The 19th & 20th Centuries

Influences Affecting The Language (sec 211, pg 289)

The Growth of Science (sec 212, pg 290)

Automobile, Film, Broadcasting, Computer (sec 213, pg 291)

Nur Syahirah bt Effendy 176049

Influences Affecting the Language

War against Russia in the Crimea (1854 -1856) and contests among Indian princes turned English to the eastFactors in establishing English society to a more democratic one: Reorganization of parliament Revision of the penal code and poor

laws Restrictions placed on child labor

Factors helping uniting parts of

Britain spreading influence of

standard speech

o First cheap newspaper (1816)

o First cheap postage (1840)

o Improved travel and communication

Development in Science in the last

200 years

Other influences include:

• World wars

• Sports and amusements

The Growth of Science

Medicine bacteriology, biochemistry,

genetics, diagnosis, treatmentAnemia, appendicitis, bronchitis,

AIDS, anesthetic, vaccinateMetabolism, proteins,

carbohyddrates, allergy, cholestrol

Electricity

dynamo and alternating current have

been in the language since 1870

Physics calorie, electron, ultraviolet rays,

atomic energy, laser

Chemistry alkali, benzine, cyanide, radium

Psychology

schizophrenia, extrovert, introvert,

psychoanalysis

Space (1960s)

astronaut, spacecraft, space shuttle,

countdown

Automobile, Film, Broadcasting, ComputerOld words New words– To park a cannon = park a car

Automobile– Truck (American) & lorry (British), steering

wheel, hood (American) & bonnet (British),

garage

Film– cinema & moving picture (1899), screen,

reel, 3D

Broadcasting

Radio (1925), television (1904)

Broadcast, microphone, loudspeaker,

announcer, transmitter, cable, DVD,

teleprompter

Thomas Edison’s phonograph in 1877

Computer

first electronic digital computer (World War 2)

Program, memory, hardwarePersonal computers in 1980sPC, RAM, byte, cursor, softwareGrace Hopper discovered a bug in the Mark

II at Harvard (1945) and taped in logbook for September 9, 1945

The 1972 Supplement to the OED records bug as a problem as early as 1889 by Thomas Edison