Wolfgang Frey (Editor)

Syllabusof Plant FamiliesA. Engler,s Syllabus der P anzenfamilien

4 Pinopsida (Gymnosperms), Magnoliopsida (Angiosperms) p.p.:Subclass Magnoliidae [Amborellanae to Magnolianae, Lilianae p.p. (Acorales to Asparagales)]

B

13th ed.

Borntraeger

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sPart 4 Pinopsida (Gymnosperms),

Magnoliopsida (Angiosperms) p.p.: Subclass Magnoliidae [Amborellanae to

Magnolianae, Lilianae p.p. (Acorales to

Asparagales)]

Eberhard Fischer Pinopsida (Gymnosperms)

Wolfgang Frey

Eberhard Fischer Magnoliopsida (Angiosperms) p.p.:

Subclass Magnoliidae [Amborellanae to Magnolianae,

Lilianae p.p. (Acorales to Asparagales)]

Eberhard Fischer Orchidaceae

with contributions of

Inge Theisen

Borntraeger Science Publishers 2015

Syllabus of Plant FamiliesAdolf Engler’s Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien13th edition by Wolfgang Frey

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ISBN 978-3-443-01060-7 (Complete work)

ISBN 978-3-443-01087-4 (Part 4)

Information on this title: www.borntraeger-cramer.com/9783443010874© 2015 Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, 70176 Stuttgart, Germany

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,

in any form or by means, electronic, mechanical photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written

permission of Gebr. Borntraeger Science Publisher.

Publisher: Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung

Johannesstraße 3A, 70176 Stuttgart, Germany

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mail@borntraeger-cramer.de

∞ Printed on permanent paper conforming to ISO 9706-1994

Typesetting: Satzpunkt Ursula Ewert GmbH, Bayreuth

Printed in Germany

Engler’s Syllabus of Pla nt Families, 13. Edition, Part 4

Address of the editor: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Frey, Ortlerweg 39d, 12207 Berlin, Germany

13. edition 2009, 2012, 2015 (English)

12. edition 1954 (German)

11. edition 1936 (German)

9./10. edition 1924 (German)

8. edition 1919 (German)

7. edition 1912 (German)

6. edition 1909 (German)

5. edition 1907 (German)

4. edition 1904 (German)

3. edition 1903 (German)

2. edition 1898 (German)

1. edition 1892 (German)

Cover: From the top left to bottom right.

Picea orientalis (Pinopsida: Pinaceae), Amborella trichopoda (Magnoliopsida: Amborellaceae), Nymphaea thermarum (Nymphaeaceae), Pseudohydrosme gabonensis (Araceae), Fritillaria latifolia (Liliaceae), Calypso bulbosa (Orchidaceae).

Photos: E. Fischer.

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Preface

Half a century ago, the 12th edition (vol. 1, 1954) of Adolf Engler´s well-known “Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien” (“Syllabus of Plant Families”), ed. by H. Melchior and E. Werdermann was published. Later, a revision of the mosses (13th ed., Kapitel V,2 Bryophytina), by K. Walther, followed in 1983.

The 13th edition will be published in five parts, starting in 2009 with Part 3 “Bryophytes and seedless Vascular Plants” and followed in 2012 by Part 1/1 “Blue-green Algae, Myxo-mycetes and Myxomycete-like organisms, Phytoparasitic protists, Heterotrophic Hetero-kontobionta and Fungi p.p.” and 2015 by Part 2/1 “Eukaryotic Algae [Glaucobionta, Het-erokontobionta p.p. (Cryptophyta, Dinophyta, Haptophyta, Heterokontophyta), Chlorarachniophyta, Euglenophyta, Chlorophyta, Streptophyta p.p.” (except Rhodobi-onta). Now Part 4 “Pinopsida (Gymnosperms), Magnoliopsida (Angiosperms) p.p.: Sub-class Magnoliidae [Amborellanae to Magnolianae, Lilianae p.p. (Acorales to Asparagales)] is ready.

Numerous molecular analyses led to new insights and a better understanding of the evo-lution and systematics of the plant groups and fungi. On the other hand, “classical” morpho-logical and taxonomical expertise is in decline, especially for less showy groups of organisms. As also noted in Part 3, “we are convinced that in the ‘molecular times’ there is an indispen-sable need to preserve the knowledge of the whole diversity and biology of organisms for the next generations. Otherwise, we will not be able to educate experts in the future who will maintain our knowledge of the full range of the earth’s biodiversity”:

The present volume provides a basic treatise of the world-wide morphological and mo-lecular diversity of the Pinopsida (Gymnosperms) and Magnoliopsida (Angiosperms) p.p.: Subclass Magnoliidae [Amborellanae to Magnolianae, Lilianae p.p. (Acorales to Aspara-gales)].

Following the tradition of Engler, and incorporating the latest results from molecular phylogenetics and phylogenomics, the editor and the authors hope to have created an up-to-date overview of families and genera that will serve as reference for a long time.

The authors and the editor are grateful to the publisher, Dr. A. Nägele, for realizing this basic and fundamental systematic treatment, the Syllabus of Plant Families.

Berlin, March 2015 W. Frey

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Contents

Abbreviations, Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Pinopsida (Gymnosperms) and Magnoliopsida (Angiosperms) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3 Pinopsida (Gymnosperms, Gymnospermopsida, Gymnospermae) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Characterization and relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Synopsis of classification of the Spermatophytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Systematic arrangement of taxa of the Pinopsida (Gymnosperms) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Pinopsida (Gymnosperms) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 “Pteridospermatidae” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Cycadidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Ginkgoidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Gnetidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Pinidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

4 Magnoliopsida p.p. (Angiosperms, Angiospermae) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Magnoliopsida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Characterization and relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Synopsis of classification of the Magnoliipsida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Systematic arrangement of taxa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Magnoliopsida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Magnoliidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Amborellanae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Amborellales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Nymphaeanae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Nymphaeales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Austrobaileyanae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Austrobaileyales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Magnolianae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Chloranthales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Canellales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Piperales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Laurales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Magnoliales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Lilianae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Acorales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Alismatales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Petrosaviales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Dioscoreales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Pandanales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

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VIII Contents

Liliales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Asparagales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

5 Taxonomic novelties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466

Sources of Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

Index to Taxa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

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s1 Introduction

The last two and a half decades provided revolutionary new insights into the phylogeny and diversity of organisms on earth. Especially the gymnosperms and the flowering plants have been in the focus of intensive research studies. The relationships were considerably revised.

The most important insights from recent molecular phylogenies and phylogenomic evi-dence allow a new understanding of the relationships between and within the taxa of the gymnosperms and angiosperms and are treated in the view of our decade, including mor-pho-anatomical, molecular and ecological results of the last three decades and bringing them on an up-to date presentation of these plants groups.

The present Part 4 of the 13th edition of “Engler’s Syllabus of Plant Families” gives an up-to-date review of the Pinopsida (Gymnosperms ) and Magnoliopsida (Angiosperms ) p.p.: Subclass Magnoliidae [Amborellanae to Magnolianae , Lilianae p.p. (Acorales to Aspara-gales )] and the relationships on family and generic level, integrating morphological-anatom-ical and molecular data. It provides a thorough treatise of Gymnosperms and of part of the Angiosperms. In the Gymnosperms, the extinct diversity is included, and the present treatise is a first synthesis of classical anatomical-morphological characters with modern molecular data combined with the numerous new discoveries of fossils especially from China made during the last ten years.

The Angiosperms are the most diverse group of plants and form nearly 95% of the global vegetation from arctic tundra, resp. subantarctic vegetation formations, to tropical rainfor-ests. There is actually no comprehensive survey covering all families and genera of angio-sperms. Engler’s Syllabus is an attempt to fill this gap by covering all angiosperms in two volumes arranged according to the most recent phylogenetic system of APG III (2009). In this first volume all families and genera of Magnoliids are described. The monocotyledonous families are covered by the orders Acorales and Alismatales as well as all groups of Liliid orders and families (Petrosaviales , Dioscoreales , Pandanales , Liliales and Asparagales ). Es-pecially Asparagales, comprising c. 40% of all extant monocotyledons, include numerous commercially important ornamental plants in Orchidaceae , Alliaceae and Iridaceae . Also, several economically important species are found in genera like Allium , Aloë, Asparagus , Crocus , and Vanilla . The Orchidaceae are included with a fully revised and modern treatise, thus representing one of the two most species-rich families of plants. The remaining mono-cotyledonous groups (Arecales , Commelinales , Poales , Zingiberales and Dasypogonales ) and the core eudicotyledons will be treated in Part 5.

W. Frey

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s2 Pinopsida (Gymnosperms ) and Magnoliopsida

(Angiosperms )

Pinopsida (Gymnosperms ) and Magnoliopsida (Angiosperms ) are seed plants producing plants with a sporophyte-dominant alternation of generations. The ancient greek word “gymnospermos” (γυμνόσπερμος) stands for „naked seeds“, αγγείον (angeíon, “receptacle”) and σπέρμα (spérma, “seed”) for angiospermous, seeds within an enclosure. Brongniart (1843) first subdivided the dicotyledons (dicots) in «Angiospermes» and «Gymnospermes». Together with the “Gymnosperms” (Pinopsida) and the Progymnospermopsida the angio-sperms are sister to the ferns (Moniliformopses ) and form the Euphyllophytina .

Extant gymnosperms are trees, shrubs, krummholz (dwarf pine trees) and woody clim-bers; with only one root parasite, Parasitaxus usta (Podocarpaceae ). Especially the tree life form is dominant in the boreal zone of the Northern Hemisphere, e.g., conifers in the boreal forest communities with extremely high economic importance. Due to the small landmasses in the Southern Hemisphere extant gymnosperm-dominated forests cover much smaller ar-eas than those of the boreal forests (“taiga”), but are of great significance for floral history and nowadays considered as relicts of tertiary forest communities (temperate rainforests). The extant gymnosperms are clearly monophyletic and sister to the angiosperms (e.g., Ran et al. 2010), comprising c. 1040 spp. in 4 subclass., 8 ord., and 12 fam. (Christenhusz 2011, Cycadales acc. Osborne et al. 2012). But their relationships to fossil gymnospermous taxa remain obscure and incompletely understood. Especially the position of Gnetidae has been problematical and was controversially discussed [e.g. Qiu et al. 1999: embedded in the coni-fer clade as sister to Pinaceae (“gnepine hypothesis”); Rydin et al. 2002: sisters to all other extant seed plants (cf. Gnetidae)]. The families of modern Pinales appeared in the arid Up-per Permian, major diversification in Early Cretaceous; radiation of most genera within the last 25 mio.y.

The Angiosperms are the most diverse group of plants, comprising all known life forms from trees to annuals and parasites, and form nearly 95% of the global vegetation from arctic tundra, resp. subantarctic vegetation formations to deserts and tropical rainforests. Their evolutionary dominance is mostly due to the double fertilization and their extraordinary vegetative plasticity and the adaptation to numerous and diverse pollinators. Extant angio-sperms comprise c. 250.000–300.000 spp., estimations between 223.000 and 422.125 ; in 2 classes, 18 superord., 68 ord., and 417 fam.

Until 1993 the formal division of angiosperms in dicotyledons and monocotyledons was still undisputed (Kubitzki et al. 1993). An alternative view of relationships among angiosperm groups was that of Huber (e.g., 1991) which ± anticipated the later classifica-

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Table 2-1. Synopsis of classification of the Subkingdom Embryobionta Cronquist, Takht. & W.Zimm. (excl. Streptophyta p.p. , cf. Syllabus Part 2/1).(Cf. also Syllabus of Plant Families, Part 3, 2009; Table 2-1, p. 6.)

Division Marchantiophyta Stotler & Crand.-Stotl. (Hepaticae, Liverworts)Division Bryophyta Schimp. (Musci, Mosses)Division Anthocerotophyta Rothm. ex Stotler & Crand.-Stotl. (Hornworts)Superdivision Polysporangiomorpha Kenrick & P.R.Crane “Protracheophytes ” sensu Kenrick & P.R.Crane (Rhyniophyta H.P.Banks p.p.) Class Horneophytopsida Kenric k & P.R.CraneDivision Tracheophyta Sinnott ex Cavalier-Smith sensu Kenrick &

P.R.Crane (Vascular plants) Subdivision Rhyniophytina H.P.Banks sensu Kenrick & P.R.Crane (†) Class Rhyniopsida Kenrick & P.R.Crane Subdivision Lycophytina Kenrick & P.R.Crane (Club mosses) Classes Zosterophyllopsida Bierhorst (†), Lycopsida D.H.Scott Subdivision Euphyllophytina Kenrick & P.R.Crane “Trimerophytina ” H.P.Banks sensu Kenrick & P.R.Crane (†) Superclass Moniliformopses Kenrick & P.R.Crane (Horsetails, Ferns) Classes “Cladoxylopsida ” Pic.Serm. (†), Psilotopsida D.H.Scott, Equise-

topsida C.Agardh, Marattiopsida Doweld; Polypodiopsida Cronquist, Takht. & W.Zimm.

Superclass Radiatopses Kenrick & P.R.Crane (Spermatophytes , Seed plants) Class Progymnospermopsida C.B.Beck (†) Class Pinopsida Burnett (Gymnosperms ) Subclasses “Pteridospermatidae ” (†), Cycadidae Pax, Ginkgoidae Engl.,

Gnetidae Pax, Pinidae Cronquist, Takht. & W. Zimm. Class Magnoliopsida Brogn. (Angiosperms ) Subclass Magnoliidae Novák ex Takht. Superorders Amborellanae M.W.Chase & Reveal, Nymphaeanae Thorne ex Reveal, Austrobaileyanae Doweld ex M.W.Chase & Reveal Magnolianae Takht., Lilianae Takht. (Monocots), Ceratophyllanae Takht. ex Reveal & Doweld Subclass Rosidae Takht. (Eudicots) Superorders Ranunculanae Takht. ex Reveal, Proteanae Takht., Trochodendranae Takht. ex Reveal, Buxanae Takht. ex Reveal & Doweld, Myrothamnanae Takht., Dillenianae Takht. ex Doweld, Saxifraganae Reveal, Rosanae Takht., Berberidopsanae Thorne & Reveal, Santalanae Thorne ex Reveal, Caryophyllanae Takht., Asteranae Takht.

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4 Pinopsida and Magnoliopsida

tion based on molecular data (e.g., Chase et al. 1993). Huber proposed a basal division in angiosperms between a “First principal group” comprising magnoliid families, the mono-cotyledons and the Centrospermae , and a “Second principal group” with the rest of the dicotyledons and stated that basal dicotyledonous angiosperms like the magnoliid families are closer related to the monocotyledons than to the rest of the dicotyledons. With mo-lecular data, esp. DNA sequences as a potential source of phylogenetically informative characters, new imput was brought into systematics. Chase et al. (1993) provided a first set of nearly 500 taxa which revealed also a split between Magnoliales , Laurales , the so-called “palaeoherbs ” and the monocots on one side and the modern eudicots with ranunculids, hamamelids, caryophyllids, Rosidae and Asteridae on the other side. Subsequent analyses (e.g., APG III 2009) changed this image slightly but the split between the monosulcate primitive dicots + the monocots and the tricolpate (or with a derived condition) eudicots is still confirmed. (Cf. Chapter 4: “Recent history of angiosperm classification and mo-lecular phylogeny”.)

The sudden appearance and the subsequent dramatic rise of the angiosperms in the Upper Cretaceous and Early Tertiary have caused much debate. The relationships of an-giosperms to the gymnosperms are still a mystery, and it is until now unclear which seed plant fossils belong to the stem-group angiosperms. (Cf. Chapter 4 “Fossil history and evolution”).

Actually no comprehensive survey covering all families and genera of angiosperms is available as the ambitious work of Kubitzki (ref. cited) is still not complete. Engler’s Syllabus intends to be the first comprehensive survey covering all angiosperms in two volumes and arranged according to the most recent phylogenetic system of APG III (2009).

Table 2-1 gives an overview of the classification of the Subkingdom Embryobionta with Pinopsida and Magnoliopsida .

References and further reading

APG III 2009: An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and fami-lies of flowering plants: APG III. – Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 161: 105–121.

Brongniart, A. 1843: Enumération des genres des plantes cultivés au muséum d’histoire naturelle de Paris suivant l’ordre établi dans l’école de botanque en 1843. – Paris.

Chase, M.W., Soltis, D.E., Olmstead, R.G., Morgan, D., Les, D.H. & al. 1993: Phylogenetics of seed plants: an analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL. – Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 528–580.

Christenhusz, M.J.M., Reveal, J.L., Farjon, A., Gardner, M.F., Mill, R.R. & al. 2011: A new clas-sification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms . – Phytotaxa 19: 55–70.

Huber, H. 1991: Angiospermen. Leitfaden durch die Ordnungen und Familien der Bedecktsamer. – G. Fischer, Stuttgart.

Kubitzki, K., Rohwer, J.G. & Bittrich, V. (eds.) 1993: The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. II. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Magnoliid, Hamamelidid and Caryophyllid families. Pp. 92–93. – Springer, Berlin.

Osborne, R., Calonje, M.A., Hill, K.D., Stanberg, L. & al. 2012: The worlds list of Cycads. – Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 106: 480–508.

Qiu, Y.-L., Lee, J., Bernasconi-Quadroni, F., Soltis, D.E., Soltis, P.S. & al. 1999: The earliest angio-sperms : evidence from mitochondrial, plastid and nuclear genomes. – Nature 402: 404–407.

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Ran, J.-H., Gao, H. & Wang, X.-Q. 2010: Fast evolution of the retroprocessed mitochondrial rps3 gene in conifer II and further evidence for the phylogeny of gymnosperms . – Mol. Phyl. Evol. 54: 136–149.

Rydin, C., Källersjö, M. & Friis, E.M. 2002: Seed plant relationships and the systematic position of Gnetales based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA: Conflicting data, rooting problems, and the mor-phology of conifers. – Int. J. Plant Sci. 163: 197–214.

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obtuse apex; lamina coriaceous and folded. Permian, Lower Gondwana. – Noeggerathiopsis O.Feistmantel Leaves elongated strap-shaped with sub-parallel venation. Carbonian and Permian, Southern Hemisphere. – Rufloria S.V.Meyen Leaves strap-shaped with parallel venation. One of the most common Angaran foliage types; Pennsylvanian to Permian, Russia. Considered by Anderson et al. (2007) to belong to a separate fam. Rufloriaceae Ledran emend. S.V.Meyen together with Sucho-viella , Pechorostrobus , Krylovia and Cladostrobus . Roots. Amyelon W.C.Williamson ex P.D.W.Barnard Isolated roots which include both protostelic and eustelic forms (“morphospecies”). Prob. produced by cordaite species in response to habitat conditions (Taylor et al. 2009). Endophytic fungi considered as endomycorrhizal are reported from Amyelon-type roots of European Cordaitales (Osborn 1909, Halket 1930). However, it is difficult to decide whether the fungi are true symbionts, parasites or sap-rotrophes (Cridland 1962). Male reproductive organs. Cladostrobus Zalessky, Permian, Russia. – Pe-chorostrobus S.V.Meyen, Permian, Russia. Female reproductive organs. Bardocarpus Zalessky, Per-mian, Russia. – Krylovia Chachlov, Permian, Russia.Fam. Vojnovskyaceae M.F.Neuburg Extinct family based on Vojnovskya M.F.Neuburg. Ovulate stro-bili attached to axis between leafy bracts, ovules reflexed on seed scales. Upper Carboniferous–Lower Permian. Assigned by Taylor et al. (2009) to an order of its own, Vojnovskyales M.F.Neuburg with uncertain affinities.

Paravojnovskya Doweld (3) (Gaussia M.F.Neuburg). Related to Vojnovskya . Reproductive organs a receptacle of c. 2 cm diam., with elongate structures with swollen base and expanded tip on surface. Krassilov & Burago (1981) suggest that this structure is not a strobilus but an uniovulate carpel with style. Early Permian. – Vojnovskya M.F.Neuburg (1). Axis with scars marking the former position of fan-shaped leaves or cataphylls of the Nephropsis -type. Parallel venation. Reproductive organs of fertile branches or cones called “polysperms” (Taylor et al. 2009). Cones of V. paradoxa M.F.Neuburg consist of an axis with attached reflexed seed stalks bearing widened apices: distal portion of cones densely covered by linear scales with interspersed seeds. Seeds of Samaropsis -type. Ovulate cones described as Sergeia neuburgii G.W.Rothwell, G.Mapes & R.H.Mapes, bearing helically arranged scale leaves below and sporophylls above, each bearing a single ovule with integumentary wings. Pollen chamber of ovule simple, with small nucellar beak. Early Permian. – Scirostrobus pterocerum Doweld & S.V.Naugolnykh Stalked, bilaterally symmetrical umbrella-like structure formed by sterile scales and short seed stalks that are fused at base. Vojnovskyalean frutification. Lower Permian, Russia.

Krassilov & Burago (1981) suggested affinities to the angiosperms. Hernandez-Castillo et al. (2003) resolved the Vojnovskyales as basal to Voltziales which form a clade with the early conifers. Mamay (1976) stated that the Vojnovskyales were “a bizarre, short-lived group of late Palaeozoic gymno-sperms”.

2. Order Voltziales Andr. (†)Voltzialean conifers are characterized by orthotropic branches with broad leaves. The dwarf shoots bear flattened and partially fused scales. The “walchian” conifers have plagiotropic branches, needle-like leaves, dwarf shoots with radially arranged scales. Phylogenetic analy-sis (Rothwell et al. 2005) show that the “walchians” are nested within the Voltziales .

Trees, monoecious. Secondary xylem with araucarioid pitting. Leaves needle or scale-like, sometimes furcate at tip. Seed cones consist of an axis with helically arranged bifid bract scales which developed short, uniovulate, radial leafy shoots in their axils. Usually only 1 scale-like leaf was fertile, the remaining being sterile; the fertile appendage or megasporo-phyll was situated near base or middle of the dwarf shoot, bearing a single ovule (cf. Fossil history and evolution of gymnosperms). Stamina composed of a stalk and a flat upper part.

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∞ pollen sacs on the adaxial side of the stalk. Pollen bisaccate (“voltzialean conifers”) or monosaccate (“walchian conifers”). Upper Carboniferous – Lower Jurassic. Phylogenetic analysis (Rothwell et al. 2005) show that the “walchian conifers” are nested within the Volt-ziales .

Historically, Voltziales have been referred as transition between Cordaitales and the modern conifers. The phylogenetic analyses of Hernandez-Castillo et al. (2003) and Rothwell et al. (2005) resolved the Cordaitales and Vojnovskyales as basal to the Voltziales, which form a clade with the early conifers. Within the Voltzialen clade there are 3 additional clades: the Gondwanan Voltziales incl. the Feruglio-cladaceae , the voltzian Voltziales with Majonica , Dolomitia , Aethophyllum , Voltzia hexagona (Bischoff) Geinitz and Ortiseia , and the lebachioid Voltziales with Utrechtia , Otovicia , Emporia, Barthelia and Hanskerpia . The relationships of these taxa with modern conifers are still unclear, and hypotheses in-clude the existence of Cordaitales and modern conifers as separate clades (Doyle 2006) or a polyphy-letic basal grade of conifers (Hilton & Bateman 2006). In earlier treatments, the taxa now assigned to Utrechtiaceae , Majonicaceae and Ullmanniaceae were included in the Lebachiaceae , with the remain-ing morphogenera included in the Voltziaceae (Miller 1977). Giblingodendron nudifolia Falcon-Lang, Kurzawe & Lucas, deciduous coniferopsid, prob. a voltzian conifer with marked tree rings. Macdonal-dodendron giganticus Falcon-Lang, Kurzawe & Lucas interpreted as an evergreen walchian conifer lacking tree rings (Falcon-Lang et al. 2014). Gen. inc. sed.: Shimakuroxylon Philippe, Boura, Oh & al., southernmost Eastern Asia, indicator for warm and wet climates (Philippe et al. 2014).

Fam. Bartheliaceae G.W.Rothwell & G.Mapes Trees? with irregularly branched shoots. Wood with transverse pith septations and sclerotic nests. Leaves up to 5 cm long, either fur-cate or simple (Rothwell & Mapes 2001), with papillate epidermal cells and trichomes at base. Pollen cones small, up to 5 mm long, microsporophylls helically arranged, some with bifid tip. Seed cones compound, occurring in a fertile zone along the axis; each cone radial with numerous sterile scales and ovules orthotropous on narrow sporophylls.

Barthelia G.W.Rothwell & G.Mapes - B. furcata G.W.Rothwell & G.Mapes, Pennsylvanian (Upper Carboniferous), Kansas.Fam. Buriadiaceae D.D.Pant & Nautiyal Branches woody. Leaves helically arranged, poly-morphic, decurrent at base; leaf-tips simple too many times furcate. Stomata absent from abaxial leaf surface. Contrary to the original description (Pant & Nautiyal 1967b) the ovules are not attached along the stem (Singh et al. 2003).

Buriadia Seward & Sahni, Lower Permian, India .Fam. Emporiaceae G.Mapes & G.W.Rothwell Small trees. Ultimate vegetative shoots with simple and/or bifid leaves. Late Pennsylvanian.

Emporia G.Mapes & G.W.Rothwell Ovulate cones with helically arranged bifid bract scales; the axils with a flattened fertile shoot consisting of 20–30 sterile scales and 1–5 fertile scales; each fertile scale with a single inverted ovule attached at apex (Mapes & Rothwell 1990). Seeds with polycotyledonous embryos. - E. lockardii (G.Mapes & G.W.Rothwell) G.Mapes & G.W.Rothwell (Lebachia lockardii G.Mapes & G.W.Rothwell), Permian, Upper Pennsylvanian, Kansas (Hernandez-Castillo et al. 2009) – Hanskerpia G.W.Rothwell, G.Mapes & G.R.Hernandez-Castillo Branches plagiotropic, with simple amphistomatic leaves, c. 10 cm long. Seed cones com-pound, produced on ultimate shoots. Ovules inverted and singly or in pairs on each sporo-phyll. Pollen cones unknown. - H. hamiltonensis G.W.Rothwell, G.Mapes & G.R.Hernandez-Castillo, Late Pennsylvanian, N. America.

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A cladistic analysis (Rothwell et al. 2005) shows Hanskerpia nested within the paraphyletic walchian Voltziales .

Fam. Ferugliocladaceae S.Archangelsky & R.Cunéo Trees with vegetative branches and reproductive organs. Subtending sterile bracts absent. Ovules orthotropous. Early Permian, Gondwana.

Ferugliocladus S.Archangelsky & R.Cunéo Branches with small linear leaves, c. 1 cm long, each with a single vein. Pollen cones terminal; pollen monosaccate. Ovulate cones ter-minal, consisting of helically arranged bract-scales and axillary orthotropous and platysper-mic ovules (Taylor et al. 2009). Seeds with bifid apex. - F. riojanum S.Archangelsky & R.Cunéo, Lower Permian, Argentina. – Genoites Feruglio Branches with helically arranged bifid leaves. Axils of some leaves with stalked orthotropous ovules. Ovulate cones of Ferugliocladus may have originated from reduction of ovulate branches of Genoites. - G. patagonica Feruglio, Per-mian, Argentina. – Ugartecladus S.Archangelsky & R.Cunéo Similar to Ferugliocladus. Seeds lacking a bifid micropyle (Archangelsky & Cunéo 1987). - U. genoensis S.Archangelsky & R.Cunéo, Lower Permian, Argentina.Fam. Majonicaceae Clem.-West. Small plants. Leaves helically arranged, up to 3 cm long, amphistomatic and often heterophyllous. Ovules in lateral to adaxial position on the fertile scale, thus ovules not in a single plane (Clement-Westerhoff 1987, 1988). Acc. to Looy (2007) well differentiated during Early Permian.

Cassinisia H.Kerp & al. Leaves thick, overlapping with falcate tips. Pollen and ovulate cones unknown. - C. orobica Kerp & al. (1996). – Dolomitia Clem.-West. Ovulate cones with c. 13 triangular sterile scales; 3 fertile scales with the 2 lateral ones slightly recurved. Ovules attached to abaxial surface. - D. cittertiae Clem.-West.., Permian, Italy. – Majonica Clem.-West. Short shoots partially fused to the subtending bract-scale and somewhat flattened. - M. alpina Clem.-West., Upper Permian, Italy. – Lebowskia Looy Leaves > 1 cm long, with obtuse apex. A single large median ovuliferous scale flanked by 2 smaller ones (Looy 2007). - L. grandifolia Looy, Late Permian, N America. – Pseudovoltzia Florin Bract-scales and dwarf shoots par-tially fused. Dwarf shoots partially flattened, with 2 sterile and 3 fertile scales; each fertile scale with a single ovule. Ovules not all in the same plane, borne directly on fertile scales and not on stalks. - P. liebeana Florin, Upper Permian, Europe.Fam. Thucydiaceae G.R.Hernandez-Castillo, G.W.Rothwell & G.Mapes Small trees. Wood dense. Pith with resin canals. Stems orthotropic, with plagiotropic lateral branches. Leaves helically arranged on all orders of branching. Ovulate fertile zones between vegetative zones on branch, compound. Pollen cones with helically arranged bracts and axillary dwarf shoots; microsporophylls with 1 terminal erect pollen sac. Ovulate dwarf shoots with sterile scales around base; megasporophylls terminal with recurved apex, each with apical inverted ovule. Late Pennsylvanian.

Thucydia G.R.Hernandez-Castillo, G.W.Rothwell & G.Mapes T. mahoningensis G.R.Her-nandez-Castillo, G.W.Rothwell & G.Mapes, characterized by the combination of an ovulifer-ous fertile zone, compound pollen cones and dissimilar stomatal distribution (Hernandez-Castillo et al. 2001). Late Pennsylvanian (Stephanian), N America.Fam. Ullmanniaceae Nĕmejc Short shoots flattened, with the individual scales fused like ovuliferous scales in extant conifers (Taylor et al. 2009). Vegetative branches with lanceolate-ovate decurrent leaves up to 8 cm long; stomata on both surfaces in irregular rows. Pollen

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cones simple, with abaxially borne elongated pollen sacs. Ovulate cones bearing bract-scales with acute apex. A single ovule on the adaxial surface of the fertile scale.

Ullmannia Göpp. (Cupressites Brogn.). Twigs with cones, Lower Triassic, Germany.Fam. Utrechtiaceae G.Mapes & G.W.Rothwell Forest trees. Stems orthotropic, with plagio-tropic leafy shoots, borne in whorls. Leaves scale-like, helically arranged, only a few mm long, each with a single vein.

Members of this family were formerly included in Lebachiaceae (Florin 1938, 1945) and Walchiaceae (Clement-Westerhof 1984). The name Walchia is still in use for poorly preserved vegetative shoots (Taylor et al. 2009). Utrechtia floriniformis G.W.Rothwell & G.Mapes (Mapes & Rothwell 1991, Roth-well & Mapes 2003) was orig. described to replace the illegitimate name Lebachia .

Ernestiodendron Florin (1). Leaves borne at nearly right angles to the stems. Primary axis of ovulate strobili with helically arranged bifid bract scales. Secondary axes with c. 30 scales, only the distal 4–6 bearing ovules. Cones of E. filiciforme Florin up to 10 cm long, bract scales entire. Lower Permian, Europe. – Moyliostrobus C.N.Miller & J.T.Brown (1). Cones compound, c. 2 cm in diam., with ovate bract scales. Short shoots flattened, with 20–50 sterile bract scales. Each ovule attached to central surface of the cone scale. Integument 3-parted and attached to nucellus only at chalaza. - M. texanum C.N.Miller & J.T.Brown, Lower Permian, N America. – Ortiseia Florin Leaves helically arranged. In O. leonardii Florin, each ovule with 2 horn-like processes at the micropylar end. Pollen described as Nuskiosporites dulhuntyi Potonié, trilete, monosaccate, bell-shaped through distally inclined expansion of sexine. Permian-Triassic, Europe. – Otovicia J.H.F.Kerp & al. Ovulate cones similar to Utrechtia , differing in the shape of the fertile seed scales and the number of ovules per short shoot (Kerp et al. 1990). – Utrechtia G.W.Rothwell & G.Mapes (c. 10) (incl. Lebachia Florin nom. illeg.). Compound ovulate cone of central axis bearing helically arranged bifid bract scales. Axils of each bract scale with short shoot of an axis bearing numerous sterile scales and 1 or more fertile scales. Each fertile scale with single ovule (with micropyle facing the axis) at lateral surface. - U. floriniformis G.W.Rothwell & G.Mapes, Permian, Upper Rotliegend, C Europe.

Ovulate morphogenera. Thuringiostrobus J.H.F.Kerp & Clem.-West. Similar to Walchiostrobus , but differing in the number of fertile and sterile scales. – Walchiostrobus Florin Ovulate cones with a number of sterile scales and 3 fertile scales on each short shoot; each fertile scale with ovule on abaxi-al surface.

Fam. Voltziaceae C.A.Arnold Weakly defined family of Palaeozoic conifers. Taylor et al. (2009) do not accept this taxon but placed their members as Voltzialeans with uncertain af-finities.

Aethophyllum Brongn. Small plants rarely exceeding 2 m. Stems up to 2 cm in diam., with parenchymatous pith and numerous air-spaces (Rothwell et al. 2000). Ovulate cones lax with acuminate bract scales, ovuliferous scales with 5 horn-like projections, each associated with a recurved seed (Grauvogel-Stamm & Grauvogel 1975). Discovery of seedling stage and stem anatomy suggest ecology of a herbaceous ruderal conifer. - A. stipulare Brongn., Lower Triassic Voltzia Sandstone, France. – Conewagia B.J.Axsmith, T.N.Taylor & E.L.Taylor Vegeta-tive shoots with ovulate cones. Leaves helically arranged. Bract-scale complexes flattened, oriented in a single plane and composed of 11 foliar elements. Isolated seeds with poss. wing-

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like structure of the integument. - C. longiloba B.J.Axsmith, T.N.Taylor & E.L.Taylor, Triassic (Up-per Carnian), N America. – Cyadocarpidium Nathorst (c. 5). � cones with helically arranged leaf-like bract scales on short or longer stalks, at base with reduced. Seed scales lobed, bear-ing 2 or 3 inverted, winged or wingless seeds (Farjon 2008). Often associated with leaves of organ gen. Podozamites C.F.W.Braun. Early Triassic to Jurassic, Europe (England, France) to Iran. – Darneya F.Schaarschmidt & Maubeuge Pollen cone, Upper Buntsandstein, France. – Florinostrobus T.Delevoryas & R.C.Hope (Voltzia p.p. ). Seed cones and ovuliferous scales attached to the axis at nearly right angles. Distal portion of ovuliferous scales 5-lobed and bent upwards; adaxial surface with 3 scars prob. from the ovules. - F. andrewsii (T.Delvoryas & R.C.Hope) T.Delevoryas & R.C.Hope, Upper Triassic, N America. Suggested affinties with fam. Ma-jonicaceae (Taylor et al. 2009). – Fredianthus J.M.Anderson & H.M.Anderson (1). Pollen cone, Molteno Formation, S Africa. - F. mayisiformis J.M.Anderson & H.M.Anderson – Glyptolepis W.P.Schimper Morphogenus with bract-scale complexes bearing long cone-scale stalks. Up-per Triassic, C Europe. – Kungurodendron S.V.Meyen Lateral branches plagiotropic to ir-regular. Stomata on upper surface in 2 bands, on lower surface few stomata in groups. Ovu-late cones cylindrical, bract scales simple, with more than 10 sterile scales. Fertile scales c. 10, interspersed with sterile scales. Ovules terminal, inverted. - K. sharovii S.V.Meyen, Permian (Kungurian), Russia. – Lecrosia Florin Lateral branches irregular. Ovulate cones terminal, with simple bract scales, number of sterile and fertile scales unknown. - L. grand’euryi Florin, Carboniferous (Upper Stephanian), France. – Lutanthus J.M.Anderson & H.M.Anderson (3). Pollen cone, Molteno Formation, S Africa. – Sertostrobus L.Grauvogel-Stamm Pollen cone, Upper Buntsandstein, France. – Swedenborgia Nathorst Similar to Tricranolepis , but scale 5-lobed with 5 recurved ovules; the bract scale fused with the fertile scale (Harris 1935). - S. cryptomerioides Nathorst, Rhaetic, Sweden. – Telemachus H.M. Anderson (6) (incl. Odyssian-thus J.M.Anderson & H.M.Anderson, Heidiphyllum Retallack). Seed cone. Molteno Forma-tion, S Africa. -Whole-plant concept and environment reconstruction (Bomfleur et al. 2013). T. elon-gatus J.M.Anderson & H.M.Anderson is thought to represent the seed cone of Heidiphyllum elongatum (Morris) Rettallack (Anderson 1978) and Odyssianthus J.M.Anderson & H.M.Anderson the pollen cone. – Timanostrobus S.V.Meyen Lateral branches irregular. Stomata on upper and lower surface in scattered short rows. Ovulate cones terminal on branches, with more than 10 ster-ile scales; ovuliferous scales interspersed with sterile scales. Ovules terminal, inverted. - T. muravievii S.V.Meyen, Permian (Lower Kazanian), Russia. – Tricranolepis G.Roselt Isolated seed cone with single 3-lobed scale; each lobe fused to the stalk of a recurved ovule (Roselt 1958). - T. monosperma G.Roselt, Triassic (Lower Keuper), Germany. – Voltzia Brongn. Leaves helically arranged and needle-like. Ovulate cones either terminal on branches (V. liebeana Geinitz) or in a fertile zone [V. hexagona (Bischoff) Geinitz]. Ovules inverted on surfaces. Lower Trias-sic. – Voltziopsis Townrow Branches with dimorphic leaves. Ovulate cones at the ends of short branches; each cone consisting of c. 25 bract-scale complexes, ovuliferous scales 5-lobed; each lobe with a single ovule. Permian-Late Triassic, Southern Hemisphere. – Voltz-iostrobus L.Grauvogel-Stamm V. schimperi L.Grauvogel-Stamm, pollen cone, Lower Trias-sic, France – Willsiostrobus L. Grauvogel-Stamm & F. Schaarschmidt (6). Pollen cone, Up-per Buntsandstein, France (Grés à Voltzia).

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Taxa of uncertain affinities to Voltziales Order Dordrechtitales J.M.Anderson & H.M.Anderson (†)Elongate seed cones of numerous subopposite subdecussate fascicles of 3 (–4?). T-shaped ovuliferous scales attached to short pedicels, bract scales absent or fully fused.Fam. Dordrechtitaceae J.M.Anderson & H.M.Anderson (†)

Dordrechtites H.M.Anderson (3). Molteno Formation, Lower Triassic, S Africa. Pollen cones and foliage unknown.

3. Order Pinales Gorozh.Fam. Pinaceae Spreng. ex F.Rudolphi Trees, shrubs or krummholz (Pinus mugo Turra), to 112 m tall (Sequoia sempervirens), evergreen or deciduous (Larix , Pseudolarix ). Monoecious. Highly resinous. Shoots usually with distinctive annual growth and scaly terminal buds. Wood with adaxial parenchyma, with normal (non-traumatic) resin canals and ray trac-

Fig. 3–14. Pinaceae. A–N. Pinus sylvestris. Alternation of generations. A. Branch with pollen cones. B. Pollen cone. C. Microsporophyll, schematic. D–E. Development of microspore (pollen grain) (cf. text), g generative cell. F. Branch with � cones (ovuliferous cone, seed cone). G. � Ovuliferous cone. H. Seed scale with 2 ovules. I. Ovuliferous scale and subtending bract scale, LS. K. Apex of an ovule with pollen tube, integument (i), nucellus (n), embryo sac (e) with prothallium and archegonia (a). L. Seed scale with seed, LS. M. Seed with testa (seed coat) and embryo, LS. N. Germination. R! meiosis, G gametophyte, Sp sporophyte. Without scale. (After Coulter & Chamberlain, Sachs, Strasburger, Wal-ter. Adopted from the 12th ed. of ‘Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien’ 1954, I, p. 327, fig. 132).

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Fig. 3–15. Pinales. Pinaceae. 1–2. Abies koreana, twig with seed cones. 3. A. alba. Twig with pollen cones. 4. Larix leptolepis. Twig with pollen cones and ovuliferous cones. 5. L. decidua. Twig with pollen cones and seed cones. 6–7. Cedrus atlantica. Twig with seed cones. (Orig.; 1–2, 6–7 W. Barthlott; 3–5 W. Rauh; 1–7 courtesy WB) (Scale bar: 1–2, 6: 5 cm; 3–5: 1 cm; 7: 10 cm).

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heids. Leaves solitary, helically inserted on long or short shoots or arranged in fascicles of 1–8 on dwarf shoots, surrounded by a sheath (Pinus), needle-like to long linear, mostly xero-morphic, each with 1–2 vascular bundles, and 1–many resin canals; palisade parenchyma present or absent. Pollen cones catkin-like, axillary, solitary or clustered, with ∞ helically arranged microsporophylls (each with 2 microsporangia), producing great quantities of pol-len. Pollen [except in Larix (smooth, with a narrow equatorial ridge), Pseudotsuga (smooth, with 3 converging ridges), and Tsuga (with a ring-shaped saccate structure) (non-saccate)] bisaccate or monosaccate (2 or 1 air-bladder). Wind-pollinated. � cones in leaf axils, soli-tary, sessile or shortly stalked, irregulary grouped or in whorls, erect or becoming pendulous. Bract scales and ovuliferous/seed scales helically arranged. Bract scales ± conspicuous in ovuliferous cones, often reduced in mature, woody seed cones. Ovuliferous/seed scales in the axil of bract scales, never fused with bract scales, on the adaxial (upper) side of each fer-tile scale bearing 2 inverted ovules/seeds. Seed cones erect or pendulous, woody, small to moderate or occ. of great size, matering in 1–2(–)3 years. Mature cones with woody axis (breaking up in Pseudolarix ). Bract and seed scales both persistent or deciduous in Abies and Cedrus . Development of wings by the seed scale. Seeds slightly flattened, with 1 wing or wingless (few species of Pinus). Seeds wind-dispersed; in few species (cf. Pinus ) dispersal by birds (ornithochory, dysochory). 2n = 24 (in Pseudolarix 2n = 44, Pseudotsuga menziesii 2n = 26). Exclusively N hemispheric family (Laurasian), except P. merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese, northern Sumatra and in the Philippines, crossing the equator. Predom. in boreal Eurasia and N America; absent from trop. lowlands; in arid regions only some Pinus spp. 4 major centres of diversity: Sino-Himalayan region, Japan with Taiwan, California and Mexico. Spe-cies of Abies, Larix, Picea and Pinus are reaching the timberline in the high mountains and the northern limit of trees to the Arctic tundra. Adaptation to fire in Pinus. P. longaeva (Inner mt. ranges, Utah, Nevada, E California, USA), c. 4800 y. Of great economic importance. No fossils known from S Hemiphere. 11 gen. (231). Figs 3-14–3-17.

Subdivided in 3 subfam., Pinoideae Pilg. (Pinus , Cathaya , Picea ), Laricoideae Melch. & Werdermann (Larix , Pseudotsuga ) and Abietoideae Pilg. (Abies , Cedrus , Keteleeria , Nothotsuga , Pseudolarix , Tsuga ) (cf. Farjon 2010). Cf. molecular phylogenetic analysis by Liston et al. (2003). “The gen. Cedrus has come out as basal (sister group) to all other genera of the Pinaceae in some recent DNA-based cladistic analyses; morphological evidence however places it firmly within Abietoideae. A basal position is not corroborated by the fossil record. Its position is tentative” (Farjon 2010, p. 38). Comparative wood anatomy in Abietoideae (Esteban & de Palacios 2009).Fossil history. Origin in the arid Upper Permian, major diversification in Early Cretaceous; radiation of most gen. within the last 25 mio.y. (Leslie et al. 2012, Farjon & Filer 2013). Ductoabietoxylon Kur-zawe & Merlotti, Scleroabietoxylon Kurzawe & Merlotti (both genera with abietoid pitting), Parnai-boxylon Kurzawa & Merlotti and Damudoxylon Maheshwari, Kaokoxylon Kräusel and Taeniopitys Kräusel (the latter 3 with araucarian pitting) from the Permian permineralized flora of the Parnaíba

Fig. 3–16. Pinales. Pinaceae. 1–2. Pseudotsuga menziesii. Seed cones with bract scales and seed scales. 3. P. canadensis. Twig with ovuliferous cones. 4–5. Picea abies. 4. Twig with seed cones. 5. Habit. 6. P. orientalis. Twig with pollen cones. 7. Abies homolepis (left), Picea abies (right). Twig with needles; needles with cushions. (Orig.; 1–2 phot. W. Rauh; 3, 7 W. Barthlott; 4–6 E. Fischer; 1–3, 7 courtesy WB) (Scale bar 1, 3, 6–7: 1 cm; 2: 5 mm; 4: 5 cm; 5: 5 m).

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Phylogeny. Posidoniaceae is part of the Cymodoceaceae -compl ex of Les et al. (1997) and is closely related to Cymodoceaceae and Ruppiaceae .

Fam. Potamogetonaceae Bercht. & J.Presl. nom. cons. (incl. Hydrogetonaceae Link, Zan-nichelliaceae Chev. nom. cons.) Perennial or annual floating-leaved or submerged freshwa-ter to brackish water herbs. Lower stems rhizomatous or stoloniferous. Leaves alternate, heli-cal, the upper leaves subopposite, opposite throughout or pseudoverticillate, sessile to petiolate, entire to serrulate; ligules forming a tubular sheath; lamina in submerged leaves thin, linear to orbicular, in floating leaves often coriaceous, lanceolate to elliptic or ovate. Inflorescence pedunculate, axially or terminal, with 2 opposite flowers or with more than 2 flowers in a capitates or interrupted spike with a subtending spathe or inflorescence prolifer-ating sympodially (Zannichellia -group ). Flowers monoecious to dioecious, staminate flow-ers with perianth absent or with 3 tepals. Stamens 1. Anthers 2–8-sporangiate. Carpellate flowers with tubular perianth of 3–4 segments, with 1–8 carpels; stigma enlarged, peltate (Zannichellia-group), or flowers hermaphroditic, hypogynous, polysymmetric; tepals (2)–4, greenish, reddish or brownish; stamens 4, rarely 2–3; filaments adnate to perianth; gynoe-cium of (1–)4(–8) carpels, ± stipitate, partly ascidiate, 1-locular; ovules single (Potamogeton -group ). Fruits usually drupelets with membranous exocarp, fleshy mesocarp and stony en-docarp, rarely berries. Seeds without endosperm at maturity. x = 7, 12, 14–18. Cosmopol., diversity centers in N temp. hemisphere. 7 gen. (126). Fig. 4-30.2–5.Potamogeton -group . Groenlandia J.Gay (1). Perennial freshwater herbs. Leaves submerged, opposite, sessile, linear-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate. Inflorescence submerged or held slightly above water surface. - G. densa (L.) Fourr., Spain to Norway, Algeria, Siberia and Afghanis-tan. – Potamogeton L. (100). Annual or perennial freshwater herbs. Leaves alternate to sub-opposite, floating leaves coriaceous, submerged leaves membranous; stipules of submersed leaves, if fused adnate to lamina less than ½. Inflorescence peduncle stiff, not flexible, pro-jecting above water surface. Cosmopol. – Stuckenia Börner [incl. Coleogeton (Rchb.) D.H.Les & R.R.Haynes] (11). Mainly annual freshwater herbs. Leaves submerged, alternate, sessile, linear; stipules tubular, adnate to lamina for at least 2/3. Inflorescence a capitate or cylindri-cal spike, peduncle flexible. Cosmopol.Zannichellia -group . Althenia F.Petit (2). Annual or perennial herbs of coastal brackish water. Leaves distichous, stipulate, narrow, less than 1 mm wide. Inflorescence sympodial. Perianth of 3 minute scales or teeth. Fruit a drupelet. S Europe, N Africa. – Lepilaena Harv. (5). Annual or perennial freshwater plants. Leaves distichous, less than 1 mm wide. Inflores-cence sympodial. Perianth scales minute. Fruit a nutlet. Australia, New Zealand. – Pseud-althenia (Graebn.) Nakai (1). Annual herb in seasonal watercourses. Leaves distichous, usu-ally more than 1 mm wide. Inflorescence sympodial. Fruit a drupelet. - P. aschersoniana (Graebner) Hartog, S Africa. – Zannichellia L. (6). Annual or perennial freshwater or brackish water herbs. Leaves pseudoverticillate, in whorls of 3, less than 1 mm wide. Inflorescence with 1 staminate and 1 carpellate flower. Nearly cosmopol. - Detailed descriptions: Haynes et al. (1998e, h).

Phylogeny. Potamogetonaceae are sister to Zosteraceae (s. bl.), and the clade formed by these 2 fami-lies is strongly supported in the analysis of Les et al. (1997). The morphologically very distinctive Zan-nichellia is rather weakly embedded within Potamogetonaceae (Les et al. 1997) but is here included following APG III (2009) and Les & Tippery (2013). The genera Althenia , Lepilaena and Pseudalthe-

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nia , traditionally placed in Zannichelliaceae have yet not been available for a molecular study (Les & Tippery 2013). Potamogeton is resolved as monophyletic if Stuckenia (incl. Coleogeton , Les & Haynes 1996) is excluded. For a revision of Stuckenia see Kaplan (2008).

Fam. Ruppiaceae Horan. nom. cons. Annual or rarely perennial submerged freshwater or brackish water herbs. Leaves alternate to subopposite, divided into lamina and stipular au-riculate sheath; lamina entire below, serrulate above, linear. Inflorescence a 1-few-flowered capitate axillary or terminal spike, first subtended by 2 subopposite leaves, often with elon-gating peduncle. Flowers perfect, hypogynous, polysymmetric. Perianth absent. Stamens 2, sessile; thecae 2-sporangiate. Carpels (2–)4(–16), each with sessile, peltate stigma. Ovules 1 per carpel, pendulous, campylotropous. Fruits long-stipitate or sessile drupes. Seeds without endosperm. x = 8–12, 15; dimorphic. 1 gen. (4).

Ruppia L. (4). Characters of the family. Cosmopol. - Detailed descriptions: Haynes et al. (1998f) and Ito et al. (2010).

Phylogeny. Ito et al. (2010) looked at the biosystematics of this difficult group in which cytological variation is considerable and both hybridisation and long distance dispersal are likely. They resolved 3 distinct species and a species complex (R. maritima L. s.l.) which possibly contains up to 6 lineages. Ruppiaceae are closely related to Posidoniaceae and Cymodoceaceae (Les et al. 1997), and are even included in the latter by Les & Tippery (2013). We follow APG III (2009) in maintaining the mo no-typic Ruppiaceae.

Fam. Scheuchzeriaceae F.Rudolphi, nom. cons. Perennial herbs with sympodial rhizome, covered with fibrous remains of old leaves. Leaves alternate, distichous, linear, compressed-terete, with sheating base; apex obtuse with a distinct pore; sheath with 2 obtuse auricles. Inflorescence a bracteate raceme with a terminal flower. Flowers perfect, hypogynous, trime-rous and pentacyclic. Tepals 6, lanceolate-elliptic. Stamens 6, anthers bithecate, 4-sporangi-ate. Carpels 3(–6), only basally connate, with decurrent sessile stigmas. Ovules (1–)2 per carpel, erect, anatropous. Fruits follicles. Seeds without endosperm. x = 11. 1 gen. (1). Fig. 4-31.1.

Scheuchzeria L. (1). Characters of the family. - S. palustris L., Sphagnum bogs in temp. to subarctic regions of the Holarctic, S to N California, New Jersey, Italy, Croatia, Japan. - Detailed de-scription: Haynes et al. (1998g).

Phytochemistry. Scheuchzeria is rich in the cyanogenic glucoside triglochinin. Flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids are absent (Haynes et al. 1998g).

Fam. Tofieldiaceae Takht. Perennial herbs with rhizome. Leaves basal, usually distichous, equitant and unifacial. Inflorescence a raceme or rarely a spike, uniflorous in Harperocalis flava McDaniel. Flowers usually hypogynous, polysymmetric. Bracts present. Bracteoles of-ten calycular, forming the calyculus below individual flowers. Tepals 6, in 2 whorls, free, petaloid, usually white to greenish-yellow. Stamens usually 6 in 2 whorls, rarely 9 or 10 (Pleea ). Ovary 3-carpellate; carpels connate only at base, stipitate. Septal nectaries or tepal

Fig. 4-30. Alismatales. Posidoniaceae. 1. Posidonia oceanica. Habit. Potamogetonaceae. 2. Potamo-geton natans. Habit. 3. P. polygonifolius. Habit. 4–5. P. schweinfurthii. Inflorescence. (Orig.; 1 phot. W. Barthlott, 2–5 phot. E. Fischer; 1 courtesy WB) (Scale bar 1–5: 1 cm).

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nectaries usually present. Ovules anatropous or campylotropous, numerous per locule, pla-centation parietal. Fruit a septicidal capsule. x = (14)15 (16). Temp. Eurasia, N to S America. 4 gen. (31). Fig. 4-31.2–4.

Harperocallis McDaniel (incl. Isidrogalvia Ruiz & Pav.) (14). Perennial herbs. Leaves mostly basal, distichous. Inflorescence a raceme or flower solitary, terminal (H. flava McDan-iel). Flowers cup-shaped, white to cream or greenish. Calycular bracteoles 3, free. Seeds with a white chalazar appendage. W Florida, S America (Venezuela to Colombia, Ecuador, Bo-livia). As Harperocallis has priority over Isidrogalvia, Campell & Dorr (2013) transferred all species of Isidrogalvia to Harperocallis. – Pleea Michx. (1). Perennial herb. Leaves basal, distichous, equi-tant, linear. Bracts spathe-like, bracteole 3-partite. Stamens 9, outer whorl 6, inner whorl 3. - P. tenuifolia Michx., coastal plains, SE USA (N Carolina to Florida). – Tofieldia Huds. (12). Peren-nial herbs. Stems glabrous. Leaves basal, equitant. Inflorescence racemose, open or dense, spike-like. Flowers greenish to white. Calycular bracteole united, often present. Seeds with either short chalzal and micropylar appendages, or appendages lacking. Temp. to subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. – Triantha (Nutt.) Small (4). Perennial herbs. Stems glandular-pubescent. Leaves basal, equitant. Inflorescence racemose, open or dense, spike-like. Flowers white. Seeds with long filiform chalzal appendages, micropylar appendages sometimes lacking. N America (3), Japan [1, T. japonica (Miq.) Baker].

Morphology. Comparisons between the calyculus of Tofieldiaceae , formed by 2 or 3 connate scales, with the spathe of Hydrocharitaceae and pseudowhorls of bracts in Alismataceae have been made (Remizowa & Sokoloff 2003, Remizowa et al. 2006a). Remizowa et al. (2010a) clarify the vasculature of this structure, which is usually supplied by 3 vascular traces, but in Tofieldia pusilla (Michx.) Pers. it is basal on the pedicel and supplied by a single trace. The nectaries of Tofieldiaceae are unique to the group; they are triradiate, borne on the inner bases of the connate carpellary stipes (Remizowa et al. 2006b).Phytochemistry. Steroidal saponins and chelidonic acid are present.Phylogeny and classification. Tofieldiaceae were only recently described by Takhtajan in 1995 (Takhtajan 2009), and are still included in Nartheciaceae by Tamura (1998d). Earlier classifications (e.g., Hutchinson 1934) placed the genera even at the base of a broadly defined Liliaceae . Molecular analyses showed that Nartheciaceae sensu Tamura (1998d) are polyphyletic (Chase et al. 1995), and that Tofieldia and Pleea are sister to Alismatanae and Aletris and Narthecium close to Dioscoreaceae (s. bl.). Azuma & Tobe (2011) showed that Pleea is sister to rest of the family, in which Tofieldia is sister to Triantha . Harperocallis , considered as sister to Isidrogalvia by Azuma & Tobe (2011) was shown to be congeneric (Remizowa et al. 2011). For descriptions of Isidrogalvia see Campbell 2010, Cruden 1991 and Cruden & Dorr 1992. Azuma & Tobe (2011) also confirmed that Tofieldiaceae are a well-supporte d monophyletic clade in the order Alismatales .

Fam. Zosteraceae Dumort. nom. cons. Dioecious (Phyllospadix ) or monoecious (Zostera ). Perennial or rarely annual marine submerged herbs with monopodial or rarely sympodial rhizomes. Leaves alternate, distichous, with distinct lamina and sheating base; leaf sheath ligulate, auriculate; lamina linear stomata absent. Inflorescence on erect annual shoots.

Fig. 4-31. Alismatales. Scheuchzeriaceae. 1. Scheuchzeria palustris. Habit. Tofieldiaceae. 2–4. Tofiel-dia calyculata. 2. Habit. 3. Inflorescence. 4. Detail of inflorescence. Zosteraceae. 5. Phyllospadix spec. Habit. (Orig.; 1–5 phot. E. Fischer) (Scale bar 1–3: 1 cm, 4: 1 mm, 5: 5 cm).

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Flowers arranged in 2 rows on one side of a flattened spike (spadix), surrounded by a modi-fied leaf sheath (spathe). Perianth lacking. Staminate flowers with retinacules (possibly modi-fied perianth), 1 stamen, with 2 free 2-locular thecae. Carpellate flowers with 1 unilocular carpel bearing 2 long stigmas. Ovule 1 per carpel, pendulous, atropous. Fruit a nut. x = 6, 9, 10. Temp. to subtrop. marine habitats. 2 gen. (22). Fig. 4-31.5.

Phyllospadix Hook. (6). Dioecious. Rhizome monopodial, thick. Leaves 1 per node, ligu-late, auriculate. Inflorescence with stalked spathe resembling vegetative leaves. Staminate spathe with retinacules inserted alongside flowers. Carpellate spathes with flowers alternat-ing with retinacules. On rocks, temp. northern Pacific Ocean. – Zostera L. (incl. Heterozos-tera Hartog) (16). Monoecious. Rhizome monopodial or rarely sympodial, slender. Leaves 2–6 per shoot, ligulate, auriculate. Spathe stalked, with alternating staminate and carpellate flowers. On muddy or sandy substrates, temp. Eurasia, E Africa, Australasia, Tasmania, N Chile. - Detailed description: Kuo & McComb (1998c).

Pollination. Intertidal species of Zostera and Phyllospadix are epihydrophilous, and pollen is released on the water surface where it forms a network (Cox 1988). In subtidal species the pollination must be hypohydrophilous, and the filiform pollen is wrapped around the stigma (Kuo & McComb 1998c).Phylogeny. Zosteraceae are sister to Potamogetonaceae (Les et al. 1997, Les & Tippery 2013). Only 2 sister genera (Phyllospadix , Zostera ) are recognized as Heterozostera was resolved as being nested with-in Zostera (Les et al. 2002b). The genus Zostera has been studied by Kato et al. (2003).

3. Order Petrosaviales Takht. (incl. Miyoshiales Nakai, Petrosaviineae Shipunov)1 fam., 2 gen. (4).Fam. Petrosaviaceae Hutch. nom. cons. (incl. Japonoliriaceae Takhtajan, Miyoshiaceae Na-kai) Perennial herbs. Achlorophylous and mycoheterotropic (Petrosavia ) or autotrophic (Ja-ponolirion ). Leaves absent, reduced to alternate scales (Petrosavia) or basal, linear, helical, bifacial (Japonolirion). Inflorescence racemose, bracteate. Flowers polysymmetric, with 6 tepals, outer more narrow than inner tepals. Stamens 6, filaments partly adnate to carpels and inner tepals (Petrosavia) or free (Japonolirion). Carpels 3, connate at base, superior, semi-inferior in Petrosavia sakuraii, or free but loosely connected by interdigitating papillae; styles 3, with subcapitate (Petrosavia) or decurrent (Japonolirion) stigma. Ovules numerous (Petrosavia) or 4 per carpel (Japonolirion). Fruit a septicidal capsule or with follicles. x = 12, 13, 15. SE Asia, China, Japan. 2 gen. (4).

Japonolirion Nakai (1). - J. osense Nakai, Japan, on serpentine in Hokkaido and Honshu. – Pe-trosavia Becc. (incl. Protolirion Groom, Miyoshia Nakai) (3). Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula, N Sumatra, the Philippines, E China, Taiwan, Japan. - Detailed description: Cameron et al. (2003).

Morphology and anatomy. Remizowa et al. (2010b) and Remizowa (2011) suggest that the position of the septal nectaries in both the ascidiate and plicate zone of the gynoecium might be unique and thus a synapomorphy for the Petrosaviales-clade. The embryology of Japonolirion and Petrosavia has been studied by Tobe (2008) and Tobe & Takahashi (2009) who showed that the anatropous and crassi-nucellate ovule with glandular tapetum, a 2-cell-layered nucellar cap formed early in development, the cellular mode of endosperm formation and exotegmic seeds clearly differs from basal (Acoraceae , Araceae ) and more derived monocotyledons (Nartheciaceae , Velloziaceae , Triuridaceae ). Thus a dis-tinct position for Petrosaviales is supported.

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Systematics and phylogeny. Cameron (2007) provides a summary of phylogenetic studies on the family. Dressler (1993) recognized 5 subfamilies of Orchidaceae mainly based on floral morphology: Apostasioideae , Cypripedioideae , Spiranthoideae , Orchidoideae , and Epidendroideae (incl. tribe Va-nilleae ). First phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data (Cameron et al. 1999) mainly confirmed these subfamilies. However, tribe Vanilleae was raised to subfamiliar rank, and subfam. Spiranthoi-deae was reduced to a tribe of Orchidoideae. Molecular data also confirmed the broad circumscription of Orchidaceae incl. the former families Apostasiaceae and Cypripediaceae . This subdivision of Or-chidaceae was also confirmed by Freudenstein et al. (2004). Numerous modern analyses mainly based on molecular data are available, which sometimes considerably altered the traditional circum-scription of taxa. An updated classification was provided by Chase et al. (2015). The following ex-amples of groups that have been dealt with are listed here: Apostasioideae (Kocyan et al. 2004), Cypripedium (Li et al. 2011), Orchidinae (incl. Habenariinae ) (Bateman et al. 2003, Jin et al. 2014), Habenaria (Batista et al. 2013), Orchidinae (Bateman et al. 2009), Ophrys (Soliva et al. 2001), Diseae (Douzery et al. 1999), Disa (Bytebier et al. 2007, 2008), Pogonieae (Pansarin et al. 2008), Cranich-ideae , Spiranthinae (Salazar et al. 2003, Salazar et al. 2009), Discyphinae (Salazar et al. 2014), Cala-deniinae and Drakaeinae (Hopper 2009), Arethuseae (Goldman et al. 2001), Cymbidium (Sharma et al. 2012), Maxillarieae (Whitten et al. 2000), Laeliinae (van den Berg et al. 2009), Oncidiinae (Neubig et al. 2012), Telipogon (Williams et al. 2005), Vandeae (Carlsward et al. 2006), Aeridinae (Zhang et al. 2013). Carlsward et al. (2006) showed that subtribes Aerangidinae and Angraecinae are polyphyletic individually, but together they form a well-supported monophyletic group in all molecular analyses. Therefore, they proposed recognizing a broadly circumscribed subtribe Angraecinae Summerh. that includes Aerangidinae Summerh. Gardiner et al. (2013) provided a phylogeny of Vanda and pro-posed to include Ascocentrum , Euanthe , Christensonia , Neofinetia , Trudelia , and Aerides flabellata Rolfe ex Downie into this genus.Economic importance. Vanilla planifolia Andrews is the only orchid of significant economic impor-tance as an edible crop (Fouché & Jouve 1999). Major vanilla cultivating countries are (amount in tons per year acc. to Fouché & Jouve 1999): Madagascar (700 t), Indonesia (400 t), Comoro Is. (150 t), Ré-union (12 t), Mauritius, Tonga, Tahiti (here Vanilla tahitiensis J.W.Moore), Mexico, China (each less than 50 t per year). Vanilla is the second most expensive spice in the world after saffron (Crocus sativus L., Iridaceae , s. ab.). However, the economic importance of orchids as indoor plants can not be under-estimated. In 2009, c. 45.600.000 potted orchids have been sold only in Germany, and the customers paid c. 400.000.000 € (AMI Agrarmarkt Informationsdienst http://ami-informiert.de). Among these orchids are mainly hybrids of Phalaenopsis , followed by Cymbidium , Dendrobium , Miltonia , Oncidium and Paphiopedilum .

Fam. Ruscaceae M.Roem. nom. cons. (incl. Aspidistraceae Endl., Convallariaceae Horan., Dracaenaceae Salisb., Eriospermaceae Endl., Nolinaceae Nakai, Ophiopogonaceae Endl., Peliosanthaceae Salisb., Polygonataceae Salisb., Sansevieriaceae Nakai, Tupistraceae Schniz-lein) Herbs, shrubs, trees or climbers. Leaves well-developed or scarious, helical, distichous or rarely opposite [Polygonatum oppositifolium (Wall.) Royle]. x = 5–7, 9, 18–21. Circumbo-real to trop., diversity centers in trop. Africa, C Asia, SE Asia, Western N America. For de-scriptions see subfamilies. 25 gen. (730). Figs 4-100–4-102.1.Subfam. Convallarioideae Herb. (incl. Aspidistraceae Endl., Convallariaceae Horan., Ophi-opogonaceae Endl., Peliosanthaceae Salisb., Polygonataceae Salisb., Tupistraceae Schnizlein) Terrestrial or rarely epiphytic herbs with subterranean or exposed rhizomes. Leaves alter-nate, distichous, opposite or verticillate, sessile or petiolate. Inflorescence a terminal or axil-lary raceme or spike, or terminal reduced dibotrya, or flowers solitary. Flowers radially sym-metric to slightly monosymmetric. Tepals 6, in 2 whorls, rarely 4–5 or 2 dimerous whorls,

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sometimes connate to a tube. Stamens 6, rarely 4, 8, 10 or 12 in 2 whorls, filaments free or connate. Ovary superior, 2–5-locular. Ovules anatropous, campylotropous or atropous. Fruit a berry, dry dehiscent capsule (Rohdea ), drupe (Tupistra ) or dry irregularly rupturing cap-sule (Liriope , Ophiopogon , Peliosanthes ).

Tribe Convallarieae Dumort. Monopodial rhizomes. Inflorescence axillary, racemose or spicate. Pedicels articulated (Convallaria , Speirantha , Theropogon ) or not. Tepals connate (Convallaria) or free. Anthers adnate to tepals (Convallaria) or free. Ovary 3-locular, rarely 3–4-locular (Rohdea p.p., Tupistra p.p.) or 1-locular (Tupistra p.p.). Fruit a berry.

Aspidistra Ker Gawl. (98). Acaulescent herbs. Leaves solitary or in fascicles, or 2–4, ovate-elliptic to linear-lanceolate, petiolate. Flowers axillary, solitary, campanulate to urceolate. Tepals 6–8, rarely 4–10, fleshy, connate, purple, pale yellow or white with purple spots. Sta-mens (4–)6–12, attached a base of tepals, filaments short or stamens sessile. Carpels 3–5. Ovary 3–5-locular. Ovules 1 to numerous per locule. Fruit a blue, black or green berry. Hi-malayas, Indochina, S China to SW Japan. – Convallaria L. (3). Acaulescent herbs. Leaves 2, distichous, ovate-elliptic, forming an aerial pseudostem. Inflorescence racemose. Flowers campanulate, nodding. Tepals 6, connate, white. Ovules 4–8 per locule. Fruit a red berry. Circumboreal, sometimes considered as 1 variable sp. – Reineckea Kunth (1). Acaulescent herbs. Leaves distichous, sessile, linear to lanceolate. Inflorescence spicate. Tepals 6, connate, lobes reflexed, pale purplish red. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-locular. Ovules 2 per locule. Fruit a red berry. - R. carnea (Andrews) Kunth, China, Japan. – Rohdea Roth (incl. Campylandra Baker, Gonioscypha Baker) (17). Acaulescent herbs. Leaves ± rosulate, sessile to petiolate, ovate-lanceolate. Inflorescence spicate. Tepals 6, fleshy, connate, yellow, white, green to orange. Stamens 6, attached to tepals. Ovary 3–4-locular. Ovules 2 – 4 per locule. Himalayas, Indo-china, China, Japan. – Speirantha Baker (1). Acaulescent herbs. Inflorescence racemose. Leaves rosulate, ovate-lanceolate, petiolate. Tepals 6, free, white. Ovules 3–4 per locule. - S. gardenia (Hook.) Baker, SE China. – Theropogon Maxim. (1). Acaulescent herbs. Inflorescence racemose. Leaves distichous, sessile, linear. Flowers campanulate, nodding. Tepals 6, free, outer tepals nectariferous. Ovules 6–10 per locule. Fruit a black berry. - T. pallidus (Wall. ex Kunth) Maxim., Himalayas to SW China. – Tupistra Ker Gawl. (incl. Tricalistra Ridl.) (20). Acaulescent herbs. Leaves alternate, ovate to lanceolate, petiolate. Inflorescence spicate. Te-pals 6 or 8, connate, dull yellow to purplish. Stamens 6 or 8. Carpels 3–4. Ovary 1–4-locular. Ovules 2–4 per locule. Fruit a berry or drupe. E Himalayas, Malesia, S China. — Tribe Ophi-opogoneae Endl. Rhizomes spreading, sympodial. Inflorescence terminal, reduced to dibot-rya or racemes. Pedicels articulated. Flowers hypogynous (Liriope ) or perigynous (Ophiopo-gon , Peliosanthes ). Ovary 3-locular. Fruits dry, rupturing irregularly. Seeds fleshy. – Liriope Lour. (6). Acaulescent caespitose herbs. Leaves alternate, sessile, linear to lanceolate. Inflores-cence a reduced dibotryum. Flowers slightly monosymmetric. Tepals 6, free or basally con-nate, white or violet. Stamens 6, attached basally to tepals. Ovules 2 per locule. Seeds black. Indochina, Philippines, China, Japan. – Ophiopogon Ker Gawl. (67). Acaulescent or caules-cent caespitose herbs. Inflorescence a reduced dibotryum or raceme. Tepals 6, basally con-

Fig. 4-100. Asparagales. Ruscaceae. 1–2. Convallaria majalis. 1. Habit. 2. Detail of inflorescence. 3. Polygonatum odoratum. Flowers. 4. Ruscus colchicus. Phylloclades with flower and fruit. (Orig.; 1–4 phot. E. Fischer) (Scale bar 1, 3–4: 1 cm, 2: 5 mm).

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nate or free, white to violet. Ovules 2–6 per locule. Seeds fleshy, blue. India, the Himalayas, Indochina, Malesia, China to Japan. – Peliosanthes Andrews (18). Acaulescent or caulescent caespitose herbs. Inflorescence a reduced dibotryum or raceme. Tepals 6, connate for 1/3–2/3. Stamens 6, filaments short, attached to an expanded, fleshy, epitepalous corona. Ovules 1–5 per locule. Seeds fleshy, blue. India, Indochina, Malesia, S China, Taiwan. — Tribe Po-lygonateae Benth. Rhizomes sympodial. Inflorescence a terminal simple or compound ra-ceme, or condensed racemes or flowers singly in leaf axils. Tepals free or fused. Anthers free or adnate to the tepals. Ovary 3-locular, rarely 2-locular (Maianthemum p.p.). Fruit a berry. Seeds usually pale brown. – Disporopsis Hance (7). Caulescent herbs. Leaves lateral and pseudoterminal, distichous. Flowers axillary, fasciculate or solitary. Flowers campanulate to funnel-shaped, erect or nodding. Tepals 6, connate for ½ of their length, white or yellowish. Stamens 6, connate to tepals by a corona at apex of perigone tube. Ovules 4–6 per locule. Fruit a dark bluish purple berry. Indochina, Philippines, S China, Taiwan. – Heteropolygo-natum M.N.Tamura & Ogisu (6). Caulescent epiphytic herbs. Leaves lateral, distichous, ± petiolate. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, 1-, 2- or 3–6-flowered. Flowers tubular to cam-panulate, nodding. Tepals 6, connate for ½ of their length, corona absent. Stamens 6, outer 3 stamens shorter than inner. Fruit an orange berry. China. – Maianthemum Wigg. (incl. Smi-lacina Desf.) (39). Caulescent herbs. Leaves lateral, distichous, ± petiolate, ovate to lanceolate or sagittate. Flowers usually trimerous, sometimes dimerous, bi- to unisexual. Tepals 4 or 6, free or connate, white, yellow or purplish brown. Stamens 4 or 6. Carpels 2- or 3-locular. N to C Europe, Siberia, the Himalayas, China, Japan, N to C America. – Polygonatum Mill. (71). Leaves lateral and pseudoterminal, distichous. Inflorescence axillary, racemose, umbel-like or 1-flowered. Flowers tubular to campanulate, urceolate, usually nodding. Tepals 6, connate, corona absent. Stamens 6, attached to tepals. Ovules 4–6 per locule. Fruit a dark purple to orange or red berry. Seeds pale brown. Temp. Eurasia and N America, diversity centers in the Himalayas, China, Japan.Subfam. Dracaenoideae Engl. (incl. Dracaenaceae Salisb., Sansevieriaceae Nakai) Trees, shrubs or climbers to geophytes with rhizomes, from 10 cm to 40 m tall. Stems often with leaf scars. Secondary growth via secondary thickening meristeme present. Leaves alternate, dis-tichous or helical, entire, ovate to ensiform, amplexicaul. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, racemose, capitate or paniculate. Flowers grouped together on articulated pedicels, white, flushed with green or purple, fragrant, nocturnal. Tepals 6, basally connate forming a tube; free tepals equal. Stamens 6, as long as tepals; anthers versatile. Ovary superior, 3-locular. Ovules 1 per locule. Septal nectaries present. Fruit a bright orange berry or “gymnosper-mous” (Sansevieria).

Chrysodracon (Jankalkski) P.-L.Lu & Morden (incl. Pleomele Salisb. p.p.) (6). Trees. Leaves helical, subcoriaceous. Inflorescence a terminal panicle subtended by leaf bract ½ to equaling panicle branch length. Flowers yellow, tubular, funnelform. Staminal filaments flattened. Hawaii Is. – Dracaena L. (incl. Pleomele Salisb. p.p.) (116). Trees (up to 40 m tall) or shrubs with woody trunks or stems. Leaves in tufts or rosettes. Inflorescence usu-

Fig. 4-101. Asparagales. Ruscaceae. 1–2. Dracaena draco. 1. Habit. 2. Detail of habit. 3–4. D. surcu-losa. 3. Inflorescence. 4. Detail of inflorescence. 5–6. Sansevieria spec. Detail of inflorescence. (Orig.; 1–6 phot. E. Fischer) (Scale bar 1: 5 m, 2: 1 m, 3: 5 cm, 4–6: 1 cm).

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Isotrema arborea (Linden) Eb.Fisch. comb. nov., p. 154Nolinoideae Eb.Fisch. & G.Mwachala subfam. nov., p. 431

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467Sources of Illustrations

Sources of IllustrationsOrig.: Figs 3-6.–3-7., Figs 3-9.–3-12., Figs 3-15.–3.23., 4-2.–4-104. (Notice courtesy.)APG III. – Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 161: 105–121: Fig. 4-1.Farjon, A. A Handbook of the World’s Conifers, Brill, Leiden/Boston: Fig. 3-13. (Courtesy A. Farjon).Schweizerische Orchideenstiftung am Herbarium Jany Renz: Fig. 4-76.Strasburger, Lehrb. Bot., 35. Aufl., 2002. Spektrum, Akad. Verlag; Heidelberg, Berlin: Fig. 11-289, Fig.

11-207: Figs 3-1.–3-2. (Rights and Permissions by Springer Science+Business Media, Tiergartenstr. 17, 69121 Heidelberg, Germany.)

Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien, 12. ed., I, 1954. Borntraeger, Berlin: Figs 3-3.–3-5., Fig. 3-8., Fig. 3-14.

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468 Index to Taxa

Index to Taxa (Subkingdom to genus level)Names in Roman type are accepted names. Names in italics are synonyms or invalid names. Bold page numbers are principal references, if there are more numbers. Numbers with an asterisk (*) refer to figures.

Aa 347Abdominea 405Abies 65*, 67*, 67, 69Abietoideae 67Acacallis 384Acacia 154Acampe 401f.Acanthaceae 130Acanthephippium 347*, 374Acanthocarpus 335, 337Acanthochlamydaceae 261Acanthochlamydoideae 261Acanthochlamys 261, 263Aceras 367Aceratorchis 361Achariaceae 128Achatocarpaceae 129Achlydosa 351Acianthera 391Acianthinae 356Acianthus 356Acidanthera 331Acineta 383Acis 296, 302Ackermania 384Acmopyle 75, 77Acoraceae 125, 201ff., 203*, 240Acorales 1, 111, 114*, 125, 200,

201ff., 438Acoridium 372Acorites 201Acorus 201, 203*Acostaea 394Acriopsis 378Acrochaene 387Acrolophia 378, 380Acrorchis 390Actinidiaceae 130Actinodaphne 164Actinostrobus 84, 88, 92Aculeovinea 32Ada 380Adamantinia 390Adenochilus 356Adenoncos 402Adenorhizinae 401Adipe 380Adoxaceae 131Adrorhizinae 401Adrorhizon 401

Aedes 418Aenhenrya 347Aerangidinae 406, 425Aerangis 406, 411, 411*, 418Aeranthes 406, 409*, 412Aerides 402, 425Aeridinae 401, 425Aeridostachya 400Aetheorhyncha 384Aethophyllum 60, 62Aextoxicaceae 129Afrasita 48Afrocarpus 77, 79*Afrocrocus 332Afroguatteria 179Afropollis 134Afrothismia 241, 251, 251*, 252Aganisia 384Agapanthaceae 126, 201, 283, 285,

287*, 301Agapanthus 285Agathis 55, 72, 74, 75f., 349, 351,

357Agavaceae 126, 201, 283, 285ff.,

287*, 289*, 291, 291*, 304, 315, 321, 337

Agave 119, 285, 289*, 315Agaveae 285Agavoideae 285, 291, 315Aglaodorum 213Aglaonema 215Aglaonemateae 213Aglossorrhyncha 372Agrostocrinum 312, 315Agrostophyllinae 387, 401Agrostophyllum 387, 389Ainea 326Aiouea 164Aizoaceae 129Akaniaceae 129Ala 365Alamania 390Alania 310Alatiliparis 396Albertarum 121, 201, 223Albidella 203Albizia 154Albuca 316, 316*, 320f.Albuceae 316Aldrovanda 118

Alethopteridaceae 32Alethopteris 33Aletris 238, 247, 248Aleuosmiaceae 131Alexia 110Alexiaceae 13, 110Alexiales 13, 109f.Alisma 203f., 203*Alismataceae 125, 200f., 203ff.,

203*, 205, 225, 238, 241Alismatales 1, 114*, 125, 200f.,

203ff., 238, 241, 248, 438Alismatanae 238Alismatidae 203Alismorchis 374Alliaceae 1, 111, 126, 201, 283,

285, 291ff., 293*, 295*, 301, 334, 421, 434, 437

Allicospermum 43Allieae 291Allioideae 295Allium 1, 285, 291, 293, 293*,

295*, 295, 420Alloschemone 209Alnus 117Aloaceae 304Alocasia 217, 224Aloë 1, 285, 304, 304*, 307f.Aloiampelos 304, 308Aloidendron 304, 308Alooideae 307Alophia 324f., 333Alphonsea 181Alrawia 316, 319Alseodaphne 164Alstroemeria 263, 265, 267*Alstroemeriaceae 126, 263, 265,

267*, 275Alstroemerieae 263, 265Altensteinia 347, 347*Althenia 235Altingiaceae 127Alzateaceae 128Amalia 391Amana 272, 275Amaranthaceae 129Amaryllidaceae 111, 126, 201, 283,

285, 293, 295ff., 295*, 298*, 301Amaryllideae 295f., 301f.Amaryllidinae 295

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469Index to Taxa

Amaryllis 295Ambavia 174Ambavioideae 174, 183Amblostoma 390Amblyanthe 386Amborella 133, 133*, 145, 151Amborellaceae 125, 131, 133, 133*Amborellales 114*, 125, 131, 133,

140Amborellanae 1, 3, 111, 114*, 125,

131, 133Ambrella 406Ambrosia 117Ambrosina 215Ambrosineae 215Amentotaxaceae 97Amentotaxus 56, 95, 97Amerorchis 361Amesia 398Amesiella 402Amianthium 276, 279, 280Amitostigma 367Ammocharis 295, 298*Amorphophallus 207, 213*,

222–225Amparoa 382Amphibolis 225, 227Amphigena 359Amphipoda 433Amphisiphon 319Amphorogynaceae 129Amydrium 209Amyelon 59Anabaena 26Anacampserotaceae 129Anacamptis 361, 361*, 420Anacardiaceae 128Anacharidoideae 230Anacostia 140Anadendreae 209, 225Anadendrum 209Anapalina 331, 333Anaphora 396Anaphyllopsis 211Anaphyllum 211Anarthriaceae 126Anathallis 391Anaueria 164Anaxagorea 174, 183Anaxagoreoideae 174Anaxagorideae 183Ancana 179Anchomanes 219Ancistrochilus 374Ancistrocladaceae 129Ancistrorhynchus 406, 411*

Ancrumia 293Anderssoniopiper 157Andinia 391Andrena 422Androchilus 347Androcorys 361Androcymbium 267, 269Androsiphon 319Androstephium 434, 437Androstrobus 29Androsynaceae 433Andruris 258, 260Anecypha 138Anemarrhena 287Anemarrhenaceae 201, 285Anemarrheneae 287, 291Anemopsis 146*, 158Aneurophytales 14Angaranthaceae 11, 16Angaranthus 16Angaridium 16Angarocarpus 16Angiospermae 111, 113Angiosperms 1, 2ff., 13, 111, 113,

115*, 117Angraecinae 401, 406, 423, 425Angraecoides 409Angraecopsis 406, 409Angraecum 116, 343*, 406*, 409,

416, 418f.Anguillaria 267Anguillarieae 265Anguloa 376*, 380Ania 376Aniba 164Anisophylleaceae 128Anneliesia 382Annickia 183Annona 175*, 177, 177*, 183Annonaceae 119, 125, 174ff., 175*,

177*, 183, 200Annoneae 177Annonoideae 177, 184Anochilus 359Anoectochilus 349Anomatheca 331Anomianthus 180Anomozamites 25Anonidium 177Ansellia 343*, 374*, 378Antarcticycas 27Antevsia 43f.Anthereon 393Anthericaceae 201, 285, 310, 337,

433Anthericoideae 289, 291

Anthericum 289, 291*Anthidium 417Anthocerotophyta 3Anthogonium 371Antholyza 331Anthophora 417, 420Anthophoridae 116, 314, 333Anthosiphon 380Anthospermum 117Anthurieae 208Anthurium 200, 209, 223, 225Anticlea 279, 280Antillanorchis 383Anubiadeae 213, 215Anubias 215Aorchis 365*Apalanthe 230, 232Apetalae 119Aphanopetalaceae 127Aphloioaceae 128Aphyllanthaceae 126, 201, 283,

285, 302, 302*, 304Aphyllanthes 302, 302*Aphyllorchis 398Apiaceae 120, 131Apiales 114*, 131Apidae 334, 417, 420Apis 301, 416, 420Aplectrinae 389Aplectrum 389Apoballis 220, 221Apocynaceae 117, 130Apodanthaceae 117Apodolirion 297Apollonias 164Aponogeton 205, 207, 207*Aponogetonaceae 115, 125, 205ff.,

207*Aporostylis 356Aporum 386Apostasia 339, 341, 349*Apostasiaceae 337, 425Apostasioideae 339, 341, 425Appendicula 399Appertiella 230, 232Appomattoxia 151Aptandraceae 129Apteria 241, 243, 244Aquatifolia 134Aquifoliaceae 131Aquifoliales 114*, 131Aracamunia 353Araceae 119, 121, 125, 200f., 203,

207ff., 208*, 211*, 213*, 215*, 223ff., 240, 256, 416

Arachnangraecum 409

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Arachnis 402, 402*Arachnitis 263, 271, 271*Araciphyllites 223Araipa 160Arales 203Araliaceae 131Araucaria 57, 72, 72*, 74, 357, 391Araucariaceae 13, 47, 55f., 57,

72ff., 72*Araucariales 13, 72ff.Araucarioides 72Araucarioxylon 74Araucarites 72, 74Arberia 17Arberiaceae 17Arberiella 17Archaeanthus 186Archaefructaceae 120Archaefructus 120, 133Archaemagnoliidae 120Archaeocycas 27Archaeosperma 20Archineottia 398Archivea 384Arctottonia 157Areae 215Arecaceae 116, 119, 126Arecales 1, 111, 114*, 119, 126,

200Arethusa 371Arethuseae 371, 425Arethusinae 371Argophyllaceae 131Aridarum 220Ariopsis 217Arisaema 213*, 216, 224Arisaemateae 216Arisaraceae 213Arisareae 216Arisarum 213*, 216Aristea 326*, 329, 333Aristeoideae 329Aristolochia 151*, 152, 154Aristolochiaceae 117, 119, 125,

148, 151ff., 151*, 157Aristolochiinae 152Aristolochioideae 151Aristolochoideae 152Armodorum 402Armoricaphyton 8Arnocrinum 312, 315Aroideae 213, 223–225Arophyteae 216Arophyton 216Arpophyllum 390Artabotrys 180

Artemisia 117Arthrochilus 357Arthropodium 335, 336, 337Artorima 390Arum 119, 211*, 215, 223f.Arundina 371Asarca 347Asaroideae 151Asarum 148*, 151f.Ascarina 117, 144, 145Ascarinopsis 145Ascidieria 399Asclepias 420Ascocentropsis 406Ascocentrum 406, 425Ascochilopsis 404Ascochilus 404Ascoglossum 405Ascolabium 402Ascolepis 200Ascomycota 118Asimina 177, 183Asiphonia 152Asparagaceae 111, 126, 201, 283,

302, 302*, 304, 315, 337, 433, 437

Asparagales 1, 111, 114*, 119, 126, 201, 283ff., 285, 291, 438

Asparagus 1, 285, 302*, 304Aspasia 380Asphodelaceae 111, 126, 201, 283,

285, 304ff., 304*, 307*, 315, 438Asphodeline 304ff., 307f.Asphodeloideae 307ff.Asphodelus 304, 307f., 307*Aspidistra 426, 432Aspidistraceae 425Aspidogyne 349Aspidostemon 166, 171Asplundia 253, 255*Astelia 308, 308*, 310Asteliaceae 126, 283, 285, 308ff.,

308*Asteraceae 117, 120, 131Asterales 114*, 117, 131Asteranae 3, 114*, 130Asteranthe 178Asteridae 4, 119Asteropeiaceae 129Asteropollis 144Asterostigma 221Astonia 203, 204Astroloba 304, 307Atherosperma 159Atherospermataceae 125, 157*,

159

Athrotaxis 83f., 87, 88Athrotaxites 87Athrotaxoideae 84, 87Atopostema 180Aulacotheca 19*, 33Auliza 390Aulosepalum 353Aulostylis 374Australorchis 386Austrobaileya 136*, 142, 145Austrobaileyaceae 115, 125, 136*,

142Austrobaileyales 114*, 117, 125,

133f., 140ff.Austrobaileyanae 3, 114*, 125,

140ff.Austrocedrus 84, 88Austromatthaea 171Austrotaxus 95, 97Autonoë 319Autunia 43, 44Autuniopsis 44Auxopus 394Avatia 41Avatiaceae 41Avetra 244, 247Avetraceae 244Avonsera 316Aylthonia 261Azadehdelia 411Azorella 347

Babiana 331, 333Baeometra 265Baicarpus 120Baiera 43Baieroxylon 40Baikalophyllum 26Bakoa 220f.Balanopaceae 128Balanophoraceae 117, 129Baldellia 204Balonga 180Balsaminaceae 130Banksia 117, 356f.Baptistonia 381Barbacenia 261, 263*Barbaceniaceae 261Barbaceniopsis 261Barbeuiaceae 129Barbeyaceae 127Barbosella 391Barbrodria 391Barclaya 138Bardocarpus 59Barkeria 390, 416

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471Index to Taxa

Barlia 365Barnardiella 324, 334Barombia 406Barombiella 413Barrotia 256Barthelia 60Bartheliaceae 12, 60Bartholina 361, 366*Bartlingia 336Basellaceae 129Basidiomycota 118Basigyne 372Basiphyllaea 389Baskervilla 347Bataceae 129Batemannia 384Beadlea 353Beania 29, 110Beaucarnea 432Beclardia 409Begoniaceae 128Behnia 287, 291Behniaceae 201, 285Behnieae 287, 291Beilschmiedia 162*, 166, 171, 349Belamcanda 324, 333Belemnopteris 17Bellevalia 319Belliolum 148Beloglottis 353Bencomia 117Bennetticarpaceae 25Bennetticarpus 25Bennettistemon 23Bennettitales 11, 22ff., 24*, 33, 48,

120Bennettitopsida 33Benthamia 361Benzingia 384Berberidaceae 127Berberidopsanae 3, 129Berberidopsidaceae 114*, 129Berberidopsidales 114*, 129Bernaultia 33Beschorneria 285Bessera 434, 437Betula 117Betulaceae 117, 128Bhutanthera 361Biarum 207*, 215Bicuiba 189Biebersteiniaceae 128Bieneria 347Biermannia 402Bifrenaria 380Bignoniaceae 116, 130

Bilabrella 365Binotia 381Bipinnula 345, 347Bixaceae 129Bjuvia 27Blandfordia 310Blandfordiaceae 126, 283, 310Blephariglottis 367Bletia 389Bletiinae 389Bletilla 372Bloomeria 434, 437Blumeorchis 402Blyxa 230, 232Blyxaceae 227Bobartia 324, 334Bocagea 178Bocageeae 178Bocageopsis 180Bognera 213, 218Bogoria 402Bokkeveldia 296Bolbidium 380Bollea 386Bolusiella 409, 411*Bomarea 265Bombus 116, 333, 417, 432Bonatea 361Bonnetiaceae 128Bonniera 409Boophone 295Boophoninae 295Boraginaceae 111, 130Boraginales 114*, 130Borderea 244, 247Borthwickiaceae 129Borya 310, 311*Boryaceae 126, 283, 310, 311*Boryangraecum 409Boryeae 310Bosmina 118Bostonia 15Bothriochilus 389Bottinaea 337Boutiquea 177Bowenia 25f., 29Bowiea 316, 320Braasiella 383Brachionidium 391Brachtia 381Brachyceras 138Brachycorythis 361Brachypeza 402Brachyphyllum 72, 74, 77, 83Brachystegia 365Brachystele 353

Bracisepalum 372Bradysia 421Braemia 383Bragantieae 151Brasenia 117, 134, 135Brasenites 134Brasilocycmis 383Brasiliorchis 380Brassavola 390Brassia 376*, 380f.Brassicaceae 129Brassicales 114*, 129Brassiodendron 167Braxireon 300Brenesia 391Briegeria 390Brimeura 319Brocchinia 117f.Brochoneura 189Brodiaea 434, 437Brodiaeoideae 434, 437Bromeliaceae 117f., 126Bromheadia 401Broughtonia 390Brownleea 359Brownleeinae 359Brunelliaceae 128Bruniaceae 131Bruniales 114*, 131Brunoa 26Brunsvigia 295, 301Brunsvigiaceae 295Bryobium 399Bryophyta 3Bubbia 148Bucephalandra 220Buchtienia 353Bucklandia 24Buesiella 381Bulbine 304, 307, 308Bulbinella 304, 307, 308Bulbocodiaceae 265Bulbocodium 267, 269Bulbophyllinae 386Bulbophyllum 387, 389*, 416, 420Bulleyia 372Burchardia 267, 269Burchardiaceae 265Burchardieae 267, 269Buriadia 60Buriadiaceae 12, 60f.Burlemarxia 261Burmannia 241, 243, 243*, 271Burmanniaceae 118, 125, 241ff.,

243*, 252, 271Burnatia 203, 204

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Burnettia 357Burnsbaloghia 353Burseraceae 128Buteoxylon 15Buteoxylonales 11, 14Butneriaceae 160Butomaceae 125, 225, 226*Butomopsis 203, 204, 205Butomus 225, 226*Buxaceae 127Buxales 114*, 127Buxanae 3, 114*, 127Byblidaceae 118, 130Byblis 118

Cabomba 134, 135, 135*Cabombaceae 117, 125, 134f.,

135*Cadetia 386Caesia 312, 315Caladenia 356, 422Caladeniinae 356, 425Caladiaceae 213Caladieae 216, 225Caladium 216, 225Calamopityaceae 11, 15Calamopityales 11, 15Calamopitys 15Calanthe 343, 345, 372*, 374, 387Calathospermum 19Calceolaria 417Calceolariaceae 130, 417Caldesia 204Caleana 357Calibanus 432Caliphruria 301Calla 208*, 213, 217, 224Callaceae 213Calleae 217Calliphora 152*Calliphoridae 252Callipterianthus 44Callipteris 43f.Callista 386Callistophytaceae 11, 16Callistophytales 11, 16, 32Callistophyton 16Callitris 84, 88, 92, 94Callitroideae 84, 87Callitropsis 90Calloideae 213, 224Callopsideae 217Callopsis 217Callospermarion 16Callostylis 399Calocedrus 84, 84*, 88f.

Calochilus 358Calochortaceae 263, 271Calochortoideae 263, 272, 275Calochortus 263, 272, 275, 275*Calonema 356Calophyllaceae 128Calopogon 371, 416Caloscordum 291, 295Calostemma 296Calostemmateae 296, 301Calothrix 26Caluera 381Calycanthaceae 125, 159, 160,

160*, 162Calycanthoideae 160Calycanthus 160, 160*, 162Calyceraceae 131Calydorea 325, 334Calymmanthera 402Calymmatotheca 18Calophyllaceae 128Calypso 372*, 389, 420Calypsoeae 389Calypsoinae 389Calyptrochilum 409Camaridium 380Camassia 289, 291Campanula 420Campanulaceae 116, 131Campanulorchis 399Camptorrhiza 267Campylandra 426Campylocentrum 409, 411Campylosiphon 243, 244Campynema 265Campynemanthe 265Campynemataceae 126, 241, 263,

265Cananga 174Canarina 116Canella 146Canellaceae 125, 145, 146, 146*Canellales 114*, 125, 144, 145ff.Cannabaceae 127Cannaceae 126Cannaeorchis 386Capanemia 381Capparaceae 129Caprifoliaceae 131Capsicodendron 146Cardenanthus 325Cardiocarpus 58Cardiochilos 411Cardiocrinum 271Cardiolepidiaceae 12, 43Cardiolepis 43

Cardiopetalum 178Cardiopteridaceae 131Cardiostigma 325Caricaceae 129Cariria 48Carlemanniaceae 130Carlephyton 216Carludovica 253, 255*Carludovicoideae 253f.Carnegieodoxa 172Carnoconites 34Carollia 158Carpolyza 296, 302Caryocaraceae 128Caryodaphnopsis 166, 171Caryophyllales 114*, 117, 129Caryophyllanae 3, 114*, 129Cassinisia 61Cassytha 117, 162*, 164, 166, 171Cassythaceae 164Castellanoa 296Casuarinaceae 128, 400Catasetinae 376, 418Catasetum 374*, 376, 416Cathaya 67, 69Cathayanthus 58Cathaysiopteris 32Cathissa 316, 321Catopsis 118Cattleya 390, 391Cattleyella 390Cattleyopsis 390Caucaea 381Caularthron 390Caulinia 231Caytonanthus 38Caytonia 8, 14, 38, 120Caytoniaceae 12, 38Caytoniales 12, 14, 32, 38, 120Cearanthes 297, 300f.Cedrus 65*, 67, 69, 70Celastraceae 128Celastrales 114*, 128Centris 333, 417, 421f.Centrogenium 353Centroglossa 381Centrolepidaceae 126Centroplacaceae 128Centrosis 374Centrospermae 4, 119Centrostigma 361Cepaceae 291Cephalanthera 396*, 398, 420Cephalantheropsis 374Cephalosphaera 189Cephalotaceae 117f., 128

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473Index to Taxa

Cephalotaxaceae 56, 95, 97Cephalotaxus 56, 94f., 97Cephalotus 118Ceratandra 359Ceratina 334Ceratinidae 421Ceratobasidiaceae 423Ceratobasidium 423Ceratocentron 402Ceratochilus 406Ceratophyllaceae 126Ceratophyllales 114*, 126Ceratophyllanae 3, 114*, 126Ceratophyllum 119Ceratopogonidae 152, 224Ceratostylis 399Ceratozamia 26, 27*, 29, 30*Cercestis 218Cercidiphyllaceae 127Cervantesiaceae 129Chaenanthe 381Chalepogenus 333Chamaeangis 406, 411Chamaeanthus 402Chamaecyparis 84, 84*, 89Chamaegastrodia 349Chamaeleorchis 382Chamaelirium 276, 280Chamaescilla 337Chamaexeros 335, 337Chamelophyton 391Chamorchis 361, 365*Chamorgia 26Changnienia 389Chapelia 15Chapmanolirion 296Charybdis 316Chaseella 387Chasmanthe 331, 333Chaubardia 384Chaubardiella 384Chauliodon 411Cheiradenia 384Cheirolepidiaceae 13, 40, 74, 82f.Cheirolepidium 83Cheirostylis 349Chelonistele 372Chelyorchis 382Chelystachya 414Chenorchis 402Chieniodendron 181Chigua 30Chileorchis 347Chiloglottis 357, 422Chilopogon 399Chiloschista 402, 423

Chimonanthaceae 160Chimonanthus 160, 160*Chionodoxa 319Chionographidaceae 276Chionographideae 276Chionographis 276, 280Chironomidae 224Chiropteris 18Chitonanthera 400Chlidanthus 296Chloraea 347, 353*Chloraeeae 345Chloraeinae 345Chloranthaceae 117, 125, 144f.,

146*, 151Chloranthales 114*, 117, 125,

144f.Chloranthistemon 144Chloranthus 144, 145, 146*Chlorocardium 166Chlorogalaceae 285Chlorogaloideae 289, 291, 321Chlorogalum 289Chlorophytum 287*, 289Chloropidae 152Chlorosa 357Chlorospatha 216f.Chlorostilbon 419Chondradenia 365Chondrorhyncha 384Chondroscaphe 384Chorigyne 253Chortolirion 304, 307, 308Chouardia 319Christensonella 380Christensonia 406, 425Chroniochilus 402Chrysobalanaceae 128Chrysocycnis 380Chrysodracon 429, 433Chrysoglossum 374Chusua 367Chysinae 390Chysis 390Chytroglossa 381Cinnadenia 166Cinnamodendron 146Cinnamomum 162*, 166Cinnamosma 146Cipura 325Circaeasteraceae 127Circaeocarpus 157Cirrhaea 383Cirrhopetalum 387Cischweinfia 381Cistaceae 129

Citrus 115, 381–383Claderia 378Cladostrobus 59Cladoxylopsida 3Classopollis 82Classostrobus 82Clavatipollenites 120, 144Cleisocentron 402Cleisomeria 402Cleisostoma 402Cleisostomopsis 402Cleistes 368Cleistesiopsis 368Cleistochlamys 179Cleistopholis 177Cleistostoma 404Clematepistephium 370Cleomaceae 129Clethraceae 130Clinantheae 296, 301Clinanthus 296Clinostemon 166Clintonia 272Clivia 297Clowesia 347*, 376Clusiaceae 128Cobana 325Coccineorchis 353Cochleanthes 384Cochlioda 382Cocos 115Codonaceae 130Codonorchideae 343, 345Codonorchis 345Codonosiphon 387Codonospermaceae 32Coelia 389Coeliinae 389Coeliopsidinae 378Coeliopsis 378Coelocaryon 189Coeloglossum 361Coelogyne 371, 372, 420Coelogyninae 372Coenadenium 406Coffea 381f.Cogniauxiocharis 354Cohnia 337Coilochilus 357Coilonox 316, 320Colchicaceae 126, 263, 265ff., 269,

269*, 276Colchiceae 267Colchicum 267, 269, 269*Coleogeton 235, 237Coleoptera 148

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474 Index to Taxa

Collabieae 372Collabium 374Collarestuartense 382Colletes 422Colletogyne 216Collospermum 308, 310Colocasia 217, 225Colocasieae 217, 225Colpoxylon 32Columbidae 171Columelliaceae 131Comandraceae 129Combretaceae 128Cometia 17Commelinaceae 126Commelinales 1, 112, 114*, 126,

200, 263, 335Comospermum 291, 431, 433Comparettia 381, 419Comperia 361Compsoaceae 271Compsoneura 189Compsostrobus 69Conanthera 433Conantheraceae 433Conchidium 399Condylago 394Conewagia 62f.Coniferales 57Coniferidae 57Coniferopsida 57Connaraceae 128Conostoma 19Constantia 390Convallaria 426, 426*, 432Convallariaceae 425, 433Convallarieae 426, 433Convallarioideae 425, 432, 433Convolvulaceae 117, 130Cooktownia 361, 416, 423Corallorhiza 372*, 389, 423f.Corallorhizinae 389Cordaianthus 58Cordaicarpus 58Cordaispermum 58Cordaitaceae 12, 58f.Cordaitales 8f., 12, 40, 55, 57ff., 60Cordaites 33, 58Cordaixylon 8, 57, 58Cordiglottis 406Cordyline 119, 337Coreanophyllum 25Coriariaceae 128Cornaceae 130Cornales 114*, 130Cornucarpus 16

Coronostoma 19Correorchis 347Corsia 271Corsiaceae 118, 126, 263, 269, 271,

271*Corsiopsis 271Corunastylis 358Coryanthes 376, 383, 384*, 417f.,

423Corybas 356Coryciinae 359, 417Corycium 359, 417Corylus 117Corymborchis 401Corymborkis 401Corynocarpaceae 128Corynoptera 419Corynotheca 312, 315Corysanthes 356Corystospermales 12, 14, 38f., 110,

120Corystospermataceae 12, 38f.Coryzadenia 162Cosmosma 418Costaceae 126Costus 119Cotingidae 171Cottonia 402Cotylolabium 353Coumiasperma 20Craibella 182Cranichideae 345, 417, 425Cranichidinae 347Cranichis 347Crassulaceae 127Crataegus 115Cratonia 48Cremastosperma 181Cremastra 389Cremastrinae 389Crepidium 396Crescentia 116, 382Cretocycas 26Cribbia 411Crinaceae 295Crininae 295Crinonia 372Crinopolles 120Crinum 295, 295*, 301f.Croatiella 221Crocaceae 323Crocodeilanthe 394Crocoideae 329, 331ff., 334Crocosmia 331, 333Crocus 1, 285, 326*, 331, 333f.,

425

Cronquistiflora 145Croomia 253, 258, 260Croomiaceae 256Crossoglossa 396Crossoliparis 396Crossosomataceae 128Crossosomatales 114*, 128Crossotheca 18Crossozamia 27Crossyne 295Crybe 389Cryptanthemis 358Cryptarrhena 384Crypteroniaceae 128Cryptocarya 166, 171Cryptocentrum 380Cryptochilus 399Cryptocoryne 218Cryptocoryneae 218Cryptomeria 83, 84*, 89, 93Cryptophoranthus 391Cryptopus 411Cryptopylos 402Cryptostephanus 297Cryptostylidinae 357Cryptostylis 357, 421Crytantheae 301Ctenolophonaceae 128Ctenoplectra 116Ctenoplectridae 116Cucurbitaceae 116, 128Cucurbitales 114*, 117, 128Cucurlionidae 184, 254Cuitlauzina 381Culcasia 215*, 218Culcasieae 213, 218Culicidae 224Cunninghamia 83f., 87, 87*, 89, 93Cunninghamioideae 84, 87Cunninghamiostrobus 87Cunninghamites 87Cunoniaceae 128Cupressaceae 6, 13, 55ff., 82, 83ff.,

84*, 87, 87*, 94f.Cupressales 13, 82ff.Cupressinocladus 82Cupressites 62Cupressoideae 84, 87f.Cupressus 84, 87*, 89f.Curculigo 321, 323Curculigo-clade 323Curculionidae 184, 254Curtisiaceae 130Cuscuta 117Cyadocarpidium 63Cyanaeorchis 376

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Cyanastraceae 433Cyanastrum 431*, 433Cyanella 433f.Cyanellaceae 433Cyanicula 356Cyanixia 331Cyathocalyx 177Cyathostemma 180Cybebus 353Cybistetes 295Cycadaceae 11, 27*, 29f., 29*Cycadales 2, 11, 13, 25ff.Cycadeoidea 23, 24*Cycadeoideaceae 11, 22, 23Cycadidae 3, 6f., 11, 13f., 19*,

22ff., 120Cycadinorachis 26Cycadoidella 23Cycadolepis 24, 25Cycadopites 26, 44Cycadopsida 32Cycadospadix 29Cycas 7, 25f., 27*, 29, 29*Cyclanthaceae 126, 253f., 255*Cyclanthoideae 253, 254Cyclanthus 254Cyclocephalini 138Cyclopogon 353Cycnoches 376, 418Cycnogeton 234Cydoniorchis 380Cylindrolobus 400Cymbidieae 376, 417Cymbidiella 376*, 378Cymbidiinae 378Cymbidiopsis 378Cymbidium 341*, 378, 425Cymbocarpa 243Cymboglossum 400Cymbopetalum 178Cymodocea 225, 227, 228*Cymodoceaceae 125, 205, 225,

227, 228*, 235, 237Cymodoceaceae-complex 227, 235Cynniris 333, 419Cynomoriaceae 117, 127Cynomoriales 117, 127Cynorkis 343*, 361Cypella 325, 326, 333f.Cyperaceae 48, 117, 126, 200Cyperocymbidium 378Cyperorchis 378Cyphochilus 399Cypholoron 381Cypripediaceae 425

Cypripedioideae 341, 343, 420, 425

Cypripedium 341, 351*, 420, 425Cyrillaceae 130Cyrtanthaceae 295Cyrtantheae 295, 296, 301Cyrtanthus 296, 298*, 301Cyrtidiorchis 380Cyrtochiloides 381Cyrtochilum 381, 417Cyrtopodiinae 378Cyrtopodium 378Cyrtorchis 411, 411*Cyrtosia 370, 423Cyrtosperma 211, 215*Cyrtostylis 356Cystorchis 349Cytinaceae 117, 129Czekanowskia 39f.Czekanowskiales 12, 14, 38, 39f.,

120

Dacrycarpus 77, 79Dacrydium 77, 77*, 79, 80, 94Dactyloglossum 361Dactylorchis 361Dactylorhiza 115, 341*, 361, 362*,

419f.Dactylorhynchus 387Dactylostalinae 389Dactylostalix 389Dahlgrenodendron 166f., 171Daiotyla 384Daiswa 279, 280Damasonium 204Damudoxylon 67Danae 432Dandya 434, 437Danhatchia 349Danxiaorchis 389Daphnandra 159Daphniphyllaceae 127Darlingtonia 118Darneya 63Darwiniera 383Dasoclema 180Dasylirion 432Dasymaschalon 179, 184Dasypogonaceae 126, 200, 283Dasypogonales 1, 112, 114*, 126,

200Dasyscolia 422Datiscaceae 128Daubenya 319f.Decarydendron 171Deceptor 402

Dechellyia 48Deeringothamnus 177Degeneria 120, 164*, 184Degeneriaceae 115, 125, 164*, 184Degranvillea 353Dehaasia 167Deiregyne 353Delemaya 27Delgadopsis 134Delnortea 32Deltolepis 25Dendrobianthe 414Dendrobieae 386Dendrobiinae 386Dendrobium 384*, 386, 416–419,

424f.Dendrochilum 372, 416Dendrocoryne 386Dendrokingstonia 180Dendrokingstonieae 180Dendrolirium 400Dendrophylax 411Dendrorchis 414Denkania 17Dennettia 179Desmopsis 181Desmos 179, 184Detrusandra 145Devia 331Devogelia 374Dewinterella 296, 301Dewria 48Diacrium 390Diadenium 381Dialissa 394Dialyanthera 190Diamena 289Dianella 312, 313*, 314f.Dianellaceae 312Dianthoveus 253Diapensiaceae 130Diaphananthe 409*, 411Diascia 116, 417Diceratostele 401Diceratostelinae 401Dicerostylis 349Dichaea 384Dichapetalaceae 128Dichelostemma 434, 437Dichopus 386Dichromanthus 353Dickasonia 372Dicksonites 16Diclinanona 177Dicranophyllaceae 40Dicranophyllales 40

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Dicranophyllum 40Dicranopygium 253Dicroidium 39Dictyophyllaria 370Dictyopteridium 17Dictyostega 241, 243, 244Dictyozamites 22, 25Dicypellium 167Dideopsis 421Didiciea 389Didiereaceae 129, 380Didymoplexiella 394Didymoplexis 394Dieffenbachia 218, 225Dieffenbachiae 218Dielsiothamnus 179Dienia 396Dierama 331Diervilleaceae 131Dietes 324Digitalis 116Diglyphosa 374Dignathe 381Diichnia 15Dilleniaceae 127Dilleniales 114*, 127Dillenianae 127Dilochia 372Dilochiopsis 400Dilomilis 393Dilwynites 75Dimerandra 390Dimorphorchis 402Dinema 390Dinklageella 411Dinophyton 48Diodonopsis 393Dionaea 118Dioncophyllaceae 117f., 129Dioon 26, 27*, 30Dioonopsis 30Diora 289Dioscorea 119, 200, 244, 244*, 247Dioscoreaceae 119, 125, 200, 238,

241, 243, 244, 244*, 247, 247*, 251

Dioscoreales 1, 114*, 119, 125, 241ff., 263, 271, 438

Dioscoreanae 241Diothonea 390Dipcadi 316, 316*, 320Dipcadieae 316Dipentodontaceae 129Diphalangium 437Diphylax 367Diplandrorchis 398

Diplarrhena 323, 324, 334Diplocaulobium 386Diplocentrum 402Diplolabellum 414Diplomeris 361Diploprora 402Dipodium 378Dipsacaceae 131Dipsacales 111, 114*, 131Diptera 116, 138, 148, 152, 205,

252, 281, 421Dipteranthus 383Dipterocarpaceae 118, 129Dipterocarpus 400Dipterostele 383Dirachmaceae 127Dirhopalostachyaceae 13, 110Dirhopalostachys 110Disa 354*, 359, 417f., 419, 425Discipiper 157Discyphinae 347, 425Discyphus 347Diseae 358, 417, 425Diselma 84, 90, 94Disepalum 177Disinae 359Diskyphogyne 353Disperanthoceros 414Disperis 354*, 359, 417Disporopsis 429, 433Disporum 269, 276Distylodon 411Dithrix 361Dithyridanthus 353Diurideae 356Diuridinae 357Diuris 354*, 357Dockrillia 386Dodecadenia 167Dodsonia 386Dolabrifolia 409Dolerotheca 33Dolichocentrum 386Doliostomia 43Doliostrobaceae 72, 74Doliostrobus 74Dolomitia 60, 61Domingoa 390Donponoxylon 34Dordrechtitaceae 12, 64Dordrechtitales 12, 64Dordrechtites 64Doritis 404Doryanthaceae 126, 283, 312, 334Doryanthes 312Doryphora 159

Dossinia 349Doyleanthus 189Dracaena 285, 429, 429*, 431–433Dracaenaceae 425, 429, 433Dracaenoideae 429, 433Dracomonticola 361Draconanthes 393Dracontiaceae 211Dracontioides 211Dracontium 207, 211Dracula 393, 393*, 421Dracunculus 215Drakaea 357, 421f.Drakaeinae 357, 425Drakonorchis 356Drepananthus 177Dresslerella 393Dressleria 376Dressleriella 390Drewria 48Drimia 316, 316*, 320Drimiopsis 320Drimydaceae 146Drimyidaceae 315Drimys 120, 146, 146*, 148Drosera 118Droseraceae 117f., 129Drosophilidae 224Drosophyllaceae 117f., 129Drosophyllum 118Dryadella 393Dryadodaphne 159Dryadorchis 402Drymoanthus 402Drymoda 387Drymophila 265Duartenia 82Dubois-Reymondia 393Duckeanthus 178Duckeella 368Ductoabietoxylon 67Dugandiodendron 186Duguetia 178Duguetieae 178Dunstervillea 381Duthiastrum 331Dyakia 402Dypsis 378, 380

Earina 389, 424Eathiestrobus 69Ebenaceae 130Ebertia 316Eccremis 312, 315Ecdeiocoleaceae 126Echeandia 289

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Echinodorus 203, 204, 205Echinorhyncha 384Echinosepala 393Eclecticus 402Ecuadoria 354Egeria 230, 232Eggelingia 411Eichlerangraecum 409Einomeia 152Eithea 297Elaeagnaceae 127Elaeis 380Elaeocarpaceae 128Elatides 87Elatinaceae 128Eleorchis 372Eleutherine 325Eliokarmos 316, 321Elisena 300Elkinsia 20Elleanthus 400Elleschodes 184Ellipeia 180Ellipeiopsis 180Ellmerrillia 186Elodea 228*, 230, 232Elodeaceae 227Eloyella 381Eltroplectris 353Elythranthera 356Emblingiaceae 129Embreea 383Embryobionta 3, 4Embryobionta, Synopsis of

classification 3Eminium 215Emplectopteridaceae 11, 16Emplectopteris 16Emporia 60Empodium 321, 323Emporiaceae 12, 60Empusaria 396Enantia 183Encephalartoideae 26Encephalartos 25f., 27*, 30, 30*Encheiridion 412Encyclia 390Endiandra 167, 171Endlicheria 167Endocomia 189Endodeca 152, 154Endresiella 384Endymion 319Englerarum 217f.Enhalaceae 227Enhalus 231, 232

Enhydrias 230Enicosanthum 182Ennealophus 325, 333Ennicosanthellum 177Entomophobia 372Eoantha 48Eospermaceae 18Eparmatostigma 406Ephedra 47f., 49, 52, 52*Ephedraceae 12, 49, 52, 52*Ephedrales 6, 12, 49, 52Ephedranthus 181Ephedripites 48Ephedrispermum 48Ephippiandra 171Ephippianthus 389Epiblastus 400Epiblema 358Epicranthes 387Epidanthus 390Epidendreae 387Epidendroideae 370, 374, 416,

424f.Epidendropsis 390Epidendrum 341*, 372*, 387, 390,

418–420Epigeneium 386Epilyna 400Epipactis 345*, 396*, 398, 420Epipetrum 244, 247Epiphorella 414Epipogiinae 399Epipogium 118, 396*, 399, 417Epipremnum 209Epistephium 370Equisetopsida 3Equisetosporites 48Erasanthe 411Eremiolirion 434Eremurus 304*, 307, 308Eretmontia 17Eria 400, 417Eriaxis 370Erica 378Ericaceae 130Ericales 114*, 118, 130Ericksonella 356Eriinae 399Erinna 293Eriocaulaceae 126Eriochilus 356f.Eriodes 374Eriopexis 386Eriopsidinae 378Eriopsis 378Eriospermaceae 425, 431, 433

Eriospermoideae 431Eriospermum 291, 431, 433Eristophyton 18f.Ernestiodendron 8, 62Erycina 378*, 381Erythrodes 349Erythroniaceae 271Erythronium 272, 275Erythropalaceae 129Erythrorchis 370Erythroxylaceae 128Escalloniaceae 131Escalloniales 114*, 131Esmeralda 402Euanthe 406, 425Eucalyptus 55, 88, 356, 358Eucharidae 301Eucera 334Eucharis 301Euchile 391Eucomidaceae 315Eucomis 320Eucomniaceae 130Eucosia 349Eucrosia 301Eufriesea 418Euglossa 183, 418, 423f.Euglossinae 183, 417Euglypha 152Eulaema 183Eulaemia 423Eulophia 339*, 378, 380Eulophiella 378Eulophiinae 378Euphlebium 386Euphorbia 154Euphorbiaceae 128Euphroniaceae 128Euphyllophytina 2, 3, 113Eupomatia 184, 184*Eupomatiaceae 115, 125, 184,

184*Eupteleaceae 127Euryale 138Euryblema 384Eurycentrum 349Eurychone 412Eurynotia 325Euryphyllum 58Eurystoma 20Eurystyles 353Eusideroxylon 167, 171Eustephia 296Eustephieae 296Eustrephaceae 285Eustrephus 335, 336, 337

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Evodianthus 253Evotella 359Evrardia 351Evrardianthe 351Exalaria 347Exellia 179Exospermum 148

Fabaceae 116, 127, 333Fabales 114*, 121, 127Fagaceae 117f., 128Fagales 114*, 117, 128Faika 171f.Faironia 15Falcatifolium 75, 79, 80Famatina 300Fenerivia 180, 182Fenerivieae 180Feraxotheca 18Fernandezia 381Ferraria 324Ferruminaria 387Ferugliocladaceae 12, 40, 60, 61Ferugliocladus 61Fessia 319Ficus 380Filarum 222Fimbriella 367Fimbrorchis 365Fingardia 396Fissistigma 179Fitzalania 181Fitzroya 8, 56, 84, 87, 90, 94Flagellariaceae 126Flagelliarisaema 216Flickingeria 386Florinites 58Florinostrobus 63Fokienia 84, 87, 90Forbesina 400Forficaria 359Formicomus 190Fortunatia 315Fosteria 326Fouquieraceae 130Frankeniaceae 129Fredianthus 63Fredlindia 23Fredlindiaceae 11, 23Fredlindiales 23Freesia 331Fregea 400Frenelopsis 82Freycinetia 256, 256*Freycinetiaceae 254Friedsellowia 48

Friesodielsia 179Fritillaria 271, 272*, 275Fritillariaceae 271Froesiodendron 178Frondaria 393Fuertesiella 347Fungivora 154Funkia 287Funkiaceae 285Funkiella 353Furcraea 285Furtadoa 219Fusaea 178Futabanthus 183

Gagea 272, 272*, 275Galanthaceae 295Galantheae 296Galanthus 296, 298*, 302Galaxia 324, 334Galaxiaceae 323Galbulimima 186Galeandra 347*, 376, 378Galearis 365Galeoglossum 347Galeola 370Galeottia 384Galeottiella 347Galeottiellinae 347Galtiera 15Galtonia 316, 321Gamanthera 167Gamosepalum 353Gangamopteris 17Garaventia 293Garaya 354Garayanthus 402Garayella 391Gardenia 413Garryaceae 130Garryales 114*, 130Gasteria 304, 307Gastrochilus 404Gastrodia 118, 394, 394*, 396Gastrodieae 394Gastrorchis 374Gaussia 59Gavilea 347Gearum 221Geerinckia 414Geesinkorchis 372Geinitzia 94Geinitziaceae 13, 94Geissolomataceae 128Geissorhiza 331, 333Geitonoplesiaceae 312

Geitonoplesium 312, 315Gelasine 325, 333f.Gelsemiaceae 130Gemmaria 296, 302Genlisea 118Gennaria 361, 365, 365*Genoites 61Genomosperma 20Genomospermaceae 20Genomostomaceae 18Genoplesium 358Gentianaceae 130, 241Gentianales 114*, 117, 130Genyorchis 387Geoblasta 345Geocalpa 391Geodorum 378Geomitra 252Geosiridaceae 323Geosiridoideae 329, 334Geosiris 329, 334Geraniaceae 116, 128Geraniales 114*, 128Gerarrdiniaceae 129Gersinia 387Gesneriaceae 130Gethyllidaceae 295Gethyllideae 297Gethyllis 297Gethyum 293Giblingodendron 60Gigantonoclea 32Gigantonomia 32Gigantonomiales 32Gigantopteridaceae 11, 32Gigantopteridales 11, 14, 16, 29,

32, 120Gigantopteridium 32Gigantopteris 32Gigantotheca 32Gilbertiella 179f.Gilliesia 291, 293, 293*, 334, 421Gilliesiaceae 291Gilliesieae 291, 293Gingkoidae 3, 14Ginkgo 7, 38f., 40, 41, 41*, 42*, 72Ginkgoaceae 12, 40f., 72Ginkgoales 12, 32, 38, 40ff., 41*,

42*Ginkgoidae 3, 6, 12f., 14, 38ff., 44,

120Ginkgoites 40Ginkgoitocladus 43Gisekiaceae 129Giulianettia 372Gladiolaceae 323

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Gladiolus 326*, 329*, 331, 333Gladiopomum 17Glenopteris 44Glomera 371, 372Glomeremus 419Glomeromycota 118Glomus 241, 252Gloriosa 267, 269, 269*Glossocalyx 174Glossochilopsis 396Glossodia 357Glossophaginae 117Glossopteridaceae 11, 17Glossopteridales 8, 11, 14, 16ff.,

120Glossopteris 17Glossorhyncha 372Glossotheca 17Glycorchis 356Glyptolepis 9*, 63Glyptostrobus 83f., 90, 93Gnetaceae 12, 49, 52*Gnetaceaepollenites 48Gnetales 6, 12, 22, 48, 49Gnetidae 2, 6, 8, 12f., 42, 47ff.Gnetopsis 19Gnetum 7, 47, 49, 52*Goadbyella 358Gomesa 381Gomortega 159, 162Gomortegaceae 125, 159, 162Gomphichis 347Gomphocentrum 409Gonatanthus 218Gonatostylis 349Gonatopus 213Gondwanotheca 16Gongora 347*, 383, 418Goniochilus 381Gonioscypha 426Goniothalamus 177f.Gontriglossa 48Goodeniaceae 131Goodyera 345, 349, 353*, 424Goodyerinae 347, 424Gorgonidium 221Gothania 58Gothanopteris 32Goupiaceae 128Govenia 389Goveniinae 389Gracielanthus 353Grammangis 380Grammatophyllum 378, 416Grandiphyllum 381Graphorkis 380

Grastidium 386Greenwayodendron 183Greenwoodia 353Grenana 41Griffineae 297, 301Griffinia 297Griseliniaceae 131Grobya 378Groenlandia 235Gronovia 162Grosourdya 404Grossulariaceae 127Grubbiaceae 130Grussia 404Guamatelaceae 128Guamia 181Guanchezia 380Guarianthe 390Guatteria 178Guatterieae 178Guatteriella 178Guatteriopsis 178Gularia 354Gunnarella 404Gunnaria 406Gunnarorchis 400Gunneraceae 127Gunnerales 114*, 127Gurvanella 48Gymnacranthera 189Gymnadenia 115, 339*, 362*, 365,

418, 423Gymnadeniopsis 367Gymnochilus 349Gymnosiphon 241, 243f., 243*Gymnospermae 6Gymnospermopsida 6Gymnosperms 1, 2f., 6, 9, 11, 19,

113Gymnostachys 207Gymnostachyoideae 207, 224Gymnotheca 158Gynandriris 324, 334Gynoglottis 372Gyrocarpaceae 162Gyrocarpoideae 162Gyrocarpus 162Gyrostachys 354Gyrostemonaceae 129

Habenaria 339*, 361, 365, 366*, 418, 425

Habenariinae 358, 425Habranthus 297, 301Hadrangis 409Haemanthaceae 295

Haemantheae 295, 297, 301f.Haemanthus 297Haematodendron 189Haemodoraceae 126, 200, 335Hagenbachia 289Hagenia 117Hagsatera 390Haitingeria 25Hakoneaste 389Halictidae 224, 314Halleorchis 349Halletheca 33Halleyoctenis 23Halocarpus 79Halodule 225, 227Halophila 231, 232Halophilaceae 227Halophytaceae 129Haloragaceae 127Hamamelidaceae 127Hammarbya 394*, 396Hamshawvia 43Hamshawviaceae 12, 43Hamshawviales 12, 38, 43Hancockia 374Hanguanaceae 126Hannonia 296Hanskerpia 60, 61Hapaline 216, 217Hapalochilus 387Hapalorchis 353Haplostichanthus 182Haplothismia 251Haptanthaceae 127Haraella 404Harperocallis 237, 238Harrisella 411Hartzia 39Hastingsia 289Haworthia 304, 307, 308Hayata 89, 349Haylockia 300Hazomalania 162Hederorkis 401Hedycarya 162*, 172, 173Hedycaryopsis 171Hedyosmum 117, 144, 145Heidiphyllum 63Helanthium 204Helcia 383Heliamphora 118Helicodiceros 215, 224Heliconiaceae 126Heliotropiaceae 130Helleborine 398Helleriella 394

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Heloniadaceae 276Heloniopsis 276, 280Helionadeae 276Helonias 276, 280Helonoma 353Helwingiaceae 131Hemerocallidaceae 126, 201, 283,

285, 307, 310, 312ff., 313*, 315, 438

Hemerocallis 312, 313*, 314, 315Hemiphylacaceae 302Hemiphylacus 302, 304, 307Hemipilia 365Hemipilopsis 365Hemiscleria 390Hennecartia 172Henschelia 162Hensmania 314, 315Hepaticae 3Herbertia 325, 326, 334Hermanophytales 13, 110Hermanophyton 110Hermansia 409Herminium 365, 366*Hermodactylus 324Hernandia 162, 175*Hernandiaceae 125, 159, 162, 175*Hernandioideae 162Hernandiopsis 162Herpetophytum 386Herpolirion 314, 315Herpysma 349Herreria 287Herreriaceae 201, 285Herrerieae 287, 291Herreriopsis 287Herschelia 359Herschelianthe 359Hesperaloe 285, 287, 291Hesperantha 331f., 333Hesperocallidaceae 126, 201, 283,

304, 315Hesperocallidoideae 315Hesperocallis 315Hesperocyparis 90Hesperopeuce 71Hesperoxiphion 325Hesperoyucca 287, 289*, 291Hessea 296, 301f.Hestia 220, 221Hetaeria 349Heterangium 18f., 20Heteroaridarum 220Heteroarisaema 216Heteropetalum 178Heteropolygonatum 429

Heteropsideae 209, 225Heteropsis 209Heteroptera 118, 152Heterosmilax 283Heterostylaceae 232Heterotaxis 380Heterozeuxine 351Heterozostera 240Hexacyrtis 267Hexadesmia 391Hexaglottis 324, 334Hexalectris 389, 424Hexalobus 178Hexapora 168Hexapterella 243f.Hexapterospermum 33Hexisea 391Hexuris 260Hibiscus 381, 383Hieracium 115Hieronymiella 296Himantandra 186Himantandraceae 115, 125, 174,

184, 186Himantoglossum 361, 362*, 365Hintonella 381Hippeastreae 297, 301Hippeastrum 297, 298*, 300f.Hippeophyllum 396Hirmeriella 83Hirsutum 17Hirtzia 382Hispaniella 383Hlatimbia 110Hlatimbiaceae 13, 110Hlatimbiales 13, 110Hodgsoniola 314, 315Hoehneella 384Hofmeisterella 381Holcoglossum 404Holmesia 406Holochlamys 211Holopogon 398Holostylis 152Holothrix 365Homalomena 219Homalomeneae 218Homalopetalum 390Homeria 324, 333f.Homevaleia 17Honorius 316, 321Hoplinae 333Horichia 383Hormidium 391Horneophytopsida 3Hornschuchia 178

Horsfieldia 189, 190Hortonia 171, 172Horvatia 380Hosta 285, 287, 291, 291*Hostaceae 285, 315Hottarum 220Houlletia 383, 418Houttuynia 158Hsenhsua 365Huaceae 128Hubbardiastrobus 87Hubera 181, 182Huebneria 391Huerteales 114*, 129Humbertina 216Humblotiangraecum 409Humiriaceae 128Huntleya 384Huttonaea 359, 417Huttonaeineae 359Hyacinthaceae 126, 201, 269, 283,

291, 304, 315ff., 316*, 319*, 321Hyacintheae 316, 319Hyacinthella 319Hyacinthoideae 316, 319ff.Hyacinthoides 319, 320f.Hyacinthus 319Hyalisma 258Hyalosema 387Hybochilus 381Hydatella 136Hydatellaceae 125, 133, 133*, 134,

135f.Hydnora 152*, 154Hydnoraceae 117, 125, 151, 152*,

154Hydrangeaceae 130Hydrilla 231, 232Hydrillaceae 227Hydrilloideae 231, 232Hydrocallis 138Hydrocharis 228*, 230, 232Hydrocharitaceae 115, 117, 125,

225, 227ff., 228*, 232, 238Hydrocharitoideae 230Hydrocleys 203, 203*, 204, 205Hydrocotylephyllum 134Hydrogetonaceae 235Hydroleaceae 130Hydrophyllaceae 130Hydropterangium 25Hydrosperma 18Hydrostachyaceae 130Hygrochilus 404Hylaeorchis 380Hyline 297

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Hylophila 349Hymenocallideae 295, 300Hymenocallis 300Hymenoptera 138, 421f.Hymenorchis 404Hypericaceae 128Hypodaphnis 167, 171Hypolytrum 200Hypoxidaceae 126, 285, 321ff.,

323*Hypoxidia 321, 323Hypoxis 321, 323, 323*Hypoxis-clade 323Hyrcantha 120

Icacinaceae 130Icacinales 130Ida 380Idanothekion 16Idiospermaceae 160Idiospermoideae 160Idiospermum 160Igidia 316, 320Illiciaceae 142Illiciales 145Illicium 140*, 142Illigera 162Illigeraceae 162Imerinaea 380Incarum 221India 405Inobulbon 386Inti 380Ionopsis 381Ipheion 293Iphigenia 267Iphigenieae 267Iphigeniopsis 267Ipsea 374Irania 39, 120Iraniaceae 12, 39f.Iridaceae 1, 116, 126, 283, 285,

293, 312, 323ff., 323*, 326*, 329*, 331*, 333f., 421

Irideae 324, 334Iridoideae 324, 333, 334Iridorchis 378Iris 293, 324, 329*, 331*, 333f.,

409, 413, 421Irvingiaceae 128Iryanthera 189Isabelia 390Isanitella 390Ischnocentrum 372Ischnogyne 372Isidrogalvia 238

Ismene 300Isochilostachya 414Isochilus 394Isolona 178f.Isophysidaceae 323Isophysidoideae 324Isophysis 324, 333f.Isotrema 151*,152, 154Isotrematiinae 152Isotria 368Iteaceae 127Iteadaphne 167Ixia 331, 332, 333Ixiaceae 323Ixieae 331Ixioideae 329, 334Ixioliriaceae 126, 283, 285, 334Ixolirion 334Ixonanthaceae 128Ixostrobus 39Ixyophora 386

Jacquiniella 390f.Jaguariba 134Jaimehintonia 434, 437Japonoliriaceae 240f.Japonolirion 240, 241, 280Jasarum 216, 217Jejewoodia 404Jejosephia 387Jennyella 383Jerseyanthus 162Jiaochengia 16, 32Jodrellia 307Johnsonia 314, 315Johnsoniaceae 310, 312, 315Johnsonieae 310Joinvilleaceae 126Jonesiopsis 356Jostia 393Jouyella 347Juglandaceae 128Jumellea 412, 423Juncaceae 126, 200Juncaginaceae 125, 200, 205, 232,

232*, 234Juniperus 7, 84, 87*, 88, 90f., 93,

389Juno 324Juracimbrophlebia 43

Kabuyea 433, 434Kadsura 142f.Kairoa 172Kalenia 120Kalimantanorchis 401

Kalmia 371Kalopternix 390Kalymma 15Kamiesbergia 296Kannaskoppia 44, 45Kannaskoppiaceae 12, 44Kannaskoppianthus 44f.Kannaskoppifolia 44f.Kaokoxylon 67Karibacarpon 39Karkenia 42Karkeniaceae 12, 41f.Katherinea 386Kefersteinia 386Kegeliella 383Kelissa 325Kerryoxylon 18Keteleeria 67, 70, 71Kibara 172Kibaropsis 171, 172Kigelia 116Kihansia 258, 260Kinetochilus 386Kingidium 404Kingstonia 180Kinugasa 279, 280Kionophyton 353Kirkiaceae 128Klarobelia 181Klattia 285, 329Kmeria 186Knautia 365*Knema 189Kniphofia 304, 307, 307*, 308Koeberliniaceae 129Koellensteinia 386Konantzia 381Kornasia 396Korolkowia 271Kraenzlinella 393Krameriaceae 117, 127Kreodanthus 349Kreysigia 269Krylovia 59Kryptostoma 365Ktalenia 38Kubitzkia 167Kuhlhasseltia 349Kumara 304, 308Kungurodendron 63Kuntheria 269Kupea 258, 260Kupeaeae 258Kurtziana 26Kwaziophyllum 58Kyllinga 117

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Lacaena 383Lacandonia 260Lacandoniaceae 258Lachenalia 320Lachenaliaceae 315Lachenaliinae 319Lacistemataceae 128Lacroixia 411Lactoridaceae 125, 151, 157Lactoris 151, 157Laelia 391Laeliinae 390, 425Laeliopsis 390Lagarosiphon 230f., 232Lagarostrobos 75, 79Lagenandra 218Lagenospermum 18Lagenostoma 14, 18, 19*Lamiaceae 116, 130Lamiales 114*, 117f., 130Lanaria 335Lanariaceae 126, 283, 285, 323,

334f.Landoltia 222Lanium 390Lankesterella 353f.Lankesteriana 391Lantana 420Lanthanomelissa 333Lapageria 281, 283*Lapageriaceae 281Lapeirousia 332, 333Lapiedra 296f.Lardizabalaceae 127Larentia 325Laricoideae 67Larix 64, 65*, 67, 69, 70Lasia 211Lasioideae 211, 223f.Lasioideaecidites 223Lasiomorpha 211, 213Lasiostrobus 27Latace 293Lathraea 117Latourea 386Lauraceae 117, 125, 159, 162*,

164ff., 164*, 170f.Laurales 4, 114*, 117, 119, 125,

144, 159ff.Lauranthus 170Laurelia 157*, 159Laureliopsis 82, 159Laurozamitaceae 11, 23Laurozamites 23Laurus 164*, 168Lauterbachia 172

Laxmannia 336, 337Laxmanniaceae 126, 201, 283, 285,

304, 335ff., 336*, 433Lazarum 216Leaoa 391Lebachia 8, 60, 62Lebachiaceae 60, 62Lebowskia 61Lecanorchis 370Lecrosia 63Lecythidaceae 130Ledebouria 320Ledebouriinae 319Leefructus 120Leguminanthus 24Lemboglossum 382Lemna 222, 226*Lemnaceae 207, 222, 224Lemneae 222Lemnoideae 222–225, 256Lemurangis 409Lemurella 412Lemurorchis 412Lentibulariaceae 118, 130Leochilus 381Leontochir 265Leopoldia 316*, 319Lepanthes 393, 421Lepanthopsis 393Lepervenchea 409Lepianthes 157Lepidobotryaceae 128Lepidogyne 351Lepidoptera 148, 291Lepidopteris 43f.Lepidothamnus 79Lepidozamia 26, 30Lepilaena 235Leporella 357Leptoceras 357Leptochiton 295, 300Leptocycas 27Leptorkis 396Leptostrobaceae 12, 39f.Leptostrobales 39Leptostrobus 39Leptotes 391Lesliae 404Lesliegraecum 409Lesqueria 186Letestudoxa 178Lethia 325Lettowianthus 177Leucocasia 217, 218Leucochloris 419Leucocoryne 293

Leucocrinum 289, 291Leucohyle 383Leucojaceae 295Leucojum 296, 297, 298*, 302Leuthardia 25Levieria 172Liaoxia 48Libertia 326Libocedrus 84, 88f., 91, 92Licaria 168Lidgettonia 17Lidgettoniaceae 17Ligeophila 349Lilaea 234Lilaeaceae 232Liliaceae 126, 238, 241, 263, 269,

271ff., 271*, 272*, 275, 275*, 310Liliacidites 120Liliales 1, 114*, 119, 126, 258,

263ff., 269, 271, 283, 291, 337, 438

Lilianae 1, 3, 111, 114*, 119, 125, 200ff., 438

Lilieae 271Lilioideae 271f., 275Lilium 271*, 272, 275Limeaceae 129Limnanthaceae 129Limnobiophyllum 121, 201, 223,

256Limnobium 227, 230, 232Limnocharis 203, 204, 205Limnocharitaceae 203, 205Limnophyton 203, 204Limodoraceae 337Limodorum 396*, 398, 417, 423f.Linaceae 128Lindeniopiper 157Lindera 168Linderniaceae 130Lindsayella 400Lindtheca 34Lindthecaceae 12, 34Linnaeaceae 131Liparidaceae 337Liparis 394*, 396Liriaceae 271Liriodendron 186, 186*Liriope 426, 433Lisowskia 396Lissopimpla 421Listera 398Listrostachys 412Litanthus 316, 320Litsea 168Littonia 267, 269

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Liverworts 3Lloydia 272, 276Loasaceae 130Lockhartia 381Lockia 404Loefgrenianthus 391Loganiaceae 130Lomandra 285, 335, 336*, 337Lomandraceae 335, 337Lomandroideae 337Lomatophyllum 304Lonchiphyllum 17Loncomelos 316, 321Lopadangium 44Lophiaris 383Lophiocarpaceae 129Lophiola 247f.Lophiolaceae 247Lophopyxidaceae 128Loranthaceae 117, 129Lorenzia 221Loroglossum 365Lotos 138Lotus 116Lovellea 159Lowiaceae 126Loxoma 405Loxomorchis 405Ludisia 341*, 351Ludovia 254Lueckelia 383Lueddemannia 383Luisia 404Luisiopsis 404Luronium 204, 205Lutanthus 63Luzula 200Luzuriaga 265, 267*Luzuriagaceae 263, 291Luzuriageae 265Lycaste 376*, 380Lycomormium 378Lycophytina 3Lycopsida 3Lycoridae 300Lycoris 300Lyginopteridaceae 11, 18f.Lyginopteridales 8, 11, 14, 18ff.,

19*, 29Lyginopteris 14, 18, 19*Lyginorachis 18Lyperanthus 357Lyrasperma 15Lyroglossa 354Lysichiton 207, 223Lysiella 367

Lysimachia 116Lyssoxylon 26Lythraceae 128

Maasia 180, 182Maasieae 180Mabelia 121, 201, 260Macdonaldendron 60Machaerocarpus 204Macodes 351Macradenia 381Macroclinium 381Macropeplus 172Macropiper 157, 158Macropis 116Macroplectrum 116, 409, 418Macropodanthus 404Macrotorus 172Macrozamia 25f., 30, 30*Maesaceae 130Magnolia 186, 186*, 189*Magnoliaceae 125, 174, 186, 186*,

189*Magnoliales 4, 114*, 119, 125, 144,

174ff.Magnolianae 1, 3, 111, 114*, 125,

144ff.Magnoliidae 1, 3, 13, 111, 114*,

125, 131ff.Magnoliopsida 1, 2–4, 13, 47,

111f., 113ff., 119, 125ff., 131ff.Magnoliophytina, Synopsis of

classification 125ff.Magnoliophytina, Systematic

arrangement of taxa 131ff.Maguirea 218Maianthemum 429Maidenia 231, 232Majonica 60, 61Majonicaceae 12, 60, 61, 63Malaxideae 396Malaxis 394*, 396, 398, 416, 418Malesherbiaceae 111, 128Malleola 405Malmea 181Malmeeae 180Malmeoideae 180, 184Malpighiaceae 128, 417Malpighiales 114*, 117, 128Malvaceae 129Malvales 114*, 117, 129Manekia 157f.Manfreda 287Manglietia 186Manglietiastrum 186Mangonia 221

Manifera 69Manniella 347*, 351Manniellinae 351Manoao 79, 80Mapania 200Mapinguari 380Marantaceae 126Marasmius 154, 243*Marattiopsida 3Marcgraviaceae 130Marchantiophyta 3Margelliantha 406*, 412Mariceae 326Marmarthia 170Marsupiaria 380Marsypopetalum 181Martellidendron 256Marthella 241, 243, 244Martyniaceae 130Masculostrobus 48Masdevallia 393, 393*, 419Massonia 320Massonieae 319, 321Massoniinae 319Mastigion 387Mastigostyla 325Matatiella 43Matatiellaceae 12, 43Matatiellales 12, 38, 43Mathieua 301Matthaea 172Mauldinia 170Mauloutchia 189Maundia 234Maundiaceae 125, 205, 234Maxillaria 380, 417, 421f.Maxillarieae 376, 417, 425Maxillariella 380Maxillariinae 380Mayacaceae 126Mayoa 223Medeola 272Medeolaceae 271Medeoleae 272Medeoloideae 271Mediocalcar 400Medullosa 32, 33Medullosaceae 11, 32f.Medullosales 11, 14, 19*, 29, 32f.Medusorchis 365Megachile 420Megalorchis 365Megalotus 404Megaselia 152Megastylidinae 357Megastylis 358

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Megatheca 19Meiocarpidium 177Meiogyne 181Meiracyllium 391Melaleuca 358Melanthiaceae 126, 128, 241, 248,

263, 276ff., 276*, 279*, 280Melanthiales 241Melanthieae 276, 280Melanthium 276, 279, 280Melanthripidae 26Melasphaerula 331, 332Melastomataceae 128Meliaceae 128Melianthiaceae 128Meliorchis 424Meliphagidae 310Meliponinae 183, 422Melittidae 116Melodorum 180Melomphis 321Menaisperma 20Mendoncella 384Menispermaceae 127Menyanthaceae 131Merendera 267, 269Merenderaceae 265Merwilla 320Mesadenella 354Mesadenus 354Mesocyparis 87Mesodescolea 26Mesoglossum 382Mesospinidium 381Mesoxylon 8, 58Mespilodaphne 169Metanarthecium 247, 248Metasequoia 39, 83f., 87, 87*, 91Metridiostrobus 94Metteniusaceae 130Mettenuisales 130Mexicoa 382Mexipedium 341Mezilaurus 166, 168, 171Mezzettia 177Mezzettiopsis 182Michelia 186Michelillloa 26Micranthus 332Microbiota 83f., 91, 92f.Microcachrys 75, 77*, 80Microcheiris 39Microchilus 351Microcoelia 411*, 412Microcycas 26, 30Microepidendrum 391

Microlepidoptera 418Micropera 404Micropetasos 121Microphytanthe 386Micropora 168Micropterigidae 148Microsaccus 404Microspermopteris 18Microstrobos 80Microtatorchis 405Microteaceae 129Microterangis 411, 412Microthelys 354Microtis 358Microvictoria 134Miersia 291, 293, 293*Miersiella 241, 243, 244Mikasastrobus 87Miliusa 182Miliuseae 181Milla 434, 437Milligania 308, 310Miltonia 382, 425Miltonioides 382Miltoniopsis 382Milula 291, 295Milulaceae 291Minicolumna 390Miridae 152Mischobulbum 376Mischogyne 179Misodendraceae 129Mitrastemonaceae 130Mitrephora 182Mitrospermum 58Miyoshia 240Miyoshiaceae 240Miyoshiales 240Mkilua 178Mobilabium 404Moegistorhynchus 116, 333Moerenhoutia 351Molineria 321, 323Mollinedia 171, 172, 173Molluginaceae 129Momordica 116Monachanthus 376, 416Monadenia 359Monanthesia 23Monanthochilus 405Monanthotaxis 177*, 180Monetianthus 134Moniliformopses 2, 3, 113Monimia 172, 173Monimiaceae 125, 159, 160*,

171ff.

Monocarpia 183Monocarpieae 183Monocots 200Monocotyledons 200Monocyclanthus 179Monodora 177*, 179Monodoreae 178Monoletes 33Monomeria 387Monoon 182Monophyllorchis 401Monosepalum 387Monosulcites 134Monotrichardieae 219Monstera 209, 225Monstereae 209, 223, 225Monsteroideae 209, 224f.Montiaceae 129Montiniaceae 130Montolivaea 365Montrichardia 219, 223f.Moraceae 127Moraea 324, 331*, 333f.Mordellidae 224Moresnetia 20Moresnetiaceae 20Moriconia 87Morinaceae 131Moringaceae 129Mormodes 374*, 376, 378Mormolyca 380Mosannona 181Moyliostrobus 62Muilla 434, 437Muntingiaceae 129Murchisonia 337Murielatheca 33Musaceae 126Muscari 319Muscarimia 319Mwasumbia 183Myanthus 376, 416Mycaranthes 400Mycetophila 419Mycetophilidae 224, 418f.Mycomya 418Myeloxylon 33Myodocarpaceae 131Myoxanthus 393Myricaceae 128Myristica 184*, 186*, 190Myristicaceae 125, 174, 184*,

186ff., 186*Myrmechis 351Myrmecophila 391Myrosmodes 347

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Myrothamnaceae 127Myrothamnanae 3, 114*, 127Myrsinaceae 130Myrtaceae 128Myrtales 114*, 128Mystacidium 412

Nabaluia 372Nageia 75, 77, 80Nageliella 390Najadaceae 227Najadales 203Najas 227, 228*, 231, 232Namaquanula 296, 301f.Namophila 320Nanarepenta 244, 247Nanodeaceae 129Nanodes 390Nanuza 261, 263Narcissaceae 295Narcisseae 300Narcissus 298*, 300Nartheciaceae 125, 238, 240f.,

247f., 247*Nartheciales 247Narthecium 238, 247, 247*, 248,

280Nataligma 48Nechamandra 231, 232Nectandra 168Nectarinia 333, 419Nectarinidae 116Nectaroscilla 319Nectaroscordum 291, 295Nehvizdyella 41Nelumbites 134Nelumbonaceae 127Nemaconia 394Nemastylis 326Nemestrinidae 116, 333Nemuaron 159Neoastelia 308, 310Neobartlettia 398Neobathiea 412Neobennettia 381Neobenthamia 413f.Neobiondia 158Neobolusia 365Neoburttia 414Neocallitropsis 84, 91f.Neocinnamomum 168, 171Neoclemensia 396Neocogniauxia 393Neocribbia 413Neodregea 267Neodryas 381

Neoescobaria 383Neofinetia 406, 425Neogardneria 386Neogyna 372Neokoehleria 381Neolauchea 390Neolehmannia 390Neolindleya 365Neolitsea 164, 168f.Neomarica 326Neomoorea 380Neopatersonia 316, 321Neostenanthera 178Neotainiopsis 374Neotinea 361*, 365Neottia 118, 339*, 347*, 396*, 398,

419, 424Neottiaceae 337Neottianthe 367Neottieae 398Neo-urbania 380Neo-uvaria 182Neowilliamsia 390Neozeleboria 422Nepenthaceae 118f., 129Nepenthes 118Nephelaphyllum 374Nephrangis 412Nephropsis 59Nephthytideae 219Nephthytis 219Nerine 296Nervilia 396*, 399, 416Nervilieae 398Nerviliinae 399Neuradaceae 129Neuropteris 33Neusenia 170Neuwiedia 341Neuwiediaceae 337Nicotiana 115Nidema 391Nietneria 247, 248Nigritella 365, 423Nilssonia 26Nilssoniaceae 25Nilssoniocladus 26Nilssoniopteris 22, 25Nipaniophyllum 34Nitidobulbon 380Nitidulidae 160Nitophyllites 223Nitrariaceae 128Nivenia 285, 329, 333Nivenioideae 329, 334Noeggerathiopsis 59

Nohawilliamsia 382Nolana 431Nolanidae 431Nolanoideae 431Nolina 285, 431, 431*, 432Nolinaceae 425, 433Nolinoideae 431Nomocharis 272Nostoc 26Nothaphoebe 169Notheria 400Nothodacrium 77Nothodoritis 404Nothofagaceae 128Nothofagus 82Notholirion 272Nothophytum 77Nothoscordum 293Nothostele 354Nothotsuga 67, 70, 71Notylia 382Notyliopsis 382Nucicarpus 43Nucifraga 71Nuhliantha 121, 201, 260Nujiangia 361Nuphar 136, 136*Nupharanthus 134Nupharoideae 136Nuskiosporites 62Nyctaginaceae 129Nymphaea 117, 136*, 138Nymphaeaceae 117, 119, 125,

133f., 136, 136*, 138Nymphaeales 114*, 117, 120, 125,

133ff., 133*, 140, 145Nymphaeanae 3, 114*, 125, 133ff.Nymphaeites 134Nymphaeoideae 138Nypa 254Nystroemia 18Nystroemiaceae 11, 18

Oakes-Amesia 382Oakesiella 269Oberonia 396*, 398Oberonioides 398Oceanoros 279Ochnaceae 128Ochocoa 190Ochyrella 354Ochyrorchis 365Ocotea 162*, 169Octadesmia 393Octandrorchis 393Octarrhena 400

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Octoclinis 88Octoknemaceae 129Octomeria 393, 393*Odontochilus 351Odontoglossum 382Odontopteris 33Odontorrhynchus 354Odontostomum 433, 434Odyssianthus 63Oeceoclades 380Oenostachys 331Oeonia 409*, 412Oeoniella 412f.Oerstedella 390Oestlundia 391Oestlundorchis 353Olacaceae 129Oleaceae 130Oligochaetochilus 351Oligolobos 231Oligophyton 365Oliveriana 382Olsynium 326Omoea 404Onagraceae 128Oncidiinae 380, 417, 425Oncidium 382, 421f., 425Oncocyclus 334Oncodostigma 182Oncostema 319Oncothecaceae 130Oncothecales 130Ondinea 117, 138Onira 326Onixotis 267Onychopetalum 181Ooia 220f.Ophidion 393Ophioglossella 404Ophiopogon 426Ophiopogonaceae 425Ophiopogoneae 426, 433Ophrydaceae 337Ophrypetalum 179Ophrys 334, 361*, 365, 367*,

421ff., 425Opiliaceae 129Oporanthaceae 295Orchiaceras 367Orchidaceae 1, 111, 116–118, 126,

200, 241, 251, 283, 285, 293, 333f., 337–425, 339*, 341*, 343*, 345*, 347*, 349*, 351*, 353*, 354*, 361*, 362*, 365*, 366*, 369*, 372*, 374*, 378*, 384*,

389* 393*, 394*, 396*, 402*, 406*, 409*, 411*, 414*

Orchideae 358Orchidinae 359, 425Orchidofunckia 384Orchidoideae 343, 416, 424f.Orchidotypus 381Orchipedum 351Orchis 361*, 362*, 367, 419f.Oreodaphne 169Oreomitra 182Oreorchis 414Orestias 398Orleanesia 391Ormerodia 402Ornithidium 380Ornithocephalus 382Ornithochilus 404Ornithogalaceae 315Ornithogaleae 316, 320Ornithogaloideae 315, 320Ornithogalum 316, 319*, 321Ornithoglossum 267Ornithophora 381Orobanchaceae 117, 130Orontiaceae 207Orontioideae 207, 223f.Orontium 207, 223Orophea 182Orthoceras 357Orthochilus 380Orthrosanthus 326Ortiseia 60, 62Osmoglossum 381Ossiculum 413Osteophloeum 190Oswaldheeria 95Osyricera 387Othocallis 319Otoba 190Otochilus 372Otoglossum 382, 417Otostylis 386Otovicia 60, 62Otozamites 25Ottelia 227, 228*, 231, 232Otteliaceae 227Ottokaria 17Ottokariaceae 17Ottokariales 14, 16Ottokariopsida 14, 16Ottonia 157Oxalidaceae 128Oxalidales 114*, 117, 128Oxandra 181Oxyanthera 400

Oxygyne 251f.Oxystophyllum 400Oziroë 315Oziroëeae 315Oziroëoideae 315

Pabellonia 293Pabstia 386Pabstiella 393Pachites 359Pachygenium 354Pachylarnax 186Pachyphyllum 382Pachyplectron 351Pachypodanthium 178Pachypteris 39Pachystele 391Pachystelis 391Pachystoma 374Pachytesta 33Paeoniaceae 127Pagiophyllum 83Palaeoginkgoxylon 40Palaeognetaleana 48Palaeogoniopteris 32palaeoherbs 4, 119Palaeotaxus 97Palaeovittaria 17Palissya 94Palissyaceae 13, 94Palmeria 172f.Palmorchis 398Palumbina 381Pameridea 118Pamianthe 296Pancratiaceae 295Pancratieae 297, 301Pancratium 298*, 301Pandaceae 128Pandanaceae 126, 200, 253, 254,

256, 256*Pandanales 1, 114*, 126, 252ff.,

438Pandaniidites 256Pandanus 200, 256, 256*Panisea 372Pantlingia 356Papaveraceae 127Paphinia 384Paphiopedilum 343, 345*, 347*,

349*, 351*, 420f., 425Papilionanthe 404Papillilabium 404Papperitzia 381Papuacedrus 84, 92Papuaea 351

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Papualthia 182Parabenzoin 168Paracalaena 357Paracryphiaceae 131Paracryphiales 114*, 131Paradisanthus 386Paradisea 291, 307Paragondwanidium 16Paraholcoglossum 404Paraia 169Parakibara 173Parakmeria 186Paralophia 380Paramichelia 186Paramongaia 296Paramyristica 190Paraphalaenopsis 404Parapteroceras 406Pararaucaria 82, 83Pararaucariaceae 82Pararistolochia 151, 151*, 152, 154Parasarcochilus 405Parasassafras 169Parasciadopitys 87Parasitaxus 2, 6, 55, 75, 79, 79*, 80Parasporites 33Parataiwania 87Parataxodium 87Paratetrapedia 333Paravojnovskya 59Pardanthopsis 324Parhabenaria 367Pariana 200Paridaceae 276Parideae 263, 279, 280Paris 119, 241, 276, 276*, 279*,

279, 280Parmelreuthia 25Parnaiboxylon 67Pasithea 312, 314, 315Passifloraceae 111, 128Patersonia 329, 333Patersonioideae 329, 334Paulowniaceae 130Pauridia 321, 323Pauridia-Empodium-clade 323Pechorostrobus 59Pecteilis 367Pectinariella 409Pedaliaceae 130Pedicellarum 209Pedilochilus 387Pedilonum 386Pelatantheria 404Pelexia 354Peliosanthaceae 425

Peliosanthes 426, 429Peltandra 219Peltandreae 219Peltaspermaceae 12, 43Peltaspermales 12, 14, 33, 38, 43f.Peltaspermopsis 44Peltaspermum 43, 44Peltophyllum 260Penaeaceae 128Pendulorchis 404Penkimia 402, 404Pennantiaceae 131Pennilabium 404Pennsylvanioxylon 8, 58Pentadiplandraceae 129Pentaphragmataceae 131Pentaphyleaceae 130Pentastemona 253, 258, 259*, 260Pentastemonaceae 253, 256, 258Penthoraceae 127Pentoxylaceae 12, 34Pentoxylales 12, 14, 33f., 120Pentoxylon 33, 34Peperomia 151, 157, 157*, 158Peperomiaceae 157Periboea 320Peridiaceae 127Peristeranthus 404Peristeria 378Peristylus 367Permotheca 43Perrierangraecum 409Perrieriella 412Persea 162*, 164, 169, 171Perseaceae 164Perseanthus 170Pescatoria 386Petalocentrum 382Petalochilus 356Petalolophus 182Petermannia 263, 281Petermanniaceae 126, 263, 280f.Petermanniopsis 281Petriellaea 44, 45Petriellaeaceae 12, 45Petriellales 12, 14, 38, 44f.Petronymphe 434, 437Petrosavia 240f.Petrosaviaceae 125, 200, 240f., 248Petrosaviales 1, 114*, 125, 240f.,

248, 438Petrosaviineae 240Peumus 160*, 173Pezizales 118Pfitzeria 381Pfosseria 319

Phaeanthus 182Phaedranassa 301Phaetornis 419Phaius 372*, 374Phalaenopsis 339*, 404f., 416, 425Phalocallis 326Phanerogonocarpus 173Phasmatocycadaceae 27Phasmatocycas 27Phasmtocycadales 27Pheladenia 357Phellinaceae 131Pherosphaera 75, 80Philesia 281, 283*Philesiaceae 126, 263, 281, 283,

283*, 337Philippinaea 351Philodendreae 219Philodendron 219, 223f., 225Philonotieae 219Philonotion 220, 221Philydraceae 126Phlebochilus 356Phloeophila 393Phoebe 169Phoenicanthus 182Phoenicopsis 40Pholidota 372Phormiaceae 312Phormium 285, 312, 314, 315Phragmipedium 343, 351*, 420Phragmorchis 405Phreatia 400Phrymaceae 130Phycella 300Phylladoderma 43Phyllanthaceae 128Phyllocladaceae 13, 56, 75, 80Phyllocladus 55f., 75, 80, 81, 84*Phyllonomaceae 131Phyllorkis 387Phylloscopus 116Phyllospadix 238, 238*, 240Phyllostemonodaphne 169Phyllostomidae 158Phymatarum 220Phymatidium 382Physenaceae 129Physinga 390Physoceras 367Physogyne 354Physosiphon 394Physostoma 19Physostomaceae 18, 20Physothallis 394Physurus 349

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Phytolaccaceae 129Picea 67, 67*, 69, 70Piceoxylon 69Picodendraceae 128Picramniaceae 128Picramniales 114*, 128Pilgerodendron 84, 92Pillansia 332Pillansieae 332Pilophorosperma 39Pilophyllum 374Pinaceae 2, 8, 12, 47f., 55ff., 64ff.,

64*, 65*, 67*, 69*Pinales 2, 12, 64ff.Pinalia 400Pinelia 390Pinelianthe 390Pinellia 216, 223Pinguicula 118Pinidae 3, 6f., 12f., 40, 48, 55ff., 72Pinoideae 67Pinopsida 1, 2–4, 6ff., 11, 13ff.,

113Pinus 8, 56f., 64, 64*, 67, 69, 69*,

70f., 361, 381, 389Pinus subsect. Pinus 69Piper 151, 154*, 157f.Piperaceae 119, 125, 148, 151,

154*, 157f., 157*Piperales 114*, 117, 125, 144,

148ff., 151Piperanthera 157Piperia 367Piperoideae 157f.Piptocalyx 143Piptospatha 220f.Piptostigma 183Piptostigmateae 183Pistia 220, 223, 225Pistiaceae 213Pistieae 213, 220Pittosporaceae 131Pityphyllum 380Pitys 18Placea 300Plagiolirion 301Plantaginaceae 116f., 130Plantago 117Platanaceae 127Platanthera 362*, 367, 418Platorchestia 433Platycardia 17Platycladus 84, 91, 92, 93Platycoryne 367Platycorynoides 365Platylepis 351

Platymitra 182Platyrhiza 382Platystele 393Platythelys 349Plebeia 422Plectorrhiza 405Plectrelminthus 413Plectrophora 382Pleea 237, 238Pleione 372Pleistachyopiper 157Pleodendron 146Pleomele 429, 433Pleuriarum 216Pleurostima 261Pleurothallidinae 391, 421Pleurothallis 387, 393, 393*Pleurothallopsis 393Pleurothyrium 169Plocoglottis 376Plocospermataceae 130Plumbaginaceae 129Plumsteadia 17Pluricarpellatia 134Plusia 418Poaceae 117, 126, 200Poaephyllum 400Poales 1, 112, 114*, 117, 126, 134,

200Podandriella 365Podangis 413Podocarpaceae 2, 6, 13, 55f., 57,

75ff., 77, 77*, 79*, 81, 84*Podocarpus 75, 77, 77*, 80, 81, 82,

381, 391Podochileae 399Podochilus 400Podolasia 213Podostemaceae 128Podozamites 63Poellnitzia 304, 307Pogonia 368Pogonieae 368, 425Pogoniopsis 368Polemoniaceae 130Polianthes 287Polyalthia 180f., 182, 183Polyaulax 181Polycarpicae 119Polyceratocarpus 183Polycycnis 384Polygalaceae 127Polygonaceae 129Polygonataceae 425Polygonateae 429, 433Polygonatum 425, 426*, 429, 432

Polylepis 117Polylophospermaceae 32Polyotidium 382Polypodiopsida 3Polyradicion 411Polyrrhiza 411Polyspermophyllum 40Polysporangiomorpha 3Polystachya 414, 414*, 417Polystachyinae 401, 413Polyxena 319f.Pomatocalpa 405Ponera 394Ponerinae 394Ponerorchis 367Pontederiaceae 126Ponthieva 347Popowia 182Porcelia 178Porolabium 367Porpax 400Porphyrodesme 405Porphyroglottis 378Porphyrostachys 347Porroglossum 393, 420Porrorhachis 405Portulacaceae 129Posidonia 234, 237*, 438Posidoniaceae 125, 205, 227, 234f.,

237, 237*Potameia 169, 171Potamogeton 235, 237, 237*Potamogetonaceae 115, 125, 205,

235, 237, 237*, 240Potamogetonales 203, 205Potamogeton-group 235Pothaceae 208Potheae 209Pothoideae 208, 223f.Pothoidium 209Pothomorphe 157Pothos 209Potomacanthus 170Potoniea 33Potonieaceae 32Potoxylon 169f.Povedadaphne 169Praecoxanthus 357Prasophyllinae 358Prasophyllum 358Prepinus 69Prescottia 347Primocycas 27Primoginkgoxylon 40Primula 362*, 420Primulaceae 116, 130

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489Index to Taxa

Priscowelwitschia 48Pristiglottis 351Prochynanthes 287Prodoxidae 291Progymnospermopsida 2, 3, 11,

113Proiphys 296Promenaea 386Prosartes 275, 276Prosoeca 333Prosopanche 152*, 154Prospero 319Prosthechea 391Protarum 218Proteaceae 117, 127Proteales 114*, 127Proteanae 3, 114*, 127Protocedroxylon 69Protocupressinoxylon 82Protoephedrites 48Protohaploxypinus 17Protolirion 240Protomonimia 159Protophyllocladus 77Protoplebeia 424Protopodocarpoxylon 82Prototulbaghia 293Protracheophytes 3Prumnopitys 75, 81, 82Pseudalthenia 235, 237Pseudartabotrys 178Pseudephedranthus 181Pseuderia 386Pseudiris 326Pseudocentrum 347Pseudocranichis 347Pseudoctenis 27Pseudocycas 25Pseudodracontium 222Pseudofrenelopsis 82Pseudogaltonia 315, 316, 321Pseudogoodyera 354Pseudohirmerella 83Pseudohydrosme 207, 215*, 219Pseudojumellea 409Pseudolaelia 391Pseudolarix 56, 64, 67, 71Pseudoludovia 254Pseudomalmea 181Pseudomuscari 319Pseudoperistylus 365Pseudoprospereae 320, 321Pseudoprospero 320Pseudorchis 365*, 367, 418Pseudosmilax 283Pseudostenomesson 300

Pseudotaxus 56, 97Pseudotorellia 43Pseudotrillium 279, 280Pseudotrimezia 326Pseudotsuga 56, 67, 67*, 69f., 71Pseudovanilla 370Pseudovoltzia 8, 61Pseudowintera 148Pseudowinterapollis 145Pseudowolffia 223Pseudoxandra 181Pseuduvaria 182, 183Psidium 381–383Psilochilus 401Psilotopsida 3Psychilis 391Psychodidae 224Psychopsiella 382Psychopsis 378*, 382, 421Psygmorchis 381Pterichis 347Pteridospermatidae 3, 8, 11, 14ff.,

120Pteroceras 405Pteroglossa 354Pteroglossaspis 380Pteroma 39Pterophyllum 22Pterostemma 382Pterostylidinae 345, 351Pterostylis 351, 353, 353*, 421Pteruchus 38, 39, 120Pterygodium 359, 417Pterygospermum 17Ptilophyllum 22, 24Pucara 301Puschkinia 319, 319*Putranjivaceae 128Pycnanthus 184*, 190Pycnospatha 211, 213Pygmaeorchis 391Pyramidanthe 180Pyrolirion 300Pyrorchis 358

Quaestora 32Quechua 354Quekettia 382Quercus 381, 389Quillaceae 127Quisqueya 391

Raciborskanthos 402Radiatopses 3, 11Radinosiphon 332Rafflesiaceae 117, 128

Raimondia 177Rajania 244, 247Ranalisma 204f.Rangaeris 411, 413Ranunculaceae 121, 127Ranunculales 114*, 121, 127Ranunculanae 3, 114*, 126Rapateaceae 126Raphia 380Rauhia 301Rauhiella 382Rauwenhoffia 180Ravenea 380Ravensara 166Raycadenco 382Rediviva 116, 333, 417Rehezamites 26Reineckea 426Remusatia 218Renanthera 405Renantherella 405Renata 391Renzorchis 365Resedaceae 129Resnova 320Restionaceae 126Restrepia 393, 393*Restrepiella 393Restrepophyllum 26Retrophyllum 81Rhabdodendraceae 129Rhabdotaenia 17Rhachiphyllum 44Rhadamanthopsis 316Rhadamanthus 316, 320Rhaesteria 406*, 413Rhamnaceae 127Rhamphastidae 171Rhamphorhynchus 351Rhaphidophora 119, 209Rheome 324Rhetinangium 19Rhetinantha 380Rhetinotheca 33Rhexoxylon 39, 110Rhinerrhiza 405Rhinerrhizopsis 405Rhinorchis 365Rhipidoglossum 343*, 409*, 413Rhipogonaceae 126, 263, 279*,

281Rhipogonum 279*, 281Rhizanthella 358, 424Rhizanthellinae 358Rhizoctonia 423Rhizophoraceae 128

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Rhodocodon 316Rhododendron 371, 414Rhodohypoxis 321, 323Rhodophiala 300, 301Rhodospatha 209–211Rhodostemonodaphne 170Rhomboda 351Rhuacophila 314, 315Rhynchogyna 405Rhyncholaelia 391Rhynchosperma 33Rhynchospora 117, 200Rhynchostele 382Rhynchostylis 405Rhyniophyta 3Rhyniophytina 3Rhyniopsida 3Rhytionanthos 387Richella 177Ridleyella 400Rigbya 17Rigbyaceae 17Rigidella 326Rimacola 358Ringentiarum 216Ripogonum 281Risleya 398Rissikia 77Robiquetia 405Rodriguezia 382Roeperocharis 367Roezliella 382Roggeveldia 324Rohdea 426Rollinia 177Rolliniopsis 177Romnalda 335Romulea 323*, 331, 332, 333Roridula 118Roridulaceae 118, 130Rosaceae 117, 127Rosales 114*, 117, 127Rosanae 3, 114*, 127Rosidae 3f., 13, 114*, 119, 126Rossioglossum 378*, 382Rousseaceae 131Roxburghiaceae 256Rubiaceae 117, 130Rubus 115Rudolfangraecum 409Rudolfiella 380Rufloria 58, 59Rufloriaceae 59Ruflorinia 38Ruizodendron 181Runcaria 7

Ruppia 237Ruppiaceae 125, 205, 227, 235, 237Rusbyella 381Ruscaceae 111, 126, 201, 283, 285,

304, 425ff., 426*, 429*, 431*, 433Ruscoideae 432Ruscus 426*, 432Russula 424Russulaceae 423f.Rutaceae 128Rutelini 333

Sabatinca 148Sabiaceae 127Sabiales 114*, 127Sabina 91Saccoglossum 387Saccolabiopsis 405Saccolabium 405Sacodon 341Sacoila 354, 419Sagenopteris 38Sageraea 182Sagittaria 203, 203*, 205Sahnia 34Salicaceae 128Salix 420Salpingocarpus 44Salpingostoma 19, 20Salpingostylis 325Salpistele 394Salvadoraceae 129Samaropsis 58f.Samarorchis 405Sanderella 382Sandersonia 267, 269*Sandrewia 44Sanguisorba 117Saniella 323Sanmiguelia 120Sanrafaelia 179Sansevieria 429, 429*, 431, 433Sansevieriaceae 425, 429Sansonia 393Santalaceae 117, 129Santalales 111, 114*, 117, 129Santalanae 3, 114*, 129Santotomasia 405Sapindaceae 128Sapindales 114*, 128Sapotaceae 130Sapranthus 182Sararanga 200, 256Sarcandra 144, 145Sarcanthinae 401Sarcobataceae 129

Sarcochilus 405Sarcoglottis 354Sarcoglyphis 405Sarcolaenaceae 129Sarcophyton 405Sarcorhachis 157Sarcorhynchus 411Sarcostoma 400Sarmenticola 381Sarracenia 118Sarraceniaceae 118, 130Saruma 148*, 151Sassafras 164*, 170Satyridium 367Satyriinae 359, 417Satyrium 354*, 367, 417ff.Saundersia 382Sauroglossum 354Sauromatum 215f., 224Saururaceae 125, 146*, 151, 158Saururus 146*, 158Sauvetrea 380Savannosiphon 332, 333Saxegothaea 75, 81f.Saxifragaceae 127Saxifragales 114*, 127Saxifraganae 3, 114*, 127Sayeria 386Scabiosa 420Scadoxus 297, 298*Scaphiophora 252Scaphispatha 217Scaphosepalum 393f.Scaphyglottis 391Scarabaeidae 224, 254, 333Scelochiloides 381Scelochilus 381Schefferomitra 180Schelhammera 269Scheuchzeria 237, 238*Scheuchzeriaceae 125, 205, 237,

238*, 241Schickendantzia 263Schickendantziella 293Schidorhynchos 354Schiedeella 354Schisandra 140*, 142f.Schisandraceae 125, 140*, 142f.Schismaglottideae 220Schismatoglottis 220, 221Schistotylus 405Schizobasis 316Schizocapsa 248, 251Schizocarphus 320Schizochilus 367Schizodium 359

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Schizolepidopsis 69Schizophyllum 421Schizostylis 332Schlegeliaceae 130Schlimmia 384Schmeissneria 42, 120Schmeissneriaceae 12, 42Schnarfia 319Schoenocaulon 276, 279, 280Schoenolirion 289, 291Schoenorchis 405Schoepfiaceae 129Schomburgkia 391, 416Schopfipollenites 33Schopfistriatum 19Schopfitheca 33Schottariella 221Schottarum 221Schrameckia 173Schuitemania 351Schultesiophytum 254Schunkea 383Schwartzkopffia 361Sciadopityaceae 13, 55f., 72, 94f.,

97*Sciadopityphyllum 95Sciadopitys 55f., 94, 95, 97*Sciadopitystrobus 95Sciaphila 258, 260f.Sciaphileae 258Sciara 419Sciaridae 224, 419, 421Scilla 319, 319*, 321Scillaceae 315Scindapsus 211Scirostrobus 59Scirpus 254Scleroabietoxylon 67Scoliidae 422Scoliopaceae 271Scoliopus 275Scrophulariaceae 116, 130, 417Scuticaria 376*, 380Scutifolium 134Scutum 17Scyphocephalium 190Sebacinaceae 423f.Sebacinales 423Sedirea 404Seegeriella 383Seidenfadenia 405Seidenfadeniella 405Seidenfia 396Selenipedium 343Semele 432Senghasella 365

Sepalosaccus 380Sepalosiphon 372Sequoia 8, 55f., 64, 83f., 87, 87*,

91, 92, 93Sequoiadendron 83f., 87, 91, 92f.Sequoioideae 87Sequoioxylon 87Serapias 334, 367, 421Sergeia 59Sertifera 400Sertostrobus 63Sessilanthera 326Sessilibulbum 391Sessilistigma 324Sestochilos 387Setchellandraceae 129Sewardiodendron 87Sextonia 166, 171Seychellaria 258, 259*, 260f.Shanxioxylon 8, 57, 58Shimakuroxylon 60Shuichengoxylon 26Sievekingia 347*, 384, 418Sigmatostalix 382Silvorchis 367Simaroubaceae 128Simethis 307, 314, 315Simmondsiaceae 129Singchia 405Sinocalycanthus 160Sinocurculigo 323Sinopora 170, 171Sinosassafras 169Siparuna 157*, 174Siparunaceae 125, 157*, 159, 173f.Siphonostylis 324Sirhookera 401Sirindhornia 367Sisyrincheae 326, 333f.Sisyrinchium 326, 326*, 333f.Skeptrostachys 354Sladeniaceae 130Smilacaceae 126, 263, 281, 283,

284*Smilacina 429Smilax 119, 281, 283, 284*Smithanthe 365Smithorchis 367Smithsonia 405Smitinandia 405Sobennikoffia 413Sobernheimia 27Sobralia 400, 416Sobralieae 400Solanaceae 116, 130, 431Solanales 114*, 117, 130

Solanum 115Solaria 291, 293Solenangis 409*, 413Solenidiopsis 382Solenidium 383Solenites 39Solenocentrum 347Solenomelus 329Sophronitis 391Sorbus 115Soridium 258, 260Soterosanthus 384Sotoa 354Sowerbaea 337Sparattanthelium 162Sparaxis 332Spathantheum 221Spathicarpa 208*, 221Spathicarpeae 221Spathiphylleae 211Spathiphyllum 200, 208*, 209, 211,

223, 225Spathoglottis 376Specklinia 394Speea 293Speirantha 426, 432Spermatocodon 39Spermatophytes 3, 11Spermatophytes, Synopsis of

classification 11ff. Spetaea 320, 321Sphaeradenia 254Sphaeroceridae 224Sphaerocoryne 180Sphaerostoma 20Sphagnum 80, 234, 237, 371, 378,

396, 398Sphenarion 40Sphenobaiera 42f.Sphenocleaceae 130Sphenopteris 18, 19*Sphenostigma 325, 334Sphyrarhynchus 413Sphyrastylis 382Spiculaea 357Spiloxene 321, 323Spiranthes 353*, 354Spiranthinae 353, 419, 425Spiranthoideae 425Spirodela 223Spongiola 405Sprekelia 300Spuricianthus 356Squamastrobus 77Squamella 17Stachyopitys 42f.

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Stachytaxus 94Stachyuraceae 128Stalagma 77Stalkya 354, 356Stangeria 26, 29, 30, 30*Stanhopea 384, 418Stanhopeinae 383, 417f.Stanwoodia 19Staphylinidae 224Staudtia 184*, 190Staurochilus 406Stawellia 314, 315Steganthera 173Stegnospermataceae 129Stelechocarpus 182Stelestylis 254Steliopsis 394Stelis 394Stellarioides 316, 320f.Stellilabium 383Stemona 258Stemonaceae 119, 126, 253, 256,

258, 259*Stemonuraceae 131Stenanona 182Stenanthera 178Stenanthium 276, 279, 280Stenemyelon 15Stenia 386Stennantella 279Stenoglossum 390Stenoglottis 367Stenomeridaceae 244Stenomeris 244, 247Stenomesseae 301Stenomesson 296, 301Stenomyelon 15Stenophora clade 247Stenoptera 347Stenorrhynchos 356, 419Stenospermation 211Stenotyla 386Stephanocolpites 144Stephanospermaceae 32Stephanospermum 19*, 33Stephanothelys 351Stereochilus 405Stereosandra 399Sternbergia 300f.Steudnera 218Steveniella 365*, 367, 420Stewartiotheca 33Stichoneuron 258, 259*Stichorkis 398Stictophyllorchis 382Stigmatodactylus 356

Stigmatorthos 381Stigmatosema 353Stilbaceae 130Stiphorus 44Stoebe 117Stolzia 374*, 400Strasburgeriaceae 128Stratiotaceae 227Stratiotes 227, 228*, 230, 232Stratiotoideae 230Strelitzia 119Strelitziaceae 126Streptogyne 361Streptophyta p.p. 3Streptopoideae 275Streptopus 275, 275*Strobus 71Strombosiaceae 129Strumaria 296, 302Strumariaceae 295Strumariinae 295, 301f.Stuckenia 235, 237Sturianthaceae 11, 23Sturianthus 23Sturiella 23Stylidiaceae 131Stylochaeton 213, 225Stylochatoneae 213Stypandra 314, 315Styracaceae 130Suarezia 383Suchoviella 58f.Sudamerlycaste 380Sullisaccites 58Sullitheca 33Summerhayesia 413Sundacarpus 82Sunipia 387Supaia 44Surangephyllum 17Surianaceae 127Sutcliffia 33Sutrina 383Svenkoeltzia 356Swedenborgia 63Sylvia 116Sympetalae 119Symphyglossum 382Symphyosepalum 367Symplocarpus 207, 223f.Synadena 404Synandrogyne 216Synandrospadix 221Synanthes 353Synarmosepalum 387Synassa 354

Syndiclis 170, 171Syngonium 216, 217, 225Synnotia 332Sypharissa 316Syringodea 331, 332Syringodium 227Syrphidae 138, 205, 281, 301, 420f.Systeloglossum 383Systemonodaphne 167Szlachetkoella 414

Tacca 241, 247, 248, 248*, 251Taccaceae 125, 241, 247, 248, 251,

252Taccales 241Taccarum 221Taeniophyllum 402*, 405f.Taeniopitys 67Taeniopteris 27, 34Taeniorrhiza 413Tainia 376Taiwania 84, 87, 93Taiwanioideae 87Takhtajania 146, 148Takhtajaniaceae 146Takhtajanioideae 146Talauma 186Talbotia 261, 263Talinaceae 129Talitridae 433Taltalia 263Tamaceae 244Tamaricaceae 129Tamayorkis 396Tambourissa 159, 171, 173Tamus 244, 247Tangtsinia 398Tapeinia 326Tapeinoglossum 387Tapiscaceae 129Taprobanea 406Taraxacum 115Tasmannia 148Tatarina 44Taxaceae 9, 13, 55f., 95ff., 97*Taxodiaceae 82, 83f., 94Taxodioideae 84, 87Taxodium 83f., 87, 87*, 90f., 93,

391Taxodium clade 91Taxus 55f., 97f., 97*Teagueia 394Tecophilaea 433, 434Tecophilaeaceae 126, 283, 285,

431*, 433f.Tedingea 296

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Tegiticula 291Telangium 18Telemachus 63Telipogon 378*, 383, 422, 425Temmodaphne 166Tenicroa 316Testudinaria 244, 247Tetracarpaeaceae 127Tetrachondraceae 130Tetraclinis 84, 87*, 88, 93Tetrameleaceae 128Tetrameranthus 174, 177Tetrameristaceae 130Tetramicra 391Tetrapedia 333Tetrastichia 19Tetrasynandra 173Tetrathalamus 148Tetrodon 386Tetroncium 232, 234Teucrium 116Teuscheria 380Thaia 400Thaieae 400Thalassia 231, 232Thalassiaceae 227Thalassodendron 225, 227, 228*Thalurania 419Theaceae 130Theana 404Thecopus 378Thecostele 378Thelasinae 400Thelasis 400Thelionema 314, 315Thelymitra 358Thelymitrinae 358Thelyschista 356Themidaceae 126, 201, 283, 304,

434, 437Theodorea 381Thereianthus 332Theriophonum 216Theropogon 426, 433Thesiaceae 129Thismia 251, 251*, 252, 271Thismiaceae 118, 125, 241, 243,

247, 251f., 251*Thismieae 241Thomandersiaceae 130Thomsonieae 221Thonnera 179Thoracocarpus 254Thottea 148*, 151f.Thrixspermum 406Thucydia 61

Thucydiaceae 12, 61Thuja 84, 84*, 87f., 92, 93f.Thuja/Thujopsis clade 94Thujopsis 84, 93, 94Thulinia 367Thunia 372, 372*Thuranthos 316Thuringiostrobus 62Thurniaceae 126Thymelaeaceae 129Thynnidae 422Thysanoglossa 383Thysanoptera 148, 173Thysanotus 335, 337Tianshia 40Ticodendraceae 128Ticoglossum 382Tigridae 333Tigrideae 324Tigridia 325, 326, 333Tigridieae 333f.Timanostrobus 63Tinsleya 44Tipularia 389f.Tiputinia 252Tityra 190Tocantinia 297, 300, 301Tocantinieae 297, 300, 301Tofieldia 238, 238*, 280Tofieldiaceae 125, 200, 203, 237f.,

238*, 248, 269Tolumnia 378*, 383, 421f.Tomaxellia 83Tomzanonia 394Toretzia 43Torreya 56, 95, 98Torricelliaceae 131Toussaintia 180Tovariaceae 129Townsonia 356Toxicoscordion 279, 280Tozzia 117Tracheophyta 3Trachoma 406Trachyandra 307, 308Trachyrhizum 386Tractema 319Tracyanthus 279Traubia 300Traunsteinera 365*, 367, 420Trevoria 384Triadodaphne 167, 171Trianaeopiper 157Triantha 238Triaristella 394Triaristellina 394

Trias 387Tricalistra 426Triceratorhynchus 409*, 413Triceratostris 353Trichlora 293Trichocentrum 383Trichoceros 378*, 383, 422Trichoglottis 406Trichopetalum 335, 337Trichopilia 383Trichopityaceae 40Trichopitys 40Trichopodaceae 241, 244, 252Trichopus 244, 247, 247*Trichosalpinx 394Trichosma 400Trichotosia 400Tricoryne 312, 314, 315Tricranolepis 63Tricyrtidaceae 271f.Tricyrtis 263, 275Tricyrtoideae 272Tridactyle 413Tridimeris 182f.Triglochin 232*, 234Triglochinaceae 232Trigonanthe 393Trigoniaceae 128Trigonidium 380, 421f.Trigonocarpus 33Trigonochilum 381Trigynaea 178Triichnia 15Trilliaceae 276Trillium 119, 276*, 279, 280Trimenia 117, 143Trimeniaceae 117, 125, 142, 143,

145Trimerophytina 3Trimezia 326, 333Trimezieae 326, 333f.Triphiophyllum 118Triphora 401Triphoreae 400Triphorinae 401Tripladenia 269Tripladenieae 267, 269Triradioxylon 15Trisacocladus 77Trisetella 393*, 394Tristagma 293Tristichia 18, 19Triteleia 434, 437Triteleiopsis 434, 437Trithuria 133*, 134, 136Tritonia 332, 333

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Tritoniopsis 331, 332, 333Triuridaceae 118, 121, 126, 201,

240, 252f., 258, 259*, 260Triuridales 241Triurideae 260Triuridopsis 260Triuris 260Trivalvaria 183Trivena 19Trizeuxis 383Trochilidae 116Trochodendranae 3, 114*, 127Trochodendronaceae 127Trochodendronales 114*, 127Trogonidae 171Tropaeolaceae 129Tropidia 401Tropidieae 401Tropilis 386Trudelia 406, 425Tsaiorchis 367Tsiorchis 406Tsuga 67, 69, 70, 71, 72Tuber 423Tuberolabium 406Tubilabium 351Tulbaghia 293Tulbaghiaceae 291Tulbaghieae 293Tulipa 272, 275, 275*Tulipaceae 271Tulipeae 272Tulotis 367Tupistra 426Tupistraceae 425Turneraceae 111, 128Tuslasnellaceae 423Tyliosperma 20Tylostigma 367Typhaceae 126, 200Typhonium 215, 216Typhonodorum 219, 223

Ugartecladus 61Ulantha 347Ulearum 222Uleiorchis 396Ullmannia 62Ullmanniaceae 12, 60f.Ulmaceae 127Umaltolepidiaceae 12, 42f.Umaltolepis 43Umbellularia 164*, 170Umkomasia 39Umkomasiaceae 38Umkomasiales 38

Uncifera 406Ungernia 300Unguiculabia 414Univiscidiatus 356Unonopsis 181, 183Urbanodendron 170Urceolina 301Urginea 316Urgineeae 316Urgineoideae 316Urgineopsis 316Uriginea 320Urigineeae 320Urospatha 213Urostachya 400Urticaceae 127Utrechtia 8, 9*, 60, 62Utrechtiaceae 12, 60, 62Utricularia 118Uvaria 180, 183Uvariastrum 179Uvarieae 179Uvariodendron 179Uvariopsis 177*, 179Uvularia 269Uvulariaceae 263, 265Uvularieae 269, 276

Vagaria 296, 297Vahliaceae 130Vahliales 130Valerianaceae 131Vallisneria 117, 231, 232Vallisneriaceae 227Valvanthera 162Vanda 402*, 406, 425Vandeae 401, 425Vandopsis 406Vanilla 1, 285, 347*, 369*, 370,

418, 423, 425Vanillaceae 337Vanilleae 368, 425Vanilloideae 368Vardekloeftia 22, 23Vardekloeftiaceae 11, 23Vargasiella 386Vargasiellinae 384Vasovinea 32Vasqueziella 384Vellozia 261Velloziaceae 126, 240, 253, 261ff.,

263*, 265*, 391Vellozioideae 261Veltheimia 320Ventricularia 406Veratraceae 276

Veratrum 276, 279, 279*, 280Verbenaceae 130Verhuellia 154*, 157, 158Verhuellioideae 157Vesicaspora 16, 44Vesicisepalum 387Vespidae 420Vespula 420Vexillabium 349Veyretella 368Veyretia 356Victoria 134, 136*, 138Vieillardorchis 349Vietorchis 367Viola 419Violaceae 128Virginianthus 160Virola 189, 190Viscaceae 129Vitaceae 127Vitales 114*, 127Vitekorchis 383Vitreisporites 38Vivianiaceae 128Vochysiaceae 128Vojnovskya 59Vojnovskyaceae 12, 59Vojnovskyales 8, 59, 60Voltzia 8, 60, 63Voltziaceae 12, 60, 62f.Voltziales 8f., 9*, 12, 56, 59ff., 64Voltziopsis 63Voltziostrobus 63Vonroemeria 400Vrydagzynea 351

Waireia 358Walchia 62Walchiaceae 62Walchiostrobus 62Walkeripollis 145Walleria 433, 434Walleriaceae 433Wallnoeferia 353Wangia 180, 184Warburgia 146, 146*Warczewiczella 386Warmingia 383Warrea 386Warreella 386Warreopsis 386Warscaea 353Watsonia 333Watsonieae 332Wellstediaceae 130Weltrichia 22, 24f.

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Welwitschia 6f., 47f., 49, 49*Welwitschiaceae 12, 49, 49*Welwitschiales 12, 49Welwitschiophyllum 48Welwitschiostrobus 48Westerheimia 24Westerheimiaceae 11, 23f.Whiteheadia 320Whittleseya 19*, 33Widdringtonia 84, 88, 93, 94Wielandiella 25Wiesneria 205Wilkiea 173Williamodendron 170, 171Williamsonia 23, 24, 24*Williamsoniaceae 11, 22, 24, 26Williamsoniella 24*, 25Williamsoniellaceae 11, 25Willsiostrobus 63Winika 386Wintera 148Winteraceae 119, 125, 145, 146,

146*, 148Winteroideae 148Winteroxylon 145Witsenia 329Wolffia 222, 223, 226*Wolffiaceae 222Wolffieae 222, 223Wolffiella 223Wolffiopsis 223Wollemia 72, 72*, 74f.Woodiella 182Woodiellantha 182Worsdellia 26Worsleya 297, 298*Wullschlaegelia 414Wullschlaegelieae 414Wullschlaegeliinae 414Wurmbaea 265, 267, 269

Xanthocyparis 89f.Xanthopan 116, 418

Xanthorrhoea 435*, 437Xanthorrhoeaceae 126, 201, 283,

285, 307, 315, 435*, 437f.Xanthosoma 217, 223, 225Xenikophyton 405Xenoscapa 331, 332Xenotheca 20Xerolirion 335, 337Xeronema 437*, 438Xeronemataceae 126, 437*, 438Xerophyllaceae 276Xerophylleae 280Xerophyllum 276*, 280Xerophyta 261, 263, 263*, 265*Xerorchideae 414Xerorchis 414Ximeniaceae 129Xiphidium 200Xiphosium 400Xylobium 380Xylocopa 334, 416Xylopia 180Xylopieae 180Xylopteris 39Xymalos 160*, 173Xyridaceae 126

Yasunia 170, 171Yelchophyllum 27Yimaia 43Yimaiaceae 12, 43Yoania 390Yoaniinae 389Yolanda 391Ypsilandra 276, 280Ypsilopus 413Ypsilorchidinae 398Ypsilorchis 398Yucca 119, 285, 287, 289*, 291Yuccaceae 285

Zagrosia 319Zahariadia 316, 321

Zamia 25f., 27*, 29, 30, 30*Zamiaceae 11, 26, 29ff., 30*Zamioculcadoideae 213, 224f.Zamioculcas 213Zamioculceae 213Zannichellia 235Zannichelliaceae 235, 237Zannichellia-group 235Zantedeschedieae 222Zantedeschia 222, 223, 225Zaspilothymnus 422Zeilleropteris 32Zelenkoa 383Zephyra 433, 434Zephyranthaceae 295Zephyranthes 300, 301Zetagyne 372Zeuxine 351Zhukowskia 354Zigadenus 276, 279, 280Zingiberaceae 126Zingiberales 1, 112, 114*, 126, 200Zippelia 157f.Zippelioideae 157Zomicarpa 222Zomicarpeae 222, 225Zomicarpella 222Zonosulcites 134Zootrophion 394Zostera 238, 240Zosteraceae 125, 205, 235, 238ff.,

238*Zosterophyllopsida 3Zosterops 419Zygella 325Zygogynum 146, 148Zygopetalinae 384Zygopetalum 386Zygophyllaceae 127Zygophyllales 114*, 117, 127Zygosepalum 386Zygostates 383Zygotritonia 332

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ISBN 978-3-443-01087-4

Part 4 of Engler’s Syllabus of Plant Families – Pinopsida (Gymnosperms) and Magnoliop-sida (Angiosperms) p.p.: Subclass Magnoliidae [Amborellanae to Magnolianae, Lilianae p.p. (Acorales to Asparagales)] provides a thorough treatise of the world-wide morphological and molecular diversity of the Gymnosperms and the rst part of the Angiosperms [Magnoliidae: Amborellanae to Magnolianae, Lilianae p.p. (Acorales to Asparagales).]

The description of the Gymnosperms, including the extinct diversity, is the rst synthesis of classical anatomical-morphological characters with modern molecular data, combined with the numerous new discoveries of fossils, especially from China, made during the last ten years.

The Angiosperms are the most diverse group of plants and form nearly 95% of the global vegetation from arctic tundra, resp. subantarctic vegetation formations, to tropical rainforests. There is actually no comprehensive survey covering all families and genera of angiosperms. En-gler’s Syllabus is an attempt to ll this gap by covering all angiosperms in two volumes arranged according to the most recent phylogenetic system of APG III (2009). In this rst volume (Part 4 of the Syllabus) all families and genera of Magnoliids are described. The monocotyledonous fami-lies are covered by the orders Acorales and Alismatales as well as all groups of Liliid orders and families (Petrosaviales, Dioscoreales, Pandanales, Liliales and Asparagales). The Orchidaceae are included with a fully revised and modern treatise, thus representing one of the two most spe-cies-rich families of plants. The remaining monocotyledonous groups (Arecales, Commelinales, Poales, Zingiberales and Dasypogonales) and the core eudicotyledons will be treated in Part 5 of the Syllabus of Plant Families. This up-to-date overview of the Pinopsida (Gymnosperms) and Magnoliopsida (Angiosperms) p.p. (Subclass Magnoliidae p.p.) will be of service as a valuable reference for a long time.

Engler’s Syllabus of Plant Families has since its rst publication in 1887 aimed to provide both the researcher, and particu larly the student with a concise survey of the plant kingdom as a whole, presenting all higher systematic units right down to families and genera of plants and fungi. In 1954, more than 60 years ago, the 12th edition of the well-known „Syllabus der P anzenfamilien“ (“Syllabus of Plant Families”), set a standard.

Now, the completely restructured and revised 13th edition of Engler’s Syllabus published in 5 parts and in English language for the rst time also considers molecular data, which have only recently become available in order to provide an up-to-date evolutionary and systematic overview of the plant groups treated.

In our “molecular times” there is a vitally important and growing need to preserve the knowledge of the entire range of diversity and biology of organisms for coming generations, as there is a decline in “classical” morphological and taxonomical expertise, especially for less popular (showy) groups of organisms.

Accordingly, the 13th edition of Syllabus of Plant Families synthesizes both modern data and classical expertise, serving to educate future experts who will maintain our knowledge of the full range of Earth’s biodiversity. Syllabus of Plant Families is a mandatory reference for students, experts and researchers from all elds of biological sciences, particularly botany.

www.borntraeger-cramer.de

Borntraeger Science Publishers StuttgartJohannesstr. 3A, 70176 Stuttgart, Germany. Tel. +49 (711) 351456-0 Fax. +49 (711) 351456-99order@borntraeger-cramer.de www.borntraeger-cramer.de

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Part 4Pinopsida (Gymnosperms), Magnoliopsida (Angiosperms) p.p.:Subclass Magnoliidae [Amborellanae to Magnolianae, Lilianae p.p. (Acorales to Asparagales)]

Syllabus of Plant Families Wolfgang Frey (Editor)2015. XI, 495 pp., 127 colour plates, 1 tablehardcover, 25 x 17 cmISBN 978-3-443-01087-4 139.– €www.borntraeger-cramer.com/9783443010874

The Syllabus of Plant Families is a mandatory reference for students, experts and researchers from all elds of biological sciences, particularly botany.

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Part 4 of Engler’s Syllabus of Plant Families – Pinopsida (Gymnosperms) and Magnoliopsida (Angiosperms) p.p.: Subclass Magno-liidae [Amborellanae to Magnolianae, Lilianae p.p. (Acorales to Asparagales)] provides a thorough treatise of the world-wide morpho-logical and molecular diversity of the Gymnosperms and the rst part of the Angiosperms [Magnoliidae: Amborellanae to Magnolianae, Lilianae p.p. (Acorales to Asparagales).]

The description of the Gymnosperms includes the diversity of extinct species and is the rst synthesis of classical anatomical-morphological characters and modern molecular data, combined with the numerous new discoveries of fossils, especially from China, made during the last ten years.

Angiosperms form the most diverse group of plants and make up nearly 95% of the global vegetation from the arctic tundra, resp. subantarctic vegetation formations, to tropical rainforests. There is actually no comprehensive survey covering all families and genera of angiosperms. Engler’s Syllabus attempts to ll this gap by co-vering all angiosperms in two volumes arranged according to the most recent phylogenetic system of APG III (2009). In this rst volume (Part 4 of the Syllabus) all families and genera of Magno-liids are described. The monocotyledonous families are covered by the orders Acorales and Alismatales as well as all groups of Liliid orders and families (Petrosaviales, Dioscoreales, Panda-nales, Liliales and Asparagales). The Orchidaceae are included with a fully revised and modern treatise, thus representing one of the two most species-rich families of plants. The remaining mo-nocotyledonous groups (Arecales, Commelinales, Poales, Zingi-berales and Dasypogonales) and the core eudicotyledons will be treated in Part 5 of the Syllabus of Plant Families. This up-to-date overview of the Pinopsida (Gymnosperms) and Magnoliopsida (Angiosperms) p.p. (Subclass Magnoliidae p.p.) will be of service as a valuable reference for a long time. Sample page from Syllabus of Plant Families Part 4

4 Pinopsida (Gymnosperms), Magnoliopsida (Angiosperms) p.p. Syllabus of Plant Families

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____ Ex. Part 4. Pinopsida (Gymnosperms), Magnoliopsida (Angiosperms) p.p. (Syllabus of Plant Families) Wolfgang Frey (Editor). 13th ed. 2015. ISBN 978-3-443-01087-4 139.– €

____ Ex. Part 2/1. Photoautotrophic eukaryotic Algae .... ISBN 978-3-443-01083-6 89.– €

____ Ex. Part 1/1. Blue-green Algae, Myxomycetes and Myxomycete-like organisms .... ISBN 978-3-443-01061-4 68.– €

____ Ex. Part 3. Bryophytes and seedless Vascular Plants .... ISBN 978-3-443-01063-8 89.– €

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ContentsAbbreviations, Symbols . . . . . . . . . . IX1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Pinopsida (Gymnosperms) and Ma-

gnoliopsida (Angiosperms) . . . . . . . 23 Pinopsida (Gymnosperms, Gymno-

spermopsida, Gymnospermae) . . . . . 6Characterization and relationships . . . . 6Synopsis of classi cation of the Sper-

matophytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Systematic arrangement of taxa of the

Pinopsida (Gymnosperms) . . . . . 13Pinopsida (Gymnosperms) . . . . . . . 13“Pteridospermatidae” . . . . . . . . . . 14Cycadidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Ginkgoidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Gnetidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Pinidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

4 Magnoliopsida p.p (Angiosperms, An-giospermae) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Magnoliopsida . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Characterization and relationships . . 113Synopsis of classi cation of the Magno-

liipsida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Systematic arrangement of taxa . . . . 131Magnoliopsida . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131Magnoliidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Amborellanae . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Amborellales . . . . . . . . . 131 Nymphaeanae . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Nymphaeales . . . . . . . . . 133 Austrobaileyanae . . . . . . . . . 140 Austrobaileyales . . . . . . . . 140 Magnolianae . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Chloranthales . . . . . . . . . 144

Canellales . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Piperales . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Laurales . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Magnoliales . . . . . . . . . . 174 Lilianae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Acorales . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Alismatales . . . . . . . . . . 203 Petrosaviales . . . . . . . . . 240 Dioscoreales . . . . . . . . . 241 Pandanales . . . . . . . . . . 252 Liliales . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Asparagales . . . . . . . . . . 283

5 Taxonomic novelties . . . . . . . . . . 466Sources of Illustrations . . . . . . . . . 467Index to Taxa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

Part 1/1Blue-green Algae, Myxomycetes and Myxomycete-like organisms, Phytoparasitic protists, Heterotrophic Heterokontobionta and Fungi p.p. Syllabus of Plant Families Wolfgang Frey (Editor)

2012. 178 pp., 55 gs, hardcover, 25 x 17 cmISBN 978-3-443-01061-4 68.– €www.borntraeger-cramer.com/9783443010614

Part 2/1Photoautotrophic eukaryotic Algae Syllabus of Plant Families Wolfgang Frey (Editor)

2015. X, 324 pp., 67 gshardcover, 25 x 17 cm

ISBN 978-3-443-01083-6 89.– €www.borntraeger-cramer.com/9783443010836

Forthcoming parts (preliminary):Part 1/3 BasidiomycotaPart 2/2 RhodobiontaPart 5 Seed Plants, Spermatophytes (2)

Part 3Bryophytes and seedless Vascular Plants Syllabus of Plant Families Wolfgang Frey (Editor)

2009. X, 419 pp., 72 gs, 1 tab., hardcover, 25 x 17 cm

ISBN 978-3-443-01063-8 89.– €www.borntraeger-cramer.com/9783443010638

Part 1/2AscomycotaSyllabus of Plant Families Wolfgang Frey (Editor)

2016 hardcover, 25 x 17 cmISBN 978-3-443-01089-8

coming soon

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