 06214 06215 1.1 -0.09 0.079 2009 2010 VLJ

474 06214 06215 0.3 0.02 0.079 2009 2011 VLJ

475 06214 06215 1.1 0.11 0.079 2010 2011 VLJ

476 06215 06216 1.5 0.15 0.120 2006 2007 VLJ

477 06215 06216 2.5 0.18 0.120 2006 2008 VLJ

478 06215 06216 2.9 0.22 0.120 2006 2009 VLJ

479 06215 06216 2.4 0.26 0.120 2006 2010 VLJ

480 06215 06216 1.7 0.17 0.120 2006 2011 VLJ

481 06215 06216 0.4 0.03 0.120 2007 2008 VLJ

482 06215 06216 0.8 0.07 0.120 2007 2009 VLJ

483 06215 06216 0.9 0.11 0.120 2007 2010 VLJ

484 06215 06216 0.2 0.02 0.120 2007 2011 VLJ

485 06215 06216 0.6 0.04 0.120 2008 2009 VLJ

486 06215 06216 0.8 0.08 0.120 2008 2010 VLJ

487 06215 06216 0.2 -0.01 0.120 2008 2011 VLJ

488 06215 06216 0.4 0.04 0.120 2009 2010 VLJ

489 06215 06216 0.6 -0.05 0.120 2009 2011 VLJ

67


Distance (km)


490 06215 06216 0.8 -0.09 0.120 2010 2011 VLJ

491 06216 GPS9A 3.0 -0.46 0.293 2006 2007 VLJ

492 06216 GPS9A 4.1 -0.47 0.293 2006 2008 VLJ

493 06216 GPS9A 3.1 -0.37 0.293 2006 2009 VLJ

494 06216 GPS9A 3.6 -0.63 0.293 2006 2010 VLJ

495 06216 GPS9A 0.7 -0.11 0.293 2006 2011 VLJ

496 06216 GPS9A 0.0 -0.01 0.293 2007 2008 VLJ

497 06216 GPS9A 0.6 0.09 0.293 2007 2009 VLJ

498 06216 GPS9A 0.9 -0.17 0.293 2007 2010 VLJ

499 06216 GPS9A 2.0 0.35 0.293 2007 2011 VLJ

500 06216 GPS9A 1.0 0.10 0.293 2008 2009 VLJ

501 06216 GPS9A 1.0 -0.16 0.293 2008 2010 VLJ

502 06216 GPS9A 2.5 0.35 0.293 2008 2011 VLJ

503 06216 GPS9A 1.6 -0.26 0.293 2009 2010 VLJ

504 06216 GPS9A 1.8 0.26 0.293 2009 2011 VLJ

505 06216 GPS9A 2.7 0.52 0.293 2010 2011 VLJ

506 GPS9A 06213 3.2 0.27 0.085 2006 2007 VLJ

507 GPS9A 06213 5.3 0.32 0.085 2006 2008 VLJ

508 GPS9A 06213 0.6 -0.04 0.085 2006 2009 VLJ

509 GPS9A 06213 3.5 0.33 0.085 2006 2010 VLJ

510 GPS9A 06213 4.1 -0.34 0.085 2006 2011 VLJ

511 GPS9A 06213 0.7 0.05 0.085 2007 2008 VLJ

512 GPS9A 06213 3.9 -0.31 0.085 2007 2009 VLJ

513 GPS9A 06213 0.6 0.06 0.085 2007 2010 VLJ

514 GPS9A 06213 6.4 -0.61 0.085 2007 2011 VLJ

515 GPS9A 06213 6.7 -0.36 0.085 2008 2009 VLJ

516 GPS9A 06213 0.1 0.01 0.085 2008 2010 VLJ

517 GPS9A 06213 8.8 -0.66 0.085 2008 2011 VLJ

518 GPS9A 06213 4.2 0.37 0.085 2009 2010 VLJ

519 GPS9A 06213 3.8 -0.30 0.085 2009 2011 VLJ

520 GPS9A 06213 6.5 -0.67 0.085 2010 2011 VLJ

521 06216 GPS9B 3.7 -0.56 0.282 2006 2007 VLJ

522 06216 GPS9B 3.9 -0.44 0.282 2006 2008 VLJ

523 06216 GPS9B 3.8 -0.44 0.282 2006 2009 VLJ

524 06216 GPS9B 3.4 -0.58 0.282 2006 2010 VLJ

525 06216 GPS9B 1.3 -0.20 0.282 2006 2011 VLJ

526 06216 GPS9B 0.9 0.12 0.282 2007 2008 VLJ

527 06216 GPS9B 0.8 0.12 0.282 2007 2009 VLJ

528 06216 GPS9B 0.1 -0.02 0.282 2007 2010 VLJ

529 06216 GPS9B 2.1 0.36 0.282 2007 2011 VLJ

530 06216 GPS9B 0.0 0.00 0.282 2008 2009 VLJ

68


Distance (km)


531 06216 GPS9B 0.9 -0.14 0.282 2008 2010 VLJ

532 06216 GPS9B 1.7 0.23 0.282 2008 2011 VLJ

533 06216 GPS9B 0.9 -0.14 0.282 2009 2010 VLJ

534 06216 GPS9B 1.6 0.24 0.282 2009 2011 VLJ

535 06216 GPS9B 2.0 0.38 0.282 2010 2011 VLJ

536 03218 GPS3B 0.9 0.14 0.851 2003 2005 OLKB

537 03218 GPS3B 1.5 0.34 0.851 2003 2007 OLKB

538 03218 GPS3B 2.8 0.44 0.851 2003 2009 OLKB

539 03218 GPS3B 1.6 0.36 0.851 2003 2011 OLKB

540 03218 GPS3B 0.8 0.20 0.851 2005 2007 OLKB

541 03218 GPS3B 1.6 0.30 0.851 2005 2009 OLKB

542 03218 GPS3B 0.9 0.22 0.851 2005 2011 OLKB

543 03218 GPS3B 0.4 0.10 0.851 2007 2009 OLKB

544 03218 GPS3B 0.1 0.02 0.851 2007 2011 OLKB

545 03218 GPS3B 0.3 -0.08 0.851 2009 2011 OLKB

546 GPS3B GPS3A 1.1 -0.02 0.011 2003 2005 OLKB

547 GPS3B GPS3A 0.8 -0.02 0.011 2003 2007 OLKB

548 GPS3B GPS3A 1.1 0.02 0.011 2003 2009 OLKB

549 GPS3B GPS3A 1.1 0.03 0.011 2003 2011 OLKB

550 GPS3B GPS3A 0.0 0.00 0.011 2005 2007 OLKB

551 GPS3B GPS3A 1.9 0.04 0.011 2005 2009 OLKB

552 GPS3B GPS3A 1.8 0.05 0.011 2005 2011 OLKB

553 GPS3B GPS3A 1.4 0.04 0.011 2007 2009 OLKB

554 GPS3B GPS3A 1.5 0.05 0.011 2007 2011 OLKB

555 GPS3B GPS3A 0.4 0.01 0.011 2009 2011 OLKB

556 GPS3A 03218 0.8 -0.12 0.862 2003 2005 OLKB

557 GPS3A 03218 1.4 -0.32 0.862 2003 2007 OLKB

558 GPS3A 03218 2.9 -0.46 0.862 2003 2009 OLKB

559 GPS3A 03218 1.7 -0.39 0.862 2003 2011 OLKB

560 GPS3A 03218 0.8 -0.20 0.862 2005 2007 OLKB

561 GPS3A 03218 1.8 -0.34 0.862 2005 2009 OLKB

562 GPS3A 03218 1.1 -0.27 0.862 2005 2011 OLKB

563 GPS3A 03218 0.6 -0.14 0.862 2007 2009 OLKB

564 GPS3A 03218 0.2 -0.07 0.862 2007 2011 OLKB

565 GPS3A 03218 0.3 0.07 0.862 2009 2011 OLKB

Documents

The Analysis of the Bedrock Deformation in …5 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE LEVELLING WORK All important areas in Olkiluoto have been connected by the levelling network (Figure1). During