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Tes$ngMixedInfluencesonReferenceResolu$oninPersian
DennisRyanStoroshenko&EliasAbdollahnejadSchoolofLanguages,Linguis=cs,Literatures,andCultures
Comparisoncase:Koreancaki
Issue
• Persianbi-morphemicanaphorxod-eš‘self-3SG’canbelocallyorlong-distancebound
• The3SGpronoununisequallyacceptableandambiguousinthesamelong-distancecontextasxod-eš(butislocallysubjecttoPrincipleB):
SaraibeDavidjgoQ[kemanxod-eši/j/uni/j=rodustdar-am]S.toD.saidthatIself-3SG/3SG=OMlikehave-1SG‘SarasaidtoDavidthatIlikeselfi/j/themi/j.’
• UnexpectedinthecontextofReinhartandReuland’s(1993)typology:xod-ešhastheformofaSELFanaphor,buttheusageofaSEanaphor
EyeTrackingResults
• SubjectAdvantage(SA)=• SAfromanaphoronsetto1800ms(30ms=meslices):
[email protected]@ucalgary.ca
• 31adultna=vespeakersofPersianpar=cipatedinCalgary,Alberta• Par=cipantsseesta=cimagesoftwopeopleoneithersideofan
inanimateobjectinthemiddleofthescreen• Twoshortsentencesintroducethenamedcharactersandthese`ng• Eye-movementsaretracked(500Hz)duringtheaudioplaybackof
ambiguoustargetsentences• Followedbyaforced-choicereferenceresolu=ontask
Methodology
ReferencesandAcknowledgements
• Bates, Douglas,Mar=nMaechler, Ben Bolker and SteveWalker. 2015. Fi`ng LinearMixed-EffectsModelsUsinglme4.JournalofSta7s7calSo9ware,67(1):1-48.
• Han,Chung-hye,DennisRyanStoroshenko,BekyLeungandKyeong-minKim.2015.The=mecourseoflong-distanceanaphorprocessinginKorean.KoreanLinguis7cs,17(1):1-32.
• Kaiser,Elsi, JeffreyT.Runner,RachelS.SussmanandMichaelK.Tanenhaus.2009.Structuralandseman=cconstraintsontheresolu=onofpronounsandreflexives.Cogni7on112:55-80.
• Kuznetsova,Alexandra,PerB.BrockhoffandRuneH.B.Christensen.2017. lmerTestPackage:TestsinLinearMixedEffectsModels.JournalofSta7s7calSo9ware,82(13):1-26.
• Reinhart,TanyaandEricReuland.1993.Reflexivity.Linguis7cInquiry24(4):657-720.
ThisresearchisfundedbyaSocialSciencesandHumani$esResearchCouncilofCanada(SSHRC)InsightDevelopmentGrant430-2016-00128toStoroshenko.
• Referenceresolu=onforformswithmanypoten=alantecedentswithinasentencecanbegovernedbyaninterac=onofmul=pleinfluences(Kaiseretal,2009)
• Koreancakiisdescribedassubjectoriented(atypicalSEanaphortrait)• Hanetal.(2015)testswhetherthisismoderatedbyamatrixpredicate
inlongdistancecases:
Jinswui-kaYenghuyj-hantheynongwutayyep-eyse[cakii/j-kaJ.-NOMY.-tohoopbeside-atself-NOMsyus-ultemanhisengkong-siki-lke-lako]malha-yess-tashoot-ACCmoremuchsuccess-CAUS-FUT-COMPsay-PST-DECL
• Anaphortype(cakivs.null)testedagainstthreepredicates:malha‘say’,tut‘hear’,myenglyengha‘order’
• Inofflineforcedchoicetes=ng,theanaphorcakiissignificantlymoresubject-orientedthanthenullpronoun,andthesaytrialswereshowntobesignificantlymoresubjectoriented,regardlessoftheanaphor
• Ineye-trackingdata,cakishowsanoverallsubjectbiascomparedtothenullpronoun,notemergingun=loveronesecondaQertheanaphor(asignificantinterac=onbetweenanaphorand=meemergesinthe1200-1800msaQerukerance=mespan)
• Sosubjectorienta=onisconfirmedforcaki,beforeencounteringtheverb,butmoderatedbydownstreamsentencecontent
• Persianhastwoaddi=onalkeydifferences:1. S–IO–V–ClauseorS–IO–Clause–V(non-canonical)2. Nopredicate-neutralpreposi=on
AnaphorPredicate
Reflexive(xod-eš)
Pronoun(un)
Say Condi=on1 Condi=on3
Hear Condi=on2 Condi=on4
Discussion
• Xod-ešclearlyshowsagreaterdegreeofsubjectorienta=onthanun,inlinewithpredic=onsforlong-distanceSEanaphors
• Duringprocessing,thepreposi=onsappeartobesignallingacontrastbetweenpredicates,butnomaineffect,onlyinterac=ons
• Thereisnotransla=onofthisonlinepredicateeffectintotheofflineforcedchoicetask(oppositeofKorean)
• Persianspeakersmaybelessdisposedtoadjustfinalreferenceresolu=onbasedondownstreaminforma=on(normallytheverbwouldprecedetheembeddedclause)
Saraibe/azDavidj,kenār-emāshin,[inkemanmi-xā-mbarāyexod-eši/j/uni/jS.to/fromD.beside-EZcarthatIDUR-want-1SGforself-3SG/3SG
yemekanik-emāherbe-ferest-am]=rogoQ/šenid.onemechanic-EZskilledSUB-send-1SG=OMsaid/heard
‘Saraisaidto/heardfromDavidjbesidethecarthatIwanttosendaskilledmechanicforselfi/j/themi/j.’
??
• DataanalyzedinRwithlme4(Batesetal.2015)andlmerTest(Kuznetsovaetal.2017)
• AQercomparisons,thebestmodeldoesnotincludeapredicateeffect
reference~Anaphor+(1|Part)+(1|Item)
• Overallsignificantpreferenceforsubjectswithxod-ešoverun,regardlessofpredicate(p<0.001)
OverarchingQues$onDoesPersianxod-ešshowotherproper=esofknownSEanaphors? 0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
Pronoun
Say Hear
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
Reflexive
Say Hear
RefinedResearchQues$onsforPersian:1.Doesxod-ešshowsubjectorienta=onduringsentenceprocessing?2.Doesthechoiceofpredicateinnon-canonicalembeddedclauseorderhavethesameimpactasin(canonical)Koreanwordorder?
ForcedChoiceResults
SubjectFixa=ons
Subj+ObjFixa=onsObjectFixa=ons
Subj+ObjFixa=ons-
• Sta=s=calanalysisusessix300ms=meslices• AQermodelcomparisons,afullinterac=onofanaphor,predicate,and
=mesliceisbest,includingarandomeffectforitems:
SA~Predicate*Anaphor*TimeSlice+(1|Item)
• SignificanteffectofAnaphor(p=0.05)andearlyTimeSlices(p<0.001)reflectsanunexpecteddifferenceattheanaphoronset
• Interac=onsbetweenAnaphorandTimeSlice(p<0.001)reflectsubjectorienta=onforxod-eš,mostpronouncedat600-1200ms
• Interac=onswithPredicateandTimeSlice,andthree-wayinterac=onsreflecttheopposingtrendsbyanaphor
85.88 78.6265.72 64.11
14.11 21.3734.27 35.88
say hear say hear
REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
%ofsubjectandobjectchoices
subject object