The 20’s in USThe 20’s in USAn era of prosperity,An era of prosperity,

Republican power, Republican power,

and conflictand conflict

1920's collectively known as the "Roaring 20's", or the 1920's collectively known as the "Roaring 20's", or the "Jazz Age""Jazz Age"

in sum, a period of great change in American Society - in sum, a period of great change in American Society - modern America is born at this timemodern America is born at this time

for first time for first time the census reflected an urban societythe census reflected an urban society - - people had moved into cities to enjoy a higher standard people had moved into cities to enjoy a higher standard of livingof living

AgeAge of Prosperityof Prosperity Economic expansionEconomic expansion Mass Production Mass Production Assembly LineAssembly Line Age of the AutomobileAge of the Automobile

Ailing Agriculture…Ailing Agriculture…

an an agri. depressionagri. depression in early in early 1920's contributed to this 1920's contributed to this urban migrationurban migration

U.S. farmers lost agri. markets U.S. farmers lost agri. markets in postwar Europein postwar Europe

at same time agri. efficiency at same time agri. efficiency increased so more food increased so more food produced (more food = lower produced (more food = lower prices) and fewer labourers prices) and fewer labourers neededneeded

so farming was no longer as so farming was no longer as prosperous, and bankers called prosperous, and bankers called in their loans (farms in their loans (farms repossessed)repossessed)

so American farmers enter the so American farmers enter the Depression in advance of the Depression in advance of the rest of societyrest of society

Black Americans in Black Americans in this period continued this period continued to live in povertyto live in poverty

sharecroppingsharecropping kept kept them in them in de factode facto slaveryslavery

1915 - 1915 - boll weevilboll weevil wiped out the cotton wiped out the cotton crop crop

white landowners white landowners went bankrupt & went bankrupt & forced blacks off their forced blacks off their landland

Blacks moved north to take Blacks moved north to take advantage of booming wartime advantage of booming wartime industry (= industry (= Great MigrationGreat Migration) - Black ) - Black ghettoes began to form, i.e. ghettoes began to form, i.e. HarlemHarlem

within these ghettoes a distinct Black within these ghettoes a distinct Black culture flourishedculture flourished

But both blacks and whites wanted But both blacks and whites wanted cultural interchange restrictedcultural interchange restricted

Marcus Garvey (Jamaican born Marcus Garvey (Jamaican born immigrant) established the immigrant) established the Universal Negro Improvement Universal Negro Improvement AssociationAssociation

believed in Black pridebelieved in Black pride advocated racial segregation b/c of advocated racial segregation b/c of

Black superiorityBlack superiority Garvey believed Blacks should Garvey believed Blacks should

return to Africareturn to Africa he purchased a ship to start the he purchased a ship to start the

Black StarBlack Star line line attracted many investments: gov't attracted many investments: gov't

charged him with w/fraud charged him with w/fraud he was found guilty and eventually he was found guilty and eventually

deported to Jamaica, but his deported to Jamaica, but his organization continued to existorganization continued to exist

Consumer EconomyConsumer Economy

Culture of the Roaring 20’sCulture of the Roaring 20’sRadio

KDKA PittsburghGE, Westinghouse,&

RCA form NBC

Silent MoviesCharlie Chaplin

“Talkies”The Jazz SingerStarring Al Jolson

Mary Pickford“America’s Sweetheart”

The 20’s The 20’s isis The Jazz AgeThe Jazz AgeThe Flappers

make upcigarettes

short skirts

MusiciansLouis ArmstrongDuke Ellington

WritersF. Scott FitzgeraldErnest Hemingway

1920's also brought about 1920's also brought about great changes for great changes for women...women...

1920 - 19th Amendment 1920 - 19th Amendment gave them the federal votegave them the federal vote

after 1920, social after 1920, social circumstances changed too circumstances changed too as more women worked as more women worked outside the homeoutside the home

and more women went to and more women went to college and clamoured to college and clamoured to join the professionsjoin the professions

women didn't want to women didn't want to sacrifice wartime gains - sacrifice wartime gains - amounted to a social revoltamounted to a social revolt

characterized by the characterized by the FLAPPER/ "new woman"FLAPPER/ "new woman"– (bobbed hair, short dresses, (bobbed hair, short dresses,

smoked in public...)smoked in public...)

A Society in ConflictA Society in Conflict Anti-immigrant Anti-immigrant

– National Origins ActNational Origins Act

– DiscriminationDiscrimination

Sacco-Vanzetti TrialSacco-Vanzetti Trial– Italian immigrantsItalian immigrants

– Unfair trialUnfair trial

for immigrants – the point of origin for immigrants – the point of origin had shifted to S & E Europe and new had shifted to S & E Europe and new religions appeared: Jewish, religions appeared: Jewish, Orthodox, CatholicOrthodox, Catholic

N. European immigrants of early 19c. N. European immigrants of early 19c. feared this shift and felt it would feared this shift and felt it would undermine Protestant valuesundermine Protestant values

this fear was known as NATIVISMthis fear was known as NATIVISM many wanted Congress to restrict many wanted Congress to restrict

immigration, leading to a quota immigration, leading to a quota system that favoured n. areas of system that favoured n. areas of EuropeEurope

fear of immigrants (from SE Europe) fear of immigrants (from SE Europe) led to a sentiment known as the Red led to a sentiment known as the Red Scare (fear of comm. post-Bolshevik Scare (fear of comm. post-Bolshevik Rev.)Rev.)

at this time, W. at this time, W. Wilson was gravely Wilson was gravely ill following a strokeill following a stroke

his Attorney his Attorney General, General, A. Mitchell A. Mitchell PalmerPalmer, wanted to , wanted to take a shot at the take a shot at the presidency - he used presidency - he used fears of both fears of both immigrants and immigrants and communism to his communism to his advantageadvantage

he had he had J. Edgar J. Edgar HooverHoover round up round up suspected radicals, suspected radicals, many of which were many of which were deported (deported (Palmer Palmer RaidsRaids))

The Ku Klux KlanThe Ku Klux Klan Great increase

In powerAnti-black

Anti-immigrant

Anti-women’s suffrage

Anti-bootleggers

Anti-Semitic

Anti-Catholic

ProhibitionProhibition18th Amendment Volstead Act

Gangsters

Al Capone

PROHIBITION - on manuf. PROHIBITION - on manuf. and sale of alcoholand sale of alcohol

adopted in 1919 - adopted in 1919 - 18th 18th AMENDMENTAMENDMENT

an outgrowth of the longtime an outgrowth of the longtime temperance movementtemperance movement

in WWI, temperance became a in WWI, temperance became a patriotic mvmt. - drunkenness patriotic mvmt. - drunkenness caused low productivity & caused low productivity & inefficiency, and alcohol inefficiency, and alcohol needed to treat the wounded needed to treat the wounded

a difficult law to enforce... a difficult law to enforce... organized crime, speakeasies, organized crime, speakeasies, bootleggers were on the risebootleggers were on the rise

Al Capone virtually controlled Al Capone virtually controlled Chicago in this period - Chicago in this period - capitalism at its zenith…capitalism at its zenith…

Prohibition finally ended in Prohibition finally ended in 1933 w/ the 1933 w/ the 21st Amendment21st Amendment

forced organized crime to forced organized crime to pursue other interests…pursue other interests…