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TESTING OF METAL OXIDE SURGE ARRESTER MONITORING

(MOSAM)

ZURAIDA BINTI ZAINOL

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

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TESTING OF METAL OXIDE SURGE ARRESTER MONITORING

(MOSAM)

ZURAIDA BINTI ZAINOL

A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Master of Engineering (Electrical – Power)

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

JANUARY 2015

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Dedicate to my beloved family:

Mohammad Jailani bin A Jamil (husband)

Zainol bin Ahmad (father)

Zabidah binti Wahab (mother)

Zakiah binti Zainol (sister)

Zanariah binti Zainol (sister)

You are all my inspiration and my strength

What I have been through, you were there all the time.

and

All my friends in MEP programme

for their support and encouragement

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillahirabilalamiin and thank to Allah SWT for blessing me

for ensuring myself to be healthy to carry out my study and to complete this

project. I wish to express my sincerest appreciation to my supportive

supervisor Associate Prof. Dr. Zulkurnain bin Abdul Malek for the guidance

and persistent help given throughout the progress of this project. I like to

express my thanks to Saaed Vahabi, Wooi Chin Leong and all IVAT staff and

technicians who were involved in this project. Finally, I would also like to

thank all my fellow friends for their support and assistance technically and

mentally in various occasions. All your kindness would not be forgotten. And

I am grateful to all my family members.

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ABSTRACT

Surge arrester is a device used to protect the transmission lines and

substations. It protects the power systems from lightning impulses and very fast

transient over voltage. The degradation of a metal oxide surge arrester can be

accomplished by using the measurement of its leakage current in particular, the third

harmonic resistive component. A significant change in the third harmonic level may

indicate a severe ageing of the arrester. Metal Oxide Surge Arrester Monitoring

(MOSAM) is a new smartphone based device capable of assessing the current status

of gapless MO arresters. This project aims to test and verify the MOSAM previously

developed in Institute of High Voltage and High Current (IVAT). Low voltage and

high voltage calibration were carried out. It is shown that the obtained calibration

results using the low voltage are consistent with those using the high voltage. Three

types of clamp meters were used. MOSAM is proven to work as designed for at least

one type of clamp meter.

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ABSTRAK

Penangkap pusuan ialah alat yang digunakan biasanya untuk melindungi talian

penghantaran dan pencawang. Ia melindungi sistem kuasa dari impuls kilat dan voltan

fana yang sangat cepat. Degredasi penangkap pusuan oksida logam boleh dicapai

dengan menggunakan pengukuran arus bocor khususnya komponen rintangan

harmonik ketiga. Perubahan ketara dalam tahap harmonik ketiga mungkin

menunjukkan penuaan yang teruk ke atas penangkap. Pemantauan Penangkap Pusuan

Oksida Logam (MOSAM) adalah peranti baru berasaskan telefon pintar yang mampu

menilai status semasa penangkap pusuan oksida logam tanpa sela. Projek ini bertujuan

untuk menguji dan mengesahkan MOSAM yang sebelum ini dibangunkan di Institut

Voltan Tinggi dan Arus Tinggi (IVAT). Penentukuran voltan rendah dan voltan tinggi

telah dijalankan. Ia menunjukkan bahawa keputusan penentukuran diperolehi dengan

menggunakan voltan rendah adalah sejajar dengan menggunakan voltan tinggi. Tiga

jenis meter pengapit digunakan untuk ujian ini. MOSAM terbukti mampu beroperasi

seperti yang direka bentuk untuk sekurang-kurangnya satu jenis meter pengapit.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiv

LIST OF SYMBOLS xv

LIST OF APPENDICES xvi

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Project Background 1

1.2 Problem Statements 4

1.3 Objectives of Project 4

1.4 Scope of project 4

1.5 Methodology 5

1.6 Thesis Outline 5

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Introduction to surge arrester 6

2.2 Development of surge arrester 7

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2.2.1 Silicon carbide drawback 8

2.2.2 Design of metal oxide surge arrester 8

2.3 Surge arrester failure 9

2.3.1 Sealing problem 9

2.3.2 Internally humidity 10

2.3.3 Arrester degradation 10

2.3.4 Arrester displacement 11

2.3.5 Superficial pollution 11

2.3.6 Irregular voltage distribution 12

2.4 Degradation of metal oxide surge arrester 12

2.5 Moisture ingress problem 14

2.6 Performance monitoring of surge arrester 14

2.7 Metal oxide surge arrester leakage current 16

3 LOW VOLTAGE CALIBRATION AND TESTING 18

3.1 Introduction 18

3.2 Overview of MOSAM 18

3.2.1 Low voltage calibration 19

3.2.2 Regression analysis 20

3.2.2 Low voltage calibration set up 20

3.3 Low voltage testing 23

4 HIGH VOLTAGE CALIBRATION AND TESTING 25

4.1 Introduction 25

4.2 High voltage calibration set up and testing 25

4.3 Determine the third harmonic of leakage current

using Matlab 27

4.4 High voltage testing when clamp meter is 3

meter distance from the bottom of arrester 27

5 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 28

5.1 Introduction 28

5.2 Low voltage calibration results 28

5.3 Low voltage testing results 33

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5.4 Low voltage mixture testing results 37

5.5 High voltage calibration results 38

5.6 High voltage testing results 44

5.6.1 High voltage testing with the clamp meter

is at the bottom near to arrester 45

5.6.2 High voltage testing when clamp meter

is 3meter distance from the bottom of arrester 49

6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS 49

6.1 Summaries 49

6.2 Future works 50

REFERENCES 56

Appendices A - B 59- 60

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

3.1 Ratio of 50 Hz and third harmonic for C1, C2 and C3 23

5.1 Summarize of clamp meter ratios for low voltage

calibration results 33

5.2 Summarize of low voltage testing results 37

5.3 Summarize of mixture testing results 38

5.4 Total RMS current for C1 39

5.5 Total RMS current for C2 40

5.6 Total RMS current for C3 41

and compensated value zero offset 48

5.7 RMS current of high voltage testing after

compensated and compensated value zero offset 43

5.8 Summarize of clamp ratio in high voltage calibration 44

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 Voltages and overvoltages in electric power system 2

1.2 (a) Simplified model representation of surge arrester

and (b) Vector diagram of Ix, Ic and I 3

2.1 The design of Silicon Carbide Arrester and Metal

Oxide Surge Arrester [1] 8

2.2 Electrical discharge due to humidity level [3] 10

2.3 Salty pollution over arrester housing 11

2.4 Current puncture in arrester 12

2.5 Types of degradation of metal oxide surge

arresters and background of diagnostic [8] 13

2.6 Simplified model representation of MO surge arrester 17

3.1 Display of MOSAM applications from smart phone 19

3.2 Low voltage calibration set up 21

3.3 Ratio and accuracy captured bu MOSAM smartphone 22

3.4 Three types pf clamp meters used in the experiment 22

3.5 Mixture testing low voltage set up 23

3.6 Clamp ratio setting and required arrester information

need to key in in the MOSAM 24

4.1 High voltage testing set up with the clamp meter at the

bottom near to the arrester 26

4.2 High voltage testing with clamp at 3 meter distance

bottom of arrester 28

5.1 50 Hz RMS current of ammeter vs. 50 Hz RMS

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current of MOSAM for C1 30

5.2 150 Hz RMS current of ammeter vs. 150 Hz RMS

current of MOSAM for C1 30

5.3 50 Hz RMS current of ammeter vs.50 Hz RMS

current of MOSAM for C2 31

5.4 150 Hz RMS current of ammeter vs. 150 Hz RMS

current of MOSAM for C2 31

5.5 50 Hz RMS current of ammeter vs. 150 Hz RMS

current of MOSAM for C3 32

5.6 150 Hz RMS current of ammeter vs. 150 Hz RMS

current of MOSAM for C3 32

5.7 50 Hz RMS current of ammeter vs. 50 Hz RMS current

of MOSAM for C1 34

5.8 150 Hz RMS current of ammeter vs. 150 Hz RMS

current of MOSAM for C1 34

5.9 50 Hz RMS current of ammeter vs. 50 Hz RMS

current of MOSAM for C2 35

5.10 150 Hz RMS current of ammeter vs. 150 Hz RMS

current of MOSAM for C2 35

5.11 50 Hz RMS current of ammeter vs. 50 Hz RMS

current of MOSAM for C3 36

5.12 150 Hz RMS current of ammeter vs. 150 Hz RMS

current of MOSAM for C3 36

5.13 Total RMS current for C1 39

5.14 Total RMS current for C2 40

5.15 Total RMS current for C3 42

5.16 Current zero offset for C3 42

5.17 Ammeter current and current compensated value 43

5.18 Total RMS current of high voltage testing for C1 45

5.19 Total peak current of high voltage testing for C1 46

5.20 Current 50 Hz of high voltage testing for C1 46

5.21 Third harmonic current of high voltage testing for C1 47

5.22 Total peak current of high voltage testing for C2 47

5.23 Total RMS current of high voltage testing for C2 48

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5.24 Current 50 Hz of high voltage testing for C2 48

5.25 Third harmonic current of high voltage testing for C2 49

5.26 Total RMS current of high voltage testing when clamp

3 meter from arrester for C1 50

5.27 Third harmonic current of high voltage testing when

clamp 3 meter from arrester for C1 50

5.28 Total RMS current of high voltage testing when clamp

3 meter from arrester C2 51

5.29 Third harmonic current of high voltage testing when

clamp 3 meter from arrester for C2 51

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

MO - Metal oxide

RMS - Root Mean Square

MOSAM Metal Oxide Surge Arrester

MOSA Metal Oxide Surge Arrester

TOV Temporary Over Voltage

Si Switching Impulse

VFTOs Very Fast Transient Over Voltage

ZnO Zinc Oxide

Hz Hertz

Ref Reference

IRMS Current Root Mean Square

3rd

Third

IVAT Institute of High Voltage and High Current

Min Minimum

Max Maximum

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LIST OF SYMBOLS

V Voltage

I Current

kV kilo volt

k constant

coefficient

micro

A Ampere

m mili

C1 Clamp 1

C2 Clamp 2

C3 Clamp 3

vs versus

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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Surge Arrester Status 59

B MATLAB Programming to determine the

Third Harmonic Leakage Current Measured

by Oscilloscope 60

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project background

Surge arresters are widely used to help damage of apparatus due to high voltage.

It has been used in service since 1970’s. It protects the power systems from temporary

over voltage, switching impulses, lightning impulses and very fast transient over

voltage as shown in Figure 1.1. This arrester has two functions which are to provide a

point in the circuit where an over voltage pulse can pass to ground and to prevent any

follow up current from flowing to ground. It’s provides a low impedance path to

ground for the current from a lightning strike or transient voltage and then restore to a

normal operating condition.

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Figure 1.1 Voltages and overvoltages in electric power system

The Metal Oxide (MO) was based on metal block and not require series gap

and hence is referred as a gapless metal oxide arrester. The metal oxide surge arrester

is a non linear resistor. It consists of disc of metal oxide arranged in a stack inside in

suitable insulator. The construction of metal oxide blocks with a highly non-uniform

current voltage (I-V) is appropriate for over voltage suppression.

Many researchers have been done to study the performance and monitor the

condition of the metal oxide surge arrester. One of that is measurement on leakage

current. Metal Oxide Surge arrester has small leakage current mainly comprises the

capacitive current and the resistive part of the current flowing through it due to its

gapless construction. The surge arrester performance is evaluated by measuring the

resistive part of the leakage current, which is proportional to the watt loss of the

arrester. The increase of in watt loss is a direct measure of deterioration.

The total leakage current mainly comprises of the capacitive component and

resistive component. The capacitive and resistive component leakage current differs

in phase by 90. Therefore, a large increase in the resistive current of the non-linear

metal oxide resistor is needed to observe a significant change in the total leakage

current level. Online measurement of the leakage current are extremely used in

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practice to show the root means square (r.m.s), mean or peak value of the leakage

current.

Figure.1.2 (a) Simplified model representation of surge arrester and (b) Vector

diagram of IX, IC and IR

The surge arrester performance is evaluated by measuring the resistive

component of the leakage current, which is proportional to the watt loss of the arrester

(Figure 1.2). The increase the watt loss means the increase of deterioration. The

resistive component consists of third harmonic leakage current when the waveform

shown not purely sinusoidal. These harmonics increase with the increase of resistive

leakage current.

Metal Oxide Surge Arrester Monitoring (MOSAM) is a new smart phone

based device capable of assessing the current status of gapless MO arrester. However,

being developed within the institute, the device lacks data from field testing. This

project requires data measurement from low voltage testing and high voltage testing

to calibrate the MOSAM. The correlation between the measurement parameter and

age or condition of arrester can be established. Accurate reading of the arrester

leakage current is required in order to obtain real physical condition of the MOSA

insulation.

(a) (b)

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1.2 Problem statement

There are several available metal oxide surge arrester condition monitoring

device. An example of these devices is the SCAR-10 manufactured by ISA ITALY.

However, there are still a lot of implements that can be made on these devices. This

project aims to test and verify a new device previously developed in Institute of High

Voltage and Current (IVAT). The device is named is named is Metal Oxide Surge

Arrester (MOSAM).

Among the tasks need to be carried out are the calibration of MOSAM and the

performance checking against electromagnetic and high voltage interferences.

1.3 Objectives of Project

There are three main objectives that have been achieved in this project:

a) To do calibration on MOSAM

b) To carry out testing of MOSAM

c) To finalize the MOSAM configuration based on the testing data.

1.4 Scope of Project

This scope will cover to 132kV system MO gapless polymeric housed

arresters.

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1.5 Thesis Outline

This thesis has been divided into five chapters. All contents about some basic

or generally principles, theories, formula, previous studies references, methodology of

the project, experimental results and discussions are included based on contents

requirement.

Chapter 1 contains of projects overview and the objectives of conducting the

project. Chapter 2 is discussing about the background information of the project such

as the history of the surge arrester, and design of MOSA. This chapter discussed

briefly on cause of the surge arrester failure and the degradation of MOSA.

In chapter 3, presents the methodology of calibration and testing on MOSAM.

The process and the experimental procedure to carry out the MOSAM were explained

in this chapter. Then, the results and discussion are covered in Chapter 4.

Summarize of all the studies and procedures of works from previous four

chapters discussed in Chapter 5. Besides, future works and recommendation are

recommended at the end of the chapter.

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REFERENCES

1. Keith Hill, “Surge Arrester and Testing”, Double Engineering Company

2 K. Izumi, H. Honma, and J. Tanaka, “Deterioration of metal oxide surge

arrester element caused by internal partial discharges under polluted

conditions,” in Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Properties and Applications of Dielectric

Materials, Tokyo, Japan, Jul. 8–12, 1991, pp. 517–520.

3. L. Chrzan, “Concentrated discharges and dry bands on polluted outdoor

insulators”. 13th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering,

Delft, Netherlands, August 25 – 29, 2003.

4. K. Eda et al., “Degradation Mechanism of Nonohmic Zinc Oxide Ceramics”,

J,Appl, Plyrs,vol. 51, pp 26782684, 1980.

5. H. R Phillip and L. M Levinson, “Degradation phenomena in Zinc Oxide

Varistor: A Review,” Advanced in Ceramics, vol. 7, pp.1, 21 1983.

6. T.Nilla and Y. Fujiwara,”Stability of Metal Oxide Surge Arrester under

Continuous Operating Voltage,” Cigre 33 87, 1987.

7. K-II Weck, W. Hei, V. Hinrichsen and II.-B Solobach, “Beurteilung der

Nutzungsdauer von Uberspannungsableitern,” ETG Fachtagung, 1995.

8 Christian Heinrich and Volker Hinrincsen, “ Diagnostic and Monitoring of

Metal Oxide Surge Arrester in High Voltage Networks – Comparison of

Existing and Newly Developed Procedures”, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery,

vol. 16, no. 1, Jan 2001.

9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_analysis

10. E. T. Wanderley Neto, E. G. da Costa, T. V. Ferreira, and M. J. A. Maia,

“Failure Analysis in ZnO Arresters Using Thermal Images” IEEE PES

Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition Latin America,

Venezuela, 2006

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11. B. Weise, C. Heinrich, L. Klingbeil, W. Kalkner, “High Energy Lightning

Impulse Stress on MO Arresters and their Degradation”. 25th International

Conference on Lightning Protection. September 18 – 22, 2000. Rhodos,

Greece.

12. A Bargigia et. al, “Study of The Performance of The Metal Oxide Arrester For

The High Voltage System”, in Proc. Int. Conf. Large High Voltage Electric

System, Paris France 1986, pp 33.14.1 – 33.14.12.

13. Tong Zhao, Qing Min Li (Member IEEE), and Jiali Qian, “Investigation on

Digital Algorithm For On-Line Monitoring and Diagnostics of Metal Oxide

Surge Arrester Based On An Accurate Model”, Power Delivery Transaction,

Vol. 20, No. 2, April 2005.

14. L. Zhou, et al “A Study On Variable Coefficient Compensation Method and

Performance Diagnostic of Metal Oxide Arrester’s Operating State

Detection”, Electric Technology Transaction, Vol. 13. No. 6 Dec 1998.

15 Peng Hui, Lou Xiaowen, “A High Precision Calibrator For Metal Oxide

Surge Arrester On-Line Monitor”, in Hubei China, ICEMI 2009.

16. Vivek Johri, M. Mohana Rao, “Handbook of Switchgears”.

17. M.Nju, S.H Myung, J.B Lee, Y.G Cho, B.Y Lee, S.H Chang, S. Shenderey,

“Evaluation of The Resistive Current of The Metal Oxide Surge Arrester

Using The Differential Method”.

18 Volker Hinrichsen, Gerd Scholl, Matthias Schubert, Thomas Ostertag, “

Online Monitoring of High Voltage Metal Oxide Surge Arrester By Wireless

Passive Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Temperature Sensors”.

19. Zulkurnain Abdul Malek, Novizon Yusoff, Mohd Fairouz Mohd Yousuf,

“Field Experience on Surge Arrester Condition Monitoring – Modified Shifted

Current Method”, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, UPEC2010.

20. Volker Hinrichen, “Monitoring of High Voltage Metal Oxide Surge Arrester”,

Berlin, Germany.

21. Zulkurnain Abdul Malek, Novizon Yusof, Aulia, “ Portable Device to Extract

Resistive Component of the Metal Oxide Surge Arrester Leakage Current”,

UTM Johor Bahru, Johor Malaysia, AUPEC08.

22. T. Klein, K. Feser, W. Schmidt, R.Bebensee, “A New Monitoring System For

Metal Oxide Surge Arresters”, Stuttgart Germany, 22-27 Aug 1999.

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23. Kai Steinfield, “Design of Metal Oxide Surge Arresters with Polymeric

Housings” Siemen AG, Germany.

24. K.L. Wong, “Electromagnetic Emission Based Monitoring Technique for

Polymer ZnO Surge Arresters”, Deakin University,Victoria Australia,

Dielectric and Electrical Insulation Transaction , Vol. 13, No. 1, Feb 2006.

25. Volker Hinrichsen, “Metal Oxide Surge Arrester in High Voltage

Transmission and Distribution Systems, Effective and Reliable Devices

Increasing System Availability and Reducing Maintenance Costs”, Siemen

PTD, Berlin Germany.

26 K. Kannus, K. Lahti and K Nousiainen, “Aspects of The Performance of Metal

Oxide Surge Arresters in Different Environmental Conditions”, Tempere

University of Technology, Finland, CIRED 97, June 1997.

27. E.T. Wanderley Neto, E.G. da Costa and M.J.A Maia, “Artificial Neural

Networks Used for ZnO Arrester Diagnosis”, Power Delivery Transaction,

Vol. 24, No. 3, July 2009.

28 E.T. Wanderley Neto, E.G. da Costa, M.J.A Maia, T. C. L Galindo and A.H.S

Costa, “ Electro-thermal Simulation of ZnO Arresters for Diagnosis Using

Thermal Analysis”, Transmission& Distribution, 2004.

20. Dr. Ahmad Zahedi MIEEE Ceng.MIEE, “Effect of Dry Band on Performance

of UHV Surge Arrester and Leakage Current Monitoring, Using New

Development Model”, Monash Uni, Australia, July 1994.

30. M. Jaroszewski, P. Kostyla, K.Wieczorek, “Effect of Voltage Harmonics

Contenton Arrester Diagnostic Results”, Poland, Solid Dielectric, 2004.

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