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8/12/2019 Tg Grammar Klp.2
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Transformational-Generative Grammar
By Group 2:
Irma savitri
Arman
ardhy
Asbarismail
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This study was established by a young professor of
Modern Languages at Massachusetts Institutes ofTechnology in 1957, and published as the basic beliefs ofthe language establishment and become profoundeffect on language studies. The professor was A. Noam
Chomsky with his book entitled Syntactic Structures
Historical Background
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A linguist who modified the rigid requirements ofstructural linguistics to make use of specificinsights was Zellig Harris. He hope that thestructural grammarians might find a way to classify
and describe the utterances, and the linguist mayextend their research in reaching theoriesconcerning the logic (describes the use of validreasoningin some activities) of languagesregularities.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasoning8/12/2019 Tg Grammar Klp.2
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Furthermore, Chomsky examined and evaluatedtwo known grammar models are elementarylinguistic theory and phrase structure grammar(constituent or IC grammar). Elementary linguistic
theory is a simple, linear and left to right modelas graphically represented following diagram:
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The next model which Chomsky examines is phrasestructure grammar. Chomsky had written asatisfactory model for an IC grammar in SyntacticStructuresfor a number of years. He analogize and
demonstrates the language, like Mathematicswhich using a system in a finite numbers of rules togenerate an infinite number become correctresults. Examples:(3 + 4) x 10 = 703 + (4 x 10) = 43
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Chomsky had extend the process to get more abstract
linguistics facts by his two major contribution in SyntacticStructure: 1) Introducing Mathematical method of writinggrammar rules; 2) Adding a third level, the transformationlevel to grammar theory. The model those Generative
Grammar was three level rule based system: Level I : Phrase Structure Rules
Level II: Morphophonemic Rules
Level III: Transformational Rules
TG Grammar, Early Form:An overview
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Level I : Phrase Structure Rules
The boy liked the dog
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PS RULE
1 SNP + VP
2 NPD+N
3 VPMV + NP
4 MVT + V5 TPast
6 Dthe
7 N{boy, dog}
8 VLike
9 Past-ed
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PS RULE RESULTING STRING
1 SNP + VP NP + VP
2 NPD+N D + N + VP
3 VPMV + NP D + N + MV + NP
2 NPD+N D + N + MV + D + N
4 MVT + V D + N + T + V + D + N
5 TPast D + N + Past + V + D + N
6 Dthe The + N + Past + V + D + N
7 N{boy, dog} The + Boy + Past + V + D + N
8 VLike The + Boy + Past + Like + D + N
6 Dthe The + Boy + Past + Like + The + N
7 N{boy, dog} The + Boy + Past + Like + The + Dog
9 Past-ed The # Boy # -ed + Like # The # Dog
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1. SNP + VP
2. NPD+N
a. NP
b. NPsing(D) + N + sing
c. NPpl(D) + N + pl
d. singe. pl-s
The Modified Phrase Structure Rules
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3. VPMV + NP > VPMV (+Comp)
4. MVT + V > MVAux + V
AuxT (M + ) (have + -en) (be + -ing)
5. TPast> T
past-ed
pres ( 3,
(
M{will, can, must, may, }
The Modified Phrase Structure Rules(cont)
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6. Dthe
D{the, a, an, some, }
7. N{boy, dog}
N{boy, dog, man, John, book, }
8. VLike
V
v
vi{walk, run, fall, }
vt{like, take, give, write,
vl
{seem, appear, feel, remain, }
The Modified Phrase Structure Rules(cont)
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L E V E L I : ( P S - R U L E S )
L E V E L I I ; M O R P H O P H O NE M I C R U L E S ( M - R U L E S )
is a term which belongs to the intersection ofmorpheme and phoneme.
ex. boy + boy man + man
boy + -s boys man + -s men
The Model of Generative Grammar
(1)
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(2)
After applied PS- Rules and M-Rules, thatstrings become like these ;
Ex: The # boy # -s + feel # bad
The # men # -ed + like # the # books
But, these above are not English sentences. It is
required to turn to the third level namedtransformational rule to produce an actual sentence.
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(3)
Level I : (PS- rules)
Level II ; (M- Rules)
Level III : Transformational Rules ( T- Rules )
The condition of the grammar based onChomskys view to be an adequate theory:
External conditions of adequacy Condition of generality.
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( 4 )
Chomskys three-level TG grammar outlined thesentence derivation process as follows:
Kernel Sentence = One Terminal String + One or
more Obligatory TransformationsTransformation = One or more Terminal
Strings + One or more ObligatoryTransformations + One or more Optional
Transformations
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( 5 )
Then, it will formulate like these.
Aux - T (M + ) (have + -en) (be + ing) (be + -en)
For then all we need to do is to specify the kind ofterminal string to which the passivetransformation rule may apply :
NP1+ Aux + Vt+ NP2 NP2+ Aux + (be + -en) + Vt+ by + NP1
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S
NP
NP
D
boy -s
VP
T
Aux
the
MV
vi
V
pl
run-ed
Pattern 1
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S
NP
MVsing
boyThe
VP
ND
T
like-ed
VAux
N sing
NP
D
comp
Vt
dogthe
Pattern 2
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S
VP
D
lend-ed
VtT
Aux V
MV
The Teacher
N singD
NP
PlND
NP
Comp
boy
Sing
NP
-sbooksome
N
the
Pattern 3
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VP
NP
S
NP
compMVN plD
NP
think
VtT
VAux
Th
e
-sgirl
the
N plD
baby -s
N Pl
-sboy
Pattern 4
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S
VAux adj
comp
VP
MV
movieThe
N singD
NP
D
NP
make-ed
VtT
boyThe
Sing
sad
Pattern 5
N
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Pattern 6
MV
manthe
VP
-ed
Au
x
VtrhT
have
NP
plD N
gun -sseveral
V
singND
NP
S
comp
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Pattern 7:
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Pattern 8:
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Pattern 9:
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Pattern 10:
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Pattern 11:
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VARIATION OF
KERNEL SENTENCES
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1. S NP + VP
(D) N + num
2. NP
Pro + num
sing
3. num
pl
4. sing
5. pl s
MODIFIED PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES
(Rules of Formation)
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6. VP MV (+ Comp) (+ Adv)
7. MV Aux + V
v
8. V
be
vi(+ part)
vt(+ part)
9. v vtm
vl
MODIFIED PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES
(Rules of Formation)
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10. Aux T (M + ) (have+en) (be+ing)
past
11. MV
pres
12. past ed
s
13. pres
MODIFIED PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES
(Rules of Formation)
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NP
NP + NP
14. Aux NP + (Q) Adj
(Q) Adj
Adv
advp
15. MV advt
(Q) advm
MODIFIED PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES
(Rules of Formation)
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16. D a, an, the, some, several, any, every,..
17. N man, boy, dog, book, Yusuf, chaos, health,.
18. vi walk, run, fall, fly,..
19. vt like, take, give, write, consider, make,..
20. vtm have, cost, total, weigh,.
21. vl seem, appear, feel, remain,..
22. M will, can, must, may, ought to,..
23. part in, out, up, down, on, off, over, with,..
24. Adj bad, good, beautiful, in the pink, out of sorts,.
MODIFIED PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES
(Rules of Formation)
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25. advp there, here, in the room, at the store,.
26. Advt now, then, often, in the morning, during recess,.
27. advm
quickly, rapidly, in a minute, on the double,.
28. Q quite, very, more, much, less, extremely, absolutely,.
MODIFIED PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES
(Rules of Formation)
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THATS ALL
THANK YOU