TERRESTRIAL (LAND) BIOMES. DEFINITIONS Abiotic Factors – nonliving factors that shape an ecosystem (Ex. Temperature, Precipitation & Soil Type) Abiotic

TERRESTRIAL (LAND) TERRESTRIAL (LAND) BIOMESBIOMES

DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS Abiotic FactorsAbiotic Factors – nonliving factors – nonliving factors

that shape an ecosystem (Ex. that shape an ecosystem (Ex. Temperature, Precipitation & Soil Temperature, Precipitation & Soil Type)Type)

Biotic FactorsBiotic Factors – living factors in an – living factors in an ecosystem (Ex. Plants, Animals, ecosystem (Ex. Plants, Animals, Fungus & Bacteria)Fungus & Bacteria)

BiomeBiome – a group of ecosystems that – a group of ecosystems that have similar climate and dominant have similar climate and dominant communities (plants & animals)communities (plants & animals)

TROPICAL RAIN FORESTTROPICAL RAIN FOREST

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GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIONGEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

Parts of South and Central Parts of South and Central America, Southeast Asia, America, Southeast Asia, parts of Africa, southern parts of Africa, southern India, and northeastern India, and northeastern AustraliaAustralia

ABIOTIC FACTORSABIOTIC FACTORS TEMPERATURE:TEMPERATURE: Warm / hot year-round (25Warm / hot year-round (25OOC)C) PRECIPITATION:PRECIPITATION: Wet year-round (100-300 cm a Wet year-round (100-300 cm a

year)year) SOIL:SOIL: Thin, nutrient-poor soilsThin, nutrient-poor soils

BIOTIC FACTORSBIOTIC FACTORS PLANTS:PLANTS: Broad-leaved evergreen trees, ferns, Broad-leaved evergreen trees, ferns,

large woody vines and climbing large woody vines and climbing plants, orchids and bromeliadsplants, orchids and bromeliads

ANIMALS:ANIMALS: Sloths, jaguars, anteaters, monkeys, Sloths, jaguars, anteaters, monkeys,

birds, butterflies, ants, beetles, birds, butterflies, ants, beetles, piranhas, boa constrictors, piranhas, boa constrictors, anacondasanacondas

PLANT ADAPTATIONS PLANT ADAPTATIONS

1. Grow toward canopy for 1. Grow toward canopy for sunlight sunlight

2. Waxy coating on leaves 2. Waxy coating on leaves to prevent absorption of to prevent absorption of precipitationprecipitation

ANIMAL ADAPTATIONSANIMAL ADAPTATIONS

1. Live in canopy for 1. Live in canopy for protection from predators protection from predators

2. Camouflage2. Camouflage

HARMFUL HUMAN ACTIVITIESHARMFUL HUMAN ACTIVITIES

Deforestation (cutting Deforestation (cutting down trees) down trees)

MAJOR LIMITING FACTORSMAJOR LIMITING FACTORS

Competition among Competition among plants/animals plants/animals

Deforestation Deforestation FloodingFloodingOverhuntingOverhunting

SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPSSYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS

Clownfish/sea anenome - Clownfish/sea anenome - MutualismMutualism

TROPICAL DRY FORESTTROPICAL DRY FOREST

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Parts of Africa, South Parts of Africa, South and Central America, and Central America, Mexico, India, Australia Mexico, India, Australia and other tropical and other tropical islandsislands

ABIOTIC FACTORSABIOTIC FACTORS TEMPERATURE:TEMPERATURE: Generally warm year-round Generally warm year-round PRECIPITATION:PRECIPITATION: Alternating wet and dry Alternating wet and dry

seasonsseasons SOIL:SOIL: Rich soils subject to erosionRich soils subject to erosion

BIOTIC FACTORSBIOTIC FACTORS PLANTS:PLANTS: Tall, deciduous trees (birch, oak Tall, deciduous trees (birch, oak

and pecan), orchids and and pecan), orchids and bromeliads, aloes and other bromeliads, aloes and other succulents (cactus)succulents (cactus)

ANIMALS:ANIMALS: Tigers, monkeys, elephants, birds, Tigers, monkeys, elephants, birds,

hog deer, termites, snakes, hog deer, termites, snakes, monitor lizardsmonitor lizards


1. Trees shed leaves to 1. Trees shed leaves to conserve water conserve water

2. Drought-tolerant2. Drought-tolerant


1. Camouflage 1. Camouflage

2. Live in canopy for 2. Live in canopy for protection from predatorsprotection from predators


DeforestationDeforestation OverhuntingOverhunting


Lack of rain (only 1 Lack of rain (only 1 season) season)

Fires Fires PoachingPoaching DeforestationDeforestation


Termite/Protist living inside Termite/Protist living inside termite - Mutualismtermite - Mutualism

TROPICAL SAVANNATROPICAL SAVANNA


Large parts of eastern Large parts of eastern Africa, southern Brazil, Africa, southern Brazil, northern Australianorthern Australia

ABIOTIC FACTORSABIOTIC FACTORS TEMPERATURE:TEMPERATURE: Warm temperaturesWarm temperatures PRECIPITATION:PRECIPITATION: Seasonal rainfallSeasonal rainfall SOIL:SOIL: Compact soilCompact soil

BIOTIC FACTORSBIOTIC FACTORS PLANTS:PLANTS: Tall, perennial grasses, drought-Tall, perennial grasses, drought-

tolerant and fire-resistant trees tolerant and fire-resistant trees or shrubsor shrubs

ANIMALS:ANIMALS: Lions, leopards, hyenas, Lions, leopards, hyenas,

elephants, giraffes, antelope, elephants, giraffes, antelope, zebra, stork, eagles, termiteszebra, stork, eagles, termites


1. Drought-resistant 1. Drought-resistant

2. Fire-resistant2. Fire-resistant


1. Travel/Hunt in groups 1. Travel/Hunt in groups or packs or packs

2. Grazing Animals lick the 2. Grazing Animals lick the dew off the grassdew off the grass


OverhuntingOverhunting FiresFires


Lack of rain (only 1 Lack of rain (only 1 season) season)

Competition Competition FiresFires PoachingPoaching


Gazelle/Ostrich - Gazelle/Ostrich - MutualismMutualism

DESERTDESERT


Africa, Asia, the Middle Africa, Asia, the Middle East, United States, East, United States, Mexico, South America and Mexico, South America and AustraliaAustralia

ABIOTIC FACTORSABIOTIC FACTORS TEMPERATURE:TEMPERATURE: Variable temperatures (hot days and cool Variable temperatures (hot days and cool

nights)nights) PRECIPITATION:PRECIPITATION: Low precipitation (less than 25 cm a year)Low precipitation (less than 25 cm a year) SOIL:SOIL: Soils rich in minerals but poor in organic Soils rich in minerals but poor in organic

materialmaterial

BIOTIC FACTORSBIOTIC FACTORS PLANTS:PLANTS: Cacti and other succulents, Cacti and other succulents,

creosote bush, sagebrushcreosote bush, sagebrush ANIMALS:ANIMALS: Mountain lions, foxes, deer, Mountain lions, foxes, deer,

antelopes, bats, owls, hawks, antelopes, bats, owls, hawks, roadrunners, ants, beetles, roadrunners, ants, beetles, butterflies, flies, rattlesnakes, butterflies, flies, rattlesnakes, lizardslizards



2. Store water2. Store water


1. Nocturnal - awake at 1. Nocturnal - awake at night, sleep during day night, sleep during day

2. Camouflage2. Camouflage


Urbanizing desertsUrbanizing deserts


Lack of rain, heat, extreme Lack of rain, heat, extreme temperature changestemperature changes


Yucca plant/Yucca moth - Yucca plant/Yucca moth - MutualismMutualism

TEMPERATE GRASSLANDTEMPERATE GRASSLAND


Central Asia, North Central Asia, North America, Australia, central America, Australia, central Europe and upland Europe and upland plateaus of South Americaplateaus of South America

ABIOTIC FACTORSABIOTIC FACTORS TEMPERATURE:TEMPERATURE: Warm to hot summers, cold Warm to hot summers, cold

winterswinters PRECIPITATION:PRECIPITATION: Moderate, seasonal precipitationModerate, seasonal precipitation SOIL:SOIL: Fertile soilsFertile soils

BIOTIC FACTORSBIOTIC FACTORS PLANTS:PLANTS: Lush, perennial grasses and Lush, perennial grasses and

herbs, corn, wheat and other herbs, corn, wheat and other grainsgrains

ANIMALS:ANIMALS: Coyotes, badgers, mule deer, Coyotes, badgers, mule deer,

antelopes, rabbits, prairie dogs, antelopes, rabbits, prairie dogs, cattle, hawks, owls, snakes, ants, cattle, hawks, owls, snakes, ants, grasshoppersgrasshoppers



2. Fire-resistant2. Fire-resistant


1. Grazing Animals - lick 1. Grazing Animals - lick dew off the grass dew off the grass

2. Endure Cold Winters2. Endure Cold Winters


Overhunting Overhunting Overfarming (Dust Bowl of Overfarming (Dust Bowl of

1930s) 1930s) FiresFires


Fires Fires Lack of rain (only one Lack of rain (only one

season) season) Overgrazing Overgrazing OverfarmingOverfarming


Cowbird/Cow - Cowbird/Cow - CommensalismCommensalism

TEMPERATE WOODLAND & TEMPERATE WOODLAND & SHRUBLANDSHRUBLAND


Western coasts of North Western coasts of North and South America, areas and South America, areas around the Mediterranean around the Mediterranean Sea, South Africa and Sea, South Africa and AustraliaAustralia

ABIOTIC FACTORSABIOTIC FACTORS TEMPERATURE:TEMPERATURE: Hot summers and cool wintersHot summers and cool winters PRECIPITATION:PRECIPITATION: Dry summers and moist Dry summers and moist

winterswinters SOIL:SOIL: Thin, nutrient-poor soilsThin, nutrient-poor soils

BIOTIC FACTORSBIOTIC FACTORS PLANTS:PLANTS: Woody evergreen shrubs with Woody evergreen shrubs with

small, leathery leaves (mesquite), small, leathery leaves (mesquite), oily herbs (rosemary), wildflowers, oily herbs (rosemary), wildflowers, oak treesoak trees

ANIMALS:ANIMALS: Coyotes, foxes, mountain lions, Coyotes, foxes, mountain lions,

deer, rabbits, squirrels, hawks, deer, rabbits, squirrels, hawks, quails, lizards, snakes, butterfliesquails, lizards, snakes, butterflies


1. Drought - resistant 1. Drought - resistant

2. Short and stunted 2. Short and stunted (store water in thick (store water in thick stems)stems)


1. Thick, watertight 1. Thick, watertight coverings - reptiles/insects coverings - reptiles/insects

2. Nocturnal2. Nocturnal


DeforestationDeforestation FiresFires

MAJOR LIMITING FACTORSMAJOR LIMITING FACTORS Deforestation Deforestation Fires Fires Lack of rain (one season only) Lack of rain (one season only) Eliminating predators leading Eliminating predators leading

to overpopulation of preyto overpopulation of prey


Silverfish/Army ants - Silverfish/Army ants - CommensalismCommensalism

TEMPERATE FORESTTEMPERATE FOREST


Eastern United States, Eastern United States, southeastern Canada, southeastern Canada, most of Europe, and parts most of Europe, and parts of Japan, China and of Japan, China and AustraliaAustralia

ABIOTIC FACTORSABIOTIC FACTORS TEMPERATURE:TEMPERATURE: Cold to moderate winters, Cold to moderate winters,

warm summerswarm summers PRECIPITATION:PRECIPITATION: Year-round precipitationYear-round precipitation SOIL:SOIL: Fertile soils with humusFertile soils with humus

BIOTIC FACTORSBIOTIC FACTORS PLANTS:PLANTS: Deciduous trees (maple, birch, Deciduous trees (maple, birch,

beech), flowering shrubs, herbs, a beech), flowering shrubs, herbs, a ground layer of mosses and fernsground layer of mosses and ferns

ANIMALS:ANIMALS: Deer, black bears, bobcats, Deer, black bears, bobcats,

squirrels, raccoons, skunks, squirrels, raccoons, skunks, songbirds, turkeyssongbirds, turkeys


1. Small plants must grow 1. Small plants must grow quickly and flower before large quickly and flower before large trees leaf out trees leaf out

2. Broadleaves on deciduous 2. Broadleaves on deciduous trees to obtain sunlighttrees to obtain sunlight


1. Layer of fat and fur to 1. Layer of fat and fur to endure winters endure winters

2. Migrate2. Migrate


Overhunting Overhunting Deforestation (for farming Deforestation (for farming

because of the humus)because of the humus)


Cold weather Cold weather Overhunting Overhunting Deforestation Deforestation Tree diseasesTree diseases


Honey guide bird/Badger - Honey guide bird/Badger - MutualismMutualism

NW CONIFEROUS FORESTNW CONIFEROUS FOREST


Pacific coast of Pacific coast of northwestern United northwestern United States and Canada, from States and Canada, from northern California to northern California to AlaskaAlaska

ABIOTIC FACTORSABIOTIC FACTORS TEMPERATURE:TEMPERATURE: Mild temperatures, relatively cool, Mild temperatures, relatively cool,

dry summerdry summer PRECIPITATION:PRECIPITATION: Abundant precipitation during fall, Abundant precipitation during fall,

winter and springwinter and spring SOIL:SOIL: Rocky, acidic soilsRocky, acidic soils

BIOTIC FACTORSBIOTIC FACTORS PLANTS:PLANTS: Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, Douglas fir, Sitka spruce,

western hemlock, redwoods, western hemlock, redwoods, flowering trees and shrubs flowering trees and shrubs (dogwood)(dogwood)

ANIMALS:ANIMALS: Bears, elk, deer, beavers, owls, Bears, elk, deer, beavers, owls,

bobcats, weaselsbobcats, weasels


1. Small plants must "fight" for 1. Small plants must "fight" for sunlight under the shade of sunlight under the shade of larger trees larger trees

2. Waxy coating to prevent 2. Waxy coating to prevent absorbing too much precipitationabsorbing too much precipitation


1. Migrate 1. Migrate

2. Hibernate2. Hibernate


Deforestation Deforestation OverhuntingOverhunting


Competition among plants/ Competition among plants/ animals animals

Deforestation Deforestation Overhunting Overhunting Forest firesForest fires


Bees/Dogwood - MutualismBees/Dogwood - Mutualism

BOREAL FOREST (TAIGA)BOREAL FOREST (TAIGA)


North America, Asia and North America, Asia and northern Europenorthern Europe

ABIOTIC FACTORSABIOTIC FACTORS TEMPERATURE:TEMPERATURE: Long, cold winters; short, mild Long, cold winters; short, mild

summerssummers PRECIPITATION:PRECIPITATION: Moderate precipitationModerate precipitation SOIL:SOIL: Acidic, nutrient-poor soilsAcidic, nutrient-poor soils

BIOTIC FACTORSBIOTIC FACTORS PLANTS:PLANTS: Needleleaf coniferous trees such Needleleaf coniferous trees such

as spruce pine, cedar, fir, small as spruce pine, cedar, fir, small berry-bearing shrubsberry-bearing shrubs

ANIMALS:ANIMALS: Lynxes, wolves, weasels, moose, Lynxes, wolves, weasels, moose,

beavers, songbirds, migratory beavers, songbirds, migratory birdsbirds


1. Short growing season 1. Short growing season

2. Evergreen trees - don't 2. Evergreen trees - don't lose their leaves because it lose their leaves because it takes too much time and takes too much time and energyenergy


1. Migrate - go south for 1. Migrate - go south for winter winter

2. Hibernate2. Hibernate


Deforestation (cutting down Deforestation (cutting down trees) trees)

Erosion and mudslides on Erosion and mudslides on mountains if trees are cut mountains if trees are cut down down

Lake pollutionLake pollution


Cold weatherCold weather DeforestationDeforestation OverhuntingOverhunting Acidic soilsAcidic soils


Spruce/Mistletoe - Spruce/Mistletoe - ParasitismParasitism

TUNDRATUNDRA


Northern North America, Northern North America, Asia and EuropeAsia and Europe

ABIOTIC FACTORSABIOTIC FACTORS TEMPERATURE:TEMPERATURE: Short and soggy summers; long, Short and soggy summers; long,

cold and dark winterscold and dark winters PRECIPITATION:PRECIPITATION: Low precipitationLow precipitation SOIL:SOIL: Poorly developed soils because of Poorly developed soils because of

permafrostpermafrost

BIOTIC FACTORSBIOTIC FACTORS PLANTS:PLANTS: Ground-hugging plants such as Ground-hugging plants such as

mosses, lichens, sedges and short mosses, lichens, sedges and short grassesgrasses

ANIMALS:ANIMALS: Migratory waterfowl, shore birds, Migratory waterfowl, shore birds,

musk ox, snowy owl, Arctic foxes, musk ox, snowy owl, Arctic foxes, caribou, lemmings and other small caribou, lemmings and other small rodentsrodents


1. Short growing season 1. Short growing season

2. Shallow root system 2. Shallow root system (because of permafrost)(because of permafrost)


1. Fat/Fur to withstand 1. Fat/Fur to withstand harsh conditions for the few harsh conditions for the few animals that stay year-round animals that stay year-round

2. Most animals migrate - 2. Most animals migrate - go south during wintergo south during winter


Oil pollution - oil pipelines Oil pollution - oil pipelines and the Exxon Valdezand the Exxon Valdez


Cold weatherCold weather High windsHigh winds Low precipitationLow precipitation Humus-poor soilsHumus-poor soils


Fungus/Algae (Lichen) - Fungus/Algae (Lichen) - MutualismMutualism

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TERRESTRIAL (LAND) BIOMES. DEFINITIONS Abiotic Factors – nonliving factors that shape an ecosystem (Ex. Temperature, Precipitation & Soil Type) Abiotic