TennesseeNaturalistProgram

TheWorldofInvertebratesPollinators,Predators,Pests,andParasitoids

EnhancedStudyGuide

2/2019

TennesseeNaturalistProgramwww.tnnaturalist.org

InspiringthedesiretolearnandshareTennessee’snature

These study guides are designed to reflect and reinforce the Tennessee Naturalist Program’scoursecurriculumoutline,developedandapprovedbytheTNPBoardofDirectors, forusebyTNP instructors to plan andorganize classroomdiscussion andfieldwork components andbystudentsasameaningfulresourcetoreviewandenhanceclassinstrucMon.

ThisguidewascompiledbySteveMurphree,entomologistandprofessorofbiologyatBelmontUniversity,specificallyfortheTennesseeNaturalistProgram.Itmaycontaincopyrightedworkfromotherauthorsandpublishers,usedherebypermission.

NopartofthisdocumentmaybereproducedorsharedwithoutconsentoftheTennesseeNaturalistProgramandappropriatecopyrightholders.

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TheWorldofInvertebratesPollinators,Predators,Pests,andParasitoids

Objec8vesIntroducethePhylumArthropoda,parMcularlythehexapods,arachnids,andmyriapodstohelpstudentslearnthebasicmorphologicaldifferencesamongthesetaxonomicgroups,howtocollect/observearthropods,andhowtousedichotomousandotherskeystoidenMfythem.ExploretheecologicalrolesofarthropodsincludinginteracMonswithplants,communityinteracMonsvertebrateanimals,andotherinvertebrates.

Time4hours–2inclass,2infield

SuggestedMaterials(*recommendedbutnotrequired,**TNPflashdrive)• Insects,AmericaNorthofMexico(PetersonFieldGuides)BorrorandWhite*• Arthropoda(TreeofLifeProject)**• DichotomousKeyforAdultInsects(SCLIFE)**• KeytoOrdersofHexapods(Borroretal.,Introduc@ontotheStudyofInsects,1989**• KeytotheOrdersofInsectsandNoninsectanHexapods(Adults),Kritsky2011**• ChecklistofOdonataofTennesseebyCommonandScienMficName**• BuaerfliesofTennesseebyTypeandCommonName**• TheWorldofInvertebratesEnhancedStudyGuide,TNP**• CollecMngnets,containers,handlenses,forceps

ExpectedOutcomesStudentswillgainabasicunderstandingof:1.thediversityofmacroscopicterrestrialarthropodsandotherinvertebratesinTennessee2.primarydifferencesamongthesubphyla,classesandorderscommoninthestate3.arthropodmorphologyandidenMficaMon4.basiclifehistories(e.g.,typeofmetamorphosis,etc.)5.ecologicalrolesandcommunityinteracMons(e.g.,pollinaMon,herbivory,carnivory,commensalism,detriMvory,parasiMsm)6.chemicalcommunicaMon/defense,mimicry,camouflage,andwarningcoloraMon7.methodsofcollecMonanddisplay8.methodsofobservinginsectbehavior9.stateinsectsofTennesseeandthestate’sthreatenedandendangeredinsects

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I. TremendousDiversityofArthropods A. 80%ofallanimalsknowntosciencearearthropods B. ArthropodaclassificaMon(5subphyla) 1. SubphylumTrilobitomorpha-exMnct345millionyearsago;greatmarinediversity 2. SubphylumChelicerata–(e.g.,spiders,scorpions,mites,daddylonglegs) 3. SubphylumCrustacea–(e.g.,crayfish,crabs,pillbugs,barnacles) 4. SubphylumHexapoda–(e.g.,insects,springtails,proturans,diplurans) 5. SubphylumMyriapoda–(e.g.,millipedes,cenMpedes) C. CharacterisMcsofarthropods 1. segmentedbodydividedintofuncMonalunitscalledtagmata(e.g.,thorax) 2. bodycoveredinanon-livingcuMclehardenedinareastoformanexoskeleton composedofchiMn,acomplexcarbohydrate 3. paired,jointedappendagesformovement,mouthparts,antennae 4. haveacompletedigesMvetract(guttubehasmouthatoneend&anusattheother) 5. allarepoikilotherms(animalswhosebodytemperaturevariesaccordingtothe temperatureoftheirsurroundings) 6. notallarthropodsareinsects a. Aninsect(LaMnfornotchedordividedbody)isanarthropodwhoseadultshave threebodytagmata:thehead,thethoraxandtheabdomen.Aaachedtothe headisasinglepairofantennaeandonepairofcompoundeyes.Aaachedtothe thoraxarethreepairsoflegsandusuallytwopairsofwings. b. Aspiderisanarachnidarthropodwhosebodyiscomposedoftwotagmata:the cephalothoraxandtheabdomen.Thecephalothoraxbearsfourpairsoflegs, usually8simpleeyes,apairofchelicerae,andapairofpedipalps. c. MillipedesandcenMpedesaremyriapodarthropodswhosebodiesarecomposed ofaheadandatrunkofrepeaMngsegments.Theheadofmyriapodshasonepair ofantennae,andthetrunksegmentsbearonepairoflegs(cenMpedes)ortwo pairsoflegs(millipedes). d. Mostarthropodsarecalled“bugs”bythegeneralpublic,butthistermisnot preferredbyentomologists.“Truebugs”areinsectsintheorderHemiptera whichbearpiercing/suckingmouthparts. e. Tospaceornottospace?--Sincepillbugsarenottruebugsbutratherare crustaceanarthropods,nospaceisincludedbetween‘pill’and‘bugs.’Thesame ruleappliestoladybugsandfireflies(botharebeetles,nottruebugsortrue flies).Thespaceisusedcorrectlyinhousefliesandhoneybees.

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II.OtherTerrestrialInvertebratesandHowTheyDifferfromArthropods A. PhylumPlatyhelminthes--flatworms,planaria,flukes,tapeworms 1. bodydorso-ventrallyflaaened,incompletedigesMvetract(mouth/anusopening); planariansinstreams,endoparasitesofvertebrates B. PhylumNematoda--nematodes,roundworms 1. non-segmentedwormswithacompletedigesMvetract;importantroleas detriMvoresandpredatorsinsoil;somespeciesareendoparasites C. PhylumAnnelida--earthworms,clamworms,leeches 1. segmentedworms(internalandexternalsegmentaMon);thoughttoshareacommon ancestorwiththearthropodsbecauseofsegmentaMonandthefactthatbothhavea ventralnervecord;annelidshavenosegmentedappendages,however D. PhylumMollusca--snails,slugs,mussels,clams,squid,octopods 1. non-segmentedbodieswithdiverseforms;nearlyallspecieshaveamuscularfoot,a visceralmassandashell-secreMngmantle;secondlargestinspeciesdiversityaoer theArthropoda;aquaMcandsometerrestrialsnailscanserveasintermediatehosts forflukeparasites

III. ChelicerateClassArachnida--Arachnids(Spiders,Mites,etc) 11Ordersrecognized A. ChelicerateCharacterisMcs 1. frontsegmentsfusedintoacephalothorax,rearsegmentsformanabdomen 2. firstpairofmouthpartsisthechelicerae(fangs) 3. secondpairofmouthpartsisthepedipalps(palps) B. OrderAraneae–truespiders;(44,000species);allpredators;maleshave“boxingglove”palpsforcourtshipandspermtransfer;producesilkfromabdominalspinnerets C. OrderAcarina–mites,Mcks,chiggers;(45,000species);scavengers,predators,parasites,symbionts;oldestterrestrialanimals D. OrderOpiliones–daddylonglegs,harvestmen;(6500species);cephalothoraxand abdomenfused;scentglandsforchemicaldefense;twosimpleeyesonanocularium (elevatedturretontopofthecephalothorax) E. OrderScorpionida–scorpions;(1100species);well-developed,chelatepalps;narrow, tail-likepostabdomenw/sMng;[“ScorpionsinTennessee,”September/October,2012 issue(Vol.LXXVIII,No.5)TheTennesseeConserva@onist.] F. OrderPseudoscorpionida–pseudoscorpions;(3300species);chelatepedipalps;spin silkfromchelicerae,phoreMc(methodofdispersalinwhichsmallanimalsclingtoa muchlargeranimal’sbodyandarecarriedsomedistancebeforereleasingtheirgrip)

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IV.CrustaceanArthropods--Crayfish,etc. A. CrustaceancharacterisMcs 1. frontsegmentsfusedintoacephalothorax(carapace),rearsegmentsnotfusedbut formanabdomen 2. atleastsomeappendagesarebiramous(two-branched) 3. manyhavetwopairsofantennae B. MostareaquaMc,rarelysemi-aquaMcinfreshwaterandmarineenvironments 1. ClassMalacostraca–crayfish,lobsters,crabs(decapods),shrimp,pillbugs;largest class(75%ofallcrustaceanspecies) 2. ClassCopepoda–copepods;antennaelong,modifiedforswimming;mostare planktonicfilter-feeders 3. ClassBranchiopoda–waterfleas,fairyshrimp;tadpoleshrimp;gillsonappendages; carapace

V.MyriapodanArthropods--Cen8pedes,Millipedes A. MyriapodancharacterisMcs 1. frontsegmentsfusedintoahead,rearsegmentsnotfusedbutformatrunk 2. onepairofantennae B. ClassChilopoda--cenMpedes,“hundredlegs”;1pairoflegspertrunksegment;fast runners;predators;maxillipedmouthpartshavepoisonglandsandcanbite;longantennae C. ClassDiplopoda--millipedes,“thousandlegs”;2pairsoflegspertrunksegment;slow walkers;feedondecayingplants,donotbite;shortantennae;rollupandproduce repugnanthydrogencyanidewhendisturbed(cansomeMmeshaveasweetalmond smell)

VI.HexapodanArthropods--Insects,etc. A. HexapodancharacterisMcs 1. frontsegmentsfusedintoahead,middlesegmentsfusedintoathorax,rear segmentsformanabdomen 2. pairedmouthpartseitherretractedinheadorextended 3. onepairofantennae B. ClassEntognatha--mouthpartsinheadcapsule;Mnysoil/leafliaerarthropods 1. OrderCollembola--springtails 2. OrderProtura--proturans 3. OrderDiplura--diplurans

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C. ClassInsecta--mouthpartsoutsideofheadcapsule;30totalordersrecognized;12 twelvemostdiverseorders 1. Coleoptera(beetles)–350,000species a. elytra–hardenedforewings;membranoushindwings 2. Lepidoptera(buaerflies&moths)–180,000species a. flaaened,striatescalesonforewingsandhindwings 3. Diptera(trueflies)–150,000species a. onepairofforewings,halteresareknob-likehindwingsthataidequilibriumin flight 4. Hymenoptera(bees,wasps,ants)–115,000species a. forewingslargerthanhindwings,narrowpeMolewaistatbaseofabdomen 5. Hemiptera(truebugs,plant/treehoppers,cicadas,aphids)–80,000species a. piercing/suckingmouthparts b. somekeyssMllrecognizeHomoptera(plant/treehoppers,cicadas,aphids)asa separateorder c. [“Forecast:Cicadas”,May/June,2011issue(Vol.LXXVII,No.3)TheTennessee Conserva@onist.] 6. Orthoptera(grasshoppers,crickets,katydids)–24,000species a. forewingscalledtegminasincetheyareparMallythickened,hindlegfemora enlarged;[“CallsoftheNight(Katydids),”coauthoredwithBobEnglish, May/June,2006issue(Vol.LXXII,No.3)TheTennesseeConserva@onist.] 7. Trichoptera(caddisflies)–12,000species a. wingscoveredwithhair-likesetae,aquaMclarvaearecase-builders 8. Dictyoptera(cockroaches,manMds,termites)–8000species a. wingsare“net-veined”withmanyintersecMngveins b. somekeyssMllrecognizeBlaaaria(cockroaches),Mantodea(manMds)and Isoptera(termites)asseparateorders 9. Odonata(dragonfliesanddamselflies)–6500species a. strong,toothedmandibles,membranouswings,largecompoundeyes 10.Psocoptera(booklice,barklice)–5500species a. wingsheldverMcallyandclosetogether,someMmeshairyorscaly 11.Phasmida(sMckinsects,leafinsects)–3000species a. slender,cylindricalbodies,longantennae 12.Ephemeroptera(mayflies)–2100species a. membranouswingsheldverMcallyandclosetogether,mouthparts non-funcMonalinadults

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VII.InsectAnatomy(3tagmata) A. Head 1. antennae(onepair) 2. mouthparts 3. ocelli(simpleeyes) 4. eyes(compound) B. Thorax 1. legs(3pairs) 2. wings(notallinsects) 3. spiracles(breathingholesconMnuouswiththeinternal,branchingrespiratorytubes calledtrachea;canbemechanicallyclosedtoreducewaterloss) C. Abdomen 1. hindgut 2. reproducMvetract 3. spiracles 4. malpighiantubules(kidney-likestructuresaaachedtothehindgut) D. VariaMonsinInsectMouthparts 1. chewing–generalist,e.g.,grasshopper 2. piercing/sucking–plantandbloodfeeders,e.g.,mosquito 3. siphoning–nectarfeeding,e.g.,buaerfly 4. sponging–surfacefluidfeeding,e.g.,housefly

VIII.InsectMetamorphosis A. Ametabolous--larvaeareminiaturesofadults(e.g.,silverfish&non-insectanhexapods). B. Paurometabolous–terrestrialnymphs(nogills)graduallylookmorelikeadultswith eachmolt(e.g.,grasshoppers,truebugs) C. Hemimetabolous–aquaMcnaiadswithgillslookmorelikeadultswitheachmolt; changesmorepronounced(e.g.,mayflies,dragonflies) D. Holometabolous--larvaeandadultsfeedondifferentfoodsources;larva,pupa(cocoon, chrysalis),andadultlifestages(e.g.,buaerflies,bees,beetles). E. IdenMfyingimmatureinsects 1. caterpillarclickableguideatwww.bugguide.net 2. CaterpillarsofEasternNorthAmericabyDavidL.Wagner(2005)(includesmoth caterpillars) 3. BuFerfliesofTennessee–Field&GardenbyRitaVenable(2014)andBuFerfliesof Alabama–GlimpsesintoTheirLivesbyPauleaeH.Ogard&SaraC.Bright(2010) bothhavephotographsofcaterpillars 4. ImmatureInsects,VolumesI&II(1997&2013),FrederickW.Stehr,Editor;includes

allinsectordersbutbothvolumesareveryexpensive 5. agoodphotographsentviaemailtoanentomologistwillooenyieldanID

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IX. InsectCommunica8on A. Soundiscommonlyusedtoaaractmates(andsomeMmesparasiMcflies);grasshoppers hearusingapairoftympanicmembranesontheirfirstabdominalsegment;katydids hearwithtympanicmembranesontheirfrontlegs 1. stridulaMon–insectsrubafile-likestructure,usuallyonawing,againstascraper membraneontheotherwing(e.g.,fieldcricket) 2. tymbalorgans--apairofcup-likeframessupporMngacuMcularmembraneaaached tomusclesinmalecicadasandtreehoppers;theseooenloudcallsarespecies specific B. Lightisusedbymaleandfemalefireflyspecies(Coleoptera:Lampyridae) C. ChemicalcommunicaMontakestheformofcontact,trail-marking(e.g,ants,termites) andsexpheromones 1. contactpheromonesareooenusedtocommunicateinformaMonwithinasocial insectcolony 2. sexpheromonesareusedbysolitaryinsectspeciestoachievemaMng(some silkwormmothpheromonesproducedbyfemalescanaaractmalesfrommiles away) D. DancecommunicaMoninsocialinsects(e.g.,waggleandrounddancesofthehoneybee, Apismellifera,togiveprecisesun/compassdirecMonstoasourceofnectar)

X.EcologicalRolesofArthropods A. Arthropodsfilldiversenichesandoccupydiversehabitats B. Heterotrophs(allanimalsgettheirenergyfromanautotroph–photosynthesizingplant source) 1. predators a. herbivores–plantconsumerswhicheatorminetunnelsthroughplantMssueor suckfluidsfromtheirvascularMssue;somecaterpillarsprotectthemselveswith toxin-filledspinesandarecalledsMngingorurMcaMngcaterpillars.[“SMnging Caterpillars,”July/August,2012issue(Vol.LXXVIII,No.4)TheTennessee Conserva@onist.] b. carnivores–mosquitoesareconsidered“micropredators” c. predatoryinsectsareooenusedasagentsofbiologicalcontrol,theintroducMon ofanaturalenemytocontrolapestspecies;e.g.,twobeetlespeciesnaMveto Japanarebeingusedtocontrolthehemlockwoolyadelgid;alsoe.g.,two Europeanweevilspecieshavebeenusedtocontrolmuskthistle(unintended consequencewasnegaMveimpactonararenaMvethistlespeciesinthe Midwest);wheninsectsusedas“biocontrol”agentsareusedwithperiodic pesMcideapplicaMons,thisiscalledintegratedpestmanagement(IPM)

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2. parasites–arthropodparasitesareectoparasites a. arthropodectoparasitesincludeMcks,fleasandlice 1.Mck-bornediseasesincludeLymeDisease,RockyMountainSpoaedFever,

STARI(SouthernTickAssociatedRashIllness),andEhrlichiosis.Arecently discoveredillness,HeartlandVirus,hasbeenlinkedtoMckexposure.

b. parasitoid–aparasitethatspendsasubstanMalporMonofitslifeaaachedtoor livingwithinahostorganism,usuallyresulMnginthehost’sdeath(e.g.,cuckoo waspasaparasitoidofamuddauberwasp) 3. mutualism–bothspeciesbenefitfromtheinteracMon;someMmescalledsymbiosis; e.g.,yuccamothandyuccaplant 4. commensalism–onespeciesbenefits,theotherspeciesisneitherbenefitedor harmed;e.g.,beetlelarvaefeedonfecesinboaomofbirdnest 5. detriMvores–arthropodswhichfeedondeadorganicmaaerlikedecayingwoodor leafliaer(e.g.,termites) 6. pollinators–coevoluMonwithfloweringplants;manybizarreaaractantsforpotenMal pollinators(bees,flies,beetles,mothsandbuaerflies);flowercolor,shapeand supplyofnectarandpollenarespecificforthepollinator;mostpollinaMnginsects seeintheUVrange,locaMng“runways”wecannotsee;flowerspollinatedatnight usuallyhavewhiteorpalecoloredflowers(toreflectmoonlight)andasweet,strong fragrance[“PowerfulPollinators”,coauthoredwithLisaPowers,March/April,2010 issue(Vol.LXXVI,No.2)TheTennesseeConserva@onist.] C. Crypsis(camouflageorprotecMveresemblance)byarthropods D. AposemaMcorwarningcoloraMon 1. bright,contrasMngcolorslikered/blackoryellow/black E. Typesofmimicryexhibitedbyarthropods 1. Batesianmimicry–harmlessorgoodtasMngmimicspecies(e.g.,Viceroybuaerfly) evolvestolooklikeaharmful/badtasMngmodel(e.g.,Monarchbuaerfly);usually withaposemaMccoloraMon 2. Mullerianmimicry–twoormorespecieswhichareharmful/badtasMngevolveto lookalike;oncepredatoris“trained”,allspeciesinthemimicrycomplexare protected;ooenaposemaMccoloraMon F. Startle/shockdisplays 1. speciesdisplaysaposemaMccoloraMonorchangesshapetoresembleapredatorto confuse/deterapotenMalpredator G. Socialvs.Solitary 1. SocialinsectsexhibitthreecharacterisMctraits:Largecoloniescontainingoverlapping generaMons,cooperaMvebroodcare,andasterileworkercaste.Thereareseveral intermediatelevelsdependingonwhichofthesetraitsareexhibitedandtowhat extent.Honeybees,ants,andtermitesaretruesocialinsects. 2. MostnaMvebeesaresolitary.

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XI.Iden8fying,Collec8ng,Observing A. DichotomousKeys 1. differenttypesofdichotomouskeys;someuseillustraMons 2. alldichotomouskeysare“twochoice”keysandshouldalsoincludeineach“couplet” thenumberofthecoupletfromwhichtheidenMfierhasjustcome 3. mostdichotomouskeysrequirethatheidenMfierknowthenamesandlocaMonof keycharactersorstructures. 4. internetkeys,somebeginningfromsilhoueaeslikewww.bugguide.net,are becomingmorepopular B. MethodsofcollecMngandobservinginsects 1. picking–referstoeitherhand-pickinginsectsoffofvegetaMonorcapturinginsectsin jarsorothercontainerswithaneasilyremovablelid 2. beaMng–referstoholdingabeatsheetbeneathvegetaMonandstrikingtheupper brancheswithasMck;insectsfallonsheetandplaydeadtemporarily 3. sweepnevng–referstousinganinsectnetwithacoarse,muslinbagtosweepback andforththroughavegetaMon(e.g.,anoldfield);insectscanbeshakentothe boaomofthebag,placedinsideakillingjarchargedwithethylacetateandthejar’s lidlooselyscrewedonforafewminutesbeforetransferringthebag’scontentstothe killingjarandMghtlyscrewingonthelid. 4. nevng–referstousinganaerial(see-through)nettocapturefast-flyinginsectslike dragonfliesandbuaerflies 5. aquaMcnevng–referstousingamuslin/meshD-netsamplerwhichisplaced downstreamofanareatobesampledfollowedbydisturbingrocksandstream substratetodislodgeaquaMcinvertebrates 6. separaMng/sievingdecayingleaves,woodonasheetwithmetalorplasMcsievesof differentgridsizes 7. Berlesefunnelsampling–decayingleafliaer/soiliscollectedintrashbags,carriedto alabandplacedinfunnelswithascreenmeshattheirbases.Alowwaaage(25W) bulbisusedtodrivemoisture-lovingminutearthropodslikemitesand pseudoscorpionstowardsthebaseofthefunnelsothattheywillfallintojarof ethanol. 8. lighttrapping–commerciallyavailablecordedorbaaery-poweredincandescentand UVlighttraps(e.g.,NewJerseylighttrap,CDClighttrap)areusedtoaaract night-flyinginsectswhereasmallfanblowsthemdownintoacollecMonchamberor jarofethanol;mostlighttrapscomeequippedwithaphotoelectricswitch 9. piwalltrapping–smallholesaredugalongatransectline,anoutercupisplaced flushtothesoilsurface;aninnercupwith50%ethanolordilutedethyleneglycolis placedintheoutercupwithafunnelplacedinsideandflushtothesoilsurface;trap coverscanbeplacedtoavoidrainfallfloodingtraps;trapcontentsshouldbe removedeveryotherday;catchesnocturnalwalkingarthropodslikegroundbeetles andspiders.

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10.sugaring–prepareconcocMonsofoldmolasses,stalebeer,rovngfruit;allowthese tofermentafewdays,thenpainttheseontreetrunksalongtrailsatshoulderlevel. Mothsandothernight-flyinginsectswillbeaaracted,especiallyonnightswithliale moonlight C. CollecMngethics 1. ifgoodcollecMonsofinsectsinyourareaalreadyexist(e.g.,thecollecMonatthe WarnerParkNatureCenterinNashville)thenitisprobablybestnottostarta personalinsectcollecMon;mostinsectsinthestatearenotrarebutisolated populaMons,especiallyofshowyinsectslikebuaerflies,canbecomerareduetoover collecMng 2. ifcollecMonsofinsects,plants,etc.aredesiredfromstateparksornaturalareas,a ScienMficResearchandCollecMngpermitmustbeobtained 3. agoodpairofbinocularsandaninsectfieldguideareawaytodocumentthe occurrenceofspeciesinanareawithouthavingtocollectspecimenswithanetor othertypeofcollecMngequipmentandlaterreleasethem 4. referencecollecMonsofidenMfiedinsectsfromageographicareaoraseasonwithin thatareaareusefulinidenMfyingotherinsectscollectedinthatareaandmonitoring therarenessorabundanceofcertainspecies D. CollecMontypesandtechniques 1. photographiccollecMonswhichcanbedisplayedontheInternetorprintedand placedinanalbum 2. physicalcollecMonsofdeadinsectskilledandpinnedinadisplayboxorpreservedin ethanolinvials(soo-bodiedarthropodslikeaquaMcmacroinvertebratesandspiders). 3. IneitheroftheabovecollecMontypes,properlabelsareveryimportant.ThelocaMon labelisplacedbeneaththeinsectonapin.TheidenMficaMonlabelgoesbelowthe locaMonlabel.

4. insectpins(ratherthansewingpins),typicallyano.3(availablefrom www.bioquip.com)areused;seediagramnextpageforplacementofpinsin commonspecies E. CiMzenScience 1. MonarchWatch--hap://www.monarchwatch.org/ 2. LostLadybugProject--hap://www.lostladybug.org/

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XII.StateConserva8onIssues

A. Pestinsectspecies 1. ooenexoMcorintroducedspecieswhichbecomeinvasiveduetothelackofnatural predatorsandparasites 2. humantransport,intenMonaloraccidental,isthemostooencauseofthe introducMon 3. pestspeciesincludehemlockwoollyadelgid,balsamwoollyadelgid,emeraldash borer,gypsymoth,Asianlonghornedbeetle,Japanesebeetle,redandblackfireants, brownmarmoratedsMnkbug,kudzubug,etc.Afulllistofinvasive,exoMcinsect speciesmaybefoundathap://www.invasive.org/species/insects.cfm.

B. Tennessee’sThreatenedandEndangeredInsects 1. Onlyoneendangeredinsectspeciescurrently–Americanburyingbeetle, Nicrophorusamericanus;buryingbeetlescanbefoundbytyingbrightlycolored dentalflosstostripsofrawchicken,placingtheseinwoodsandreturningtofind wherethechickenwasburied1-2dayslater 2. DianafriMllary,Speyeriadiana,isanexampleofathreatened/vunerablespeciesin Tennessee 3. [“Tennessee'sThreatenedandEndangeredInsects”coauthoredwithAndreaEnglish, September/October,2006issue(Vol.LXXII,No.5)TheTennesseeConserva@onist.]

C. Tennessee’sstateinsects 1. twostateinsects: a. fireflyorlightningbug(1975) b. ladybugorladybirdbeetle(1975) 2. onestateagriculturalinsect:honeybee(1990) 3. onestatebuaerfly:zebraswallowtail(1995) 4. totaloffour(morethananyotherstate!)

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XIII.Resources A. IdenMficaMonguides 1. Insects,AmericaNorthofMexico(PetersonFieldGuides),DonaldJ.Borrorand RichardE.White,HoughtonMifflin,1970. 2. TracksandSignsofInsectsandOtherInvertebrates–AGuidetoNorthAmerican Species,CharleyEisemanandNoahCharney,StackpoleBooks,2010. 3.BuFerfliesofTennessee:Field&Garden,RitaVenable,MaywoodPublishing,2014. 4.CaterpillarsofEasternNorthAmerica,DavidL.Wagner,PrincetonUniversityPress,2005.

B. IdenMficaMonwebsiteresources 1. Bugguide.net-clickableguide hap://bugguide.net/ 2. ForestryImages.org(includestheBugwoodNetwork) hap://www.forestryimages.org/andhap://www.insecMmages.org/ 3. TennesseemothenthusiastsFacebookgroup: hap://www.facebook.com/#!/groups/218162658292567/ 4. TennesseeNaturalistsFacebookgroup: hap://www.facebook.com/#!/groups/TennesseeNaturalistProgramOwlsHill/ 5. BuaerfliesandMothsofNorthAmerica hap://www.buaerfliesandmoths.org/ 6. AWalkThroughtheMothFamilies hap://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/WalkThroughIndex.shtml 7. ListentotheSongsofInsects hap://www.songsofinsects.com/iframes/specieslist.html 8. DiscoverLifeinAmerica’sIDNatureGuideforInsects hap://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q 9. TreeofLifeweb:Arthropoda hap://www.tolweb.org/Arthropoda/2469 10.AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistorykeystoInsectOrdershap://www.amnh.org/learn/biodiversity_counts/ident_help/Text_Keys/text_keys_index.htm

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XIV.ReviewQues8ons

1.Approximately80%ofallanimalsknowntosciencearea. arthropodsb. mammalsc. invertebratesd. endotherms(generaMngtheirownbodyheat)

2.Nematodesandsnailsarenotconsideredarthropodsbecausea. theyareslimyb. theirlegsaresegmentedc. theygeneratetheirownheatd. theirbodiesarenotsegmented

3.Speciesthatevolvetolookalikeexhibita. warningcoloraMonb. crypsiscamouflagec. mimicryd.mutualism

4.TheClassHexapodacoversmanydifferentOrdersoftypicalinsects.WhichofthefollowingisnotincludedinHexapoda? a.masonbee b.millipede c.cockroach d.stonefly5.Spiders,Mcks,andmitesarecharacterizedbychelicerawhichare a.hairsontheirlegs b.eighteyes c.firstpairofmouthpartscontainingfangs d.spinnerets6.Mostcrustaceanarthropodslive

a. aaachedtotherootsoftreesb. inaquaMcenvironmentsc. atelevaMonsabove5,000feetd. inundergroundcaves

7.WhichcharacterisMcdoesnotapplytoinsects? a.bodywiththreedisMnctregions--head,thorax,abdomen b.constantbodytemperature(homeothermic) c.threepairsoflegs d.onepairofantennae

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8.Nightpollinators,suchasmoths,areaaractedby a.whiteorpalecoloredflowers b.strong,sweetfragrance c.ultravioletnectarguides d.bothbandc e.bothaandb9.Manyinsectsusechemicalscalled_________________tocommunicatedanger,signalafood

trail,oraaractamate.a. pheromonesb. spiraclesc. ephemerad. hydrogencyanide

10.MostnaMvebees

a. constructlargehivesb. aresolitaryc. boreholesinhouseeavesd. hideinflowersatnight

11.Spidersare a.insects

b. arachnidsc. beetlesd. bothaandb

12.Tickbitesshouldbetakenseriouslyastheymayresultinwhichofthefollowingillnesses? a.Lyme’sDisease b.RockyMountainSpoaedFever c.Pertussis

d. bothaandb

13.Whichcommonnameisappropriately‘spaced’?a. firefliesb. pillbugsc. firefliesd. honeybees

14.Tinyarthropodsthatliveinthesoilandleafliaerarea. sMckinsectsb. aphidsc. springtailsd. fairyshrimp

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15.Insectsthatfeedonplantfluidsorbloodneedmouthpartsthatallowa. siphoningb. piercingandsucking

c.sponging d.lapping

16.Tennessee’sstatebuaerflyisthea. Monarchb. SpicebushSwallowtailc. ZebraSwallowtaild. JuniperHairstreak

17.Whichnon-naMveinsectisathreattoTennesseeforests?a. EuropeanHoneyBeeb. EmeraldAshBorerc. SouthernPineBeetled. JapaneseBeetle

18.ABerlesefunnelseparatesMnyarthropodsfromleafliaerusinga. heatb.waterc. gravityd. forcedair

19.ManypollinaMnginsectshavetheabilitytoseea. intotaldarknessb. intheUVrangeoflightc. intechnicolord. infiniteshadesofgray

20.InsectspecieswhoselarvaegrowinsidethebodiesofotherspeciesulMmatelykillingthehostarecalled

a. parasitesb. homeothermsc. predatorsd. parasitoids

21.Inametabolousinsectmetamorphosis,thelarvaea. eatdifferentfoodfromtheadultb. lookmoreliketheadultwitheachsuccessivemoltc. looklikeminiaturesoftheadultd. nevermature

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22.WhatprominentdifferencedisMnguishesdragonfliesfromdamselflies?a. Atrest,dragonflywingsarehorizontal,damselflywingsverMcal.b.Nothing,theyareindisMnguishable.c. Damselfliesaretwiceaslarge.d.Dragonfliesareneverfoundnearwater.

23.Thebodyofanarthropodisprotectedbyahardenedexoskeletoncomposedofacomplexcarbohydratecalled

a. celluloseb. chiMnc. keraMnd. calcium

24.WhatisNOTacharacterisMcofarthropods?

a. paired,jointedappendagesb. poikilothermsc. completedigesMvetractd. head,thorax,andabdomenfusedintoonesegment

25.Trueflies(Diptera)haveonepairofforewings.Theirhindwingsweremodifiedintohaltereswhichare

a. wingcoversb. smallknobbedstructuresthataidequilibriumc. anon-funcMoningsetofantennaed. strapsholdingtheforewingsinplace

AnswerKey1.a 2.d 3.c 4.b 5.c 6.b 7.b 8.e 9.a 10.b11.b 12.d 13.a 14.c 15.b 16.c 17.b 18.a 19.b 20.d21.c 22.a 23.b 24.d 25.b

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