PHARMACY STUDENTS REV. PROF. SETH AYETTEY OCTOBER 2012
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OBJECTIVES BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY THE BASIC ORGANIZATION OF BONES
BE ABLE TO DIFFERENTIATE MUSCLE TYPES BE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE HOW
BONES AND MUSCLES ARE ORGANIZED KNOW FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF
BONES KNOW THE FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF MUSCLES APPRECIATE
INNERVATION OF MUSCLES CLINICAL VALUE OF BONES AND MUSCLES
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ORGANIZATION OF BONES TOTAL NUMBER OF BONES IN BODY - 206 AXIAL
SKELETON SKULL CRANIUM AND MANDIBLE CERVICAL VERTEBRAE THORACIC
CAGE LUMBAR VERTEBRAE SACRUM AND COCCYX APPENDICULAR UPPER LIMB
BONES LOWER LIMB BONES GIRDLES PECTORAL PELVIC
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BONE STRUCTURE SPONGY BONE COMPACT BONE STRUCTURAL COMPOSITION
PROTEIN MINERALS CALCIUM (96%), POTASSIUM, SILICON, MANGANESE
PHOSPHORUS (85%), SELENIUM, BORON, MAGNESIUM, IRON, ZINC, SULPHUR,
CHROMIUM, ETC VITAMIN D
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FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BONES 1 PROVIDE BODY FORM, SHAPE AND
RIGIDITY ACCOMMODATE AND PROTECT ORGANS AND VISCERA (internal
organs) FACILITATE TRANSMISSION OF BODY WEIGHT FACILITATE
LOCOMOTION FACILITATE PREHENSILE FUNCTION (hand) FACILITATE
MASTICATION FACILITATE HEARING
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FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BONES 2 BLOOD CELL FORMATION RED
BLOOD CELLS WHITE BLOOD CELLS PLATELETS CALCIUM AND OTHER MINERAL
STORE AND RELEASE AS IN STRUCTURE OF BONES MINERAL BALANCE IN THE
BODY TRANSPLANTATION BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT FAT STORAGE (YELLOW
MARROW) MUSCLE ATTACHMENT JOINT FORMATION
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CLINICAL VALUE OF BONES MARROW TRANSPLANTATION (would be
merited when the patient has) LEUKEMIA OTHER DISEASES THAT AFFECT
THE BONE MARROW CHEMOTHERAPY AND RADIATION THERAPY OSTEOPOROSIS
OSTEOMALACIA (RICKETS) CANCER OF BONES BONE INFECTION
(OSTEOMYELITIS)
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM TYPES OF MUSCLE STRIATED: SKELETAL; CARDIAC
SMOOTH (VESSELS AND VISCERA) ORGANIZATION OF MUSCLES POSTURAL
(TRUNK MUSCLES) maintain posture. LOCOMOTOR (APPENDICULAR MUSCLES)
SPECIAL SKELETAL MUSCLES MUSCLES OF
MASTICATION/DEGLUTITION(swallowing) and for prehension (hand)
OCULAR movement of the eyeball to increase the rate of vision
AUDITORY- part of the external auditory meatus.
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MUSCLE FUNCTIONAL TYPES SMOOTH VISCERAL RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
BLOOD VESSELS GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM GENITO-URINARY SYSTEM
SKELETAL CARDIAC
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MUSCLE HISTOLOGIC TYPES SMOOTH VISCERAL (internal organs except
heart) STRIATED CARDIAC (PUMPING FUNCTION OF HEART) INTERCALATED
DISCS SINGLE NUCLEI CENTRALLY LOCATED SKELETAL BONY ATTACHMENTS
MULTINUCLEATED PERIPHERALLY LOCATED NUCLEI
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CHAMBERS OF THE HEART RIGHT ATRIUM RIGHT VENTRICLE LEFT ATRIUM
LEFT VENTRICLE
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MUSCLE FUNCTIONS 1 MOVEMENT (Smooth muscles aid in movement)
INTERNAL (smooth muscles) PROPULSION OF FLUID/SUBSTANCES
CARDIOVASCULAR/LYMPHATICS E.g. GASTROINTESTINAL GENITO-URINARY
REGULATORY EG. ARTERIOLES () BRONCHIOLES (pulmonary regulation)
SPHINCTERS (gastrointestinal regulation=at the cardio- gastric
junction, b/n stomach and duodenum (gastro- duodenal junction),
ileum and caecum (ileo-caecal) junction, at the anus)
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MUSCLE FUNCTIONS 2 MOVEMENT - GENERAL EXTERNAL RELATED TO
GRAVITY SKELETAL MUSCLES (also help in protection flight- fight
response) RELATED TO BONES AND JOINTS SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS PROPULSION
OF PART OR WHOLE BODY DEFENCE/PROTECT GRASP/REACH PREHENSION (hand)
COMMUNICATION FACIAL/VOCAL POSTURAL
SKELETAL MUSCLE INNERVATION MOTOR MOTOR NEURON EXTRAFUSAL (MAIN
MUSCLE FIBERS) ALPHA MOTOR NEURONS MOTOR END PLATES INTRAFUSAL
(MUSCLE SPINDLES) GAMMA MOTOR NEURONS SENSORY MUSCLE SPINDLES (IN
PARALLEL) ANNULOSPIRAL ENDINGS GOLGI TENDON ORGANS (IN SERIES)
MUSCULO-TENDINOUS JUNCTIONS
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MOTOR INNERVATION MOTOR UNIT NUMBER OF MUSCLE FIBERS INNERVATED
BY ONE MOTOR NEURON LARGE MOTOR UNITS IN MUCLES WITH COARSE
ACTIVITY SMALL MOTOR UNITS IN MUSCLES WITH FINE ACTIVITY
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SENSORY INNERVATION MUSCLE SPINDLES DISTRIBUTED MAINLY IN
POSTURAL MUSCLES MORE IN NECK MUSCLES RESPOND TO STRETCH TO PROTECT
ACTIN/MYOSIN FILAMENTS HAS LARGEST DIAMETER AXONS (THE ANNULOSPIRAL
NERVES) TENDON ORGANS RESPOND TO TENSION IN MUSCLES TO PROTECT FROM
TENDON TEAR MUSCLE
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CLINICAL PROBLEMS MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY FLACCID PARALYSIS LOWER
MOTOR NEURON LESION AND WASTING SPASTIC PARALYSIS UPPER MOTOR
NEURON LESION TETANY MYASTHENIA GRAVIS