TEXTBOOKTEXTBOOKTEXTBOOKTEXTBOOK FOR STUDENTS OFFOR STUDENTS OFFOR STUDENTS OFFOR STUDENTS OF

PHARMACYPHARMACYPHARMACYPHARMACY

bybybyby Jusztina Nagy Jnossy, Zsuzsa Kiss,Jusztina Nagy Jnossy, Zsuzsa Kiss,Jusztina Nagy Jnossy, Zsuzsa Kiss,Jusztina Nagy Jnossy, Zsuzsa Kiss,

Mnika Krasznai and Gabriella MarschalkMnika Krasznai and Gabriella MarschalkMnika Krasznai and Gabriella MarschalkMnika Krasznai and Gabriella Marschalk

TEXTBOOK

FOR STUDENTS OF

PHARMACY

by

Jusztina Nagy Jnossy, Zsuzsa Kiss, Mnika Krasznai and Gabriella Marschalk

Department of Foreign Languages

University of Debrecen

Medical and Health Science Center

2005

Contents

Preface .. 4

The History of Pharmacy 5

Digestive system.7

Major parts and functions of the system.8

Word building...10

Indigestion.11

What herbs may relieve the condition?.11

Pharmacology12

Some diseases affecting the gastrointestinal system.14

Medication/Treatment...14

Vocabulary ...17

Vitamins...19

How can I tell if I am getting enough of the B vitamins?20

Water soluble vitamins..20

Fat soluble vitamins..21

Vocabulary25

The lungs and respiratory system..27

Word building...31

Pharmacology33

Asthma..36

Herbs used as a natural asthma remedy38

Cough39

Herbal cough medicines40

Vocabulary41

Skin...43

Major parts and functions of the skin44

Word building...47

Eczema..48

What herbs may relieve the condition?.48

Types of skin preparation..49

Skin disorders50

Vocabulary ...52

The eye.54

Word building...55

Conjunctivitis56

Dry eye..56

Contact lens problems...57

Applying medicines to the eye..58

Vocabulary59

The ear.60

Word building...61

Outer ear problems62

Wax...62

Applying ear drops62

Vocabulary64

The mouth ...65

Mouth ulcers..65

Medicines for mouth ulcers...65

Thrush67

Treatment for thrush..68

Vocabulary69

Cardiovascular system71

Blood pressure..71

Pharmacology73

Medicines for high blood pressure75

Word building...77

The heart78

Circulatory problems.79

Blood Clots80

Anticoagulants...81

Vocabulary83

Methods of drug administration ...86

Enteral medication ...87

Parenteral medication ...88

Topical application ...89

Drug forms ...90

Vocabulary ...92

Prescription Writing...94

Appendices .... 99

1 Zantac 75 Relief 100

2 Zirtek ...103

3 Germolene Cream .. 107

4 Amoxycillin .110

5 Oraldene . 114

6 Amoxicillin . 116

7 Germoloids . 118

8 Table of chemical elements .120

English-Hungarian vocabulary122

Acknowledgements133

Preface

You are holding a new textbook for students of pharmacy. This book was initiated by the

Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical and Health Science Centre of the University of Debrecen as

well as a special project called Vilgnyelv Program. The book is aimed at teaching pharmacy

students some of the basic vocabulary of their field of science to enable them to communicate

their knowledge in English at scientific meetings, conferences or everyday situations at work.

Students may also benefit from the teaching material when, preparing their diploma work,

they have to read or skim quite a few articles in English.

The material has been chosen to meet the above expectations, that is why only certain topics

have been selected in the texts and exercises. Each topic is presented in a similar way: There

is a short introduction of an organ or system, followed by some Latin and Greek word roots,

suffixes and prefixes. This is usually followed by the outlining of some common conditions,

their remedies, and lots of exercises. In the Pharmacology section special attention has been

paid to the different types of classical drugs while alternative medicine has been included

in sections briefly discussing herbs and their effects. Each unit is completed with a

Vocabulary section and you will also find an English-Hungarian vocabulary at the end of the

book.

About the topics: it was kept in mind that students need a vocabulary which they can use in

everyday situations. Clients (especially foreigners) are most likely to seek a pharmacists help

for minor problems such as certain skin irritations, aches and pains, coughs, sore eyes,

feverish conditions or diarrhoeas, etc., which require an immediate solution, sometimes even

before they can see a doctor. As each unit is self-contained you may not wish to insist on the

order in which the individual topics are discussed. You decide which one you would like to

start with.

The authors look forward to and welcome any comments and/or recommendations.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The digestive system (also known as the gut or gastrointestinal system) includes the

gullet (oesophagus), stomach, small and large intestines, the rectum and anus. Chewed food

passes from the mouth into the oesophagus, down into the stomach where digestive juices

(including hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin) break down the food into smaller

particles; these pass into the small intestine, where more enzymes break them down (digest

them) into molecules small enough to be absorbed through the intestinal wall into the

bloodstream. These molecules go to the liver, which sorts them and breaks them down further

(metabolises them) into nutrients for the body to use. The remnants of digestion pass to the

large intestine (colon) where water is absorbed into the bloodstream leaving stools (faeces),

which are passed out of the body through the anus.

Digestive system

oesophagus

Exercise 1 True ( ) or false ( )? 1. The digestive system is also referred to as the gullet.

2. The digestive system, among others, contains the intestines.

3. The digestive system ends at the anus.

4. Digestive juices are produced in the oesophagus.

5. Digestive juices are absorbed through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream.

6. The large intestine is called the colon.

7. The contents of the colon are referred to as the faeces.

8. Hydrochloric acid is an enzyme in the stomach.

9. The liver metabolises molecules from the small intestine into nutrients for the body to use.

10. Chewed food passes from the mouth into the small intestines.

Exercise 2 Exercise 2 Exercise 2 Exercise 2 Match the words in columns A andMatch the words in columns A andMatch the words in columns A andMatch the words in columns A and BBBB

Column A

Column B

1. gastrointestinal

2. colon

3. hydrochloric acid

4. pepsin

5. faeces

6. metabolise

7. digest

8. anus

9. oesophagus

10.nutrient

a. break down into nutrients

b. stools

c. final portion of digestive system

d. gut

e. gullet

f. HCl

g. break down

h. large intestine

i. ingredient in food

j. enzyme

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Major parts and functions of the system

Food provides us with fuel to live, energy to work and play, and the raw materials to build

new cells. All the different varieties of food we eat are broken down by our digestive system

and transported to every part of our body by our circulatory system.

Mouth

Teeth bite off and chew food into a soft pulp that is easy to swallow. Chewing mixes the food

with watery saliva, from six salivary glands around the mouth and face, to make it moist and

slippery.

Oesophagus

The oesophagus, or gullet, is a muscular tube. It takes food from the throat and pushes it down

through the neck, and into the stomach. It moves food by waves of muscle contraction called

peristalsis.

Stomach

The stomach has thick muscles in its wall. These contract to mash the food into a semisolid

mass. Also the stomach lining produces strong digestive juices. These attack the food in a

chemical way, breaking down and dissolving its nutrients.

Pancreas

The pancreas, like the stomach, makes powerful digestive juices called enzymes which help

to digest food further as it enters the small intestines.

Gall bladder

This small pear-shaped structure is tucked under the liver. It stores a fluid called bile, which is

made in the liver. As food from a meal arrives in the small intestine, bile flows from the gall

bladder along the bile duct into the intestine. It helps to digest fatty foods and also contains

wastes for removal.

Small intestines

This part of the tract is narrow, but very long - about 20 feet. Here, more enzymes continue

the chemical attack on the food. Finally the nutrients are small enough to pass through the

lining of the small intestine, and into the blood. They are carried away to the liver and other

body parts to be processed, stored and distributed.

Large intestine

Any useful substances in the leftovers, such as spare water and body minerals, are absorbed

through the walls of the large intestine, back into the blood. The remains are formed into

brown, semi-solid faeces, ready to be removed from the body.

Rectum and anus

The end of the large intestine and the next part of the tract, the rectum, store the faeces. These

are finally squeezed through a ring of muscle, the anus, and out of the body.

Exercise 3 Refer to the reading passage Major organs and functions of the digestive

system and label the diagram.

WORD BUILDING

The main part of a medical word is called a word root. It is usually derived from Greek and

Latin and indicates a body part. The combining form is a word root plus a vowel, usually o.

word root +

combining

vowel

= combining form meaning

stomat O = Stomato mouth

dent O = Dento teeth

gastr O = Gastro stomach

duoden O = duoeno duodenum

enter O = entero small intestine

col O = colo large intestine

rect O = recto rectum

chol E = chole bile

hepat O = hepato liver

pancreat O = pancreato pancreas

A suffix is a word ending. Whenever you change the suffix, the medical word takes on a new

meaning. In medical terminology, a suffix usually indicates a procedure, condition or disease.

suffixes meaning

-megaly enlargement

-ectomy removal

-itis inflammation

-oma tumour

-plasty surgical repair

-scopy visual examination

Exercise 4 Analyze the basic elements of the following medical words.

enteroplasty ___________________________ hepatoma __________________________

pancreatitis ____________________________ rectoplasty _________________________

hepatomegaly __________________________ appendectomy ______________________

colitis _________________________________ gastrectomy ________________________

enteritis _______________________________ cholecystitis _______________________

colonoscopy ____________________________ gastritis ___________________________

cholecystectomy _________________________ gastroenteritis ______________________

IndigestionIndigestionIndigestionIndigestion

Indigestion is a term which is often used to describe a feeling of fullness or gaseousness in the

stomach. Indigestion may be a symptom of a disorder in the stomach or intestines. Symptoms

can include gas, a bloated feeling, nausea, belching and a burning sensation after eating.

Indigestion can be caused by swallowing air or decreased secretion of digestive juices and

enzymes. Some foods and beverages, including alcohol, vinegar and greasy or spicy food,

may also cause indigestion because they are irritating to the digestive tract. Heartburn usually

occurs alongside indigestion. Heartburn is a burning feeling caused by stomach acid

regurgitating into the oesophagus from the stomach (also known as GERD = gastro-

esophageal reflux disease).

What herbs may help relieve the condition?What herbs may help relieve the condition?What herbs may help relieve the condition?What herbs may help relieve the condition?

There are several herbs which may have a carminative action including Peppermint, Fennel

seed, Garlic, Parsley and Oregano. A carminative is a substance which may help to prevent

the formation of gases and help remove gas already formed.

Antacids are commonly used to relieve indigestion and a more natural alternative to using

antacids is to use herbal bitters. They are believed to increase saliva production as well as

promoting stomach acid and digestive enzyme production. Important herbal bitters include

Devils Claw, Dandelion, Camomile, Yellow dock and Goldenseal.

Artichoke may be beneficial for people prone to indigestion, particularly when the actual

problem is a lack of bile production by the liver.

Ginger is often used due to its benefits relieving nausea but it also contains chemicals

which soothe the gut and improve digestion by increasing the contractions which move food

through the intestine.

ExExExExercise 5 ercise 5 ercise 5 ercise 5 Read the passages about indigestion and herbs which relieve it. Match the terms and Read the passages about indigestion and herbs which relieve it. Match the terms and Read the passages about indigestion and herbs which relieve it. Match the terms and Read the passages about indigestion and herbs which relieve it. Match the terms and

definitions in columns A and B.definitions in columns A and B.definitions in columns A and B.definitions in columns A and B.

A

B

1. nausea a.) a woodland plant, having small greenish-white flowers and

a yellow root formerly used medicinally

2. antacid b.) usually alcoholic liquid made with herbs or roots

3. goldenseal c.) a substance, such as magnesia or sodium bicarbonate, that

neutralizes acid

4. peristalsis d.) a drug or agent that induces the expulsion of gas from the

stomach or intestines

5. oregano e.) burp

6. GERD f.) feeling of sickness in the stomach with an urge to vomit

7. carminative g.) a perennial herb of the mint family, having aromatic leaves

that are used as a seasoning

8. bitters h.) condition caused by acid regurgitating to the oesophagus

from the stomach

9. camomile i.) counteracting or neutralizing acidity, especially of the

stomach

10. belch j.) contractions moving food through the intestine

Pharmacology

Medication Action

Antacids neutralize excess stomach acid and relieve gastritis and ulcer pain; also

used to relieve indigestion and reflux oesophagitis (heartburn)

Antidiarrhoeals relieve diarrhoea either by absorbing the excess fluids that cause

diarrhoea or by lessening intestinal motility (slowing the movement of

faecal material through the intestine), allowing more time for

absorption of water

antiemetics,

antinauseants

suppress nausea and vomiting, mainly by acting on brain control

centres to stop nerve impulses; also used to control motion sickness

and dizziness associated with inner ear infections. Some

antihistamines and tranquillizers have antiemetic properties.

Antiflatulents reduce the feeling of gassiness and bloating (flatulence) that

accompany indigestion. These agents facilitate the passing of gas by

breaking down gas bubbles to a smaller size and mildly stimulating

intestinal motility

Antispasmodics prevent or reduce smooth muscle spasm by acting on the autonomous

nervous system , thus relieving certain spastic conditions of the bowel.

cathartics, laxatives,

purgatives

promote bowel movement or defecation or both; in smaller doses, they

relieve constipation and are called laxatives; in larger doses, they

evacuate the entire GI tract and are called purgatives (used before

surgery or intestinal radiological examinations)

Emetics used to induce vomiting, especially in cases of poisoning

Exercise 6 Exercise 6 Exercise 6 Exercise 6 Read the sentences and underline the correct verbs.Read the sentences and underline the correct verbs.Read the sentences and underline the correct verbs.Read the sentences and underline the correct verbs.

1. Antacids promote / relieve ulcer pain.

2. Purgatives slow / promote defecation and bowel movements.

3. Antiflatulents induce / reduce bloating that accompanies indigestion.

4. Antispasmodics facilitate / prevent smooth muscle spasm.

5. Laxatives slow / relieve constipation.

6. Antidiarrhoeals absorb / neutralize the excess fluids.

7. Antacids relieve / break down heartburn.

8. Antinauseants act on / evacuate brain control centres.

9. Antacids absorb / neutralize stomach acid.

10. Antiemetics suppress / impress nausea and vomiting.

11. Antiflatulents mildly stimulate / slow down intestinal motility.

12. Antispasmodics increase / decrease smooth muscle spasm.

13. Emetics reduce / induce vomiting in poisoning.

14. Purgatives exacerbate / relieve constipation.

15. Some tranquillizers lack / exhibit antiemetic properties.

Exercise 7 Exercise 7 Exercise 7 Exercise 7 In each group, two of the verbs cannot go with the noun. WhiIn each group, two of the verbs cannot go with the noun. WhiIn each group, two of the verbs cannot go with the noun. WhiIn each group, two of the verbs cannot go with the noun. Which ones?ch ones?ch ones?ch ones?

A) suppress promote

vomit

vomit stop

control break down

_________________________________________________________________________

B) absorb relieve

promote

defecate block evacuate

___________________________________________________________________________

C) neutralize relieve

protrude evacuate

inhibit reflux

___________________________________________________________________________

D)

relieve induce

reduce alleviate

secrete prevent

___________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 8 Test your vocabulary.

1. heartburn A hernia

2. hole B internal

3. movement C acute

4. bloating D oesophagitis

5. causing vomiting E emetic

6. arising suddenly F perforation

7. lasting for a long time G jaundice

8. inside H chronic

9. yellowing of the skin I external

10. outside J motility

11. tissue death K flatulence

12. protrusion L - necrosis

ANTIEMETICS

LAXATIVES

ANTACIDS

ANTISPASMODICS

Some diseases affecting the gastrointestinal systemSome diseases affecting the gastrointestinal systemSome diseases affecting the gastrointestinal systemSome diseases affecting the gastrointestinal system

Acute diarrhoea

Diarrhoea is an increase in the frequency and looseness of your bowel movements. Water is

normally absorbed from the remnants of digested food in the large intestine and the waste left

over from this water-recycling process becomes stools, which are then passed out of the body

at regular intervals. If this absorption process is upset, less water is taken back into the body

and the remainder is passed out in liquid stools. Serious loss of water is called dehydration; it

causes thirst, dry mouth, dry skin, reduction in quantity and darkening of urine, fast breathing

and fever. Sudden (acute) diarrhoea generally lasts only a few days.

Common causes include viral or bacterial infections in the digestive system (food poisoning)

or a change of country and climate (often called travellers diarrhoea), which is often

accompanied by abdominal pain, cramps feeling or being sick, and occasionally fever.

Anxiety, alcohol, food intolerance and some medicines can also cause acute diarrhoea.

Chronic diarrhoea

Chronic diarrhoea is a long-term condition where the stools are loose or watery sometimes

bloody or fatty.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a very common disorder of bowel movement. Its symptoms

include griping, colicky pain across the lower abdomen, bloating and a disturbed bowel habit

with frequent, loose stools and/or constipation with hard, rabbit-pellet stools. Diarrhoea

often occurs at the onset of pain. You may feel sick or have flatulence, heartburn, wind or

fatigue. These symptoms can be intermittent or you may experience them all the time.

Sometimes other symptoms, such as back pain, urinary frequency and generalised muscle and

joint pains may also be associated with IBS. Symptoms often start after an acute intestinal

infection or after a course of antibiotics. Stress, lifestyle changes and intolerance to some

foods can trigger IBS. Women aged under 40 seem to suffer most from IBS, and symptoms

are often worse before a menstrual period.

Crohns disease

Crohns disease is an uncommon inflammatory bowel disease. The wall of the intestine

becomes inflamed, causing bouts of colicky pain and frequent diarrhoea with blood. You may

feel unwell, lose your appetite and lose weight because food is not properly absorbed. The

aim of treatment is to bring about (include) remission with medication in the acute phase, and

then to prevent relapse.

Medication/TreatmentMedication/TreatmentMedication/TreatmentMedication/Treatment

Medicines for acute diarrhoea

In an acute attack of mild to moderate diarrhoea, you can replace the water and salts lost from

your body with a glucose and salt solution. Glucose increases the amount of water absorbed in

the large intestine, which allows the salts in the solution to get into your body too. This

process is called rehydration.

The diarrhoea is the bodys way of getting rid of harmful substances and it may be unhelpful

to interfere with this natural response.

Antidiarrhoeal medicines

Treating diarrhoea with an antidiarrhoeal medicine is of less importance than rehydration.

Babies, young children, frail people and elderly people must always be rehydrated with

glucose and salts solution; they should avoid antidiarrhoeal medicines.

Home-made salt and glucose solution: use one small level teaspoon (3.5g) of salt and eight large level teaspoons (40g) of sugar or

four large level teaspoons (20g) of glucose powder to one litre of water. A small amount of

fruit juice or squash can be added to flavour the solution.

Medicines for chronic diarrhoea

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) It may not be necessary to take a medicine to control symptoms if they are mild and

intermittent or related to foods that you can avoid. However bulk-forming preparations are

used to improve the consistency and regularity of bowel movements. An antimotility

medicine reduces stool frequency and urgency.

Antispasmodic medicines work either by slowing down intestinal movement or by exerting a

direct relaxant effect on intestinal muscle. Antispasmodics relieve stomach cramps and

colicky abdominal pain.

Crohns disease

Active disease of the small intestine is usually treated with corticosteroids. Sometimes an

antibacterial may be prescribed to control bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine. Crohns

disease can cause general ill health because your body may not absorb nutrients and water

properly through the intestinal wall. You may need food, mineral and vitamin supplements

and rehydration treatment to prevent malnutrition.

Antimotility medicines

These slow down intestinal movement (peristalsis). Although these medicines relieve

diarrhoea symptoms, they can prolong contact between harmful micro-organisms and the

intestinal cells. Opioids (derivatives of the poppy plant) have long been used: these include

liquid mixtures of opium or morphine. These products are of limited use in controlling acute

diarrhoea.

HOW YOU CAN HELP YOURSELFHOW YOU CAN HELP YOURSELFHOW YOU CAN HELP YOURSELFHOW YOU CAN HELP YOURSELF

Travellers diarrhoea

Avoid drinking tap water, and even using it for cleaning teeth, unless you are sure that it is fit to drink. Use bottled or treated water; add chemical water purifying tablets or

ten drops of weak iodine solution to a litre of water in parts of the world where water

supplies are suspect. In areas where amoebic dysentery is likely, boiling water for half

an hour will kill the organisms and any amoebic cysts satisfactorily.

Avoid ice cubes in your drinks unless you are sure of the water. Avoid eating unwashed salads and vegetables and unpeeled fruit (even drinks). Avoid eating dishes containing uncooked eggs, shellfish, unpasteurised dairy products

and food from street traders that is not freshly prepared or hot.

Wash your hands or use an antiseptic wipe after going to the toilet and before you handle food or eat.

Take with you a supply of salt and glucose sachets and an antidiarrhoeal medicine. Do not buy or use an antibiotic to treat diarrhoea, unless under guidance from a

doctor.

Exercise 9 Comprehension check. Answer the following questions!

1. When do we speak about acute diarrhoea?

2. What can be the consequences of diarrhoea?

3. When can we speak about chronic diarrhoea?

4. What are the common medicines for diarrhoea?

5. How do the these medicines work?

6. How do these medicines affect the patients?

7. Are there any risks or special precautions?

8. What is IBS?

9. What kind of medication is suggested in the case of IBS?

10. What kind of medicines are used in the case of Crohns disease?

11. Are any other food supplements needed in the case of Crohns disease?

Exercise 10 Exercise 10 Exercise 10 Exercise 10 Fill the table with the proper infFill the table with the proper infFill the table with the proper infFill the table with the proper informationormationormationormation....

type site symptoms drug type

acute diarrhoea

IBS

Crohns disease

VOCABULARY

abdominal hasi, hasregi

absorb felszv

accompany ksr

acute heveny, akut

agent szer, hatanyag

aim cl

alleviate enyht

amoebic dysentery ambs vrhas

antacid savlekt

antibacterial baktriuml (szer)

antidiarrhoeal hasfog

antiemetic hnyscsillapt

antiflatulent szlhajt

antinauseant szdlscskkent

antiseptic wipe ferttlent trlkend

antispasmodic grcsold

anus (s), ani (pl) vgbl

anxiety aggds

appendix (s), appendices (pl) freg-

nylvny

appetite tvgy

arise fellp, kialakul

artichoke articska

ascending colon felszll vastagbl

at regular intervals rendszeres id-

kznknt

attack roham

autonomous nervous system vegetatv

idegrendszer

bacterial bakterilis, baktrium-okozta

be absorbed felszvdik

belching bfgs beneficial jtkony hats

beverage ital

bile duct epevezetk

bile epe

bite harap

bitter (gyomor)keser

bloated felfvdott

bloating felfvds

block elzr

bloodstream vrram

bloody vres

bout roham

bowel bl

brain agy

break down lebont, megemszt

bulk-forming ballasztanyag-kpz

burp bfgs

camomille kamilla

carminative szlhajt

cathartic (enyhe) hashajt

cell sejt

chew rg

chew megrg

chewing rgs

chronic idlt, krnikus

circulatory keringsi

colic vastagbl-

colicky kliks, grcss

colon vastagbl

common gyakori, ltalnos

condition llapot

constipation szoruls, szkrekeds

contraction sszehzds

counteract ellenttesen hat / mkdik

course of antibiotics antibiotikumos

kezels

cramp grcs

dandelion pitypang, gyermeklncf

defecation szkletrts

dehydration kiszrads

descending colon leszll vastagbl

devils claw rdgkarom

diarrhoea hasmens

digest megemszt

digestion emszts

digestive emszt

digestive juice emsztnedv

disease betegsg disorder rendellenessg

dissolve felold, kiold

distribute eloszt, sztoszt

dizziness szdls

dose adag

drug gygyszer, drog

emetic hnytat

entire teljes, egsz

enzyme enzim

evacuate kirt

exacerbate slyosbt, rosszabb tesz, ront

excess flsleges, tlzott

excrete kivlaszt

exert an effect vmilyen hatst fejt ki

exhibit mutat

expulsion eltvolts, eltvozs

facilitate elsegt

faeces szklet

fatigue ltalnos gyengesgrzet

fatty zsros, zsr-

fennel seed kmnymag

fever lz

flatulence puffadtsg

flavour zest

fluid (test)nedv, folyadk

food intolerance tel-allergia

frail trkeny /gyenge egszsg

frequency gyakorisg

fuel zemanyag, hajtanyag

gall bladder epehlyag

garlic fokhagyma

gaseousness felfvds

gassiness szelessg

gastric gyomor

gastritis gyomorhurut

gastrointestinal gyomorra s blre

vonatkoz

generalised ltalnos

GERD reflux-betegsg

GI tract emszttraktus

ginger gymbr

glucose gllz

goldenseal hidrasztisz (hydrastis

canadiensis)

greasy zsros

griping pains hascsikars, szlgrcs

gullet nyelcs

gut bl

harmful kros, rtalmas

heartburn gyomorgs herb gygynvny

hernia srv

hole lyuk, nyls

hydrochloric acid ssav

improve fokoz

increase nvel, fokoz

indigestion gyomorronts

induce kivlt vmit, elidz

infection fertzs

inflammatory gyulladsos

inhibit gtol

interfere with beleavatkozik

intermittent idnknt fellp, visszatr

intestinal bl-

intestinal motility blmozgs

iodine jd irritable bowel syndrome irritbils bl

tnetegyttes (IBS)

jaundice srgasg

joint zlet

lack hinyzik belle vmi

large intestines vastagbl

large level teaspoon ppozott kvskanl

laxative szkletlazt

leftover (tel)maradk

lifestyle letmd

lining bls

liquid folyadk, ital

liver mj

loose bowel movement hasmens

lose ones appetite elmegy az tvgya

lose weight (le)fogy

magnesia magnzium

malnutrition rosszul tplltsg, alul-

tplltsg

mash sszetr, ppest

medication gygyszer, gygyszerezs

menstrual period havivrzs, menzesz

metabolise tvltoztat, anyagcservel

talakt

mild enyhe

mineral svnyi anyag

mint menta

mixture keverk

moist nedves

molecule molekula

morphine morfium

motility mozgs

motion sickness mozgs kvetkeztben

kialakul melygs

movement mozgs

muscular izmos

natural termszetes

nausea hnyinger

necrosis szvetelhals

nerve ideg

neutralise kzmbst, semlegest

nutrient tpllk, tpanyag

oesophagitis nyelcsgyullads

oesophagus nyelcs

opioid pium szrmazk

oregano oregano

overgrowth tlszaporods, elszaporods

pain fjdalom, fjs

pancreas hasnylmirigy

parsley peterzselyemzld

particle rsz, rszecske

peppermint borsmenta

perennial vel

perforation kilyukads, perforci

peristalsis perisztaltika, perisztaltikus

mozgs

pharmacology gygyszertan

poisoning mrgezs

poppy mk

preparation ksztmny

prescribe receptre felr

prevent megelz, megakadlyoz

process feldolgoz, talakt

prolong meghosszabbt

promote elsegt, serkent

property tulajdonsg

protrude kitremkedik

protrusion kitremkeds

pulp ppes anyag

purgative hashajt

rabbit-pellet stools nyl bogys

szklethez hasonl szklet

radiological, radiolgiai, rntgen-

raw material nyersanyag

rectum rektum

recycling visszanyers

reduce cskkent, enyht

reflux visszafolys

reflux oesophagitis gyomorgs

regurgitate visszajut, visszakerl

rehydration rehidrls

relapse visszaess

relaxant lazt

relieve enyht, cskkent remains maradvny, maradk

remission javuls

remnant maradk, maradvny

removal eltvolts

remove eltvolt

response reakci

root gykr

saliva nyl

salivary gland nylmirigy

seasoning fszerezs, fszer

secrete elvlaszt

semi-solid flig kemny, flig szilrd

sickness melygs

sigma bowel szigmabl

sigmoid szigmabl

slippery csszs

sloppy ppes, ppszer

small intestines vkonybl

small level teaspoon csapott kvskanl

smooth muscle simaizom

sodium bicarbonate szdabikarbna

solution oldat

soothe nyugtat, csillapt

spasm grcs

spasmodic grcss

spastic grcss

spicy fszeres

squash szrp

squeeze kiprsel, kinyom

stimulate serkent, stimull

stomach gyomor

stools szklet

store raktroz

substance anyag

suffer from szenved vmiben

supplement kiegszts/kiegszt

suppress visszaszort, elfojt

surgery sebszi beavatkozs, mtt

suspect gyans

swallow lenyel

tap water csapvz

thirst szomjsg

tissue szvet

tract traktus, rendszer

tranquillizer nyugtat

transport szllt

transverse colon harntvastagbl

treatment kezels

trigger kivlt, elidz

ulcer fekly uncommon ritka

urge to vomit hnyinger

urinary frequency gyakori vizels

urinary hgy-, vizelet-

vinegar ecet

viral vrusos, vrus-

vomit hnys

waste salakanyag

water purifying tablet vztisztt tabletta

water supply vzellts

watery hg

wave hullm

woodland erds-tiszts

yellow dock fodros sska (rumex crispus)