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Tengiz simaSvili
Ppolitikuri (saidumlo) policia da
revolucionerebi
saqarTveloSi 1894 - 1908 wlebSi
(agenturis gamoyenebis meTodebi da xerxebi teroris winaaRmdeg)
Telavi
2003
- 2 -
S e s a v a l i
meoce saukunis pirveli aTwleuli msoflios mraval
qveyanaSi aRiniSna sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gaaqtiurebiT.
erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis, socialuri samarTlianobis
lozungebiT SeiaraRebulma adamianebma, sul male daiwyes
fizikuri angariSsworebebi mowinaaRmdege jgufebTan, arsebuli
sistemis oficialur warmomadgenlebTan. isargebles ra
xelisuflebis sisustiT, zogierT qveyanaSi revolucionerebis
mier mowyobili SeTqmulebebi, ajanyebebi, calkeuli
teroristuli aqtebi, gadaizarda mosaxleobis masobriv
gamosvlebSi, revoluciebSi. yvelaze metad es procesi sagrZnobi
gaxda ruseTSi, sadac 1904-1905 wlebis ruseT-iaponiis omma,
carizmis mowinaaRmdege politikur Zalebs daanaxa imperiis
sisuste. maT mier organizebul mSvidobian mitingebs,
demonstraciebs, gaficvebs, moyva xelisuflebis mcdeloba,
Sesabamisi gamocdilebis da saSualebebis uqonlobis gamo
CaexSo masobrivi gamosvlebi Zalismieri meTodebiT. 1905 wlis 9
ianvris tragedia kargad gamoiyenes revolucionerebma da
totaluri propagandis meSveobiT SeZles mosaxleobis
egzaltacia, daiwyo revolucia.
1905-1907 wlebis ruseTis pirveli burJuaziul-
demokratiuli revolucia sami weli grZeldeboda. moicva
imperiis mTeli teritoria 160 milioniani mosaxleobiT.
revoluciuri brZolis ukiduresma gamovlinebebma _
SeiaraRebulma ajanyebebma, terorma, apogeas miaRwia imperiis
erovnuli umciresobebiT dasaxlebul mxareebSi. Tavis mxriv,
xelisuflebam saSineli sisastikiT CaaxSo revoluciuri
gamosvlebi poloneTSi, fineTSi da gansakuTrebiT kavkasiaSi.
- 3 -
revolucionerebis da xelisuflebis orTabrZolas asiaTasobiT
adamianis sicocxle Seewira. zogi teroristuli aqtis
msxverpli gaxda, zogma ki, saxrCobelaze daamTavra Tavisi
sicocxle.
revoluciam Searyia imperiis safuZvlebi da ara marto
ruseTis istoriaze, aramed msoflio istoriis Semdgomi
ganviTarebis proceszec moaxdina didi gavlena.
faqtiurad igi revoluciuri partiebisaTvis iqca
generalur repeticiad carizmis damxobisaTvis brZolaSi.
sxvadasxva juris partiebma ganaviTares ra evropuli qveynebis
revolucionerTa gamocdileba (gansakuTrebiT mecxramete
saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi moqmedi frangi anarqistebis),
praqtikaSi Seamowmes da daxvewes revoluciuri brZolis
meTodebi da xerxebi. kerZod, teroris gamoyeneba xelisuflebis
warmomadgenlebis winaaRmdeg. italieli da frangi anarqistebis
mier gamoyenebuli individualuri teroris ganviTarebad 1905-
1907 wlebSi, iqca teroris ganxorcieleba partizanuli razmebis
meSveobiT, romelsac saqarTveloSi eweodnen e.w. wiTeli razmebi.
problemiT Cveni daintereseba gamoiwvia uaxloes warsulSi
msoflioSi mimdinare procesebma. 1960-1990-ian wlebSi msoflios
mraval qveyanas gadauara, sxvadasxva Seferilobis
teroristulma talRebma: laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi, sabWoTa
specsamsaxurebis mier finansuri da materialuri daxmarebiT
gaZlierebulma, marqsistuli ideologiis matarebelma jgufebma
daiwyes teroristuli aqtebis seriebi e.w. `saqalaqo gerilia~.
memarcxene ideologiis matarebelma `wiTelma brigadebma”
italiaSi, `aqcion direqtma~ safrangeTSi, da maTma
mowinaaRmdege memarjvene teroristulma organizaciebma, xSir
- 4 -
SemTxvevaSi, yovelgvar adamianur logikas moklebuli sisxliani
teraqtebiT, sakmaod SeaSfoTes im periodis msoflio
sazogadoebrioba. korsikaze, irlandiaSi da espaneTSi moqmedi
separatistulad ganwyobili teroristuli organizaciebi ki
dResac axseneben Tavs am qveynebs.
bolo periodis movlenebma: israel-palestinis konfliqtma,
sadac teroristi kamikaZeebis moqmedebebi scildeba yovelgvar
zRvars, muslimani religiuri eqstremistebis mier mowyobilma
teroristulma Tavdasxmebma msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, 2001
wlis 11 seqtembers, amerikis istoriaSi yvelaze saSinelma
teroristulma aqtma, ruseTSi `nord-ostis~ saxelwodebiT
cnobilma xocva-Jletam, kvlav Seaxsena msoflios, Tu ra
saSinelebebi moaqvs religiur, separatistul terorizms.
amasTan, Tu 1960-1990 wlebSi memarcxene, Tu memarjvene
teroristebis samizne iyvnen calkeuli pirebi an adamianTa
jgufebi, axla terorizmma miiRo globaluri masStabebi.
msoflio aSkarad imyofeba ekologiuri, biologiu-ri, qimiuri,
atomuri teroris safrTxis qveS. amitom, Cveni erT-erTi mizani
kvlevis procesSi iyo, meoce saukunis dasawyisSi teroristuli
aqtebiT yvelaze metad dazaralebuli, carizmis
xelisuflebisgan gamoyenebuli kontrzomebis Seswavla da dRis
sinaTleze gamotana. miT umetes, rom swored rusma
revolucionerebma misces saboloo saxe teroristuli
organizaciis struqturis Seqmnis, axali wevrebis gadabirebis,
teroristTa fsiqologiuri momzadebis, teroris warmoebis
meTodebis, xerxebis zogad principebs.
revoluciuri partiebis mier gamoyenebuli teroristuli
taqtikis winaaRmdeg ruseTis politikuri policiam Tavis mxriv
- 5 -
isargebla saf-rangeTis policiis gamocdilebiT. es ukanaskneli
farTod iyenebda revoluciur wreebSi agenturis Segzavnis
meTods. rogorc Cven gamovarkvieT, ruseTis politikurma
policiam ganaviTara agenturis gamoyenebis meTodika, daxvewa
winamorbedebisgan gamoyenebuli xerxebi. metic, Cven pirvelebma
gamovitaneT daskvna da vasabuTebT, rom ruseTis politikurma
policiam 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis periodSi SeimuSava da
ganaviTara agenturis gamoyenebis sakmaod daxvewili strategia
da taqtika. didi wvlili Seitana revoluciuri moZraobis
CaxSobis saqmeSi imiT, rom SeZlo agenturis meSveobiT,
gansakuTrebiT revoluciis damamTavrebel etapze, politikuri
partiebis marTva.
amasTan, swored am wlebSi, revoluciuri partiebis da
politikuri policiis orTabrZolis Sedegad, dasrulebuli
saxe miiRo, rogorc erTis, ise meoris organizaciulma
agebulebam, struqturam, daixvewa maTi meTodebi, xerxebi.
carizmis politikuri policiis didi gamocdileba 1917
wlis oqtombris gadatrialebis Semdeg, kargad gamoiyena
axalgazrda sabWoTa saxelmwifom. bolSevikebma `oxrankis“ mier
damuSavebuli meTodebi da xerxebi aiRes Cekas SeiaraRebaSi,
gaaerTianes Tavis konspiraciul gamocdilebasTan memarcxene
socialist-revolucionerebis teroristuli praqtika da SeZles
mokle xanSi Ceka Zlier specsamsaxurad eqciaT. politikuri
policiis TanamSromlebis nawili zogi konsultantad, zogic
pirdapir sxvadasxva Tanamdebobebze daniSnes. aRsaniSnavia, rom
aseT kadrs iyenebda l. beriac. sabWoTa agenturam SeZlo, ocian
wlebSi sazRvargareT moqmed TeTrgvardiul legalur da
- 6 -
naxevradlegalur organizaciebSi, emigraciis mier gamocemul
gazeTebis, Jurnalebis redaqciebSi SeRweva.
jer kidev 1922 wels sabWoTa specsamsaxurebma
TeTrgvardiuli emigraciis winaaRmdeg Caatares operacia,
romelic `oxrankis“ taqtikis ganviTarebas da axalgazrda
saxelmwifos specsamsaxurebisTvis Tavisebur Sedevrs
warmoadgenda. ruseTis did centralur qalaqebSi Seqmnes,
viTomda konspiraciuli, saidumlo organizacia e.w.
`tresti“,romlis meSveobiT 1924-1926 wlebSi xelSi Caigdes,
TeTrgvardielTa antisabWoTa organizaciebis aralegaluri
kavSirebi. maT aseve ganaviTares 1906-1908 wlebSi carizmis
politikuri policiis mier gamoyenebuli taqtika _ agenturis
meSveobiT gaeTiSaT da emarTaT partiebi. SeZles kidec _ Cekas
agentebma samSoblodan gadaxvewil aTasi juris partiis wevrebs
Soris daZabes urTierTobebi da daSales. emigraciam, mTeli
Semdgomi periodis manZilze ver moaxerxa, Tundac simboluri
gaerTianeba.
metic, Cekam da misma memkvidre ogpu-m moaxerxa
sazRvargareT arsebuli carizmis sadazvervo qselis, aseve
politikuri policiis agenturis gadabireba. maTi rigebi Seavso
revoluciur brZolebSi gamowrTobili pirebiT da
teroristuli aqtebis seriebi ganaxorciela TeTrgvardiuli
emigraciis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebze. ar indobdnen arc
yofil Tanapartielebs. l. trockis mkvleloba sadRac Sors
meqsikaSi sabWoTa agenturis mier, trockisTan Segzavnili
agentis meSveobiT, romelsac trockis mdivnis adgilis
dasakaveblad, es adgili gauTavisufles winamorbedis
- 7 -
mkvlelobiT, sabWoTa specsamsaxurebis mier agenturis
gamoyenebis taqtikis ganviTarebis klasikuri magaliTia.
1930-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi berias agenturam SeZlo
qarTuli emigraciis gaTiSvac da iTamaSa katalizatoris roli,
im periodSi emigraciis SigniT dawyebul sisxlian
angariSsworebebSi. yvelaze cnobili figura, vinc am dros
qarTvelebmave mokles, iyo noe ramiSvili _ n. Jordanias
uaxloesi TanamebrZoli, mtkice nebisyofis mqone lideri. igi
qarTul emigraciasTan, berias uwyebis mier dawyebul kontaqtebs
ewinaaRmdegeboda. sxvaTa Soris, qarTveli emigranti social-
demokratebi aSkarad gamovidnen meore msoflio omis dros
germaniis winaaRmdeg, maSin roca, emigrantTa nawili _
ZiriTadad erovnul-demokratebi Cadgnen germanelebis
samsaxurSi. gaxdnen germaniis armiis SemadgenlobaSi Seqmnili
qarTuli batalionebis sulisCamdgmelebi.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis procesis dros da Semdgom
periodSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi amierkavkasiaSi, konkretulad
saqarTveloSi miuTiTebs, rom TemaSi asaxuli politikuri
procesebis marTvis teqnika, carizmis politikuri policiis
meTodebi da xerxebi rCeba dRevandeli ruseTis specsamsaxurebis
SeiaraRebaSi. Jurnal-gazeTebSi aqa-iq gaielvebs xolme fsb-s Tu
gru-s im oficrebis gvarebi, vinc aqezebdnen, xels uwyobdnen
separatistul reJimebs gamarjvebaSi, kavSirebi hqondaT CvenSi
moqmed partiebTan. gasakviri araa, dRes saqarTveloSi, partiebs
Soris urTierTobebis daZabva, TviTon partiebs SigniT arsebuli
ganxeTqilebebi, politikur moRvaweTa mkvlelobebi, qarTul
SeiaraRebul ZalebSi dawyebuli mRelvarebebi, amboxebebi, xSir
- 8 -
SemTxvevaSi saeWvod emTxveva ruseTis mier saqarTvelos
winaaRmdeg dawyebul kampaniebs.
Cven, xom saqarTvelos geopolitikuri mdebareobidan
gamomdinare varT, ori udidesi zesaxelmwifos amerikis da
ruseTis interesTa Tanxvedris gzajvaredinze. dRevandeli
ruseTi ki, aris ra bunebrivi memkvidre sabWoTa da aseve
carizmis ruseTis, misi interesebic saqarTvelos mimarT
kvlavindeburad Zvelia. ruseTs awyobs ara Zlieri, aramed
susti, marTvadi saqarTvelo da am mizniT iyenebs rogorc
ekonomikur, ise politikur berketebs. cxadia, ruseTis
specsamsaxurebic sakmaod aqtiurad muSaoben, CvenSi mimdinare
politikuri procesebis marTvis sadaveebis xelSi Cagdebis
mizniT. saqarTvelos ukanaskneli aTwleulis istoria _ ubralo
TvalisTvisac ki SesamCnevi, garkveuli Zalebis mier garedan
marTuli procesebi, mowinaaRmdege klanebis da partiebis mier
Zalauflebis xelSi Casagdebad, sazogadoebis dasaSineblad
gamoyenebuli teroristuli aqtebi _ miuTiTebs Cvens mier
gamokvleuli sakiTxis aqtualurobaze. miT umetes, rom dRes
arsebuli cxeli wertilebi _ afxazeTi, samaCablo, pankisis
xeoba, sadac Tavmoyrilia didi raodenobiT ukontrolo iaraRi,
SeiaraRebuli pirebi, aseTi safrTxis gaZlierebis noyieri
niadagia.
Cveni naSromi, romelic Seicavs saqarTvelos istoriis
umniSvnelovanes periods, SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas umaRlesi
saswavleblebis saleqcio kursis, saseminaro masalebis Tu
speckursebis mosamzadeblad, igi daexmareba sakiTxiT
dainteresebul specialistebs.
T a v i I
- 9 -
politikuri policiis organoebis
warmoSoba ruseTis imperiaSi
carizmis politikuri(saidumlo) policiis istoria iwyeba
1826 wels, imperatoris kancelariis mesame ganyofilebis
CamoyalibebiT. masze, rogorc saxelmwifo da politikur
danaSaulze Ziebis da angariSsworebis organoze dakisrebuli
movaleobebi gayofili iyo xuT eqspediciad (ganyofilebad).
droTa ganmavlobaSi isini gadanawilda da 1870-iani wlebisTvis I
eqspedicia awarmoebda saqmeebs, romelic exeboda mefis da misi
ojaxis wevrebis Seuracxyofas; II eqspedicia ganagebda mesame
ganyofilebis StatSi miRebas, aseve agrovebda cnobebs religiur
seqtebze, kulturul-saganmanaTleblo, ekonomikur
sazogadoebebze, mokled im organizaciebze da saqmeebze,
romelTac politikuri xasiaTi ar hqondaT; III eqspedicia
xelmZRvanelobda damsjel RonisZiebebs mzardi opoziciuri,
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis, aseve glexobis
antisaxelmwifoeb- rivi gamosvlebis winaaRmdeg; iZleoda
gankargulebebs politikuri damnaSaveebis dasasjelad da
sasjelis ama Tu im zomis gansazRvris Sesaxeb. krebda masalas
adgilebidan guberniebSi mimdinare sazogadoebriv-politikur
cxovrebaze, ris mixedviTac Semdgom adgenda moxsenebebs
imperiis politikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb imperatorisadmi
warsadgenad; IV eqspedicia agrovebda cnobebs mosaxleobis
ekonomiur mdgomareobaze, aRricxavda qalaqebSi ekonomiuri
xasiaTis danaSauls, qurdobebs, mkvlelobebs, xanZrebs. amasTan
krebda makompromitirebel masalas adgilobrivi administraciis
kanonsawinaaRmdego moqmedebebze; V eqspedicia 1865 wlamde
- 10 -
ganagebda cenzuras. am wels misi saqme gadaeca Sinagan saqmeTa
saministros beWvdiTi saqmeebis mTavar sammarTvelos, Tumca
male mesame ganyofilebaSi Seiqmna e.w. sagazeTo nawili,
romelic presaze meTvalyureobasTan erTad eweoda
`patriotuli~ literaturis gamocemas.
amrigad, imperatoris kancelariis mesame ganyofileba Tavis
TavSi aerTianebda imperiis socialur - politikuri
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb ase Tu ise mTlian informacias.
aRsaniSnavia, rom mesame ganyofilebis Cinovnikebs xSirad
saidumlod gzavnidnen guberniebSi reviziebis Casatareblad.
saTanado masala guberniis Cinovnikebis danaSaulebebze,
guberniis ekonomikur da politikur mdgomareobaze ivseboda
JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloebidan miRebuli informaciiT
da moxsenebebis saxiT egzavneboda umaRles xelisufals _
imperators.
1827 wels mesame ganyofilebis aRmasrulebel organod
Seiqmna JandarmTa calke korpusi. igi warmoadgenda samxedro
Cinebis gaerTianebas. mas gaaCnda sammarTvelo (korpusis Stabi).
1866 wlisTvis imperiis mTeli teritoria rva saJandarmo olqad
iyo dayofili _ peterburgis, moskovis, varSavis, vilenskis,
odesis, kavkasiis, yazanis da cimbiris. JandarmTa korpusSi
Sedioda aseve leib-gvardiis JandarmTa naxevrad eskadroni,
naxevrad eskadroni varSavis samxedro olqis StabTan da sami
saJandarmo komanda samxedro olqebis StabebTan, romlebic
asrulebdnen samxedro policiis funqciebs gvardiaSi da
armiaSi, rogorc mSvidobianobis, aseve omis dros. 1866 wlidan
JandarmTa korpusis ganmgeblobaSi gadavida policiis
sammarTvelo rkinigzis mTavar magistralebze. ori saJandarmo
- 11 -
olqi _ varSavis da kavkasiis imyofeboda gansakuTrebul
mdgomareobaSi. maTi meTauri generlebi 1867 wlamde
emorCilebodnen adgilobriv mefisnacvalebs.
1860-iani wlebis dasawyisSi batonymobis gauqmebasTan erTad
imperiaSi Zveli sistemis msxvrevas moyva politikuri da
socialuri moZraobebis gaZliereba. Jandarmeriis Zveli qseli
gaerTianebul did olqebSi moqnili da Sedegiani ar aRmoCnda.
1867 wlis 9 seqtembers miRebul iqna JandarmTa korpusis axali
debuleba (1). debulebiT guberniebSi Seiqmna sagubernio
JandarmTa sammarTveloebi. isini erT an ramdenime gubernias
aerTianebda. saolqo sistema SenarCunebul iqna imperiis
ganapira mxareebSi, kerZod, kavkasiaSi. kavkasiis saJandarmo
olqi mefisnacvalis daqvemdebarebidan gamovida da daumorCilda
JandarmTa korpuss. 1870-iani wlebisTvis kavkasiaSi moqmedi
mmarTvelobiTi sistema nel-nela dauaxlovda ruseTis imperiis
centralur teritoriebze arsebuls. amierkavkasia gaiyo xuT
guberniad, guberniebi _ mazrebad. Sedegad gauqmda kavkasiis
saJandarmo olqi da 1870 wels Camoyalibda sagubernio
JandarmTa sammarTveloebi, maT Soris Tbilisis da quTaisis.
cvlileba ganicada JandarmTa korpusis saxelmac. 1874 wlidan
ewoda JandarmTa calke korpusi. oficrebad ZiriTadad iRebdnen
samxedro pirebs, samoqalaqoebs gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi.
JandarmTa calke korpusSi samsaxuris dasawyebad umTavresi
kriteriumi iyo politikuri saimedooba. umcros samxedro Cinebs
iRebdnen sagamocdo vadiT 2-dan 4 Tvemde. am xnis ganmavlobaSi
mowmdeboda maTi codna, gonebrivi monacemebi, moraluri
Tvisebebi saJandarmo saqmianobisaTvis. yuradReba eqceoda
fizikur monacemebsac. kerZod misaRebi kandidatebi unda
- 12 -
yofiliyvnen warmosadegi garegnobis, fizikurad Zlieri. ar
iRebdnen 25 wlamde axalgazrdebs. akrZaluli iyo garkveuli
socialuri fenebis da erovnebebis _ ebraelebis, kaTolikuri
sarwmunoebis an kaTolikeebze daqorwinebulebis miReba.
JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos aparats
xelmZRvanelobda wodebiT generali an polkovniki. aparati
iyofoda ramodenime ganyofilebad, romelsac teritoriuli
xasiaTi hqonda. erTi ganyofileba saTaveSi erTi Stabs-oficriT
ganagebda guberniis erT an ramdenime mazras. sagubernio
sammarTvelos gaaCnda kancelaria. igi iyofoda ramodenime
nawilad _ saerTo xelmZRvanelobis, Ziebis, Zebnis, politikuri
keTilsaimedoobis da saxazino-sameurneo ganyofilebebad.
sagubernio sammarTvelos generlebis da Stabs-oficrebis
xelmZRvanelobis qveS imyofebodnen Jandarmeriis dabali Cinis
umcrosi oficrebi (unter-oficrebi). maT moyavdaT sisruleSi
kanonebi da sasamarTlos mier gamotanili sasjeli; gzavnidnen
qurdebis, yaCaRebis sadevnelad, akrZaluli Tavyrilobebis
gasafantavad, gansakuTrebiT saSiSi damnaSaveebis da
dapatimrebulebis etapirebisaTvis. isini cixeebSi darajobdnen
politikur tusaRebs. anxorcielebdnen zedamxedvelobas
sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebze _ saeklesio
dResaswaulebebze, bazrobebze, saxalxo seirnobebze,
Teatralur warmodgenebze da sxv.
1867 weli, romlis drosac moxda gardamtexi cvlilebebi
JandarmTa korpusis organizaciul agebulebaSi, mniSvnelovani
iyo imiTac, rom miRebuli iqna Jandarmeriis oficrebis
saqmianobis damaregulirebeli ori axa-li instruqcia erTi
oficialuri da meore saidumlo (2). maT mcireodeni
- 13 -
saxecvlilebiT iarsebes 1917 wlamde. oficialuri instruqciiT
JandarmTa calke korpusi daarsda im mizniT, rom daecva
saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebi yvela mosaxlis simSvide da
keTildReoba qonebrivi mdgomareobis, warmoSobis da erovnebis
ganurCevlad. JandarmTa calke korpusis oficrebs unda gaewiaT
meTvalyureoba, rom ar momxdariyo areulobebi da sxva saxis
kanonsawinaaRmdego moqmedebebi. sxvadasxva saxis politikuri Tu
kriminaluri danaSauli unda aRmoefxvraT piradi gavleniT.
oficrebs instruqciiT sastikad hqondaT akrZaluli
sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli organoebis, sazogadoebrivi
organizaciebis da kerZo pirebis saqmianobaSi Careva. saidumlo
instruqciiT ki sastiki saidumloebis dacviT unda ewarmoebinaT
meTvalyureoba imperiis mTel mosaxleobaze da calkeul
fenebze, sxvadasxva religiuri mimarTulebebis, politikuri
ideebis gavrcelebaze, sasamarTlo da sxva saxelmwifo
dawesebulebebis saqmianobaze, daepatimrebinaT mTavrobis
sawinaaRmdego gamosvlebSi monawileebi. mokled rom vTqvaT, es
ori instruqcia warmoadgenda urTierT gamomricxav dokumentebs.
im xanad kavkasiis mefisnacvalis kancelariis ufrosi baroni a.p.
nikolai aRSfoTebuli werda: `Jandarmeriis oficrebisaTvis
gankuTvnili instruqcia maT aqcevs yvela piris mosamarTled da
ganmkarguleblad, aZlevs uflebas Caerivnen yvelaferSi. roca
kiTxulob oficialur in-struqcias, rom Jandarmebs ufleba ar
aqvT Caerivnen sasamarTlos saqmeebSi da saidumloSi weria maT
amisi ufleba aqvT, xolo orive instruqcia damtkicebulia
umaRlesi xelisuflebis mier, ifiqreb ruseTi aris bednieri
medrovis xelSi~ (3). bednier medroved igulisxmeboda im dros
JandarmTa Sefi da mesame ganyofilebis ufrosi mezencevi.
- 14 -
1870-ian wlebamde Jandarmerias faqtiurad evaleboda
dambezReblis, momxdari danaSaulebrivi faqtis Semtyobineblis
roli. 1871 wels 19 maiss miRebul iqna kanoni `danaSaulis
Ziebisas JandarmTa korpusis Cinebis moqmedebis wesis Sesaxeb~. es
kanoni erTis mxriv aZlevda uflebas sasamarTlo organoebs
ewarmoebinaT zedamxedveloba `saxelmwifo danaSaulze~ Ziebis
warmoebisas, romelsac uSualod Jandarmeriis Cinebi iwyebdnen,
magram sinamdvileSi sasamarTlo organoebis da kerZod
prokuraturis zedamxedveloba gadaqceuli iyo Jandarmeriaze
fiqtiur kontrolad, radgan prokuraturas gaaCnda mxolod
ufleba saCivari waredgina Jandarmebis araswor moqmedebaze
Jandarmebis xelmZRvanelobisaTvis. amitom, Jandarmeriis Cinebi
faqtiurad Tavisufali iyvnen zedamxedvelobisagan politikuri
danaSaulis aRmoCenis da Ziebis procesis dros.
politikuri danaSaulis aRmosaCenad Jandarmeria im
periodSi iyenebda saidumlo zedamxedvelobis dawesebis
praqtikas politikurad `arakeTilsaimedo~ pirebze. maTTan
erTad amgvar zedamxedvelobas awarmoebdnen saerTo policiis
adgilobrivi organoebic. isini periodulad gzavnidnen mesame
ganyofilebaSi angariSs im pirTa cxovrebis wesis, saqmianobis
Sesaxeb, viszec zedamxedveloba iyo dawesebuli. aseTi meTodi
gamoiyeneboda im adamianebze meTvalyureobisaTvis, visac ar
daumtkicda danaSauli, magram iyo eWvmitanili. Ziebis dros
Segrovebuli masala, Tuki Seicavda mniSvnelovan faqtebs
moqalaqis danaSaulebriv saqmianobaze, igzavneboda
prokurorTan, romelic Tavis mxriv gzavnida iusticiis
ministris saxelze Setyobinebas. es ukanaskneli JandarmTa
korpusis SefTan molaparakebis Semdeg iZleoda gankargulebas
- 15 -
Ziebis Sewyvetis, an gagrZelebis Sesaxeb, ris Semdeg damnaSaves
an asaxlebdnen administraciuli wesiT Soreul guberniaSi
saidumlo Tu oficialuri zedamxedvelobis qveS, an
apatimrebdnen da gzavnidnen cixeSi, katorRaSi, saxrCobelaze.
1860-1970 wlebSi Jandarmeriis saqmianobaSi Cndeba
politikuri Zebnis elementebi. politikuri policiis
mxedvelobis areSi moxvedril pirze, an pirTa jgufze iwyeba e.w.
`Sinagani meTvalyureobis~ daweseba am ukanasknelebTan
daaxloebuli adamianebis gamokiTxviT, gadmobirebiT, risTvisac
maT uwevdnen garkveuli saxis samsaxurs, anda aSinebdnen. am
adamianebs, Tuki isinic iRebdnen monawileobas mTavrobis
sawinaaRmdego saqmianobaSi, danaSaulis gaxsnis Semdeg ar
sjidnen. am wlebSive daiwyes gamoyeneba e.w. `garegani
meTvalyureobis~, romelsac awarmoebdnen Jandarmeriis dabali
Cinebi unter-oficrebi. isini meTvalyureobdnen,
uTvalTvalebdnen, dayvebodnen fexdafex Jandarmeriis
mxedvelobis areSi moqceul moqalaqeebs. magram politikuri
Zebna ruseTis imperiaSi am xanebSi jer kidev CanasaxSi
imyofeboda. politikur policias `saidumlo TanamSromlebi~ _
agentebi Zalian mcire raodenobiT yavda da isini Tavmoyrili
iyvnen mesame ganyofilebaSi, imperiis politikuri policiis
centralur organoSi.
1870-iani wlebis bolos gamomJRavnda mesame ganyofilebis
da Jandarmeriis uunaroba mzardi revoluciuri da
sazogadoebrivi moZraobis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. es
gansakuTrebiT igrZnoboda imperiis centrSi. `narodnaia volias~
teroristuli aqtebiT dabneuli da daSinebuli politikuri
policia mTeli ZalRoniT muSaobda, magram Sedegi ar Canda.
- 16 -
moxda mTeli rigi Tavdasxmebi saxelmwifo moxeleebze da
politikuri policiis Cinebze _ TviT JandarmTa Sefi mezencevi
moklul iqna revolucioner kravCinskis mier. aRsaniSnavia, rom
politikur saqmeebze, politikuri policiis garda Ziebas
awarmoebdnen saerTo policiis Cinebi. marTalia, sasamarTlo,
prokuratura, saxalxo ganaTlebis sistema da cenzura Tavis
mxriv muSaobda mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego, sazogadoebrivi da
erovnuli moZraobis winaaRmdeg, magram isini saerTo
dabneulobas da qaoss ufro uwyobdnen xels. politikuri
policiis xelmZRvanelobis azriT xalxis Wkua-gonebis
momwavleli bacila ruseTSi vrceldeboda ucxoeTSi
mogzaurobiT, ucxouri wignebis SemotaniT da iq ganaTlebis
miRebiT. 1873 wlis 12 da 26 noembers mesame ganyofilebam
specialuri cirkularebiT JandarmTa sagubernio
sammarTveloebs daavala fxizeli meTvalyureoba gaewia
pedagogiur saswavleblebSi swavlebis procesis mimdinareobaze
(4). am mizniT unda SeegrovebinaT monacemebi saxalxo
saswavleblebSi da soflis skolebSi momuSave maswavleblebis
vinaobis Sesaxeb, daedginaT maTi keTilsaimedooba. is
informacia, risi Segrovebac oficialurad SeiZleboda,
grovdeboda, magram iatakqveS momuSave revolucionerebis
saqmianobaSi garkveva, politikuri policiis mTliani aparatis
ZalRonis daZabvis miuxedavad, TiTqmis SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda.
revoluciuri organizaciebis saidumlo saqmianobis kursSi
yofnis mizniT ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebam scada calkeuli
dawsebulebebis saqmianobis gaerTianeba. saxelmwifo sakuTrebis
ministris xelmZRvanelobiT Seiqmna `gansakuTrebuli saTaTbiro
ruseTis imperiaSi simSvidisa da uSiSroebis ukeT dacvis
- 17 -
zomebis mosaZieblad~. saTaTbiroSi Sevidnen JandarmTa
korpusis Sefi, Sinagan saqmeTa, iusticiis da samxedro
ministrebi. am organom SeimuSava farTo programa saerTo da
politikuri policiis aparatis gaZlierebis, aseve presaze,
universitetebze, skolebze zedamxedvelobis gazrdis mizniT,
magram Sedegi kvlav ar Canda. 1880 wlis 5 Tebervals moxda
afeTqeba zamTris sasaxleSi. xelisuflebam saswrafod Seqmna
e.w. `umaRlesi ganmkargulebeli komisia saxelmwifo wesrigis da
sazogadoebrivi simSvidis dacvis mizniT~ general loris-
meliqoviT saTaveSi. mas droebiT daumorCilda mesame
ganyofileba da JandarmTa calke korpusi. imperiis centrSi
aRZrul politikur danaSaulze warmoebuli yvela saqme da
mTel teritoriaze warmoebuli politikuri saqmeebis Zieba
moeqca zemoaRniSnuli komisiis xelSi. 1880 wlis 6 agvistos ki
Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi Seiqmna saxelmwifo policiis
departamenti. daixura `umaRlesi ganmkargulebeli komisia~. misi
saqmeebi, mesame ganyofilebis saqmeebTan erTad, gadavida
policiis departamentis xelSi. policiis departaments
dauqvemdebarda saerTo policiac. riTac faqtobrivad dasrulda
policiis departamentis Camoyalibeba. policiis departamentis
roli politikuri Ziebis saqmeSi gaizarda 1882 wels, roca mis
xelmZRvanelad dainiSna Sinagan saqmeTa ministris is moadgile,
romelic amave dros iyo JandarmTa calke korpusis meTauri.
Sinagan saqmeTa saministros SemadgenlobaSi Sevida aseve
JandarmTa calke korpusis aparatic. ase damTavrda politikuri
Ziebis organoebis daaxloeba saerTo policiasTan.
policiis departamentSi garkveuli cvlilebebis Semdeg XX
saukunis dasawyisSi Camoyalibda Semdegi ganyofilebebi: I _
- 18 -
piradi Semadgenlobis; II _ policiis dacvis (`straJa~),
departamentis dadgenilebebi, brZanebebi; III _ fuladi; IV _
sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi; V _ administraciuli gasaxleba; VI
_ gansakuTrebuli (politikuri) ganyofileba; VII _ kanon-
proeqtebi; VIII _ sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulebebi; IX _ omTan
dakavSirebuli saqmeebi, registraciis ganyofileba, saxazino
nawili (5).
uSualod politikur Ziebas da Zebnas awarmoebda 1898 wels
Camoyalibebuli policiis departamentis gansakuTrebuli
ganyofileba (6). gansakuTrebuli ganyofileba iyofoda Tavis
mxriv calke ganyofilebebad: I _ saerTo xasiaTis mimowera; II _
socialist-revolucionerebi; III _ social-demokratebi; IV _
imperiaSi Semaval mxareebSi arsebuli erovnuli revoluciuri
organizaciebi; V _ Sifrebis garCeva; VI _ politikuri Ziebis,
romelic Semdeg SeurTda V ganyofilebas. VII _ cnobebi
moqalaqeebis keTilsaimedoobis Sesaxeb (yofili VI
ganyofileba). amasTan erTad arsebobda specialuri e.w.
`sastikad saidumlo ganyofileba~, romelSic Tavs iyrida
Jandarmeriis da `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebidan saidumlo
TanamSromlebze Semosuli cnobebi (7).
policiis departamentis `gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis~
Stati dakompleqtebuli iyo ganaTlebuli, politikuri Zebnis
saqmeSi gamocdili da adre sasamarTlo sferoSi momuSave
pirebiT. am ukanasknelebis mozidviT policiis departamenti
cdilobda gaeumjobesebina politikuri Ziebis samarTlebrivi
mxare. policiis departamentis direqtorebma plevem da
durnovom `gansakuTrebul ganyofilebaSi~ Tavi mouyares
prokuraturis yofil muSakebTan erTad umaRlesi ganaTlebis
- 19 -
mqone inteligentebs, profesorebs, romlebsac iyenebdnen
saidumlo werilebis gaSifvraSi (8). am adamianebTan erTad
gansakuTrebul ganyofilebaSi muSaobdnen umaRlesi ganaTlebis
armqone, magram politikuri Ziebis da Zebnis saqmeSi
praqtikulad gamocdili pirebi, yofili saidumlo
TanamSromlebi _ agentebi anebebdnen ra Tavs samsaxurs
gamJRavnebis (`Cavardnis~), anda sxva mizezebis gamo, `saqmis~
codnidan gamomdinare muSaobas mainc agrZelebdnen policiis
departamentSi, sadac ikavebdnen kidec maRal Tanamdebobebs.
magaliTad, p. raC-kovski _ policiis departamentis
`gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis~ ufrosi 1905-1906 wlebSi, i.
zubatovi _ policiis departamentis `gansakuTrebuli
ganyofilebis~ ufrosi 1902-1903 wlebSi, a. gerasimovi _
petrogradis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufrosi 1906-1909 wlebSi,
guroviCi _ policiis departamentis `gansakuTrebuli
ganyofilebis~ Cinovniki 1902-1907 wlebSi axalgazrdobisas
revoluciur organizaciebSi iricxebodnen, dapatimrebis Semdeg
ki, gasces ra amxanagebi, isini samuSaod gadavidnen politikur
policiaSi oficialur TanamSromlebad.
1890-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi naTeli gaxda, rom mxolod
warmoSobis da xelisuflebis maRal eSelonebSi kavSirebis
qonis gamo daniSnuli Jandarmeriis oficrebi ver asrulebdnen
Tavis movaleobas. politikur Zebnas da Ziebas sWirdeboda
saTanado niWi da unari. amasTan isini saerTod ar icnobdnen
revoluciur garemos da masSi mimdinare procesebs ver
aanalizebdnen. xelisufleba mixvda, rom politikuri Zebnis
process kargad warmarTavdnen revoluciur organizaciebTan
praqtikulad dakavSirebuli pirebi da, rogorc zemoT
- 20 -
aRvniSneT, am adamianebs farTod gauxsna gza politikur
policiaSi samuSaod. policiis departamentis Semsrulebel
organod XX saukunis dasawyisisTvis kvlav adgilobrivi
JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloebi warmoadgenda.
Tavi II
politikuri policiis adgilobrivi organoebi
saqarTveloSi 1894-1900 – ian wlebSi
$1. JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloebi
saqarTveloSi 1894-1901 wlebSi
XIX da XX saukunis mijnaze saqarTveloSi kvlav
JandarmTa ori sagubernio sammarTvelo arsebobda _ Tbilisis
da quTaisis. wamyvani roli miniWebuli hqonda Tbilisis
JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos. igi mdebareobda TbilisSi,
dRevandeli rusTavelis gamzirze, qaSueTis eklesiis gverdiT
Camaval quCaze. mas saTaveSi edga sammarTvelos ufrosi _ CiniT
polkovniki. StatSi Sediodnen sammarTvelos ufrosis adiutanti
(Stabs-rotmistri), sammarTvelos Tarjimani, mwerlebi. 1903
wlisTvis hyavdaT sami mwerali. sammarTvelos ufross hyavda
TanaSemweebi, romlebic ganagebdnen erT an ramodenime mazras.
pirveli TanaSemwe ganagebda Tbilisis, meore _ Telavis da
siRnaRis, mesame _ axalcixis, axalqalaqis da goris mazrebs,
meoTxe _ elizavetopolis gubernias (9). Tbilisis JandarmTa
sagubernio sammarTvelos StatSi Sediodnen aseve sammarTvelos
Tarjimani da Tarjimnebi axalcixis, axal-qalaqis da goris
mazrebSi, aseve Tarjimani elizavetipolis guberniaSi. 1902
- 21 -
wlisTvis Tbilisis guberniis JandarmTa sammarTvelos StatSi
hyavda 31 unter-oficeri da 3 vaxmistri.
zemoT CamoTvlili ufrosi Cinis oficrebi,
elizavetopolis guber-niaSi daniSnuli TanaSemwis garda,
imyofebodnen TbilisSi. JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos
dabali Cinebi ki ase iyo gadanawilebuli punqtebze _ TbilisSi
2 vaxmistri da 20 unter-oficeri, elizavetopolis guberniaSi 1
vaxmistri da 3 unter-oficeri, TelavSi, siRnaRSi, axalcixeSi,
zaqaTalaSi, nuxaSi, gorSi, axalqalaqSi, suramSi TiTo unter-
oficeri da SuSaSi 2 unter-oficeri (10). 1902-1904 wlebSi
dasawyisSi sammarTvelos ufross revoluciuri moZraobis
zrdasTan dakavSirebiT dauniSnes axali TanaSemwe qalaq
TbilisSi. mimdinareobda mimowera axalcixeSi gansaxlebuli
somxebis antisaxelmwifoebriv gamosvlebTan dakavSirebiT
axalcixeSi TanaSemwis daniSvnis Sesaxeb, rac ar ganxorcielda.
1907 wlisTvis unter-oficrebis ricxvi avida 45-mde. saerTod ki
saStato ganrigiT Tbilisis sagubernio sammarTvelos ZiriTadi
Stati Sedgeboda sammarTvelos ufrosis, adiutantis, mwerlis, 1
vaxmistris da 8 unter-oficris, samwyobro movaleobis
Semsrulebli 2 unter-oficrisgan. damatebiTi Statis Cinebi ki
iyvnen sammarTvelos ufrosis 5-ve TanaSemwe, 3 vaxmistri da 31
unter-oficeri (11). rac Seexeba quTaisis JandarTa sagubernio
sammarTvelos, misi arqivis droTa ganmavlobaSi ganadgurebis
gamo, dRes sakmaod mwiri masala mogvepoveba am organos
saqmianobis Sesaxeb. quTaisis JandarmTa sagubernio
sammarTvelos Stati Semdegnairad iyo dakompleqtebuli.
sammarTvelos saTaveSi edga ufrosi _ CiniT polkovniki. StatSi
Sediodnen _ adiutanti, Tarjimani, 1 vaxmistri, 4 unter-oficeri
- 22 -
da ori mwerali (12). sammarTvelos ufrosis TanaSemwe _ CiniT
podpolkovniki ganagebda baTumis olqs. aRniSnuli
ganyofilebis StatSi Sedioda 1 vaxmistri, 12 unter-oficeri da
Tarjimani (13). baTumSive iyo ganlagebuli mixailovskis cixis
JandarmTa razmi meTauris _ podpolkovnikis, 1 vaxmistris da 10
unter-oficris SemadgenlobiT. quTaisis JandarmTa sagubernio
sammarTvelos ufross TanaSemwe yavda aseve soxumis olqSi _
CiniT rotmistri. StatSi Sedioda 4 unter-oficeri da 4
vaxmistri. am ganyofilebis JandarmTa Cinebs, imasTan
dakavSirebiT, rom soxumi warmoadgenda saporto qalaqs,
damatebiT evalebodaT sabaJoze meTvalyureoba.
qalaq TbilisSi imyofeboda amierkavkasiis JandarmTa
policiis rkinigzis sammarTvelo. mas meTaurobda sammarTvelos
ufrosi CiniT pol-kovniki. StatSi Sediodnen adiutanti _ CiniT
rotmistri da 2 mwerali. sammarTvelo dayofili iyo
ganyofilebebad. ganyofilebebi mdebareobda mniSvnelovan
sarkinigzo sakvanZo punqtebSi. baTumSi ganyofilebas
meTaurobda CiniT polkovniki, StatSi Sediodnen 1 vaxmistri da
33 unter-oficeri. quTaisis ganyofilebas meTaurobda –
polkovniki, StatSi Se-diodnen 1 vaxmistri da 32 unter-oficri.
goris ganyofilebas meTaurobda podpolkovniki, StatSi
Sediodnen 1 vaxmistri da 33 unter-oficeri. TbilisSi calke iyo
ganyofileba da mis saTaveSi idga oficeri _ rotmistri. StatSi
Sediodnen erTi vaxmistri da 46 unter-oficeri. ganyofilebebi
mdebareobda aseve elizavetopolSi, baqoSi, aleqsandrovkaSi da
naxiWevanSi (14).
amrigad, rogorc vnaxeT ricxobrivad rkinigzis policiis
JandarmTa sammarTvelo bevrad Warbobda, Tbilisis da quTaisis
- 23 -
sagubernio JandarmTa sammarTveloebis Stats, romelTa ricxvi
TiTqmis ucvleli darCa 1894-dan 1910 wlamde (Tu ar CavTvliT,
rogorc zemoT avRniSneT TbilisSi TanaSemwis daniSvnas da 10
unter-oficris damatebas). raodenob-rivi simciris miuxedavad,
mzardi revoluciuri moZraobis periodSi, JandarmTa sagubernio
sammarTveloebi ase Tu ise arTmevdnen Tavs dakisrebul
movaleobebs.
JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos maRali Cinis
oficrebis movaleoba da saqmianoba gansazRvruli iyo mTeli
rigi instruqciebiT da cirkularebiT. maT Soris umTavress
warmoadgenda 1867 wels miRebuli `JandarmTa calke korpusis
debuleba~. man mcireodeni cvlilebebiT da damatebebiT iarseba
1917 wlamde (15). `narodnaia volias~ teroristuli aqtebiT
SeSinebulma ruseTis xelisuflebam 1881 wlis 14 agvistos
daamtkica `debuleba saxelmwifo wesrigis da sazogadoebrivi
simSvidis dacvis zomebis Sesaxeb“. misi SemoReba xdeboda iq,
sadac danaSaulebrivi moqmedebebi saxelmwifo wesrigis da
sazogadoebrivi simSvidis dacvis mimarT iRebda iseT xasiaTs,
rom arsebuli kanonebi arasakmariss warmoadgenda mis
aRmosafxvrelad. igi or nawilad iyofoda: pirveli _
`gaZlierebuli dacva“ da meore `gansakuTrebuli dacva~
(miRebuli zomebis mixedviT) (16). am debulebas ruseTis
xelisufleba xelaxla amtkicebda yoveli sami wlis gasvlis
Semdeg, misi arsebobis bolo wlamde. zemoaRniSnuli debuleba
policiis departamentis yofili direqtoris lopuxinis azriT
ruseTis mTel mosaxleobas ayenebda politikuri policiis
Cinebis pirad Sexedulebaze damokidebulad, radgan Jandarmeriis
oficrebs miecaT yvela `dasabuTebulad eWvmitanili~ piris
- 24 -
dapatimrebis ufleba (17). praqtikaSi es niSnavda, rom
Jandarmeriis Cinebs SeeZloT nebismieri piri daepatimrebinaT,
Tu igi maTi azriT kavSirSi iyo antisaxelmwifoeb-riv
sazogadoebebTan, an saxelmwifo danaSaulis Camden pirebTan.
lopuxini wers: dapatimrebisaTvis sakmarisi iyo obieqturi
monacemebis magivrad Jandarmeriis Cinebis subieqturi
Sexeduleba, radgan debulebis mixedviT Jandarmeriis Cinebs
SeeZloT Cxrekis Catareba nebismier dros da nebismier SenobaSi
(18).
`saxelmwifoSi simSvidis da wesrigis dacva~ niSnavda
saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis aRmosafxvrelad
brZolas. pirvel rigSi saxelmwifo danaSaulad iTvleboda
umaRlesi xelisufalis imperatoris sicocxlis, janmrTelobis,
Tavisuflebis xelyofa, arsebuli wyobilebis winaaRmdeg
nebismieri formiT gamosvla, ruseTis imperiisgan misi romelime
nawilis _ kavkasiis, yirimis, poloneTis, fineTis gamoyofis
mcdeloba (19). Sesabamisad farTo iyo am danaSaulis Camden
pirTa ricxvi, radgan SemTxveviT xelSi moxvedrili akrZaluli
wigni an broSura, antisaxel-mwifoebrivi mimarTulebis krebaze
daswreba, mitingze mayureblad yofna, megobarTan werilSi raime
`antisaxelmwifoebrivi~ azris gamoTqma da sxva kanonis mixedviT
ukve saxelmwifo danaSauls warmoadgenda. am saxis danaSaulis
dasadgenad Jandarmeria iwyebda muSaobas: an awesebda
araoficialur meTvalyureobas, an iwyebda e.w. formalur
mokvlevas _ faqtebis, cnobebis moZiebas saxelmwifo danaSaulis
Cadenis Sesaxeb. mokvlevis warmoebis dawyeba Jandarmeriis Cinebs
unda ecnobebinaT prokuraturisaTvis, magram ruseTis imperiis
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 1035 muxlis (1904 wlis redaqciis)
- 25 -
mixedviT prokuraturis warmomadgenlis daswreba Jandarmeriis
mier politikur danaSaulze mokvlevis dawyebis, Cxrekis an
dapatimrebis dros savaldebulo aRar iyo. praqtikaSi mas moyva,
Jandarmeriis oficrebis mier aramarto formaluri mokvlevis
dasawyisSi prokuraturis kontrolis arideba, aramed mTeli
formaluri mokvlevis procesSi misi sruli ignorireba (20).
aRsaniSnavia, rom sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 1035 muxlis
mixedviT saxelmwifo danaSaulze formaluri mokvlevis
warmoebis ufleba hqondaT aseve sasamarTlo gamomZieblebsac.
saxelmwifo danaSaulis aRmoCenis da Ziebis ukeT warmarTvis
mizniT 1881 wlis 1 marts miRebul iqna `debuleba policiis
faruli zedamxedvelobis Sesaxeb~. masac yovel sam weliwadSi
anaxlebdnen. aRniSnuli „debuleba“ warmoadgenda erT-erT sa-
Sualebas saxelmwifo danaSaulis momzadebis aRmosaCenad
politikurad arakeTilsaimedo pirebze faruli
zedamxedvelobis meSveobiT. praqtikaSi mas anxorcielebdnen
rogorc saerTo policiis, aseve JandarmTa sagubernio
sammarTvelos Cinebi. am debulebiT adgilobriv rusul
administracias ufleba hqonda nebismier saeWvo pirze
daewesebina saidumlo meTval-yureoba. 1904 wlis ianvarSi
Sinagan saqmeTa ministris pleves brZanebiT saidumlo
meTvalyureoba daevalaT mxolod politikuri policiis
warmomadgenlebs _ Jandarmeriis da `oxrankis~ Cinebs, radgan
`saerTo policia ver arTmevda mas Tavs~ (21).
saxelmwifo danaSaulma nel-nela miiRo politikuri
danaSaulis klasifikacia. masze Ziebas awarmoebdnen
Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos ufrosi Cinis oficrebi. isini
xelmZRvanelobdnen Tavis saqmianobaSi zemoT aRniSnuli
- 26 -
debulebebiT, instruqciebiT da cirkularebiT, romlebsac
policiis departamenti da JandarmTa korpusis Stabi ugzavnida.
imis gamo, rom 1867 wlis debulebiT kanoniT dadgenili
sasamarTlo warmoebis wesebTan erTad Jandarmeriis Cinebs unda
exelmZRvanelaT saxelmwifo danaSaulis Ziebis procesSi Tavisi
ufrosebis miTiTebebiT da axsna-ganmartebiT, praqtikaSi
ufrosis brZaneba cxadia kanonze maRla idga. amasTan, policiis
departamentidan da JandarmTa korpusis Stabidan xSirad
modioda iseTi instruqciebi da cirkularebi, romelSic
miTiTebuli iyo kanonebis Semovlis gzebi, raTa saxelmwifo
danaSaulis Ziebis procesi warmarTuliyo ise, rogorc
politikuri policiis xelmZRvanelobas surda. marTalia,
policiis departamenti iTvleboda Jandarmeris adgilobrivi
organoebis saqmianobis warmmarTvelad, magram JandarmTa
korpusis Stabi mainc ereoda Tavisi adgilobrivi organoebis
ara marto samxedro-samwyobro, sakadro, aramed saxelmwifo
danaSaulis Ziebis saqmeSic. lopuxinis azriT, romelsac Tavisi
muSaobis praqtikidan gamomdinare policiis departamentis
ufrosad am azris gamosatanad sakmao masala gaaCnda: `sakmarisi
iyo JandarmTa korpusis meTauris an Stabis ufrosis sityva
Tavis xelqveiTebTan, rom policiis departamentis nebismieri
gankarguleba Seusrulebli rCeboda~ (22). rogorc zemoT
avRniSneT es gamowveuli iyo erTis mxriv JandarmTa korpusis
Stabisadmi Jandarmeriis Cinebis damokidebulebiT samxedro,
disciplinaruli, Tanamdebobrivi dawinaurebis da dajildoebis
sferoSi, meores mxriv ki policiis departaments mxolod
moTxovnebis wayenebis ufleba hqonda, amitom adgilebze
JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloebi minimalurad
- 27 -
emorCilebodnen gubernatorebs, xSirad srul ignorirebas
ukeTebdnen maT miTiTebebs. kavkasiaSi 1881 wlidan
mTavarmmarTvelobis SemoRebis Semdeg ki JandarmTa sagubernio
sammarTvelos ufrosebi mxolod JandarmTa korpusis Stabze
aRmoCndnen damokidebuli. mdgomareoba am mxriv didad ar
Secvlila kavkasiaSi mTavarmarTebelze meti uflebebis mqone
mefisnacvalis Tanamdebobis SemoRebis Semdegac 1905 wlidan.
JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos ufrosebi adgendnen ra
guberniis politikuri da ekonomiuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb
moxsenebebs korpusis StabSi gasagzavnad, 1890-1900-ian wlebSi
masSi kvlav aTavsebdnen adgilobrivi Cinovnikebis da TviT
gubernatorebis mier Tanamdebobis borotad gamoyenebis faqtebs
(23). ufro metic, sistematurad mimdinareobda TviT
mefisnacvalTan daaxloebuli pirebis werilebis perlustracia
da amonawerebis gakeTeba.
policiis departamenti amaod sTxovda Jandarmeriis
adgilobrivi organoebis xelmZRvanelebs saxelmwifo
danaSaulze mokvlevis gamo dasakiTxad an mowmed mxolod
ukidures SemTxvevaSi gamoeZaxaT saxelmwifo samsaxurSi myofi
pirebi, aucileblad gaeTvaliswinebinaT maTi sazoga-doebrivi
mdgomareoba. JandarmTa korpusis Stabi mainc iTxovda cnobebs
adgilobrivi Cinovnikebis mier Tanamdebobis borotad
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. am moTxovnas Tan sdevda JandarmTa
sagubernio sammarTvelos ufrosebis mier Tavisi
uflebamosilebis xSiri gadaWarbeba. policiis departamenti 1903
wels afrTxilebda Tbilisis sagubernio JandarmTa
sammarTvelos ufross, rom mas ufleba ar hqonda gaeca
mowmobebi ama Tu im piris keTilsaimedoobis Sesaxeb, rac
- 28 -
gubernatoris prerogativa iyo. dawvrilebiT uxsnida, rom
`JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos ufross mxolod
ganyofilebaSi arsebuli masala unda miewodebina
gubernatorebisaTvis, raTa mis safuZvelze gadaewyvita mowmobis
gacemis sakiTxi~ (24). Tumca, sagubernio da saolqo JandarmTa
sammarTveloebis ufrosebisadmi gagzavnil 1901 wlis policiis
departamentis cirkularSi aRniSnulia Semdegi: `marTalia,
gubernators misi moTxovnis pasuxad unda gaugzavnoT
moTxovnili masala, magram cnobebi, romlebic gubernatorebis
pasuxSi ar unda CaerTos, unda aucileblad gamogzavnoT
policiis departamentSi~ (25).
aseTi saxis kanonis darRvevebi, uflebebis gadameteba,
gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebeli gaxda Jandarmeriis Cinebis
saqmianobisaTvis 1900-1908 wlebSi. Jandarmeriis oficrebi
warmarTavdnen oficialur mokvlevas, gascemdnen dapatimrebis,
Tu Cxrekis brZanebas. aseTi saxis Sav samuSaos ki ZiriTadad
asrulebdnen unter-oficrebi. maTi saqmianoba gansazRvruli iyo
1868 wels miRebuli Suvaliovis mier Sedgenili instruqciiT,
romelmac garkveuli cvlilebebi ganicada momdevno periodSi.
1881 wlis 14 agvistos miRebul iqna `Tbilisis sagubernio
JandarmTa sammarTvelos unter-oficrebis instruqcia~ (26).
(aRsaniSnavia, rom zustad am dRes miiRes zemoT moyvanili
`debuleba sazogadoebrivi wesrigis da sazogadoebrivi
simSvidis dacvis zomebis~ Sesaxeb“). instruqcia warmoadgens
kiTxva-pasuxis meTodiT agebul sakmaod did Jurnalis tipis
krebuls. igi unter-oficrebs zepirad unda scodnodaT.
JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloebis reviziisas amowmebdnen
- 29 -
unter-oficrebs ramdenad kargad hqondaT daxsomebuli
instruqciis calkeuli punqtebi.
instruqciis SesavalSi mocemulia JandarmTa calke
korpusis, sagubernio sammarTveloebis Statis dakompleqtebis
procesSi gasaTvaliswinebeli aucilebeli pirobebi. aRniSnulia,
rom JandarmTa sagubernio da saolqo, aseve JandarmTa policiis
rkinigzis sammarTveloebi kompleqtdeboda im unter-
oficrebisagan, vinc imsaxures jarSi, gavidnen TadarigSi, anda
datoves armia. rogorc zeviT avRniSneT, masSi ar iRebdnen 25
welze nakleb axalgazrdebs. Tbilisis sagubernio JandarmTa
sammarTvelos unter-oficrebis piradi saqmeebidan irkveva, rom
ZiriTadad msaxurobdnen 35-dan 50 wlamde asakis pirebi. iseve
rogorc 1890-ian wlebSi, momdevno aTwleulSic StatSi
miRebisas yuradReba eqceoda misaRebi kandidatis warmosadeg
garegnobas, gonebriv monacemebs, saerTo ganaTlebas da unaklo
yofaqcevas. Tumca 1870-ian wlebSi quTaisis JandarmTa
sagubernio sammarTvelos ufrosis azriT, Jandarmeriis unter-
oficerTa umravlesoba Znelad wers da kiTxulobs (27). igive
kvlav meordeba 1913 wels. axalcixis, axalqalaqis da goris
mazrebSi Tbilisis sagubernio JandarmTa sammarTvelos ufrosis
moadgilis gacemul brZanebaSi pirdapir miTiTebulia, rom
punqtis unter-oficrebs aucileblad unda eswavlaT wera-
kiTxva da Tavisufal dros ekiTxaT gazeTebi da wignebi (28).
unter-oficeri, gamosacdeli vadis damTavrebis Semdeg, debda
xelSekrulebas 5 wlis vadiT, rom imsaxurebda JandarmTa calke
korpusSi. aRniSnuli vadis gasvlis Semdeg SeeZlo eTxova an
samsaxuridan ganTavisufleba, anda samsaxurSi datoveba. am
sakiTxs ki wyvetda misi uSualo ufrosi. samsaxurSi datovebis
- 30 -
Semdeg ukve yovel wels saWiro iyo xelSekrulebis xelaxali
ganaxleba, rac saSualebas aZlevda Jandarmerias Tavidan
moeSorebina yovelgvari garTulebis gareSe misTvis
arasasurveli TanamSromeli.
rogorc avRniSneT, sagubernio sammarTveloebis unter-
oficrebi iyvnen ZiriTadi da damatebiTi Statis. ZiriTadi
Statis unter-oficrebis nawili msaxurobda kancelariaSi,
mimagrebuli iyvnen sammarTvelos ufros-Tan an mis
TanaSemweebTan, morigeobdnen werilebis miRebis an Cabarebis
dros, acilebdnen patimrebs, Tan axldnen policiis Cinebs
sasamarTlos gamomZieblis an Jandarmeriis oficrebis brZanebis
Sesabamisad Cxrekisa da dapatimrebebis dros, ganawilebuli
iyvnen punqtebSi. 1902 wlisTvis Tbilisis JandarmTa sagubernio
sammarTvelos 13 unter-oficeri ganawilebuli iyo punqtebSi. 3
mudmivad imyofeboda sammarTvelos kancelariaSi, 4 unter-
oficeri ki eweoda sameTvalyureo-saidumlo samsaxurs, anu
uTvalTvalebdnen revolucionerebs (29). maT mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi SeeZloT damnaSavis dapatimreba, Tu piradad
Seeswrebodnen danaSaulis Cadenas. sisxlis samarTlis
danaSaulze damoukideblad Ziebis warmoeba SeeZloT im
SemTxvevaSi, rodisac prokuratura daavalebdaT, an saerTo
policiis Cini ar imyofeboda danaSaulis adgilze da damnaSaves
SeeZlo mimaluliyo. politikur danaSaulze Ziebis
damoukideblad warmarTvis ufleba ki saerTod ar gaaCndaT (30).
damatebiTi Statis unter-oficrebi 1900 wlidan
gamoiyenebodnen drois Sesaferisad axali moTxovnebis
Sesasruleblad. isini meTvalyureobas uwevdnen mosaxleobis
ganwyobas da saerTod sazogadoebriv cxovrebas; eZebdnen
- 31 -
saxelmwifo damnaSaveebs, anxorcielebdnen sxvadasxva
RonisZiebebs politikur danaSaulis momzadebis aRmoCenis da
SemdgomSi Ziebis ukeT Catarebis mizniT; uTvalTvalebdnen
politikurad arakeTilsaimedo pirebs; meTvalyureobdnen
politikur damnaSaveebs patimrobis adgilze; amowmebdnen
portebSi (soxumSi, baTumSi) da sasazRvro punqtebze pasportebs,
tvirTebs. adgilobriv rusul administracias, kerZod
gubernatorebs, ufleba hqondaT JandarmTa sagubernio da
saolqo sammarTveloebis unter-oficrebi gamoeyenebinaT
areulobebis dros wesrigis dasamyareblad, rogorc samxedro
Zala. baTumSi arsebuli mixailovskis cixis unter-oficerTa
razmi baTumis olqSi asrulebda aseve samxedro policiis
movaleobebs.
ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebas surda maTi saxiT yoloda
erTguli, brZanebisadmi brmad morCili SeiaraRebuli Zala.
instruqcia unter-oficrebisagan iTxovda, rom isini ar
moqceuliyvnen megobris, ojaxis wevrebis gavlenis qveS. amitom
maTi ojaxis wevrebs ekrZalebodaT saqmianoba kerZo biznesSi da
qrTamis saxiT saCuqrebis, e.w. `sadResaswauloebis~ miReba.
sifxizle, uangaroba, ufrosebisadmi pativiscema, simarTlis
Tqma _ aseTi iyo instruqciis moTxovna. rCevis micema, gasaWirSi
kanonis farglebSi daxmareba, xalxSi Tavis daWera
warmoadgenda im safuZvels, riTac unter-oficrobas unda
moepovebinaT ndoba sazogadoebaSi. `sxvanairad _ naTqvamia
instruqciaSi _ isini ver moipovebdnen mosaxleobis mxardaWeras
iseTi politikuri danaSaulis aRkveTis saqmeSi, rogoricaa
mosaxleobaSi revoluciuri agitacia-propaganda,
- 32 -
antisaxelmwifoebrivi Tavyrilobebis faruli gamarTva da sxva~
(31).
adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan meti daaxloebis mizniT 1898
wels punqtis unter-oficrebs daevalaT adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis enebis Seswavla. Tbilisis JandarmTa sagubernio
sammarTvelos ufrosma 1910 wels gamosca brZaneba, rom punqtis
unter-oficrebi movaleni iyvnen scodnodaT adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis ganwyoba, magram isini ar flobdnen adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis enas, ris gamoc SeuZlebeli iyo maTgan
aucilebeli cnobebis Sekreba da avalebda maT SeeZinaT
adgilobrivi enebis TviTmaswavli lite-ratura (32). 1913 wels
igi ukve kategoriulad moiTxovda punqtis unter-oficrebisagan
1914 wlis 1 aprilamde SeeswavlaT maTi samsaxuris adgilze
yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli enebi: qarTuli, somxuri da
azerbaijanuli. brZanebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi maT
emuqreboda samsaxuridan gaTavisufleba (33).
punqtebze myofi unter-oficrebi movaleni iyvnen SeekribaT
sazogadoeb-riv cxovrebaSi momxdari yvela faqti da movlena.
monacemebi ki unda mieRoT mosaxleobaze faruli dazvervisa da
meTvalyureobis gziT. igi gamoixateboda adgilobrivi
mcxovreblebis frTxil gamokiTxvaSi ama Tu im maTTvis
saintereso sakiTxze. evalebodaT gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis
gamaxvileba proklamaciebis, agitaciuri xasiaTis broSurebis,
gazeTebis gavrcelebaze. maT unda eTvalTvalaT wignebis
gamyidveli wvrili, moxetiale vaWrebisaTvis rogorc qalaqad,
aseve soflad. instruqciaSi aris mocemuli miTiTeba, rogor
unda daeyoliebinaT adamiani cnobebis misawodeblad da rogor
unda mopyrobodnen SemdgomSi mas, raTa kvlav mieRoT misgan
- 33 -
saintereso informacia. unter-oficrebs aseve evalebodaT
Semovlebis Catareba maT samoqmedo teritoriaze. isini
meTvalyureobis mizniT unda daswrebodnen bazrobebs, saeklesio
dResaswaulebs da sxva xalxmraval Sekrebebs.
punqtis unter-oficrebs am saqmianobis ganxorcieleba
evalebodaT ara marto wesrigis dacvis mizniT, aramed imitomac,
rom aRmoeCinaT maT-Tvis nacnobi politikuri damnaSaveebi. maT
evalebodaT saxeze scodnodaT politikurad arakeTilsaimedo
pirebi, romlebic aRricxuli yavda adgi-lobriv Jandarmerias da
idgnen policiis zedamxedvelobis qveS. unda eTvalTvalaT
maTTvis, raTa gamoerkviaT visTan hqondaT maT urTierToba.
instruqciis boloSi mocemulia im pirTa sia, vinc
garegnulad unda scodnoda saxeze. kerZod, umaRlesi
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi _ gubernatori, sasamarTlo
palatis, saolqo sasamarTlos, prokuraturis, fostis
Cinovnikebi, saswavleblebis xelmZRvanelebi. miTiTebulia
rogori xerxebiT emuSavaT meTvalyureebis gawevisas. aqve
dawvrilebiT gaSifrulia, iTvaliswinebdnen ra maT gonebriv
monacemebs, ra saxis danaSaulze awarmoebda Ziebas Jandarmeria,
romeli sasamarTlo organo arCevda samoqalaqo, sisxlis
samarTlis da politikur danaSauls, rogori iyo sasamarTlos
dawesebulebebis ierarqia, Sinagan saqmeTa da iusticiis
saministros agebuleba, kavkasiis mxaris administraciuli
mowyoba da sxva.
am krebulSi moTavsebulia im dros imperiaSi moqmedi
aralegaluri partiebis sia, maTi programebiT, miznebiT da
miznis misaRwevad gamosayenebeli saSualebebiT.
- 34 -
1900-iani wlebidan mkveTrad Seicvala unter-oficrebis
movaleobebi. maTi saqmianobis sfero sakmaod gafarTovda da
politikuri Zebnis elementebi unter-oficrebis praqtikul
saqmianobaSi farTod iqna gamoyenebuli. amierkavkasiis rkinigzis JandarmT policiis sammarTvelos saqmianoba
Jandarmeriis sistemaSi Semavali amierkavkasiis rkinigzis
Jandarmeriis policiis sammarTvelos Cinebis movaleoba
gansazRvruli iyo 1885 wels gamosuli ruseTis imperiis
rkinigzis wesdebiT. am wesdebis mixedviT rkinigzis JandarmTa
policiis oficrebi ganlagebuli iyvnen rkinigzis sadgurebze.
maT unda aRekveTaT rkinigzaze momxdari yvela saxis danaSauli.
1900-iani wlebidan ukve daevalaT winaswari zomebis miRebiT
gamoekvliaT danaSaulis momzadeba. rac Seexeba am
dawesebulebis unter-oficrebs, maTi saqmianoba gansazRvruli
iyo e.w. `rkinigzis Jandarmeriis policiis sammarTvelos unter-
oficrebTan muSaobis programiT~ (34). am programis mixedviT
unter-oficrebs TiTqmis igive movaleobebi hqondaT
dakisrebuli, rac JandarmTa sagubernio da saolqo
sammarTveloebis unter-oficrebs, mxolod masSi
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo rkinigzis specifika. maTve evalebodaT
rkinigzis magistralebis dacva imperatoris matareblis
gavlisas. am sakiTxs aregulirebda 1903 wels JandarmTa calke
korpusis tipografiaSi gamocemuli broSura, sadac
CamoTvlilia maTi movaleobebi aseTi gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevis
dros. 1905 wlidan rkinigzis JandarmTa policiis
sammarTveloebs daevalaT saerTo-policiuri xasiaTis
saqmianobis ganxorcielebasTan erTad politikuri Ziebis
warmoebac, Tumca manamdec rkinigzis JandarmTa policiis
sammarTveloebSi midioda cirkularebi ama Tu im saxis
- 35 -
politikur Ziebis zomebis gansaxorcieleblad. 1903 wels
JandarmTa calke korpusis Stabis ufrosis brZanebiT neba
miecaT rkinigzis JandarmTa policiis sammarTvelos ufrosebs
Stabidan mosuli brZanebis gareSe AaRmoeCinaT daxmareba
JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos CinebisaTvis, ramac gaaiola
maTi saqmianoba politikuri damnaSaveebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi
(35).
$2. policiis departamentis adgilobrivi
organoebi 1894-1901 wlebSi
1890-1902 wlebSi
ruseTis imperiaSi 1890-ian wlebSi da 1900-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi saxelmwifo danaSaulze mokvlevis warmoeba da
Zieba sakmaod dabal doneze idga. 1890-ian wlebSi revoluciuri
da sazogadoebrivi moZraobebis Sesustebis fonze policiis
departamenti kardinalur RonisZiebebs ar mimarTavda imperiis
SigniT politikuri Zebnis sistemis gasaumjobeseblad. igi
ifarglebda mxolod droebiTi xasiaTis RonisZiebebiT da
politikuri policiis susti muSaobis mizezad Tvlida sxva
samarTaldamcav organoebs. departamentis Cinovnikebis azriT,
saerTo policia ver uwevda saTanado daxmarebas JandarmTa
sagubernio sammarTveloebs politikur danaSaulze Zebnili
pirebis aRmoCenaSi da dakavebaSi. saerTo policiis Cinebi
marTlac dainteresebuli ar iyvnen politikur saqmeebze
Zebnilebis dakavebiT. es pirebi dakavebis Semdeg unda gadaecaT
Jandarmeriis adgilobrivi sammarTveloebisaTvis. jildoebsac
da waxalisebasac Jandarmebi iRebdnen. amitom, xSirad,
- 36 -
politikuri damnaSaveebis Sesaxeb miRebul cirkularebs
agzavnidnen arqivSi. miuTiTebda ra amdagvar mdgomareobaze,
policiis departamenti adanaSaulebda saerTo policiis Cinebs
umoqmedobaSi. policiis departamenti Tavis xelqveiTebs werda,
rom xSirad politikur danaSaulze Zebnili pirebi Tavisi
namdvili gvariT da saxeliTac ki ewyobian samsaxurSi did
administraciul Tanamdebobebze da moyavda magaliTebi (36).
marto saerTo policia rodi scodavda. politikuri Zebnilebis
dakavebaSi gamoCenili umoqmedoba damaxasiaTebeli iyo aseve
adgilobrivi JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloebis
CinebisaTvis. es gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom maT ar gaaCndaT
politikuri Zebnis da ZiebisaTvis saWiro fsiqologiuri da
teqnikuri momzadeba. xandazmuli, samxedro wvrTna gavlili,
sxvisi brZanebebis Sesrulebas daCveuli, damoukidebeli
moqmedebis unaris ar mqone Jandarmeriis ufrosi da umcrosi
Cinis oficrebi, bunebrivia, ar flobdnen politikuri Zebnis
xerxebs da, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, bevrma maTganma ar icoda
kavkasiis adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ena da tradiciebi, rac
cxadia uaryofiTad moqmedebda maT mier politikuri Zebnis
warmoebis procesze.
policiis departamenti im wlebSi iTxovda
policmeisterebis da samazro policiis ufrosebisagan, rom maT
piradad aexsnaT da gaecnoT saerTo policiis CinebisaTvis
politikuri Zebnis xerxebi. rogorc Cans, departamentis
Cinovnikebi ar iyvnen darwmunebulni imaSi, flobdnen Tu ara
adgilobrivi policiis mesveurebi aseT xerxebs da erTob
primitiuli xasiaTis miTiTebs ugzavnida _ rom aucilebeli iyo
meTvalyureobis daweseba politikuri Zebnilis amxanagebze,
- 37 -
naTesavebze, axlobel adamianebze, aseve samoqmedo teritoriaze
gamoCenili ucnobi pirebis dokumentaciis Semowmebis
aucileblobaze. moiTxovda gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis
gamaxvilebas sazRvargareTidan Camosul moswavle-
axalgazrdobaze (37). im wlebSi igive saxis miTiTebebi
egzavneboda JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloebsac.
policiis departamenti, rogorc cirkularebidan Cans,
sakmarisad aRar Tvlida provinciebSi mxolod policiis
zedamxedvelobis dawesebas politikurad arakeTilsaimedo
pirebze. 1897 wlamde policiis zedamxedvelobis qveS myof pirTa
sia imyofebida saerTo policiis sammarTveloebSi (38). cxadia,
Jandarmeriis adgilobrivi organoebi saerTo policiis Cinebis
umoqmedobis gamo ar iyvnen zedamxedvelobis qveS myofi
politikur danaSaulSi eWvmitanilebis saqmianobis kursSi.
am periodSi ruseTis imperiaSi nel-nela matulobs
sazRvargareTidan aralegaluri revoluciuri literaturis
Semotana. sazRvargareT mowyobil stambebSi dabeWdili wignebi,
broSurebi, proklamaciebi sxvadasxva xerxiT didi raodenobiT
iwyebs Semosvlas ruseTis imperiis mTel teritoriaze.
aralegaluri literaturis Semotanis erT-erTi gza kavkasiaze
gadioda. am periodSi imisaTvis, rom gaeadvilebina
JandarmebisaTvis aralegaluri literaturis aRmoCena da
dakaveba, policiis departamenti xSirad acnobebda maT misTvis
cnobil literaturis Semotanis saSualebebs da xerxebs (39).
aralegaluri literatura ibeWdeboda imperiis teritoria-zec.
revolucionerebi maT xandaxan oficialurad gamosuli wignebis
Sesa-xedaobas aZlevdnen _ revoluciuri Sinaarsis literaturas
aTavsebdnen stambidan gamosuli romelime oficialuri wignis
- 38 -
ydaSi. departamenti daJinebiT iTxovda gansakuTrebuli
yuradRebis gamaxvilebas tipografiebidan Sriftis dakargvis
SemTxvevebze, miuTiTebda, rom revolucionerebi xSirad
oficialurad savaWro kompaniebis meSveobiT yidulobdnen
stambisaTvis saWiro mowyobilobebs da iTxovda am sakiTxisadmi
meti yuradRebis miqcevas (40). marTalia, sakvirao skolebSi
farTod gaSlil saagitacio muSaobas muSaTa Soris kargad
xedavda, magram maswavleblad miwveuli pirebze
keTilsaimedoobis cnobis gacemaze, adgilobrivi rusuli
administraciidan kontrolis dawesebaze meti RonisZiebebis
gatarebas ar iTxovda (41). aRsaniSnavia, rom policiis
departamenti social-demokratebis mier kavkasiaSi da
centralur ruseTSi oficialur presaSic ki farTod gaSlili
propagandis winaaRmdeg araviTari zomebis miRebas ar iTxovda.
policiis departamentis amdagvari saqcielis mizezebs Cven
kvlav davub-rundebiT. mxolod avRniSnavT, rom im wlebSi
policiis departamenti cdilobda Jandarmeriis Cinebs daecvaT
elementaruli kanoniereba politikuri Ziebis warmoebis
procesSi (42). magaliTad, 1900 wlis oqtomberSi Tbilisis
JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos ufrosi departamentma
gaafrTxila, rom `marTalia, Tqven moqmedebdiT gimnaziis
moswavleebis da aRsazrdelebis mimarT kanonis zusti dacviT,
magram Ziebis procesSi gamoiCineT arasakmarisi sifrTxile da
yuradReba, radgan gimnaziis moswavleebis dakiTxva kanoniT unda
momxdariyo ara sagubernio JandarmTa sammarTveloSi, aramed
Jandarmeriis Cini piradad unda gamocxadebuliyo saswavlebelSi
da iq daekiTxa (43). Cans sagubernio sammarTvelos ufrosisadmi
gankuTvnili miTiTeba gaxda im cirkularis sababi da safuZveli,
- 39 -
romelic 1900 wlis 2 noembers daegzavnaT Jandarmeriis
adgilobriv organoebs. masSi miTiTebulia faqtebi _ gimnaziis
moswavleebis dakaveba arasakmarisi mizeziT, aseve gimnaziis
moswavle gogonebis gamoZaxeba Jandarmeriis sammarTveloSi.
aRniSnulia, rom gimnazieli gogonebis gamoZaxeba moxda
saswavlo saaTebSi da isini iq miiyvanes policielebis
TanxlebiT. departamenti urCevda, rom sagubernio JandarmTa
sammarTveloebis ufrosebs didi sifrTxile da windaxeduleba
gamoeCinaT saswavleblebSi Cxrekis da moswavleebis dakavebis
dros.
saerTod, es wlebi (1895-1901) mTlianobaSi xasiaTdeba
Jandarmeriis da policiis Cinebis mier politikuri
damnaSaveebisadmi SedarebiT normaluri mopyrobiT.
revoluciuri moZraobis erT-erT warmomadgenlis g.CxeiZis
mogonebebSi (1901 weli) aRniSnulia, rom man dapatimrebis pirvel
dRes saWmeli ar SeWama. ubnis zedamxedvels egona, rom igi
gaifica da `jer sTxova mieRo saWmeli, Semdeg ki boqauli
moiyvana da SesCivla arafers ar Wamso~. g. CxeiZis sityvebiTve
`es damaxasiaTebelia, Tu rogor ep-yrobodnen maSin
politikurebs~ (44). im periodSi JandarmTa korpusis Stabis mier
gagzavnil specialur cirkularSi Jandarmeriis adgilobrivi
organoebisadmi miTiTebulia, rom politikuri patimrebze, Tuki
isini saWmlis miRebaze uars ganacxadebdnen, araviTari
ZaldatanebiTi RonisZieba ar gaetarebinaT, saWmeli Cveulebriv
dros mietanaT sakanSi da daetovebinaT, mxolod grZelvadiani
SimSilobis dros mierTmiaT maTTvis gansakuTrebulad
gemrielad momzadebuli saWmeli, gaeTvaliswinebinaT
- 40 -
moSimSilis erovneba da religia, raTa `SimSils gaeRviZebina
moSimSilisTvis Wamis survili~ (45).
am periodSi policiis departamenti iTxovda, rom
safabriko areulobebis, mRelvarebebis dros daepatimrebinaT
`mTavari wamqezeblebi~, riTac danaSauli dasawyisSive
aRikveTeboda. meores mxriv ki sazRvarze aralegalurad
gadmosuli pirebi, an areulobebSi sxvas ayoliebuli adamianebi
SeeZloT Tavisuflad daetovebinaT (46). amrigad, Zalian Zneli
gasarCevi iyo visi dapatimreba iyo aucilebeli da visi ara.
amasTan erTad, es cirkulari Jandarmeriis Cinebs aZlevda
saSualebas saxelmwifo danaSaulis Camdeni nebismieri pirovneba
mieCniaT nakleb saSiSad, Tu ra Tqma unda iseTi xelSesaxebi
faqtebi ar arsebobda, rogoricaa aralegaluri lite-raturis,
iaraRis qona da gaenTavisuflebinaT Sesabamisi gasamrjelos
(qrTamis) aRebis fasad.
1902-1903 wlebSi policiis departamentis direqtorad
lopuxnis daniSvnis Semdeg, gansakuTrebiT imravla miTiTebebma
JandarmTa korpusis adgilobrivi organoebis misamarTiT
daecvaT kanoniereba da ar gadaeWarbebinaT Tavisi
uflebebisaTvis. igi cdilobda Caetarebina politikuri
policiis reforma, daexvewa departamentis adgilobrivi
organoebis muSaoba.
XIX saukunis bolos da XX saukunis dasawyisSi
amierkavkasiaSi moxda policiis organoebis gaZliereba e.w.
`straJnikebis~ (dacvis razmebis) daarsebiT. amierkavkasiis
policiis straJnikebis saqmianobis, movaleobis gansazmRvreli
debuleba damtkicebul iqna 1899 wels. straJnikebi warmoadgenen
realur Zalas, radgan gaaCndaT im periodisaTvis kargi
- 41 -
SeiaraReba (SaSxanebi) da gadaadgilebis saSualebad iyenebdnen
cxenebs. xelisuflebam izruna imazed, rom maTi saxiT yoloda
carizmis interesebis damcveli Zala. debulebaSi pirdapiraa
miTiTebuli, rom Stat-Si miRebisas upiratesoba miecaT rusi
erovnebis pirebisaTvis, xolo sxva eris warmomadgenlebi mieRoT
mcire raodenobiT. amasTan, akrZala adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
miReba samsaxurSi, maTsave sacxovrebel teritoriaze, rac
sxvaTa Soris ruseTis xelisuflebis erT-erTi gonivruli
nabiji aRmoCnda revoluciuri moZraobis warmomadgenlebis
devnis procesSi (47).
did qalaqebSi TbilisSi da quTaisSi policiis dabal
Cinebs, `gorodovoebs~, romlebsac ekavaT postebi qalaqis
sxvadasxva ubnebSi, am periodSi daevalaT ara marto wesrigis
da simSvidis dacva qalaqis quCebSi, aramed meTvalyureoba
politikuri saqmianobiT dakavebul saeWvo pirebze.
amave wlebSi TbilisSi SemoRebuli iqna saxlis meezoveebis
da Ramis yaraulebis samsaxuri. ra Tqma unda, am profesiis
adamianebi adrec arsebobdnen, magram XIX saukunis bolodan
aRricxul iqnen saerTo policiaSi. maT aZlevdnen xelfass da
evalebodaT yuradRebis miqceva nebadaurTveli gancxadebebis,
afiSebis an sxva qaRaldebis gamkvrelebze. movaleni iyvnen
SeesrulebinaT policiis nebismieri Cinis moTxovna damnaSave
piris devnis an daWeris dros.
saxlis meezoves unda scodnoda saxeze binis yvela
mcxovrebi. amasTan gaewia meTvalyureoba saxlis binadrebze, rom
maT ar SeefarebinaT politikurad devnili, an ar CaetarebinaT
aralegaluri krebebi. saxlSi momxdari yvela SemTxvevis,
policiisagan nebadaurTveli Sekrebebis, quCaSi mimdinare
- 42 -
mitingebis, Tu moqalaqeebis sxva kanonsawinaaRmdego moqmedebis
Sesaxeb unda ecnobebinaT policiisaTvis.
$3. politikuri policia revoluciuri da
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis winaaRmdeg
saqarTveloSi 1890-1901 wlebSi
1880-iani wlebis dasawyisSi policiis departamentma,
ruseTis imperiis politikuri Zebnis da Ziebis mTavarma organom
SeZlo `narodnia volias~ ganadgureba. 1880-iani wlebis bolos
arsebuli xalxosnuri organizaciebis sisustem daarwmuna
xelisufleba, rom revoluciuri moZraoba imperiaSi TiTqmis
moispo. aleqsandre III-is mmarTveloba, romelic Tavisi mefobis
dasawyisSi cdilobda molaparakebis gamarTvasac ki ukve
ganadgurebul `narodnaia volias~-Tan, samagierod periferiebSi
aviwroebda dapyrobil mosaxleobas (48). saxeldobr
saqarTveloSi iwyeba qarTuli kulturis rbeva. saswavleblebis
programebidan iReben qarTuli enis swavlebas. paralelurad
`dayavi da ibatones~ principis ganxorcielebis mizniT daiwyo
`megruli~ da `svanuri~ anbanis Seqmna. kavkasiis xelisuflebam
regionSi Tavis dasayrdenad airCia somxebis mdidari zedafena.
maT miecaT mTeli rigi SeRavaTebi. amasTan, saqarTvelos
teritoriaze mkvidri mosaxleobis procentuli raodenobis
Semcirebis mizniT Camoasaxles ramdenime aTasi rusi kolonisti.
rogorc cnobilia, mowinave qarTulma inteligenciam didi
brZola gaaCaRa erovnul TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis mizniT,
magram 1890-iani wlebis dasawyisSi maT rigebSi ganxeTqileba
moxda. xelisuflebam Tavisda moulodnelad SesaniSnavi
- 43 -
saCuqari miiRo e.w. `bankobiadiT~. inteligenciis didi nawili
`maCablistebi~ da ilias momxreebi erTmaneTTan qiSpobiT
aRmoCndnen dakavebuli. albaT, amitomac werda policiis
departaments saqarTveloSi politikuri Ziebis mTavari organos
Tbilisis JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos ufrosi: `1889
welma saqarTvelosTvis iseve ukvalod ganvlo, rogorc wina
wlebma. ar yofila araviTari faqti, romelsac miepyros
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis yuradReba da Seecvala cxovrebis
apaTiuri dineba. saerTod, ki adgilobrivi mosaxleobis masas
odnavadac ar ainteresebs politika, araviTari warmodgena ara
aqvs masze~ (49).
marTlac, am dros Zlieri xalxosnuri revoluciuri
organizaciebi saqarTveloSi ar iyo, Tumca xelisuflebas kvlav
erovnuli moZraobis gaZlierebis eSinoda. mTavarmmarTebeli
kavkasiis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb 1889-1890-ian wlebSi mefes
moaxsenebda: `saqarTveloSi zogierT wreSi mainc sufevs
separatistuli suliskveTeba. amitom, saWiroa gansakuTrebuli
zomebis SemoReba, damnaSaveTa gadasaxleba ara cimbirSi,
saidanac xSirad iparebian, aramed saxalinis kunZulze~ da rac
mTavaria, igi iTxovda `administraciaSi da kerZod policiaSi
rusi elementis gaZlierebas, radgan adgilobrivi elementebi
saimedoni ar arian~ (50).
policiis departamenti Semdgom wlebSi Tavis adgilobriv
organoebs yuradRebis gamaxvilebas ukve erovnul moZraobaze
sTxovda. 1894 wlis martSi Tbilisis JandarmTa sammarTvelos
ufrosi xelmZRvanelobas acnobebda: `Tqvens mowerilobaze
pativi maqvs movaxseno policiis departaments, rom me ar maqvs
faqtebi da sabuTebi qarTveli xalxis dasadanaSauleblad
- 44 -
separatizmisadmi midrekilebaSi, magram eWvs gareSea aseTi
midrekilebis arseboba. amas mimtkicebs me is xmebi, romlebic
ndobisa da dajerebis Rirsia~. magaliTad: `qarTvelebi amboben
saqarTvelo qarTvelebisaTvis, es ar aris mxolod Cemi piradi
Sexeduleba, igi dafuZnebulia TbilisSi mcxovrebi yvela rusis
mosazrebaze~ (51).
imave wlis maisSi gagzavnil moxsenebaSi ki aRniSnuli
moxele saqarTveloSi erovnuli moZraobis arsebobas ukve
danamdvilebiT adasturebda (52). aseTi kardinaluri cvlileba
saqarTveloSi erovnuli moZraobis arsebobaze gamoiwvia
politikuri policiis mier `saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis ligis~
organizaciis aRmoCenam varSavaSi 1893 wlis maisSi. `liga~
Seqmnes peterburgis, varSavis, odesis, xarkovis, kievis da sxva
qalaqebis umaRlesi saswavleblebis qarTvelma studentebma. maT
1892-1893 wlebSi jer quTaisSi da Semdeg TbilisSi Caatares ori
yriloba (53).
sxvadasxva dros am organizaciasTan dakavSirebuli da misi
namdvili wevrebi iyvnen m. xelTuflisaSvili, g. dekanoziSvili,
T. saxokia, i. fan-cxava, a. jorjaZe, S. dedabriSvili, f. maxaraZe,
n. Jordania da sxvebi. `ligis~ wevrTa didi nawili organizaciis
ganadgurebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi arsebuli erovnuli suliT
gaJRenTili `socialist-federalisturi~ da `erovnul-
demokratiuli~ partiebis Semqmneli da wam-yvani wevrebi gaxdnen.
mcire nawili marqsizmis poziciaze gadavida.
`ligis~ saqmis Zieba varSavaSi daiwyo. aq politikur
policias xelSi Cauvarda organizaciis arqivi. f. maxaraZis
sityvebiT `specialurad mouwveviaT mTargmnelebi da profesori
n. mari CamouyvaniaT peterburgidan varSavaSi. uTargmniaT mTeli
- 45 -
masala~ (54). `ligis~ saqmianobis ukeT gamoZiebis mizniT varSavis
JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelodan quTaisSi JandarmTa
sammarTvelos ufrosad gadmoiyvanes polkovniki debili (55).
xelisuflebis aseTi didi dainteresebis mizezi iyo am
organizaciis mizani, romelic quTaisis damfuZnebelma yrilobam
ase gansazRvra _ `axalgazrdobis saboloo mizans Seadgens
samSoblos samsaxuri, romelic unda gamoixatos saqarTvelos
ganTavisuflebaSi ruseTis batonobisagan~ (56).
aRsaniSnavia, rom `ligis~ yrilobebze saqarTvelos
ganTavisuflebis sxvadasxva saSualebebis garCevisas,
organizaciis wevrebi uaryofdnen rus revolucionerebTan
kavSirs, radgan `rusebs ar uyvarT sxva erovnebis xalxebi, maT
Soris qarTvelebic, amitom Cven saerTo araferi gvaqvs maTTan
da arc SeiZleba gvqondes~.
profesor al. bendianiSvilis azriT `am faruli
organizaciis prog-ramis analizs da misi wevrebis saqmianobis
xasiaTze dakvirvebas im daskvnamde mivyavarT, rom `saqarTvelos
Tavisuflebis liga~ iyo erovnul-revoluciuri partiis
Canasaxi~ (57).
misi erT-erTi wevri f. maxaraZe `ligas~ wminda
`patriotul-nacionalisturi~ xasiaTis organizaciad miiCnevda.
magram is da n. Jordania masSi monawileobas Semdgom wlebSi
afiSirebas ar ukeTebdnen. Cans social-demokratisTvis
Seufereblad Tvlidnen `nacionalisturi~ xasiaTis
organizaciis rigebSi yofnas.
saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis bolos politikuri policiis
adgilob-riv organoTa didi yuradReba erovnuli moZraobis
mimarT gamokveTilia `ligis~ saqmis dasawyisSive arsebul
- 46 -
masalaSi. pirvelive furcelze aris Tbilisis gubernatoris
mier gagzavnili werili Tbilisis JandarmTa sagubernio
sammarTvelos ufrosTan, romelSic acnobebs konstantinepolSi
`erTi qarTvelis mcdelobas mieRo nebarTva Jurnalis
gamosacemad, romelic moamzadebda kavkasiis ganTavisuflebas.~
`ligis~ saqmeSia aseve cnobebi qarTvel TavadaznaurTa Soris
faruli erovnuli organizaciis `damoukidebelTa sazogadoebis~
arsebobis Sesaxeb (58).
1893 wels polkovnikma debilma `ligis~ wevrebTan
dakavSirebiT daiwyo i. laRiaSvilis mier 1886 wels Tbilisis
seminariis reqtor Cudeckis mkvlelobis saqmis amoqeqva. igi
aRniSnavda, rom S. dedabriSvils da organizaciis sxva wevrebs
mimowera aqvT laRiaSvilTan, romelic axla amerikaSi
imyofebao. debils gansakuTrebiT ainteresebda ara miwer-
moweris Sinaarsi, aramed _ `seminariis reqtoris mkvleloba iyo
Tu ara rusi eri-sadmi qarTveli eris siZulvilis gamovlena.~
polkovniki debili 1890-iani wlebis bolos gadaiyvanes
Tbilisis JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos ufrosad.
marTalia, policiis departamenti XIX da XX saukunis mijnaze
JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloebs sTxovda meti yuradRebis
gamaxvilebas soflad nel-nela mzardi xalxosnuri agitaciis
winaaRmdeg, debili kvlav erovnuli moZraobis Sesaxeb awvdida
masalas. magaliTad, 1900 wlis dasawyisSi igi departaments
acnobebda `goris mazris sofel TerZmisSi mimdinareobs
erovnuli xasiaTis agitacia, rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom soflis
ramodenime glexi Tanasoflelebs eubnebian isini qarTvelebi
arian da ar unda surdeT rusi mefe~ (59).
- 47 -
`ligis~ saqmis damTavrebis Semdeg didxans grZeldeboda
meTvalyureoba mis yofil wevrebze. debili 1901 wels `ligis~
erT-erTi wevris n. jayelis Sesaxeb Tavis TanaSemwes avalebda
meti dakvirveba ewarmoebina am piris cxovrebaze `imis gamo, rom
jayeli aris erT-erTi qarTveli patrioti~ (60).
`ligasTan~ kavSiris gamo 1896 wels dawesda da
grZeldeboda 1903 wlamde faruli zedamxedveloba s.
RambaSiZeze. masze Segrovebul cnobebSi xazgasmulia am
ukanasknelis didi nacnoboba akaki wereTelTan (61).
UXIX s-nis bolos politikuri Ziebis adgilobrivi
organoebis saTaveSi idgnen polkovnik debilis msgavsi asakiani,
carizmis winaSe damsaxurebuli generlebi da polkovnikebi,
aRzrdilebi JandarmTa korpusis Zvel tradiciebze (62). isini
cxovrobdnen `narodnaia volias~ tipis SeTqmulebiTi
organizaciis mogonebebiT da ver amCnevdnen arsebuli
politikuri situaciis Secvlas. xalxosnuri ideologiis
matarebeli revolucionerebi da asparezze axladgamosuli
social-demokratebi farTod Slidnen agitacia-propagandas.
1891-1892 wlebSi ruseTis 20 guberniaSi dawyebulma SimSilobam
da misgan gamowveulma qoleris epidemiam ganapiroba
axalgazrdebis masiuri wasvla soflad moSimSileTa dasaxmareb-
lad. xalxis gaWirvebis TvalnaTliv danaxvam ganapiroba maTi
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis survili, rasac moyva revoluciuri
agitaciis gaZliereba da revoluciuri ideebis axali ZaliT
gavrceleba moswavle-axalgazrdobaSi (63). marTalia, am dros
represiebs gadarCenili revoluciuri organizaciebi Zalian
susti iyo da misi wevrebi ufro metad Teoretikosobdnen, vidre
praqtikul muSaobas eweodnen, ruseTis xelisufleba sakmaod
- 48 -
sustad iqceoda: igi Tavisi daufiqrebeli damokidebulebiT
revoluciuri ideologiis gavlenis qveS moqceuli moswavle-
axalgazrdobis mimarT anxorcielebda, SeiZleba iTqvas, maTi
bunebrivi gadarCevis process. politikur danaSaulSi mxolod
eWvmitanilebsac ki umaRlesi da saSualo saswavleblebidan
ricxavdnen, apatimrebdnen, asaxlebdnen imperiis Soreul
mxareebSi. maT Soris sustebi Sordebodnen revoluciur
moZraobas, samagie-rod sulierad Zlierebi, iZendnen ra
gamocdilebas politikur policiasTan brZolaSi, axali
energiiT agrZelebdnen revoluciur moRvaweobas.
1902 wlis 14 ianvars policiis departamenti JandarmTa
sagubernio sammarTveloebs acnobebda `sauniversiteto
qalaqebSi momxdari areulobebis monawile pirebi, umaRlesi
saswavleblebis moswavleebi, romlebic gaZevebulni iqnen
qalaqidan, xSirad uaxlovdebian adgilobriv moswavle-
axalgazrdobas, acnoben maT mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego azrebs da
saerTod maTze axdenen mavne gavlenas, amzadeben momavali
sarevolucio moRvaweobisaTvis~ (64). swored 1890-1899 wlebSi
umaRlesi saswavleblebidan garicxuli axalgazrdoba
`amovardnili cxovrebis Cveulebrivi ritmidan~ gaxda 1905-1907
wlebis revoluciis wamyvani Zala.
sazRvargareT saswavleblad wasuli axalgazrdobac
swrafad moeqca represiebs garidebuli politikuri emigraciis
_ xalxosnuri ideologiis mimdevari da axlad warmoSobili
social-demokratiuli moZraobis meTaurebis gavlenis qveS. ukve
1894 wlis dasawyisSi policiis departamenti sTxovda imperiis
guberniebSi arsebul yvela Zalismier struqturas ar gaeSva
- 49 -
mxedvelobis aredan sazRvargareTis umaRlesi saswavleblebidan
samSobloSi ardadagebze Camosuli studentebi (65).
1895-1898 wlebSi emigraciaSi myof revolucionerebSi
pesimisturi ganwyobileba Seicvala aqtiuri muSaobis surviliT.
gaZlierda ruseTis imperiaSi maTi emisrebis, aralegaluri
literaturis Segzavna, daiwyo Zveli kavSirebis aRdgena
TanamoazreebTan da daqsaqsul revoluciur organizaciebTan.
gamococxlda liberaluri Cinovnikoba, erobebis moRvaweebma
daiwyes mcdelobebi gaerTianebisaken, raTa axali moTxovnebi
waeyenebinaT da waeglijaT meti uflebebi xelisuflebisaTvis.
Jandarmeriis oficrebi aseT situaciaSi kmayofildebodnen
mosaxleobaze meTvalyureobiT, xmebis, Worebis SegrovebiT,
adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis movlenebis aRricxviT. awarmoebdnen
ukve momxdar politikur danaSaulze Ziebas. Jandarmerias
politikuri Zebnis warmoeba, ese igi danaSaulis moxdenamde misi
aRmoCena ar SeeZlo saTanado gamocdilebis da saSualebebis
arqonis gamo. JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelobs ar hyavdaT
arc saidumlo agentebi, arc meTvalyure agentebi _ filerebi.
isini Tavmoyrili iyvnen imperiis centrSi policiis
departamentSi da moskovis `oxrankaSi~. filerul saqmianobas
guberniebSi ukidures SemTxvevaSi anxorcielebdnen samoqalaqo
tansacmelSi gadacmuli Jandarmeriis unter-oficrebi,
romlebsac Tanamedrovis mogonebiT `xandaxan aviwydebodaT
Ceqmebze dezebis moxsna~ (66).
aseT situaciaSi saqarTveloSi 1893 wels aRmocenebuli
pirveli marqsistuli organizacia swrafad Slida muSaobas.
ukve 1895-1896 wlebSi marto rkinigzis muSaTa Soris iTvleboda
- 50 -
5 social-demokratiuli wre, xolo 1898 wlis damdegs maTma
ricxvma 25-s miaRwia (67).
qarTveli social-demokratebi 1894-1901 wlebSi TiTqmis
daubrkoleblad eweodnen agitacia-propagandas TbilisSi,
quTaisSi da mTlianad saqarTveloSi (68). n. Jordania wers: `im
dros `kvalSi~ yvela Cvens azrs, garda pirdapiri mowodebisa
Tavisuflad vbeWdavdiT~. am garemoebas igi ori mizeziT xsnida:
pirveli _ sacenzuro komitets peterburgidan miRebuli hqonda
specialuri cirkulari romliTac unda yuradReba
gaemaxvilebinaT erovnuli xasiaTis propagandaze. am komitets
`patriotuli leqsebi ufro afrTxobda, vinem ekonomiuri
sakiTxebi~ da meore _ `cenzori iyo axalgazrda kaci g. Juruli,
rigiani xasiaTis da liberalurad ganwyobili, marqsizmis ara
icoda ra da cirkularis farglebSi rCeboda~ (69).
marqsizmis arcodna social-demokratebisaTvis Jandarmeriis
da cenzuris mier mwvane gzis micemaSi arafer SuaSi iyo. am
SemTxvevaSi mTavar rols TamaSobda policiis departamentis
miTiTebebi politikuri Zebnis adgilobrivi organoebisaTvis.
- 51 -
Tavi III
imperiis politikuri mdgomareoba da politikuri
policia 1902-1908 wlebSi
$1 revoluciuri terori da politikuri Zebnis
organoebis daarseba ruseTis imperiaSi
1860-wlebSi arsebuli revoluciuri organizaciis
`narodnaia raspravas~ Semqmnelis neCaevis sityvebi: `Tu Tqven
gsurT Cveni studentobisgan SeqmnaT namdvili revolucionerebi,
ecadeT saqme waiyvanoT ise, rom mTavrobam rac SeiZleba bevri
maTgani Casvas cixeebSi, saswavleblebidan garicxos,
gadasaxlebaSi gaagzavnos, cxovrebis Cveulebrivi ritmidan
amoagdos, mxolod maSin gamoiwrTobian isini siZulvilSi
arsebuli xelisuflebisadmi~ anderZad iqca momdevno periodis
revolucionerebisaTvis (70).
v. figneris mogonebebSi aRniSnulia, rom `zemlia i
volias~ prog-ramis moTxovna organizaciis wevrebs SeeRwiaT
armiaSi, administraciaSi, erobebSi, raTa es adamianebi
`aRegznoT~ yvelanairi saprotesto gamosvlebisaTvis
xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg 1880-iani wlebis bolos
xalxosnebisgan praqtikulad xorcieldeboda. igi wers: `yazanis
demonstracia wamowyebuli iyo saxeldobr am mizniT. aseT
mizans man miaRwia, magram zogierTi wreebi peterburgSi
ukmayofiloni iyvnen, rom demonstraciis monawileebma
mayurebeli gamoiyenes Tavis iaraRad. amnair politikas da
demonstraciebs unda gamoewvia ukmayofileba sazogadoebaSi da
yoloda igi agznebul mdgomareobaSi, amasTan Caenerga
- 52 -
SeSfoTeba xelisuflebisaTvis~ (71). amrigad, xalxosnebis azriT,
gaficvebs, demonstraciebs sazogadoebis `garevolucionirebis~
saqmeSi didi roli eniWeboda. magram, maT kargad dainaxes, rom
yvelaze metad xelisufleba daaSina da sazogadoebis yvela
fenaSi farTo rezonansi moyva politikuri policiis
warmomadgenlebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul teroristul aqtebs.
imperator aleqsandre II-is mkvlelobam ki xelisuflebis
droebiTi paralizeba gamoiwvia.
1870-1890-iani wlebi evropisaTvis warmoadgenda teqnikis
swrafi ganviTarebis xanas. mis ganviTarebas adamianis goneba ver
miyveboda. teqnikis prioriteti aSkara iyo. Sesabamisad teqnikuri
miRwevebis gamoyenebiT politikuri reJimebis Secvla evropis
qveynebis revolucionerebs SesaZleblad miaCndaT. 1881 wels
anarqistebma londonSi gamarTul kongresze teroristuli
taqtika gamoacxades pirveli rigis amocanad. kongresis am
gadawyvetilebas moyva 20 wliani, evropis zog qveyanaSi ki 30
wliani teroristuli kampaniis periodi. marto 1892 wels
evropaSi mTlianad moxda 1000-ze meti teroristuli aqti,
ganxorcielebuli dinamitiani bombebis saSualebiT.
teroristebis umravlesoba italiaSi, safrangeTsa da germaniaSi
`moRvaweobdnen~. 1896 wels maT TviT safrangeTis prezidenti
karno mokles (72).
sazRvargareT myofma rusma revolucionerebma kargad
dainaxes dinamitis Zala xelisuflebis dezorganizaciis saqmeSi.
Tu 1870-1880-ian wlebSi xalxosnebis mier Cadenili teroristuli
aqtebi atarebda TavdacviT xasiaTs da warmoadgenda
`SurisZiebis~ iaraRs, 1890-iani wlebis bolos, evropeli
revolucionerebis, kerZod frangi anarqistebis `gamocdilebis~
- 53 -
analizis safuZvelze SeimuSava momavali socialist-
revolucionerebis partiis erT-erTma liderma v. Cernovma
teroris e.w. `samebis~ koncefcia. am koncefciis mixedviT
terors gaaCnia sami funqcia. pirveli _ xelisuflebis
dezorganimzebeli, meore _ xalxis `aRmgznebi~, mesame _
agitaciuri mniSvneloba (73).
swored, bombebi airCies teroris warmoebisaTvis Tavis
umTavres iaraRad 1901 wels Camoyalibebuli ruseTis
socialist-revoluciuri partiis wevrebma. socialist-
revolucionerebis azriT `ruseTSi politikuri cvlilebebi
damokidebuli iyo ministrebis Secvlaze~. es Secvla ki
`Cqardeboda bombebiT~. marTalia, bombebis gamoyenebiT teroris
ganxorcielebis dros izrdeboda udanaSaulo adamianebis
sikvdilianobis albaToba, magram es iaraRi, Zlier damangrevel
ZalasTan erTad, didi xmauriT gamoirCeoda da Sesabamisad
brwyinvale `saagitacio~ saSualebas warmoadgenda mosaxleobis
`revolucionizirebisaTvis~.
1901 wels, jer arc ki iyo damTavrebuli partiis
Camoyalibeba, rom socialist-revolucionerebma maRali rangis
Tanamdebobis pirebis winaaRmdeg `centraluri teroris~
warmoebisaTvis Seqmnes `sabrZolo organizacia~. socialist-
revolucionerebis partiul organo `revoluciuri ruseTis~ me-
7 nomerSi xmamaRla gamocxadda, rom: `Tanaxmad partiis
gadawyvetilebisa, misgan gamoyofil iqna specialuri `sabrZolo
organizacia~, romelic iRebs Tavis Tavze mkacri konspiraciis
da Sromis ganawilebis safuZvelze, mxolod teroristuli da
dezorganizaciuli saqmianobis warmoebas. igi dakavSirebulia
- 54 -
marto partiis centrTan daAsavsebiT gancalkevebulia
adgilobrivi komitetebisagan~(74).
1902 wlis 2 aprils moxda misi pirveli gamosvla.
organizaciis wevrma balmaSevma mokla Sinagan saqmeTa ministri
sipiagini. imperiis xelisuflebisaTvis aRniSnuli teroristuli
aqti moulodneli aRmoCnda. Jandarmeriis generlis spiridoniCis
sityvebiT: `aravin icoda saidan. rogor, ratom, risTvis
ganxorcielda aseTi sastiki dartyma~. saqme imaSi iyo, rom
rogorc avRniSneT, politikuri Zebnis organoebi provinciebSi
ar funqcionirebdnen. guberniebSi arsebobda mxolod politikur
danaSaulze mokvlevis _ politikuri Ziebis organoebi,
JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloebis saxiT, romlis
xelmZRvanelebi, Sesabamisi gamocdilebis da saSua-lebis
uqonlobis gamo, ver amCnevdnen aRniSnul periodSi socialist-
revolucionerebis da social-demokratebis mier propaganda-
agitaciis farTod gaSlas (75).
aRniSnul periodSi (1894-1901 wlebSi) politikuri Zebnis
organoebi mxolod peterburgSi, moskovsa da varSavaSi
arsebobda `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebis saxiT. `oxrankis~
ganyofilebebis istoria, ufro zustad `sazogadoebrivi
wesrigis da simSvidis dacvis ganyofilebebisa~ iwyeba 1866 wels
peterburgSi `dacvis razmis~ daarsebiT (76). Tavdapirvelad mas
evaleboda mefis da misi ojaxis wevrebis dacva. `narodnaia
volias~ teroristuli aqtebis momzadebis aRmoCenis mizniT 1880
wels am saxelwodebis ganyofileba daarsda moskovSi, cota xnis
Semdeg, poloneTSi erovnuli moZraobis gaZlierebis gamo,
varSavaSi. maT daevalaT arsebuli reJimis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
politikuri danaSaulis momzadebis aRmoCena _ politikuri
- 55 -
Zebnis warmoeba. am saqmianobas isini eweodnen ZiriTadad
meTvalyure agentebis meSveobiT. SesaZleblobis farglebSi
iyenebdnen Sinagan agenturas _ saidumlo TanamSromlebs, anu
agentebs. am ukanasknelTa gamoyenebis Sesaxeb mefis
xelisuflebam jer kidev 1878 wels gamoitana daskvna:
`revoluciasTan brZola SeuZlebelia mTlad Tavisufali kerZo
pirebis daxmarebis gareSe, romlebic trialeben sazogadoebriv
garemoSi~ (77).
1890-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi moskovis `oxrankis~ saTaveSi
daniSnul iqna i. zubatovi. misi moskovis `oxrankis~ saTaveSi
yofnis wlebi faqtobrivad iyo politikuri Zebnis umTavresi
organos _ `oxrankis~ reformaciis periodi. zubatovma SemoiRo
yvela dapatimrebulis fotografireba, SemoiRo da pirvelma
gamoiyena daqtiloskopia (TiTebidan anabeWdis aReba), daamuSava
Sinagani agenturis _ saidumlo TanamSromlebis gamoyenebis
meTodika. pirvelad ruseTis imperiaSi Seqmna meTvalyure
agentebis _ filerTa kargi kadri (78).
moskovis `oxrankasTan~ Camoyalibda filerebis 30 kaciani
,,mfrinavi razmi~. maT gzavnidnen imperiis im adgilebSi, sadac
revoluciuri moZraoba iwyebda aRmavlobas. policiis
departaments Sesabamisad, vrceli masaliT imperiaSi mimdinare
revoluciuri Tu erovnuli moZraobis Sesaxeb amaragebda,
swored moskovis `oxranka~. am garemoebis wyalobiT igi
policiis departamentisTvis gadaiqca politikuri Zebnis
centralur organod (79).
zubatovis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli 1895-1902 wlebSi
policiis departamentis mier garkveuli taqtikuri xazis
gatareba. misi azriT, politikuri policiis mTavari amocana
- 56 -
iyo mowinaaRmdegis rigebSi _ revoluciur inteligenciasa da
muSaTa Soris ganxeTqilebis Setana. im mizniT, rom 1890-iani
wlebis bolos muSaTa nel-nela mzardi moZraoba revoluciur
moZraobaSi ar gadazrdiliyo, saWiro iyo muSebisaTvis
legaluri organizaciebis Seqmnis saSualeba miecaT (80).
zubatovis gavleniT politikuri policiis mesveurebi Tvlidnen,
rom am dros asparezze axladgamosuli social-demokratebi
dakavebulni iyvnen, muSebSi mxolod ekonomikuri xasiaTis
propagandiT da maTTvis kulturul-saganmanaTleblo sakiTxebis
mogvarebiT.
rogorc revolucioneri-istorikosi vl. burcevi wers:
`policiis departamenti ara marto ar apatimrebda muSebSi
social-demokrat propagandistebs, aramed maT saSualebas
aZlevda ewarmoebinaT aseTi propaganda~. metic, departamenti
xels uwyobda emigraciaSi wasasvlelad gadasaxlebidan
gamoqceul im revolucionerebs, vinc maTi azriT muSaTa
legaluri moZraobis ganviTarebaSi miiRebda monawileobas (81).
piradad zubatovma gaaTavisufla socialist-revoluciuri
partiis `sabrZolo organizaciis~ momavali organizatori
gerSuni, radgan misi azriT es ukanaskneli monawileobas
miiRebda muSaTa legalur moZraobaSi. amasTan, policiis
departamentis SexedulebiT, aseTi taqtikiT SeZlebdnen
profesiul-teroristuli moZraobis winaaRmdeg specialuri
profesiul muSaTa moZraobis Seqmnas da revolucionerebis
gavlenisgan CamoaSorebdnen muSebs (82).
meores mxriv, zubatovs surda im dros sul ufro da ufro
mzard Zalas _ socialist-revolucionerebs daewyoT aqtiuri
moqmedebebi, gamoe-yenebinaT terori. misi azriT terori da
- 57 -
masTan dakavSirebuli uxvad daRvrili sisxli gaxrwnida
revolucionerebs da moxdeboda sazogadoebasa da
revolucionerebs Soris ganxeTqileba (83). amasTan,
revolucionerebis mier brZolis ukiduresi formebis gamoyeneba
xelisuflebas miscemda saSualebas revolucionerebi daesaja
sasamarTlos meSveobiT. saqme imaSia, rom sakanonmdeblo bazis
arasrulyofilebis gamo gamoaSkaravebuli socialist-
revolucionerebi xSirad dausjelni rCebodnen.
Tanamedrovis mogonebiT: `im dros saqarTveloSi
Jamdarmeriis da policiis Zili raRac saarakos warmoadgenda.
wreebi sokoebiviT izrdeboda, agitacia-agitaciaze xdeboda, dRe
da Rame gasworebuli iyo. yovel kuTxeSi, sadac ki muSa
budobda, gacxovelebuli mecadineoba da mzadeba iyo. marto 1900
wlis zafxulSi momxdarma gaficvam moiyvana gons mTavroba (84).
samagierod, xelisuflebam muSaobis dawyebac ki ar acala,
ise gaanadgura 1897-1898 wlebSi rus marqsistTa Tbilisis da
baTumis jgufebi (85). saqarTveloSi rusi social-demokratebis
gansakuTrebuli devna gamowveuli iyo mTavrobis surviliT rusi
muSebi gamoeyenebina kavkasiaSi Tavis dasayrdenad. am periodSi
moRvawe erT-erTi social-demokrati Tavis mogonebaSi wers: `im
dros rusi muSebis didi umravlesoba nacionalisturi
azrovnebiT iyo gamsWvaluli. aq isini gabatonebuli eris
warmomadgenlad Tvlidnen Tavs da amitom maTTan daaxloeba,
rogorc politikurad, ise konspiraciulad Zneli iyo~ (86).
rogorc cnobilia, 1890-1901 wlebSi kavkasiaSi ar arsebobda
mZlavri xalxosnuri tipis organizaciebi, ar arsebobda muSaTa
didi moZraobac. serTod muSaTa klasi saqarTveloSi
mcirericxovani iyo. amitom, politikuri policiis mier
- 58 -
qarTveli social-demokratebisTvis Tavisufali propaganda-
agitaciis micemis mizezebi sxva iyo, vidre imperiis centrSi.
pirveli is, rom xelisuflebas `patriotuli leqsebi~
ufro afrTxobda da meore _ CvenSi axalgazrda marqsistebma
asparezze gamosvlisTanave Tavis mowinaaRmdeged airCies is
Zala, romelsac im dros qarTveli sazogadoebis didi nawili
uWerda mxars. politikuri policiis SexedulebiT XIX saukunis
bolos aseT Zalas saqarTveloSi arsebuli farTo erovnuli
moZraoba warmoadgenda. maTi azri daemTxva qarTveli social-
demokratebis Sexedulebas. am ukanasknelebma erovnuli
moZraobis warmomadgenlebis winaaRmdeg gaaCaRes farTo kampania.
maT partiul gazeT `kvalSi~ ekonomikuri xasiaTis statiebTan
erTad xSirad ibeWdeboda uxeSi gamoxtomebiT savse werilebi
erovnuli moZraobis moRvaweebis misamarTiT. `Cvens~ social-
demokratebs miaCndaT, rom `erovnuli principis Sinaarsi im
dros Caladac aRar Rirda~ (87).
qarTveli marqsistebi rusi Tanamoazreebis msgavsad,
romlebsac buneb-rivia es sakiTxi ar ainteresebdaT,
sazogadoebis yuradRebis mTavar sagnad pirvel rigSi socialur
da ara erovnul sakiTxs ayenebdnen. isini pirdapir acxadebdnen
Tavs _ `axlandeli Cveni inteligent-meTaurebis mtrad~. mavned
miaCndaT maTi saqmianoba erovnuli sakiTxis win wamowevis gamo.
aseTi dapirispireba ki pasuxobda politikuri policiis
interesebs saqarTveloSi.
n. Jordanias naqebi cenzoris g. Jurulis Sesaxeb qarTveli
mamuliSvili s. fircxalava werda: `saqmes odnavadac ar
Sveloda is garemoeba, rom qarTul gamocemas qarTveli
cenzorobda. g. Jurulis dros metismetad Seviwroebuli viyaviT,
- 59 -
Cveni azris gatarebas moklebuli viyaviT da suls viTqvamdiT,
roca xandaxan g. Juruli SvebulebaSi wavidoda~ (88).
marTalia, politikuri policia zogjer represiebs
mimarTavda calkeuli social-demokratebis mimarT, magram
xanmokle dapatimreba an gadasaxleba maT ufro metad matebda
`xalxis saqmisaTvis wamebulis~ Saravandeds. im xanad policiis
departamentis gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis ufrosis l.
rataevis sityvebiT: '`1901 wlamde gadasaxleba arsebobda
mxolod qaRaldze. maSindeli cixis reJimSi moqceuli
revolucioneri daubrkolebliv agrZelebda Tavis muSaobas~ (89).
1902 wels teroristis xeliT mokluli sipiaginis magivrad
axal Sinagan saqmeTa ministrad nikoloz II pleve daniSna. igi
1881-1884 wlebSi xelmZRvanelobda policiis departaments. mis
saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli `narodnaia volias~ narCenebis
ganadgureba. pleves miaCnda, rom qveyanaSi mimdinare
sazogadoebrivi moZraoba warmoadgenda calkeuli energiuli
revolucionerebis saqmianobis Sedegs. amitom, mis CasaxSobad
sakmarisi iyo policiuri xasiaTis zomebi.
pleve Tvlida, rom policiis departamenti da misi
adgilobrivi politikuri Ziebis organoebi Jandarmeriis
sagubernio sammarTveloebi CamorCnen mimdinare movlenebs,
muSaobdnen Zveli meTodebiT da xerxebiT. meTvalyureoba
vagzlebze, xalxis TavSeyris adgilebze, meezoveebis gamokiTxva
saeWvo binadrebis Sesaxeb, masiuri Cxrekebi da dapatimrebebi
axlad Seqmnili, kargad konspirirebuli teroristuli
organizaciebis winaaRmdeg aRar amarTlebda. man politikuri
policiis organoebis TanamSromelTa didi nawili, ZiriTadad
- 60 -
JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos xelmZRvaneloba
samsaxuridan gaaTavisufla. Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSic
axali xalxi Semoikriba (90). policiis departamentis
direqtorad daniSna a. lopuxini, sasamarTlos yofili
prokurori. masze daamyara imedi, rogorc policiis mTliani
reorganizaciis Camtarebelze. lopuxinma Tavis mxriv policiis
departamentSi politikuri Zebnis da Ziebis xelmZRvaneli
gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis ufrosad gadaiyvana zubatovi,
moskovis `oxrankis~ yofili ufrosi 1894-1902 wlebSi uaxloes
TanamSromlebTan erTad (91).
revoluciurma gamosvlebma 1902 wels mkveTrad imata
ruseTis bevr guberniaSi. maT Soris amierkavkasiaSic. Tbilisis
JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelo policiis departaments
werda: `amierkavkasiaSi, konkretulad TbilisSi, revoluciurma
moZraobam imdenad saSiSi xasiaTi miiRo, rom masTan brZola
Cveulebrivi saSualebebiT SeuZlebelia da saWiroa
gansakuTrebuli xasiaTis zomebis miReba~ (92).
1902 wels imdenad farTod gaiSala agitacia-propaganda
moswavle-axalgazrdobaSi da gaxSirda maTi gamosvlebi,
aRarafers vambobT muSebze da glexobaze, rom Sinagan saqmeTa
ministrma, radgan represiuli zomebi aRar Wrida, 1903 wels
gansakuTrebuli cirkulari gamosca, romliTac saSualo
saswavleblebSi, saswavlo dawesebulebebis pedagogebs
Sesabamisi zneobrivi gavleniT unda daeSoSminebinaT
moswavleebi (93).
daiwyo da gaZlierda aseve teroric. 1902-1903 wlebSi
yvelaze met materialur saSualebas axmarda terors da
qadagebda mis farTod gaSlas masebSi socialist-
- 61 -
revolucionerebis partia. Tumca, am periodidan saqar-TveloSi
terors ZiriTadad social-demokratebi mimarTavdnen.
swored mTeli imperiis masStabiT dawyebuli teroris da
sxva saxis revoluciuri gamosvlebis winaaRmdeg gezi aiRo
carizmma saidumlo TanamSromlebis farTod gamoyenebis
praqtikaze. saidumlo TanamSromlebis e.i. revoluciur
organizaciebSi momuSave policiis agentebis meSveobiT
teroristebis winaaRmdeg brZola evropis qveynebis saidumlo
policias, gansakuTrebiT safrangeTisas, romelTanac ruseTs am
periodSi mWidro kavSiri gaaCnda, praqtikaSi didi xnis
miRebuli hqonda. ruseTis imperiis policiis departamentis
xelmZRvanelobac mivida azramde, rom `Tu romelime wyobas surs
daicvas Tavisi arseboba, amas ver SeZlebs saidumlo
TanamSromlebis gamoyenebis gareSe~. risi magaliTic iyo
safrangeTi, sadac `im dros iseve rogorc ruseTSi arsebobs
dilema _ an terors unda mivceT farTo gza, raTa marjvniv da
marcxniv xdebodes mkvlelobebi, anda vebrZoloT im xerxebiT,
romlebic dawesebulia saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi. Tuki aris
mowinaaRmdege, romelsac surs arsebuli wyobilebis Camogdeba
iatakqveSidan, farulad, saidumlod, masTan pirdapiri brZola
uSedegoa. Tuki pirdapiri gza ar aris, unda gamoviyenoT is
xerxebi, romelic pasuxobs revoluciuri saqmianobis Sinaarss.
SeiZleba ki Ria brZola antisaxelmwifoebriv moZraobasTan an
mimdinareobasTan?~ svamdnen kiTxvas policiis departamentis
xelmZRvanelebi da pasuxobdnen erTmniSvnelovnad: mxolod
saidumlo TanamSromlebis _ agentebis meSveobiT (94).
zubatovis mosvlas policiis departamentSi mohyva imperiis
maStabiT politikuri Zebnis organoebis daarseba. 1902 wels
- 62 -
pleves brZanebiT provinciebSi `Zebnis ganyofilebebi~ Seiqmna.
debulebiT `Zebnis ganyofilebebis Sesaxeb~ am organoebs
daevalaT politikuri Zebnis warmoeba (95). masSi, imis gamo, rom
politikuri Zebna iwyeba ara danaSaulis aRmoCenis, aramed
danaSaulis aRmoCenamde, politikuri Zebnis warmoeba
gansazRvruli iyo rogorc `gare meTvalyureobis~ da `saidumlo
TanamSromlebis~ saqmianobis erTianobad (96). am ganyofilebebs
1903 wels gadaerqva saxeli `dacvis” anu, rogorc maT ixsenieben
istoriul literaturaSi, `oxrankis” ganyofilebebad. 1903 da
1907 wlebis axali debulebebiT `oxrankis” gan-yofilebebze da
1907 wels stolipinis mier damtkicebul instruqciebSi #120
`saidumlo TanamSromlebis” da #140 `meTvalyure agentebis”
Sesa-xeb, politikuri Zebnis erTaderT safuZvlad gamocxadda:
`Sida meTvalyureobis” warmoeba `Sinagani, savsebiT saidumlo
agentebis – saidumlo TanamSromlebis meSveobiT”. amave dros,
maTve unda aerCiaT da `aRezardaT” meTvalyure agentebi _
filerebi (97).
am ganyofilebebis daarsebiT policiis departamentma scada
politikuri policiis adgilobrivi organoebis gaerTianebac.
`oxrankis” ganyofilebis ufrosebs sityvierad unda gaecnoT
JandarmTa sagubernio sammar-Tvelos ufrosebisaTvis
meTvalyureobis da politikuri Zebnis Sedegebi. Tavis mxriv
`oxrankis” Cinebs SeeZloT esargeblaT JandarmTa sagubernio
sammarTveloSi warmoebuli yvela saqmis masaliT. Tumca mainc
movaleni iyvnen JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloSi gaegzavnaT
politikur ZebnasTan dakavSirebuli cnobebi.
politikuri policiis adgilobrivi organoebis saqmianobis
gaerTianebasTan erTad imperiaSi politikuri Zebnis
- 63 -
centralizaciis mizniT `oxrankis” ganyofilebebs daevalaT
departamentSi dauyonebliv gadaegzavnaT maTTan Sesuli yvela
agenturuli cnoba, e.i. saidumlo TanamSromlebis mier miwvdili
informacia da gare meTvalyureobis monacemebi.
SeZlebisdagvarad winaswar, SeeTanxmebinaT ama Tu im piris
gaCxreka an dapatimreba, aReniSnaT dapatimrebis, Cxrekis
gamomwvevi mizezebi (98). am monacemebis safuZvelze ki
departamenti Sesabamis miwerilobas ugzavnida adgilobriv
JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloebs. es ukanaskneli
awarmoebda ukve Cxrekas da aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi
dapatimrebas `oxrankis” ganyofilebis ufrosis uSualo
monawileobiT da miTiTebis Tanaxmad.
debulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo isic, rom Tuki
`oxrankas” am saxis gadaudebeli zomebis miReba dasWirdeboda,
sagamoZiebo saqmianobis CatarebaSi daxmareba unda eTxova
JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos ufrosebisaTvis. aseTi saxis
moTxovna JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos ufrosisaTvis
savaldebulos warmoadgenda.
Cxrekis damTavrebis Semdeg nivTmtkicebebi gadaecemoda
JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos ufross, romelic aRZravda
am saqmeze mokvlevas _ iwyebda gamoZiebas (99). amrigad,
`oxrankis~ ganyofilebebis xelSi mxolod politikuri Zebna _
danaSaulis momzadebis aRmoCena iyo. politikuri danaSaulis
faqtis gamoZieba da dadgena ki JandarmTa sagubernio
sammarTvelos funqcias warmoadgenda. JandarmTa sagubernio
sammarTveloebs politikuri policiis sistemaSi darCaT
meorexarisxovani roli. aRsaniSnavia, rom `oxrankis”
ganyofilebebis saxiT policiis departamentma miiRo sakuTari
- 64 -
adgilobrivi organoebi, JandarmTa korpusis Stabis gverdis
avliT. maTi saSualebiT igi pirdapir ixedeboda imperiis mTel
teritoriaze adgilobrivi mosaxleobis politikur da pirad
cxovrebaSi, SeZlebisdagvarad amyarebda kontrols imperiis
masStabiT politikuri Zebnis warmoebaze.
`oxrankis” ganyofilebebis ufrosebad iniSnebodnen
policiis departamentis direqtoris SerCeviT JandarmTa calke
korpusis oficrebi. isini iTvlebodnen mivlinebulad
adgilobriv JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloebSi da
emorCilebodnen mis ufrosebs samwyobro damokidebulebiT.
magram praqtikaSi kuriozuli situacia Seiqmna, radgan
`oxrankis” ganyofilebis ufrosebs SeeZloT da iTxovdnen kidec
Jandarmeriisagan daxmarebas, sxvadasxva saxis monacemebs da maTi
miTiTebiT atarebda Jandarmeria Cxrekas. faqtobrivad ufro
dabali Cinis mqone oficeri rotmistri aZlevda brZanebas
polkovniks an generals.
aseT situaciaSi, roca Jandarmerias daekisra
meorexarisxovani roli yvelanairi politikuri saqmeebis
warmoebis dros, radgan JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos
oficrebi moqmedebdnen rogorc sasamarTlos gamom-Zieblebi da
JandarmTa korpusis Stabs darCa mxolod samxedro da
disciplinaruli xasiaTis moTxovnebis wayenebis ufleba Tavisi
adgilobrivi organoebisaTvis, Tavi iCina JandarmTa korpusis
Stabis survilma kvlav yofiliyo adgilobrivi sazogadoebis
politikuri da piradi cxovrebis kursSi. 1904 wlis Sua xanebSi
gagzavnil cirkularSi JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos
ufrosebisadmi naTqvamia, rom yovelwliuri werilobiTi
moxsenebebi did danaSaulebebze, sxvadasxva SemTxvevebze,
- 65 -
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gansakuTrebul movlenebze da
Tanamdebobrivi pirebis danaSaulebriv saqmianobaze unda
gaegzavnaT mxolod JandarmTa korpusis Sefis saxelze e.i.
Sinagan saqmeTa ministris misamarTiT, asli ki arc policiis
departamentSi da arc korpusis StabSi (100). konvertebi unda
gagzavniliyo JandarmTa korpusis misamarTiT da Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom, im periodSi yvela werili Tu
banderoli misuli JandarmTa korpusis StabSi gadioda
perlustracias – ikiTxeboda cenzorebis mier (metic, cenzori
amowmebda policiis departamentis saxelze Semosul nebismier
qa-Ralds. lopuxinma gvianRa gaigo, rom mis pirad mimowerasac
ki departamentis direqtorad yofnis periodSi kiTxulobdnen da
asls iRebdnen Sinagan saqmeTa ministris pleves brZanebiT),
naTelia, rom JandarmTa korpusis Stabi sakmaod kargad iyo
informirebuli. swored lopuxini Tvlida, rom JandarmTa
korpusis debulebis 671 muxli iTxovda ra JandarmTa korpusis
Stabis ufross hqonoda yvela monacemi, rac aucilebeli iyo
korpusis meTaurisaTvis, aiZulebda Jandarmeriis adgilobriv
Cinebs kvlavindeburad miewodebinaT JandarmTa korpusis
xelmZRvanelobisaTvis maTTvis saintereso cnobebi.
rac Seexeba policiis departaments, politikuri Zebna
mTlianad moeqca misi gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis xelSi. 1902
wlidan es ganyofileba faqtobrivad gadaiqca departamentad
departamentSi (101). gaizarda misi Stati. gansakuTrebul
ganyofilebaSi Seiqmna zesaidumlo ganyofileba, romelic
asrulebda gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis saqmianobis
wammarTvelis rols. saqme imaSia, rom aq momuSave Cinovnikebis
xelSi iyo moqceuli politikuri Zebnis xelmZRvaneloba.
- 66 -
politikuri Zebnis teqnikisa da xerxebis instruqciebi
muSavdeboda am ganyofilebis mier da egzavneboda `oxrankis~
ganyofilebebs (102), aq iyo dakonspirirebuli da uwevdnen
xelmZRvanelobas `centralur agenturas~ anu gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovan saidumlo TanamSromlebs, visac ekavaT wamyvani
xelmZRvaneli adgilebi partiebSi – e. azefi, z. zuCenko, m.
malinovski da sxvebi.
am wlebSi moxda policiis departamentSi kontrdazvervis
ganyofilebis Camoyalibeba. 1904 wlamde ucxo qveynebis agentebze
meTval-yureoba atarebda erTeul, iSviaT xasiaTs. am wlidan ki
policiis departamentSi Seiqmna specialuri gasaidumlebuli
biuro, romelsac evaleboda ucxo qveynebis saelCoebze
meTvalyureoba _ saidumlo qaRaldebis, dokumentaciis, Sifrebis
mopoveba, gadamuSaveba (103). Aamrigad, policiis departamenti
sabolood gadaiqca saerTo policiis, politikuri policiisa
da kontrdazvervis organoebis gamaerTianebel organod.
$2. `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis Seqmna saqarTveloSi.
saidumlo agenturis gamoyenebis meTodebi da xerxebi
1902 wlis 12 agvistos debulebiT `Zebnis ganyofilebebis
Sesaxeb~ yvela did qalaqSi, maT Soris TbilisSic
policmeisteris kancelariasTan moxda maTi daarseba. 1903 wels
gamovida ra axali `droebiTi debuleba dacvis (oxrankis)
ganyofilebebze”, faqtobrivad `Zebnis ganyofilebebs” SeecvalaT
mxolod saxelwodeba da daixvewa debulebis zogierTi muxli
(104).
- 67 -
1902-1903 wlebSi TbilisSi `Zebnis ganyofilebis“ arsebobis
Sesaxeb saTanado vrceli masala ar moipoveba. mxolod
`oxrankis” saqmeebSi arsebuli erT-erTi saqme daTariRebulia
1902 wliT, magram gaurkvevelia 1902 wels es dawesebuleba
arsebobda Tu ara. arc 1903 wels dasturdeba `oxrankis”
ganyofilebis arseboba. Cven mivakvlieT am wliT daTariRebul
policiis departamentis cirkulars Tbilisis JandarmTa
sagubernio sammarTvelos ufrosisadmi da dokuments agentTa
Sesaxeb. cirkularSi saubaria, rom `oxrankis” saidumlo
TanamSromlis dakiTxva ar unda moxdes JandarmTa sagubernio
sammarTveloSi. dokumentSi ki revolucionerebis mier
gamomJRavnebul agentTa Soris moxseniebulia vinme abulaZe,
romelic `oxrankis” gviandeli periodis cnobiT 1903 wlidan iyo
`oxrankis” ganyofilebis agenti.
danamdvilebiT ki Tbilisis `oxrankis” ganyofilebis
arsebobaze mogviTxrobs 1904 wlis 1 ianvriT daTariRebuli
dokumenti, saidanac irkveva, rom am wlidan `oxrankis”
ganyofileba ukve funqcionirebda TbilisSi, xolo baTumsa da
baqoSi ki `oxrankis” punqtebi, rogorc Tbilisis `oxrankis~
ganyofilebis qvemdebare dawesebulebebi.
1904 wlis dasawyisSi Tbilisis `oxrankis” StatSi
Sediodnen Semdegi Cinis oficrebi: `oxrankis” ganyofilebis
ufrosi – rotmistri, romelic piradad xelmZRvanelobda
agenturas; moadgile – rotmistri, romelic xel-mZRvanelobda
gare meTvalyure agentebs – filerebs; erTi saqmis mwarmoebeli
da mwerali. StatSi Sediodnen aseve policiis zedamxedvelebi.
baTumis `oxrankis” punqts xelmZRvanelobda ufrosi –
rotmistri, romelsac StatSi hyavda ori fileri unter-oficeri.
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maT ricxvs 1905 wels daumates ori policiis zedamxedveli
fileruli samsaxuris sawarmoeblad.
1907 wlisaTvis nel-nela gaizarda Tbilisis `oxrankis~
Stati, gafarTovda misi struqturac. am periodidan `oxrankis”
ganyofilebis struqturul qveganyofilebebad Camoyalibda
saerTo kancelaria, gare meTvalyureobis ganyofileba da Sida
meTvalyureobis (agenturuli) ganyofileba. swored Sida
meTvalyureobis ganyofileba iyo `oxrankis” ZiriTadi organo. aq
muSavdeboda, analizdeboda mTeli mopovebuli masala da
faqtobrivad warmoadgenda erTgvar analitikur centrs, radgan
gare meTvalyurebis ganyofilebac emorCileboda Sida
meTvalyureobis ganyofilebis gamges, `oxrankis” ufross,
romelic amave dros xelmZRvanelobda Sida agenturul qsels _
saidumlo TanamSromlebs. swored mis xelSi iyrida saidumlo
da gare meTvalyureobis agentebis mier mopovebuli informacia.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, iatakqveS saidumlod momuSave
revolucionerebis winaaRmdeg pirdapiri brZolis xerxebi
departaments ar gaaCnda da man 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis
dros saidumlo TanamSromlebis farTo gamoyeneba daiwyo,
radgan igi pasuxobda revolu-ciuri saqmianobis xasiaTs. kerZod,
praqtikaSi arsebuli SpionaJi, revolu-ciuri organizaciebis
Sesaxeb informaciis mopoveba maTSi Segzavnili policiis
agentebis meSveobiT ayvanil iqna sistemaSi da politikur Zebnis
mTavar, erTaderT safuZvlad gamocxadda `Sinagani, savsebiT
saidumlo da mudmivi agentura” (105).
rogorc zemoT SevniSneT 1907 wels stolipinis mier
damtkicebul iqna debuleba `oxrankis” ganyofilebebze da #120
- 69 -
instruqcia `Sinagani agenturis organizaciaze da wayvanaze”
(106). igi 5 Tavisagan Sedgeboda:
1. agenturis Semadgenloba;
2. agenturis SeZena;
3. agenturis xelmZRvaneloba;
4. konspiraciuli binebis gamoyeneba;
5. zrunva saidumlo TanamSromlis pirovnebaze (107).
am instruqciam ucvlelad iarseba 1914 wlamde, roca moxda
Zvelisagan naklebad gansxvavebuli axali instruqciis miReba.
igi `oxrankis” gan-yofilebis ufrosebs zepirad unda
scodnodaT (108). amasTan, `oxrankis” ufrosi yovelwliurad
waradgenda centrSi angariSs misi aTvisebis Sesaxeb qvemdebare
ganyofilebis Cinebis mier. instruqciaSi dawvrilebiT aris
damuSavebuli politikuri Zebnis xerxebi. instruqciiT
saidumlo TanamSromlis amocana mdgomareobda revoluciuri
sazogadoebis gamokvlevaSi samxilis mosapoveblad, raTa misi
wevrebi gaesamarTlebinaT (109). am pirebs `oxrankis~
ganyofilebis oficrebi `TanamSromlebs” uwodebdnen, radgan
gaweuli samsaxurisaTvis iRebdnen yovelTviur xelfass an
erTjerad daxmarebas, an fulad jildos `waxalisebis~ mizniT
(110).
yvelaze metad fasobdnen saidumlo TanamSromlebi
`gamosakvlevi garemodan~, e.i. politikuri organizaciebis,
akrZaluli sazogadoebebis wevrebi. instruqciebSi `oxrankis~
ganyofilebebis oficrebs sTxovdnen ZiriTadad gamoCenili
partiuli muSakis, partiuli organizaciis wamyvani, gavleniani
wevris gadmobireba-daagenturebas (111). Tumca Tvldnen, rom:
`gamosakvlev garemoSi momuSave susti partiuli TanamSromeli
- 70 -
iZleoda ufro mets, vidre informaciis Segrovebis sxva
saSualebebi~ (112).
saidumlo TanamSromlebis nawils `zrdida~ politikuri
policiis adgilobrivi ganyofilebis oficeri, aswavlida
politikuri Zebnis xerxebs da `gayavda~ partiaSi (113). aseTi
adamianebis `TanamSromlad~ momzadeba da revoluciur
organizaciaSi Segzavna Zalian rTuli iyo. amitom `oxrankis~
ganyofilebis saidumlo TanamSromlebad ZiriTadad muSaobdnen
`SeZenili~ pirebi, maT visac gadmoibirebdnen politikuri
saqmeebis Ziebis procesSi.
amdagvari `TanamSromlebis~ SeZenis process, rogorc zemoT
avRniSneT, ewodeboda `daagentureba~. 1914 wlis instruqciaSi
`agentebis SeZenis~ xerxebi ukve fsiqologiuri momentebis
gaTvaliswinebiT iyo damuSavebuli da dasabuTebuli (114). Tumca
manamdec politikuri policiis xelmZRvaneloba Zvel
debulebebSi rekomendacias uwevda gaeTvaliswinebinaT
gadasabireblad arCeuli piris xasiaTis zogierTi
gansakuTrebuli Tviseba. sainteresoa am mxriv social-demokrati
revolucioneris vinme n. WumburiZis Sesaxeb mimowera
saqarTveloSi politikuri policiis adgilobrivi organoebis
warmomadgenlebs Soris. sadac aRniSnulia, rom `n. WumburiZe
monawileobas Rebulobda, rogorc foTis delegati
amierkavkasiis social-demokratebis saolqo konferenciaze,
maSasadame, unda icodes xsenebuli partiis adgilobrivi
organizaciis muSaobaze yvelaferi. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi misi
xasiaTis zogierTi gansakuTrebuli Tviseba da materialuri
mdgomareoba, amitom SesaZloa misi Cabma agenturul muSaobaSi.
ixmareT yvela saSualeba, rom imoqmedoT masze. gaafrTxileT
- 71 -
mxolod aSkara, gulaxdili Cveneba daixsnis Soreul adgilze
gadasaxlebisgan~. n. WumburiZeze ar gaWra araferma da ai,
sapasuxo werilis amonaweri: `yvela zoma miviRe, rom WumburiZe
Cameba agenturul muSaobaSi, ris Sesaxeb masTan foTis cixeSi
calke, didxans vawarmoe molaparakeba, magram sasurvel Sedegs
ver mivaRwie. rogorc Cveulebriv xdeba xolme, aseT SemTxvevaSi
n. WumburiZe uaryofs Tavis danaSauls~ (115).
1907 wlis instruqciaSi calke Tavad dakonkretebulad
aris gamoyofili `Sinagani agenturis~ SeZenis xerxebi.
politikuri policiis azriT `daagenturebas~ yvelaze metad
Seesabamebodnen Ziebis qveS myofi pirebi (dapatimrebulebi), an
isini, visac materialurad uWirda, gamoqceuli iyo
gadasaxlebidan, dapatimrebisas aRmouCines nivTmtkicebebi da
sxva (116).
`oxranka~ gadasabireblad arCeul pirs xSirad farulad
apatimrebda quCaSi, raTa pirispir `saubrisas~ gaewiaT masze
moraluri Tu fizikuri xasiaTis zewola. am xerxs iyenebdnen
umetesad maSin, roca gaaCndaT utyuari nivTmtkicebebi am piris
dasapatimreblad. Tu es xerxi ar gaWrida, dapatimrebis Semdeg
dakiTxvis dros cdilobdnen igi daeinteresebinaT fuliT an
sruli reabilitaciiT, anu saqmidan amoiRebdnen mis
antisaxelmwifoebriv saqmianobaSi damadanaSaulebel masalebs
da gaaTavisuf-lebdnen. instruqciebSi aRniSnulia, rom unda
esargeblaT partiis SigniT arsebuli uTanxmoebebiT da
Tanapartielebze raime mizeziT ganawyenebuli adamianebi
moeqciaT Tavisi gavlenis qveS. instruqciiT `gadasabireblad~
gamodgebodnen susti nebisyofis mqone, Tavis saqmianobis
sisworeSi daeWvebuli pirovnebebi. magaliTad a. umakovi
- 72 -
metsaxeliT `Curkini~ gulwrfeli, aqtiuri revolucioneridan
agentad iqca imis gamo, rom man cixeSi patimrobisas kargad
dainaxa gansxvaveba ubralo revolucionerebs da revoluciis
`aristokratebs~ _ partiul ierarqiaSi maRla mdgom pirebs
Soris.
igi wers: `cixeSi maT wiTeli jvari didi raodenobiT
amaragebda produqtebiT da CasacmeliT, da yvela es
`xalxisaTvis wamebulebi~ SeuzRudavad sargeblobdnen am
yvelafriT, cixeSi moxvedrili revoluciis TanamgrZnobi
ubralo muSebis da glexebisgan gansxvavebiT. CemTvis, asketi
revolucionerisaTvis gasakviri iyo mosmena, rom yvela
es…parazitebad gadaqceuli profesionali revolucionerebi _
social-demokratebi, socialist-revolucionerebi, anarqistebi
da bundistebi intimur saubrebSi erTmaneTs rogor
umJRavnebdnen, vin ramdeni miiRo organizaciidan sacxovreblad
da Semdeg rogor atrialebdnen am fuls~ (117).
instruqciaSi xazgasmulad aRniSnulia im pirTa
gadabirebis siadvile, vinc uaryofiTi, amoraluri qceviT
gamoirCeoda, radgan maTze makompromitirebeli masalis moZieba
arc ise Zneli iyo (118). magaliTisaTvis gamodgeba `narodnaia
volias~ aRmasrulebeli komitetis wevris degaevis
`daagentureba~. misi policiis departamentTan TanamSromlobis
erT-erT mizezad iqca is, rom degaevs sudeikinis miTiTebiT
moskovis `oxrankam~ sastumroSi mcirewlovan meZavTan
urTierTobis procesSi farulad gadauRo fotosuraTebi.
laparakia 1880-iani wlebis dasawyisze (119).
agenturis piradi saqmeebis Seswavlisas gavarkvieT, rom
xSirad politikuri policiis Cinebs arc ki sWirdebodaT
- 73 -
zemoqmedeba revolucionerebze. bevri xom revoluciaSi
monawileobas iRebda im imediT, rom SeZlebdnen fulis `Sovnas~.
imdenad xSiri iyo sakuTari samsaxuris SeTavazebis faqtebi
politikuri policiisaTvis, rom policiis departamentis erT-
erTi moxelis xatovani gamoTqmiT: `SeTavazeba aWarbebda
moTxovnilebas.~ aseTi iyo socialist-revolucionerebis
sabrZolo organizaciis erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli e. azefi,
romelmac SeZlo sabrZolo organizaciis salarodan sakmaod
mravalricxovani Tanxebis miTviseba da amasTan erTad sakmao
xelfassac iRebda policiis departamentisgan.
zogierTi piri agentad xdeboda Tavisi avantiuristuli
bunebis gamo, zogic ideuri mosazrebebiT. aseTi iyo zinaida
zuCenko, policiis departamentis saidumlo TanamSromeli
socialist-revolucionerebis partiaSi. igi xmamaRla acxadebda:
`emsaxureboda ideas da iyo policiis departamentis patiosani
TanamSromeli revolucionerebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi~ (120).
socialist-revolucioner maqsimalistebis partiis wevri,
amasTan policiis departamentis agenti kesinski gamoaSkaravebis
Semdeg ambobda: `Tqven Cven (laparakia agentebze) ver gvigebT.
Tqven ar gesmiT Cven ras ganvicdiT, roca erTi samyarodan
meoreSi gadavdivarT. ara Tqven ver gaigebT Cvens emociebs.~
kesinskisTan mosaubris TqmiT: `misi saxe gamoxatavda
avantiuristis gansakuTrebul netarebas~ (121).DEPAP
instruqciiT `daagentureba~ ZiriTadSi warmoadgenda
fsiqologiur aqts da iTxovda did sifrTxilesa da moTminebas.
policiis departamentis direqtoris belickis sityvebiT
`oxrankis~ oficers gadasabirebeli piri fsiqologiurad unda
mieyvana gulaxdili Cvenebis micemamde (122). muqara, wameba da
- 74 -
saerTod fizikuri zemoqmedeba miCneuli iyo arasasurvelad, mag-
ram praqtikaSi `oxrankelebs~ swored am ukanasknelis gamoyeneba
`uyvardaT~, radgan fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis xerxebi
cxovrebis qarcecxlSi gamovlili revolucionerebis winaaRmdeg
xSirad ver amarTlebda. rodesac gadasabirebel pirze aranairi
zemoqmedeba ar Wrida, instruqciaSi arsebuli miTiTebis
Tanaxmad mas sakanSi usvamdnen saidumlo TanamSromels. igi
Sedioda ndobaSi patimarTan, cdilobda eTamaSa
`katalizatoris~ roli mis mier gulaxdili Cvenebis micemis
saqmeSi. politikuri policiis mier masze ganxorcielebuli
zewolis Sesasusteblad urCevda gaeca is xalxi, vinc ukve
imyofeboda patimrobaSi, magram aseT ankesze wamogebulebs
`oxrankelebi~ SantaJs uwyobdnen, emuqrebodnen, rom am saxis
gamcemlobis faqts acnobebdnen Tanapartielebs da ase axdendnen
gajiutebuli revolucioneris `daagenturebas~ (123).
gadabirebul pirs awerinebdnen Cvenebas, romelSic igi
gulaxdilad yveboda yvelafers, rac ainteresebda `oxrankas~ da
aRniSnavda, rom ina-niebda Tavis danaSauls. monaniebis Semdeg
mas exsneboda danaSauli da amasTan misi werilobiTi Cveneba
rCeboda garantad `oxrankaSi~ agentze zemoqmedebisaTvis.
gadabirebuli piri iricxeboda agenturis siaSi da iRebda
xelfass, amasTan erTad agrZelebda saqmianobas partiaSi (124).
masze gar-kveuli droiT iniSneboda fileruli meTvalyureoba
miwvdili informaciis sisworis Sesamowmeblad. `oxranka~ Tavis
mxriv iRebda zomebs, rom prokuroris warmomadgenlobasTan
SeTanxmebiT agentis saqmis mokvlevidan amoe-RoT is oqmebi,
romelsac SeiZleba misi Cavardna (gamJRavneba), an cixeSi
gagzavna moyoloda (125). im mizniT, rom mieCqmalaT agentis
- 75 -
roli revoluciuri organizaciis Cavardnis saqmeSi, garkveul
SemTxvevebSi organizaciis likvidaciis, partiis wevrTa
garkveuli jgufis dapatimrebis dros agentsac apatimrebdnen.
instruqciiT: `Cavardnis aRkveTis mizniT xandaxan SeiZleba
TanamSromlis dapatimreba, magram am saSualebas unda mivmarToT
mxolod ukidures SemTxvevaSi, radgan xelmeored mas ver
gamoviyenebT~. aqve miTiTebulia, rom Tu agenti iqneboda
dapatimrebuli mis ganTavisuflebas ar unda daeeWvebina
Tanapartielebi: `am mizniT Tavidan vanTavisuflebT misi
jgufidan ramodenime pirs, Semdeg TanamSromelsac. amasTan,
masTan erTad ganTavisuflebulebs ar unda eWiroT partiaSi
masze dabali adgili~ (126). im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ver
xerxdeboda dapatimrebuli agentis ganTavisufleba da
konspiraciis dacvis mizniT saqmis kursSi ar ayenebdnen saerTo
policiis da sasamarTlos moxeleebs, maT uwyobdnen
patimrobidan gaqcevasac ki. magaliTad, agent `Curkinis~
sityvebiT, roca igi daapatimres, masTan `mivida misi
xelmZRvaneli rostovis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufrosi s.
karpovi da SeumCnevlad acnoba, rom moumzada gaqceva. policiis
nawilis gorodovois misca Tanxa, rom `Curkinis~ gaqcevisaTvis
policiis nawilidan ar SeeSala xeli~ (127).
gadabirebuli piri mimagrebuli iyo erT xelmZRvanel
oficerze, romelic aZlevda mas metsaxels (kliCkas). mas
msgavseba ar unda hqonoda agentis saxelTan, mamis saxelTan. 1908
wels sastiki gafrTxileba misces adgilobrivi politikuri
Zebnis organoebs, rom metsaxeliT ar unda garkveuliyo, igi
qals ekuTvnoda Tu mamakacs (128). aRsaniSnavia, rom metsaxelad
SeiZleba yofiliyo nebismieri sityva, cifri _ `ivan-priezJi~,
- 76 -
`sluCaini~, `vaJni~, `995~, `3~ da sxva. agents metsaxeli SeiZleba
ori an samic ki hqonodaT. agentebs _ saidumlo TanamSromlebs
`oxrankis~ oficrebi mimoweraSi mxolod metsaxeliT
ixseniebdnen. rogorc wesi xelmZRvanel oficers imdroindeli
terminologiiT `mihyavda~ ramdenime saidumlo TanamSromeli.
Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ufross angilevs 1906-1907 wlebSi TveSi
saSualod aTi-TxuTmeti agenti `mihyavda~ adgilobriv
revoluciur organizaciebSi (129). agentebi saidumlo cnobebs
mxolod xelmZRvanel oficers awvdidnen. iSviaTad xdeboda or
oficerTan muSaoba. Tuki xelmZRvaneli sxva adgilze
gadavidoda samsaxurSi, maSin `misi~ agentebi cdilobdnen
gadasuliyvnen masTan, an anebebdnen Tavs muSaobas. peterburgis
`oxrankis~ ufrosi gerasimovi (1906-1910 wlebSi) wers, rom
`masTan erTad `samsaxuri~ datoves gansakuTrebulad
mniSvnelovanma agentebma, romlebic 1917 wlis revoluciis
Semdegac ar iqnen gaSifruli~ (130).
Tavis mxriv xelmZRvaneli oficeri cdilobda ar gadaeca
kargi agenti sxvisTvis. mas akonspirirebda sakuTari
kolegebisagan, raTa didxans mieRo mniSvnelovani informaciebi.
saqme imaSia, rom Sedegiani saidumlo TanamSromeli iZleoda
xelmZRvanelisaTvis karg masalas da Sesabamisad oficers
karierac uzrunvelyofili hqonda. saratovis `oxrankis~
ganyofilebis ufrosis rotmistr martinovis sityvebiT: `kargi
TanamSromlis gareSe SeuZlebelia karieris gakeTeba, mxolod
iq, sadac arian `soliduri TanamSromlebi~, win iwevian
Jandarmebi. erTi sityviT, `soliduri TanamSromeli~ _ es aris
warmateba, dawinaureba, jildoebi, ukontrolo Tanxebi,
Zalaufleba~ (131). bunebrivia, amdagvari `Sinagani konspiracia~
- 77 -
saidumlo TanamSromels icavda `jvaredini TvalTvalisagan~ _
damatebiTi kontrolisgan da aZlevda mas saSualebas
moetyuebina Tavisi erTaderTi `patroni~.
`daagenturebuli~ piris Semdgomi saqmianoba mTlianad
damokidebuli iyo mis xelmZRvanel oficerze, romelsac
instruqciiT `zemoqmedeba unda moexdina `TanamSromlis~
msoflmxedvelobaze da sulier ganwyobaze (132). SesaZleblobis
farglebSi ganeviTarebina masSi Segnebuli damokidebuleba
samsaxurisadmi da gaecno misTvis revoluciuri moZraobis
istoria~. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos centralur istoriul
arqivSi am dokuments misi wamkiTxavi Cinovnikis xeliT miwerili
aqvs ironiulad – `TanamSromlebSi revoluciuri
propagandisaTvis, xom ara?~ (133).
instruqciis ZiriTadi moTxovna, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT
iyo, gamoCenili partiuli moRvawis, organizaciis gavleniani,
aqtiuri wevris gadabireba. amasTan iTvleboda `Tundac susti
saidumlo TanamSromeli, myofi gamosakvlev garemoSi mogvcems
ganuzomlad did informacias, vidre sazogadoeba, romelSic
oficialurad trialebs oficeri~ (134).
gamoCenili partiuli moRvawis gadabireba axal Tavsatexs
uCenda xelmZRvanel oficers. axlad SeZenili `TanamSromlebi~
xom Tavis xelmZRvanelze kargad icnobdnen revoluciur wreebs,
ekavaT partiebSi wamyvani adgili da, bunebrivia, xSirad
brwyinvale oratorebi, partiul kamaTebSi da mitingebze
gamowrTobili, moazrovne adamianebi iyvnen. Tavis mxriv, es
ukanasknelni cdilobdnen Tavisi gavlenisaTvis daemorCilebinaT
xelmZRvaneli oficeri. rogorc wesi, `daagenturebul~ pirTan
fsiqologiuri TamaSi `vin vis?~ saxifaTo iyo. amitom
- 78 -
instruqciiT xelmZRvanels Tavidanve Tavisi avtoritetisaTvis
unda daeqvemdebarebina axlad SeZenili agenti (135).
rekomendirebuli iyo TanamSromelTan iseTi sando
urTierTobis damyareba, romelSic ar iqneboda aranairi
oficialuri da formaluri damokidebuleba. `TanamSromlis
cxovreba Cveulebriv moralurad mZimea da xelmZRvanelTan
paemnebi xSirad TanamSromlis cxovrebaSi erTaderTi momentia,
roca mas SeuZlia sulis moTqma, rom sindisis qejna ar
igrZnos~_ xazgasmulia instruqciaSi (136). policiis
departamentma icoda rasac urCevda adgilobriv `oxrankis~
ganyofilebebis oficrebs. instruqciis avtori gureviCi – im
dros ukve departamentSi saidumlo ganyofilebaSi arsebuli
zesaidumlo ganyofilebis Cinovniki, 1900-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
peterburgSi politikuri policiis saidumlo TanamSromeli iyo
da `muSaobda~ social-demokratiul partiaSi (137).
aucileblobas warmoadgenda agentTan xSiri piradi
Sexvedrebi, romelic konspiraciul binebSi imarTeboda. am
binebs `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis mwerlebi an unter-oficrebi
qiraobdnen, ise rom eWvi aravis aeRo (138). agentebs aZlevdnen
raime neitralur, kerZo misamarTs werilis, informaciis
gasagzavnad, anda miuTiTebdnen marSruts, romelzec gaivlida
`oxrankis” Cinovniki garkveul dRes, garkveul saaTs. agents,
Tuki undoda xelmZRvanelTan Sexvedra, Zirs unda daegdo
papirosi an asanTis kolofi mokidebis Semdeg. mas iRebda
`oxrankis” Cini da iq arsebul werils gadascemda
daniSnulebisamebr. igive wesiT xdeboda agentisTvis raime ambis
Setyobineba. instruqciaSi miTiTebulia, rom aseTi `Sexvedrebi~
unda momxdariyo gamaval ezoebSi, kibeebze, naklebad
- 79 -
xalxmraval adgilebSi (139). unter-oficrebis da ganyofilebis
darajis garda Tbilisis `oxrankis” ganyofilebis ufrosi
mekavSired iyenebda ganyofilebis darajis mcirewlovan
bavSvsac, romelmac social-demokratiul partiaSi ganyofilebis
agenti `vaJni” gamoaaSkarava Tavisi bavSvuri qceviT, roca
dauZaxa binaSi da kiTxvaze vin iyo, uTxra binis sxva
mcxovreblebs, rom mamamisi `oxrankis” ganyofilebis darajia,
xolo vanos (`vaJnis” namdvili saxeli) ki eZaxis `oxrankis”
ufrosio (140).
agentebTan Sexvedrebis dros oficrebs sastikad hqondaT
akrZaluli formiT misvla. maT samoqalaqo tansacmlis
SesaZenad specialuri Tanxa hqondaT gamoyofili (141).
policiis departamenti 1905-1907 wlebSi konspiraciul
binebSi agentebis mier Tavisi xelmZRvanelebis mokvlis gamo
iZulebuli gaxda daemuSavebina xerxebi aseT adgilebSi
Sexvedris Sesaxeb, masSi miTiTebuli iyo, rom ar daesvaT
TanamSromeli fanjris an sarkis win, xelmZRvaneli oficeri
pirveli unda misuliyo da gamosuliyo konspiraciul binidan da
sxva (142).
TanamSromlisgan miRebul informacias xelmZRvaneli
iwerda piradad da aformebda mas, e.w. `agenturuli Canaweris”
saxiT, specialur dRiurSi. masSi Sehqonda aseve damxmare
agenturis cnobebi. TiToeul TanamSromelze dRiuri
iwarmoeboda mesame pirSi, e.i. TanamSromelic moixsenieboda
informaciaSi namdvili saxeliT da gvariT, rogorc romelime
aralegaluri krebis, Tu teroristuli aqtis monawile sxva
pirebTan erTad (143). `agenturul CanawerebSi”, informaciis
- 80 -
miRebis TariRis garda, aRiniSneboda agentis fsevdonimi,
partiis dasaxeleba, xelmZRvanelis gvari (144).
saqarTvelos centraluri istoriuli arqivis fondebSi
arsebul `agenturul CanawerebSi” bevria sxvadasxva minaweri,
romelTa Sinaarsidan Cans, maT `oxrankis” oficrebi iyenebdnen
Savi samuSaosaTvis. miRebul informacias amuSavebdnen, krebdnen
sxvadasxva saxis cnobebs, erTmaneTTan ajerebdnen faqtebs da
amowmebdnen meTvalyure agentebis _ filerebis meSveobiT.
CanawerebSi moxseniebul pirebze miTiTebulia: daapatimres Tu
ara, visze ra monacemebi hqondaT da sxva. am Canawerebis mixedviT
keTdeboda moxsenebebi ramodenime aslad. erTi midioda
policiis departamentSi, meore _ xelaxla dasamuSaveblad
`oxrankis~ agenturul ganyofilebaSi, mesame _ TanamSromlis
pirad saqmeSi, meoTxe ki _ `agenturuli Canaweris” saxiT
Sesabamisi partiis an organizaciis saqmeSi (145). im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac TanamSromeli piradad werda informacias, masSi igi
Tavis Tavsac ixseniebda mesame pirSi namdvili gvariTA da
saxeliT. amasTan erTad, Tuki fsevdonimad qalis saxeli hqonda,
mamakaci rusulad werda mdedrobiT sqesSi anda piriqiT (146).
agentebi xSirad malavdnen garkveuli saxis informacias,
radgan misi gacemiT SeiZleba sakuTari Tavi safrTxeSi CaegdoT.
`oxrankis~ Cinovnikebis daufiqrebeli moqmedebebis, an
ganyofilebaSi oficrebs Soris Sidakuluaruli brZolis
mizeziT Segnebulad xdeboda informaciis wyaros gamJRavneba. es
politikuri policiis Cinebma kargad icodnen. Sinagan saqmeTa
ministris miadgile JandarmTa Sefi generali kurlovi werda:
`politikuri Zebnis xelovneba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sanaxevro
da zepiri faqtebiT xelmZRvanelma Seqmnas mosalodneli
- 81 -
danaSaulis Cadenis an iatakqveSa politikuri organizaciis
saqmianobis mTliani suraTi~ (147). amitom instruqciaSi
CamoTvlili iyo kiTxvebi, romlebic jvaredini dakiTxvis saxiT
unda gamoeyenebinaT da romelzec TanamSromels Sexvedrebisas
unda gaeca amomwuravi pasuxi:
1) partiis romeli wevrebi iyvnen aqtiuri da rogor
SeiZleboda maTze gare meTvalyureobis daweseba;
2) mocemul momentSi rogor da ranairad SeiZleba
gamovlindes organizaciis wevrebis teroristuli
saqmianoba;
3) politikuri ZebnisaTvis saintereso partiis wevrebi
Camovidnen, ra saqmeze wavidnen, ra mizniT.
agents unda gaego aqtiuri revolucionerebis
sacxovrebeli adgilebi, aseve ra parolebiT sargeblobdnen,
maTi Sexvedris adgilebis (iavkebi) misamarTebi da sxva. agents
aucileblad unda aReniSna sando iyo Tu ara mis mier
moZiebuli informacia, SemTxveviT gaigo, Tu piradad Seeswro.
informaciaSi dasaxelebul pirebze aucileblad unda
mieTiTebina partiuli metsaxelebi, namdvili saxeli da gvari,
aRewera isini fizikurad _ asaki, simaRle, agebulebis tipi,
siarulis manera, ra saxis tansacmels atarebdnen da sxva (148).
agenti garkveuli unda yofiliyo `Tavisi~ partiis
programaSi, strategiaSi da taqtikaSi. am sakiTxebSi cvlilebebi
droulad da sworad unda ecnobebina xelmZRvaneli
oficrisaTvis, miewodebina SeZlebisdagvarad mis xelT arsebuli
partiuli literatura. Cvens mier moZiebuli agentebis
moxsenebebis analizidan Cans, rom maTi nawili flobda
politikuri Zebnis garkveul xerxebs informaciis Segrovebis
- 82 -
mizniT. magaliTad, Tbilisis `oxrankis” ganyofilebis agenti
`riJi” anarqistebis _ qarTveli `jgufistebis” (rogorc mis
informaciaSia moxseniebuli) Sesaxeb wers: moZiebuli cnobebiT
SevZeli gamego `jgufistebis” namdvili monacemebi, asaxelebs
informaciis miRebis wyaroebs da iZleva informaciis analizs
(149). instruqciiT agentisaTvis xelmZRvanels unda eswavlebina
aseve konspiraciis dacvis da informaciis mopovebis xerxebi,
Tumca agents ar unda ewarmoebina aqtiuri gamokiTxva da ar
gamoeCina zedmeti interesi, rom ar daeeWvebina Tanapartielebi.
zemoT dasaxelebul organizacias Tbilisis `oxrankis”
ganyofilebis sami TanamSromeli `aSuqebda” (politikuri
policiis terminiT), anu agrovebda informacias. departamenti
iTxovda TiToeul organizaciaSi yolodaT ramdenime ori an
meti TanamSromeli, raTa gadaemowmebinaT mopo-vebuli
informacia. aseve daSvebuli iyo agents erTdroulad
`gaeSuqebina~ ramdenime organizacia. magaliTad, Tbilisis
`oxrankis” ganyofilebis agenti `georgievi” erTdroulad
iZleoda cnobebs social-demokratebze da daSnakebze (150).
gansakuTrebiT kargad momzadebul agentebs politikuri
policiis centridan (peterburgidan) agzavnidnen ruseTis
imperiis sxvadasxva teritoriaze adgilobriv revoluciur
organizaciebSi Segzavnis mizniT. maT aZlevdnen politikuri
Zebnis procesSi mopovebul parolebs, `iavkebis~ misamarTebs,
uqmnidnen legendas anu mogonil revoluciur warsuls. 1907
wlis martSi policiis departamentis saidumlo ganyofilebam
acnoba Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebas: `policiis
departamentSi aris Semosuli agenturuli informacia, rom
samxedro-revoluciuri organizacia (maqsimalistebi _ T. s.)
- 83 -
TbilisTan kavSirs amyarebs Semdegi misamarTiT _ Tbilisi,
`serebrinnie riadis~ quCa, saxli #33, `rebekasTvis~. gacnobebT,
raTa gamoiyenoT frTxilad da gamoarkvioT `rebekas~ pirovneba
da misi kavSirebi~ (151). cnobili menSeviki teroristi, 1905-1907
ww. revoluciis dros baqoSi `moRvawe~ v. goguaZe ixsenebs: `im
xanad peterburgidan baqos movida xuTi lamazi `kursistka~. es
qalebi moxerxebulad muSaobdnen da ... daaWerines policias
xuTi socialist-revolucioneri ... rogorc aRmoCnda isini iyvnen
peterburgis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebidan gamogzavnilni baqoSi
samuSaod~ (152). aRsaniSnavia, rom axalgazrda qalebs `oxranka~
didi warmatebiT iyenebda agenturuli saqmianobisaTvis.
`oxrankis~ oficrebis azriT, mudmiv fsiqologiur daZabulobaSi
myofi revolucionerebi iolad uSlidnen guls qalbatonebs da
xSirad axerxebdnen raime mizeziT gadabirebuli axalgazrda
qalebis Segzavnas maT wreSi.
$3. damxmare agentura
saidumlo TanamSromlebis ricxvSi Sediodnen is pirebi,
vinc arc erT partias ar ekuTvnodnen, magram sistematurad
aZlevdnen `oxrankas~ informacias (153). isini SexebaSi
imyofebodnen revoluciur organizaciebTan, an mis romelime
wevrTan. revolucioner g. CxeiZis mogonebaSi aRniSnulia, rom
maTi organizacia TbilisSi sistematurad vardeboda da
Cavardnis mizezi, rogorc SemdgomSi gairkva, aRmoCnda
organizaciis wevris ndoba amxanagisadmi, romelic gamokiTxvis
- 84 -
meTodis gamoyenebiT saubrisas miRebul informacias awvdida
`oxrankas~ (154).
aseT pirebs, saidumlo TanamSromlebisagan gansxvavebiT
eZaxdnen `damxmare TanamSromlebs”, an `informatorebs~.
instruqciis mixedviT informatorebi iyofodnen or nawilad.
ZiriTadi informatorebi, romlebic iZleodnen cnobebs
sistematurad. aseTi iyo damxmare TanamSromeli `babajanovi~,
romelic ar Sedioda arc erT organizaciaSi, muSaobda kbilis
eqimad, iyo sazogadoebaSi miRebuli pirovneba da masTan
kabinetSi xSirad ikribebodnen revolucionerebi. policiis
departamentis daxasiaTebiT `babajanovs~ SeeZlo politikuri
Zebnis _ `informaciis mopoveba damoukideb-lad, flobda ra am
saqmisaTvis saWiro yvela monacemebs, idga ra axlos socialist-
revolucionerebTan da socialist-demokratebTan, icoda bevri
maTi konspiraciuli saidumlo~ (155).
ZiriTadi informatorebis garda iyvnen `mekavSire~ da
`SemTxveviTi~ agentebi, romlebic iZleodnen SemTxveviT,
naklebad mniSvnelovan cnobebs. maT ar gaaCndaT partiuli
kavSirebi, Sesabamisi nacnobobis wre, rom mudmivad miewodebinaT
`oxrankisaTvis~ informacia. isini ubralod abezRebdnen
danaxuls, mosmenils. maSinve iRebdnen Tavisi samsaxuris
sanacvlod fulad anazRaurebas 3-5 maneTamde (156). mudmivi da
SemTxveviTi informatorebi yoveli miwvdili informaciisaTvis
erTjeradad iRebdnen Tanxas. politikuri policiis mesveurebis
azriT, maTi gamoyeneba ar iyo mainc da mainc efeqturi, radgan _
`maT ar gaaCndaT mudmivi TanamSromlis dadebiTi Tvisebebi~
(157).
- 85 -
1902 wlis 9 ivliss policiis departamentis
gansakuTrebulma ganyofilebam daavala politikuri policiis
adgilobriv organoebs mieRoT zomebi glexebze
zemoqmedebisaTvis, raTa isini daxmarebodnen xelisuflebis
warmomadgenlebs agitatorebis da saerTod, revolucionerebis
gamoaSkaraveba-dakavebaSi. departamenti Tvlida, rom glexobaSi
aucileblad iqnebodnen arsebuli saxelmwifo sistemisa da
wesrigis dacvis momxreeebi, romlebic xelisuflebis
warmomadgenlebis moTxovniT erTmaneTs dauwyebdnen TvalTvals
(158).
1907 wlis instruqciaSi ki ukve gamoyofil iqna soflis
mosaxleobis is kategoria, vinc xalisiT TanamSromlobda
politikur policies. Tan eseni iyvnen: uqnara, zarmaci, Raribi
glexebi, visac ar gaaCnda miwa da samuSao, mTel dRes
atarebdnen saCaieebSi da duqnebSi. instruqciaSi naTqvamia isic,
rom saCaieebisa da duqnebis mepatroneebs, gamomdinare maTi
samuSaos specifikidan `uamrav xalxTan hqondaT urTierToba da
kargad iyvnen informirebuli, Tu ra xdeboda irgvliv 20-30
versze, xolo mSromel adamianebs uyvarT yvelaferze
gulaxdili msjeloba sasmelTan erTad~ (159). aqve aRniSnulia
soflis mwerlebis gamoyenebis sargeblianobac informaciis
mopovebaSi, magram `maTi Senaxva Zviri jdeba da mosaxleoba ar
endoba, guls ar uxsnis maT~. ase miaCnda policiis departaments.
1908 wels policiis departamentma mosTxova soflad
`damxmare agentebis~ yola JandarmTa sagubernio
sammarTveloebsac, radgan `marTalia, isini ar Sedian
organizaciebSi, magram mcire gasamrjelos fasad SeiZleba
miviRoT informacia mosaxleobis ganwyobaze, agitatorebis
- 86 -
gamoCenaze, antisaxelmwifoebriv masobriv gamosvlebze. maT
mieciT zusti miTiTebebi da acnobeT konspiraciuli misamarTebi
informaciis gadmosacemad~ (160).
am kategoriis damxmare TanamSromlebis SeZena qalaqSi
xdeboda res-tornebis, duqnebis, sastumroebis momsaxure
personalidan. rogorc policiis departamentis erT-erTi
yofili ufrosi aRniSnavda: `es ar aris axali _ inglisSi,
safrangeTSi, gansakuTrebiT germaniaSi TiToeuli Sveicari
policiis agentia~ (161).
politikuri policiis adgilobrivi organoebi moswavle
axalgazrdobis, studentobis, jariskacebis wreebSi mimdinare
movlenebisa da saqmianobis kursSi yofnis mizniT iyenebda maTi
sacxovrebeli binebis mepatroneebs, an im adamianebs, visTanac
hqondaT xSiri urTierToba, stumrobdnen an ikribebodnen.
informaciis mopovebis am xerxs ewodeboda `gverdiTi gaSuqeba”
(162). instruqciebSi mocemulia damxmare TanamSromlebis
klasifikacia sferoebis mixedviT – rkinigzis, fabrikis,
profesiuli kavSiris da sxva.
i. zubatovma 1902 wlidan praqtikaSi SemoiRo saidumlo
TanamSromleblad umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebis gaCena.
isini studentTa wreSi agrovebdnen informacias da xelfass
iRebdnen `oxrankis” ganyofilebaSi. politikuri policiis Cinebi
Tavis wreSi maT ironiulad `oxrankis” stipendiantebs
uwodebdnen.
instruqciebSi calkea gamoyofili agenturis SeZenis
aucilebloba sasazRvro teritoriebze, gamomgoneblebSi _ im
wreebSi, vinc dakavebuli iyo avtomobilebiT, aviaciiT,
wyalqveSa curviT. aseve iTxovdnen `saredaqcio agenturis~
- 87 -
SeZenas, anu opoziciuri gazeTebis TanamSromlebis
`daagenturebas~ (163).
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia agentura cixeebSi. laparakia im
patimrebze, romlebsac maTi samsaxuris sanacvlod aZlevdnen
Tanxas, umsubuqebdnen cixis reJims, an umcirebdnen patimrobis
vadas. magram am sakiTxs adgilebze jerovani yuradReba ar
eqceoda sxvadasxva mizezis gamo.
1907 wlis 7 oqtombers policiis departamentma TbilisSi
politikuri Ziebis organoebs mosTxova Tavisuflebis aRkveTis
adgilebSi saidumlo TanamSromlebis gaCena, radgan amiT
SeiZleboda winaswar aRekveTaT tusaRebis cixeebidan gaqceva
(164).
rogorc 1907 wlis 15 oqtombriT daTariRebuli Tbilisis
JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos ufrosis werilidan Cans,
mas da Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ufross ganuxilavT TbilisSi
arsebul cixeebSi myof politikur tusaRebSi agenturis gaCenis
sakiTxi (165). irkveva, rom TbilisSi arsebul cixeebis tusaRebSi
agentura ar yavdaT da maT SesaZenad saTanado Tanxebi ar
hqondaT gamoyofili (166). TaTbirze mizanSeuwonlad miiCnies
Sinagani agenturis SeZena Tbilisis cixeebis zedamxedvelebs
Soris, xolo mazrebSi arsebul cixeebSi mjdom patimarTa
Soris agenturis gaCena, radgan saTanado Tanxebi ar gaaCndaT,
gadawyvites daevalebinaT mazris ufrosebisaTvis (167).
aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierTi saidumlo TanamSromeli
dapatimrebis Semdeg cixeSic agrZelebda muSaobas, awvdida
cnobebs `oxrankas”. zogic Tavisi nebiT jdeboda cixeSi, raTa iq
mieRo informacia cixeSi mjdomi Tanapartielebisagan Semdgomi
agenturuli muSaobis gagrZelebisaTvis. magaliTad, `oxrankis~
- 88 -
agenti movSe kaplani ixsenebs, rom igi revoluciur wreebTan
kavSirebis da parolebis misaRebad specialurad Cajda cixeSi
(168).
policiis departamentTan misi adgilobrivi organoebis
mimoweridan Cans, rom departamentis Cinebi ukmayofilo iyvnen
saidumlo TanamSromlebis gaCeniT mxolod cixis
administraciaSi (zedamxedvelebSi) da kvla-vindeburad
moiTxovdnen Sinagani agenturis gaCenas patimrebSi. specialur
cirkularul werilebSi miTiTebulia, rom Tuki gaiCendnen aseT
TanamSromels patimrebSi, misi vinaoba ar unda scodnoda cixis
administracias da ar unda SeesustebinaT maTTvis cixis reJimi,
radgan mis Sesustebas xSirad mosdevda agentis konspiraciis
darRveva (169).
arsebobda damxmare TanamSromlebis kidev erTi saxeoba _
saxelmwifo samsaxurSi myofi Cinovnikebi. maT Soris
TanamSromlebis SeZenaze gansakuTrebuli miTiTeba hqondaT
micemuli politikuri Zebnis adgilobriv organoebs. am
ukanasknelebs unda SeegrovebinaT informacia im Tanamdebobis
pirebze, visac materialurad uWirda, ar yofnida xelfasi da
SeeTavazebinaT Tanxa im cnobebis safasurad, romelic
politikuri Zebnis oficrebs ainteresebdaT. instruqcia aseve
iTxovda aseT saqmianobaSi gamoeyenebinaT akademiuri kavSirebis
is wevrebi, inteligenciis is warmomadgenlebi, vinc ideurad
miiswrafodnen SeewyvitaT areuloba da xalisiT iZleoda
cnobebs anazRaurebis gareSec ki (170).
1910 wels saqarTveloSi revoluciur presaSi gamoqveynda im
pirTa sia, visac revolucionerebi Tvlidnen provokatorebad,
`oxranka~ ki miiCnevda `saidumlo TanamSromlebad~ (171). sia
- 89 -
mowvdili iyo sazRvargareTidan, Sevsebuli adgilobrivi
revoluciuri organizaciebis xelT arsebuli informaciiT
policiis agentebze. siaSi 30-mde gvari figurirebs. `oxrankam~
aRniSnuli sia gadaamowma da iq myof pirTa did nawilze
araviTari cnoba ar aRmoaCnda. saqme imaSia, rom xSirad agentis
xelmZRvaneli oficeri ar aformebda miRebuli informaciis
wyaros, malavda mas sakuTari TanamSromlebisgan, rac
gamowveuli iyo ara marto konspiraciis dacvis aucileblobiT,
aramed imiTac, rom rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, didxans martos
sWeroda xelSi informaciis kargi wyaro.
revolucionerebi didad ar dagidevdnen gamcemis aRmoCenis
SemTxvevaSi vin iyo is sinamdvileSi saidumlo TanamSromeli –
Sinagani agenti, `damxmare TanamSromeli~, Tu erTjeradi
`informatori~. maTTvis yvela iyo provokatori. Cans es
ukanasknelnic moxvdnen zemoT aRniSnul siaSi. agenti-
TanamSromlebi am periodSi ukve yavdaT Jandarmeriis sagubernio
da rkinigzis JandarmTa policiis sammarTveloebs, Tumca
sakmaod mcire raodenobiT
Cvens mier gakeTebul Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis
saqmianobis analizidan Cans, rom agent-TanamSromelTa ricxvi
mudmivad icvleboda. agentebis xelmZRvanelobas eweodnen TviT
`oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufrosi a. angelievi da ganyofilebis
agenturuli qveganyofilebis gamge roJanovi. agentebis
informaciebi Cawerilia maTi xeliT, rac metyvelebs imaze, rom
es orni iyvnen agenturis `xelmZRvanelebi~. rogorc wesi,
`gamoCenili~ agenti sakmaod male swuravda Tavis Tavs _
mJRavndeboda. politikuri policiis terminiT xdeboda
- 90 -
`Cavardna“. zogis erT TveSi, zogisac or-sam weliwadSi, risi
mizezebic mravlad moipoveboda (172).
`TanamSromelTa~ didi nawili sxvadasxva mizezis gamo
xSirad malavda revoluciuri organizaciis wevrebTan arsebul
kavSirebs, maTi dapatimrebisas (politikuri policiis terminiT
`likvidaciisas~) ki xSirad apatimrebdnen saidumlo
TanamSromlebs (173). saqme imaSia, rom `oxrankis~ yvela
CinisaTvis bunebrivia, ar iyo cnobili agentebis vinaoba.
revoluciis wlebSi naCqarevi likvidaciebi iwvevda Rirebuli
`saidumlo TanamSromlis~ vinaobis gamJRavnebas. isini xSirad
maTganve miwvdili informaciis safuZvelze ayavdaT patimrobaSi,
dapatimrebul revolucionerebs ki iseT braldebebs uyenebdnen,
rac pirdapir miuTiTebda gamcemis vinaobaze. erT-erTi
revolucioneris mogonebebSi aRniSnulia: `teroristuli aqtis
momzadebis Sesaxeb saubari gaxda cnobili JandarmTa
sammarTvelosaTvis. TviT wayenebuli braldebebis rigi
Seesabameboda saubris rigs. eWvi ar iyo, rom policia
informirebuli iyo saidumlo TanamSromlis meSveobiT~. amitom,
misive sityvebiT am saubarSi monawile pirebidan gamcemis
gamoTvla ioli gamodga (174). Tbilisis `oxrankis~ agent
`axverdovis~ moxsenebaSi xelmZRvanelisadmi vkiTxulobT, rom
Jandarmma dakiTxvisas dapatimrebulebs iseTi saxis kiTxvebi
dausva, riTac iolad gairkva informaciis gamcemis vinaoba (175).
TanamSromlis gamJRavneba xdeboda imis gamoc, rom
policiis departamentSi gagzavnili masala, romelic Seicavda
agentis namdvil saxels da gvars, ibeWdeboda kancelariaSi da
bunebrivia, kancelariis TanamSromlebisTvis maTi vinaoba
cnobili xdeboda. moTxovna _ `TanamSromlis” vinaoba scodnoda
- 91 -
mxolod xelmZRvanel oficers, irRveoda sxva mizezebiTac. 1908
wels saratovidan Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ufross egzavneba depeSa,
rom gamoiZaxes misi TanamSromeli social-demokratiul
partiaSi beriZe metsaxelad `uliCni~ (176).
Tbilisis `oxrankis~ agent-TanamSromeli `georgievi~
xelmZRvanelisadmi miwvdil informaciaSi werda, rom filerebs
aCvenebda ganyofilebisaTvis saWiro pirovnebas Semdegnairad: igi
masTan erTad gamovidoda binidan xelCakidebuli. amis Sedegad
ki agentis vinaoba cnobili gaxda `oxrankis~ filerebisaTvis
(177).
1908 wels e. azefi gaamJRavna policiis departamentis
yofilma ufrosma lopuxinma. amasTan dakavSirebiT policiis
departamenti politikuri Zebnis adgilobriv organoebs swerda:
`azefis mxilebam SeiZleba mavne gavlena iqonios zogierT
moqmed TanamSromelze. policiis departamenti Tvlis sworad
dayenebuli agentura warmoadgens erT-erT yvelaze Zlier
saSualebas revolucionerebis saqmianobis winaaRmdeg, amitom
misi SenarCuneba da ganviTareba aucilebelia. im SemTxvevaSi,
roca TanamSromeli azefis saqmesTan dakavSirebiT SiSobs, unda
mieTiTos mas, rom politikuri Zebnis organoebma SeZles
SeenarCunebinaT azefis saidumlo 16 wlis ganmavlobaSi da misi
gaxmaureba moxda gamonaklisis saxiT~ (178).
ramdenad iyo es `gacemis gamonaklisi SemTxveva” Cans vl.
burcevis sityvebidan, rom mis xelSi gaiara policiis
departamentis arqivis saidumlo dokumentaciis mTelma rigma
tomebma, romelic masTan mihqonda departamentis Cinovniks mcire
gasamrjelos fasad (179).
- 92 -
revolucioneri i. jorbenaZe `oxrankis~ agentis vinaobis
gamJRavnebas Semdegnairad aRwers: `goris organizaciis saqme
gairCa sasamarTlo palataSi ... me moviTxove TavisuflebaSi
myofi amxanagebidan ramenairad eSovaT es `saqme~ da
SemoegzavnaT cixeSi. Cemda moulodnelad esec advilad moewyo.
`saqmeSi~ aRmoCnda TanamSromlis monanieba misi monacemebis
miTiTebiT~ (180).
TviTon `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufrosis a. angilevis
mouqnelma moqmedebam gaamJRavna misi, SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze
ufro Zvirfasi monapovari social-demokratiul partiaSi. 4
TveSi Sewyda (1906 wlis dekemberi _ 1907 wlis aprili) social-
demokratiuli partiis, avlabris raionis samxedro
organizaciis xelmZRvanelis, SeTavsebiT `oxrankis~ agentis
`vaJnis~ saqmianoba. igi sakmaod Rirebul cnobebs iZleoda.
dawyebuli monacemebiT xelisuflebis Zalovani struqturebis im
Cinovnikebze, vinc revolucionerebTan TanamSromlobdnen,
damTavrebuli social-demokratiuli partiis samxedro
organizaciis wevrTa siiT. swored misi meSveobiT momzadda
TbilisSi social-demokratiuli partiis samxedro organizaciis
wevrTa dapatimreba. `vaJnis~ bolo moxsenebidan Cans, rogor
Caagdo is a. angilevma. rogorc zemoT SevniSneT angilevma mas
saxlSi gaugzavna `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis darajis
mcirewlovani bavSvi, romelmac gaamJRavna `vaJnis~ kavSiri
`oxrankasTan~ (181).
`TanamSromlebis~ vinaoba mJRavndeboda politikuri
policiis Cinovnikebs Soris arsebuli dapirispirebis gamoc.
policiis departamentis gansakuTrebuli ganyofileba 1908 wels
acnobebda Tavis adgilobriv organoebs: `xSirad politikuri
- 93 -
Zebnis adgilobrivi organoebis Cinebi cdiloben gadaibiron
Tavisi kolegebis xelqveiT myofi saidumlo TanamSromlebi,
aRuTqvamen fulad jildoebs. Tuki ver miaRwies maTgan
Tanxmobas,YaSineben, rom gaamJRavneben da zogierT SemTxvevaSi
gasces kidec isini~ (182).
instruqciebiT gadabirebis erT-erT xerxs warmoadgenda
fuliT da-xarbeba (183). `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufrosebi ar
eridebodnen gadasabireblad gamiznuli pirebis cixidan
gamoZaxebas da informaciis sanacvlod sTavazobdnen fuls (184).
instruqcia iTxovda: `saidumlo TanamSromlebi droulad unda
kmayofildebodnen Tavisi xelfasiT, romlis sidide
mdgomareobs pirdapir damokidebulebaSi maTgan miRebuli
agenturuli cnobebis RirebulebaSi da adgiliT, romelic
ukaviaT revoluciur organizaciaSi~. miTiTebulia im
TanamSromlebis fuladi jildoTi waxalisebis aucilebloba,
vinc iZleoda swor da sando cnobebs (185).
`oxrankis~ ganyofilebebis ufrosebis xelSi iyo moqceuli
sameTval-yureo da Sinagan agenturaze daSvebuli Tanxebi (186).
policiis departamentis saidumlo fondidan calke iyo
daSvebuli Tanxa konspiraciuli binebis Sesanaxad sagubernio
JandarmTa sammarTveloebis, `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebis da
`oxrankis~ punqtebisaTvis.
Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebas revoluciis periodSi
konspiraciuli binebis dasaqiraveblad da saidumlo
TanamSromlebze gasacemad gamoyofili hqonda 13-dan 14 aTas
maneTamde weliwadSi. 1907 wlidan dauSves saidumlo
TanamSromlebze gasacemi Tanxa Tbilisis JandarmTa sagubernio
sammarTvelosaTvis (187).
- 94 -
Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis saidumlo
TanamSromlebi sxvadasxva raodenobis xelfass iRebdnen. Tanxis
gacemis uwyisSi iwereboda saidumlo TanamSromlis namdvili
saxeli, metsaxeli, romeli wlidan iyo `TanamSromeli~, ramdens
iRebda TveSi, ra Tanxa miiRo (188). Tanxa meryeobda 30-dan 50
maneTamde. yvelaze didi xelfasi gamowerilia social-
demokratiul organizaciaSi agent-TanamSromel beriZeze
(`uliCni~). mas 1908 wels TveSi saSualod 105 maneTi aqvs
miRebuli. TanamSromlebi SigadaSig iTxovdnen damatebiT
Tanxebs TiTqosda raime seriozuli saqmis gasaxsnelad,
tipografiis aRmosaCenad (189). aRsaniSnavia, rom maT akrZaluli
hqondaT `oxrankidan~ miRebuli TanxiT SeeZinaT raime Zvirfasi
nivTi. metic, instruqciis mixedviT: `TanamSromlebs usityvod
ekrZalebaT amxanagebis gamaspinZleba miRebuli xelfasiT,
sacxovrebeli pirobebis gaumjobeseba. sasurvelia, rom
gamonaklisi SemTxvevebis garda, TanamSromelma Tavisi Tavi
Caayenos materialurad gaWirvebuli adamianis mdgomareobaSi~
(190).
1905-1907 wlis revoluciis periodSi revoluciuri
agitaciis umTavres formas proklamaciebi, gazeTebi da saerTod,
nabeWdi saxis produqcia warmoadgenda. amitom, policiis
departamenti TiToeul gaxsnil saidumlo tipografiaze did
Tanxebs uxdida maT aRmomCenebs (191). did fulad jildos
iZleodnen aseve mosalodneli teroristuli aqtis,
eqspropriaciis momzadebis gaxsnis an gamoCenili
revolucioneris dapatimrebis SemTxvevaSic. politikuri
policiis oficrebi tyavSi Zvrebodnen saidumlo tipografiebis
aRmosaCenad da agentebis moTxovnebs akmayofilebdnen. isini ki
- 95 -
xSirad TviTon hqmnidnen xelovnurad danaSauls. am sakiTxs
SemdegSi SevexebiT
aRsaniSnavia, rom agent-TanamSromelze xelfasis garda
fuladi jildos gacemis dros konspiraciis dacvis mizniT ar
xdeboda xelwerilis CamorTmeva. am situacias ki `oxrankis”
oficrebi iyenebdnen agenturisaTvis gankuTvnili Tanxebis
misaTviseblad da masiurad xdeboda yalbi
`TanamSromlebisaTvis” gamoyofili Tanxebis miTviseba, rasac
xels uwyobda policiis departamentis moTxovna: `saidumlo
TanamSromlebi unda iyolioT yvela moqmed revoluciur
organizaciaSi da SeZlebisdagvarad ramdenime TiToeulSi~ (192).
policiis departamentis yofili ufrosis komisarovis
TqmiT `rac ar unda sasacilo iyos, `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebi
aformebdnen didi raodenobiT yalb agentebs~ (193). 1917 wlis
Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg sakmaod bevri adamiani aRmoCnda
`oxrankis” ganyofilebebis `saidumlo TanamSromelTa~ siaSi ise,
rom maT amaze warmodgenac ki ar hqondaT. samwuxarod zogierTi
maTganisTvis es sazogadoebidan mokveTiT damTavrda, rogorc
`oxrankis~ agentebis.
saidumlo TanamSromels fasi Cavardnamde hqonda.
gamJRavnebis Semdeg maT garkveul dros uxdidnen xelfass,
aZlevdnen axal pasports sxva monacemebiT. Tbilisis `oxrankis~
ganyofilebis ufrosis cnobiT vinme a. fokelmanis
(metsaxeliT `briuzgli~) agenturuli moRvaweoba daiwyo
saidumlo TanamSromlis rangSi odesaSi, Semdeg Seicvala gvari
da miiRo axali pasporti. `muSaobda~ kiSinovSi, Semdeg kvlav
Seicvala pasporti da `muSaobda~ peterburgSi (194).O zogierT
damsaxurebul agents agzavnidnen moSorebul guberniebSi
- 96 -
`oxrankis~ ganyofilebebSi samuSaod. maT axal adgilze zogjer
iyenebdnen meTvalyure agentebad _ filerebad (195). irkutskis
`oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufrosi 1906 wels iTxovda Tbilisis
`oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufrosisagan: `raime mizeziT iqneb
surda mis ganyofilebaSi gadasvla romelime saidumlo
TanamSromels, 100 maneTi xelfasiT TveSi~ (196). gamJRavnebuli
agentebi xSirad TviTonac sTavazobdnen samsaxurs sxva
guberniebis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebs. magaliTad baqos
`oxrankis~ punqtis ufrosi acnobebda a. angilevs, rom:
`mTavazobs samsaxurs Tqveni yofili TanamSromeli n. avalova,
metsaxeliT `Cor-nenkaia~, sandoa Tu ara, gamodgeba Tu ara,
ramdens uxdidiT?~ (197). 1907 wlis oqtomberSi Tbilisis
`oxrankis~ ufross samsaxuri SesTavaza i. d. zgurski-slianskim,
romelmac ganucxada a. angilevs, rom igi `ivan-priezJis~
metsaxeliT TanamSromlobda odesis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebaSi.
angilevma miRebuli wesisamebr gaagzavna SekiTxva odesaSi da
miiRo pasuxi: `i. d. zgurski-slianski iZleoda cnobebs
elizavetogradSi, Semdeg Cavarda da wavida odesaSi, sadac
iZleoda ukve `erTjerad~ cnobebs. aqedan wavida kavSirebis
uqonlobis gamo. aris eSmaki da moxerxebuli. kavkasiaSi SeuZlia
sargeblobis motana~ (198).
gamJRavnebuli agentebis umravlesobas, kerZod maT, visac
veRar gamoiyenebdnen momavalSi, garkveuli drois gasvlis
Semdeg, rogorc gamousadegar nivTs, ise agdebdnen quCaSi. am
adamianebs xelisuflebis mxridan emuqrebodaT xSirad
sikvdiliT dasja, anda patimroba adre Cadenili
danaSaulebebisaTvis. revolucionerebis mxridan ki sikvdili
garantirebuli hqondaT. revolucioner s. lomiZis mogonebaSi
- 97 -
vkiTxulobT: `1905-1908 wlebSi komitets aravin ekiTxeboda da
Tuki darwmundebodnen vinmes gamcemlobaSi, imaze bevr
gamoZiebas ar niSnavdnen da TviTon uswordebodnen, hklavdnen
gamcemlebs~ (199).
amitom yofili `saidumlo TanamSromlebi~, xSir
SemTxvevaSi iZulebiT gamxdari agentebad, aqeT-iqiT awydebodnen,
icvlidnen sacxovrebel adgilebs, imalebodnen, rom
aecilebinaT orive mxridan wamosuli saSiSroeba. imis gamo, rom
Cavardnis Semdeg xelmZRvanel oficers akrZaluli hqonda
maTTan urTierTobis gagrZeleba, mimarTavdnen pirdapir
policiis departaments. iTxovdnen Tanxebs, raTa Tavi gaetanaT,
manam cxovrebas xelaxla aiwyobdnen. policiis departamenti,
Tuki aRniSnuli piri aRricxvaze hyavda ayvanili adgilobrivi
`oxrankis~ ganyofilebebis mier miwvdili cnobebis safuZvelze,
xSir SemTxvevaSi uxdida maT 300-400 maneT erTjerad daxmarebas,
moTxovnilze bevrad naklebs (200). aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom
gansakuTrebiT sasargeblo e.w. `centralur agenturas~
uniSnavdnen pensias weliwadSi 1000-dan 2000 maneTamde, magram es
iSviaTi gamonaklisi iyo.
Semzaravi tragediebia aRwerili gamomJRavnebul agentTa
werilebis SinaarsSi policiis departamentis mimarT. isini
darCenilebi yovelgvari saxsrebis gareSe ecemodnen cxovrebis
fskerze, gamudmebiT icvlidnen sacxovrebel adgilebs,
iklavdnen Tavs. gamwarebuli adamianebi, visac CafurTxebuli
sulis meti, ar darCenodaT ra, midiodnen SantaJze Tavisi
yofili ufrosebis mimaT, rom gaamJRavnebdnen maTTvis cnobil
`oxrankis~ sxva agentebs. magaliTad, Tbilisis `oxrankis~ erT-
- 98 -
erTi yofili TanamSromeli eweoda TvalTvals `oxrankis~
TanamSromlebze da maT uCvenebda revolucionerebs (201).
Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis masalebSi aris saqme,
romelSic naTqvamia, radganac `Tbilisis `oxrankis~
ganyofilebam uari Tqva saerTo policiis yofil agent evgenia
meliq-Saxnazarovas samsaxurze, man iSova socialist-
revolucionerebis da `daSnakebis~ `iavkebi~ da gadasca maT
kavkasiis raionuli da Tbilisis `oxrankis” ganyofilebebis
oficrebis monacemebi – saxeli, gvari, garegnuli aRwera. amis
Sedegad axla social list-revolucionerebis partiaSi dgas
sakiTxi erT-erTi moxelis mokvlis Sesaxeb~ (202).
$4. meTvalyure agentebi-filerebi
marTalia instruqciebiT `mTavar da erTaderT safuZvels
politikuri ZiebisaTvis warmoadgenda sruliad saidumlo da
mudmivi agentura~, sakmao informacias revolucionerebze
`oxrankis” ganyofilebebisaTvis iZleodnen gare meTvalyureobis
agentebi – filerebi. faqtobrivad meTval-yureoba gaxleCili
iyo or nawilad – erTis mxriv gare meTvalyureoba filerebis
meSveobiT, romlebsac xalxSi uwodebdnen `Spikebs~ da
`goroxovoe palto~-s da meores mxriv revoluciuri
organizaciebi `Suqdeboda~ Signidan partiaSi myofi `oxrankis~
agentebis meSveobiT (203).
policiis departamenti 1894 wlidan nel-nela, mzardi
revoluciuri agitaciis gamo, iZulebuli gaxda ezruna
revoluciuri moZraobis gasaSuqeblad partiebSi saidumlo
- 99 -
agentebis gaCenaze. maTgan miRebuli cnobebis dasamuSaveblad ki
gaCnda saWiroeba moskovis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebasTan, rogorc
im wlebSi politikuri Zebnis centralur organosTan, Camoe-
yalibebinaT meTvalyure agentebis 30 kaciani razmi (204). am
razmis Camoyalibeba dakavSirebulia moskovis `oxrankis~
maSindel xelmZRvanel i. zubatovis TanaSemwe evstrate
mednikovis saxelTan. am ukanasknelis xelmZRvanelobiT moskovis
`oxrankasTan~ Camoyalibda e.w. `evstratkina Skolad~ wodebuli,
saswavleblis msgavsi dawesebuleba filerebis mosamzadeblad.
Tanamedrovis sityvebiT, igi uSvebda `TiTiT saCvenebel
filerebs~ (205). 1890-ani wlebis meore naxevarSi imdenad
nayofieri aRmoCnda moskovis `oxrankis~ filerTa razmis
saqmianoba, rom misi Semadgenloba 20 kaciT iqna gazrdili.
Tumca, amave dros guberniebSi ar yavdaT saidumlo agentura
da gare meTvalyureoba umetes SemTxvevaSi xorcieldeboda
gadacmuli Jandarmeriis unter-oficrebis mier, romlebsac
Tanamedrovis sityvebiT: `xandaxan aviwydebodaT Ceqmebze dezebis
moxsna~ (206).
1902 wels i. zubatovi gadavida ra policiis departamentis
gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis ufrosad, masTan erTad
peterburgSi gadavida e. mednikovic. amave wels ruseTis
imperiis mTel teritoriaze jer `Zebnis~, Semdeg ki `oxrankis~
ganyofilebebis Seqmnis Semdeg moskovis `oxrankis~ filerTa
razmi reformirebul iqna. maTi nawili daigzavna guberniebSi
Camoyalibebul `Zebnis~ ganyofilebebSi (207).
1902 wlis 12 agvistos `Zebnis~ ganyofilebis debulebis
mixedviT ganyofilebis ufrosebs daevalaT ra politikuri
Zebnis _ gare meTvalyureobis da saidumlo agenturis
- 100 -
xelmZRvaneloba, MmaT ara marto unda gaeCinaT saidumlo
TanamSromlebi, aramed aerCiaT da eswavlebinaT meTval-yure
agentebis – filerebisaTvis (208).
1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis periodSi praqtikaSi damuSavda
da 1907 wels gamoica instruqcia #140 gare (fileruli)
meTvalyureobis organizebaze. debulebiT akrZaluli iyo, iseve
rogorc Jandarmeriis unter-oficrebis instruqciaSi filerebad
polonelebis da ebraelebis miReba, Tumca praqtikaSi es
moTxovna xSirad irRveoda.
instruqciaSi araferi iyo naTqvami konkretulad
mosaxleobis romeli kategoriidan unda SeeZinaT da Semdeg
aRezardaT filerebi. moskovis `oxrankis~ ufrosi 1905-1907
wlebis revoluciis periodSi fon koteni werda: `praqtikam
miCvena kargi filerebi gamodian kazakebidan, vaWrebidan, cixis
zedamxedvelebidan~. igi fileruli samsaxurisaTvis asarCevi
kandidatebidan upiratesobas aniWebda 30 welze naklebi asakis
adamianebs, simaRles. unda yofiliyo saSualoze dabali, kargi
mxedvelobis. `Tumca praqtikaSi vnaxe _ wers igi _
gansakuTrebiT kargi mxedvelobis pirTa ayvana uazrobaa, radgan
SedarebiT susti mxedvelobis pirebidan gamodian kargi
filerebi, magram maT ar unda hqonodaT SesamCnevi nakli
sikoWle, kuzi da sxva~ (209).
gare meTvalyureobis agentobis kandidats ganyofilebaSi
ori kviris ganmavlobaSi amowmebdnen. kerZod, cdilobdnen misi
xasiaTis Seswavlas sxva mosamsaxureebTan urTierTobis
safuZvelze. Semdeg agzavnidnen `samoqmedo teritoriis~ qalaqis
an dasaxlebuli punqtis detalurad gasacnobad. mas unda
scodnoda qalaqis ubnebi, quCebi, moednebi, policiis
- 101 -
ganyofilebebis ganlageba, saxlebs Soris gamavali ezoebi,
gasasvlelebi, duqnebi, baRebi, matareblis Semadgenlobis
gasvlis, Camosvlis dro, tramvais moZraobis ganrigi, meetleTa
sadgomebi, maTi taqsa, saswavlo, saxelmwifo da kerZo
dawesebulebebis ganlageba, fabrikebis, qarxnebis muSaobis
dawyebis dro, damTavreba, saxelmwifo mosamsaxureebis,
moswavleebis formis tansacmeli, ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi (210).
amis Semdeg axalbeda swavlobda garkveuli wesiT
pirovnebis aRweras. mas igi aseTi TanamimdevrobiT unda
daesaxasiaTebina _ sqesi, asaki, simaRle, agebuleba, Tmis feri,
erovneba, ra feris, stilis tansacmels atarebda, ra saxis
fexsacmeli ecva.
imisaTvis, rom erTi SexedviT ecnoT sameTvalyureo,
Tundac gadacmuli da garegnobaSecvlili, filers unda
Seeswavla sameTvalyureos siarulis manera, damaxasiaTebeli
moZraobebi, rogor eWira Tavi, xelebi, rogor adgamda fexebs da
sxva. instruqcia iTxovda, filerebs sameTval-yureos erTi
SexedviT damaxsovrebis mizniT xSirad evarjiSaT. dReSi
ramdenjerme nebismieri pirisaTvis quCaSi erTi Sexedvis Semdeg
unda daexuWaT Tvalebi da gonebaSi warmoedginaT misi
garegnuli monacemebi. meored Sexedvisas ki SeemowmebinaT
sworad Seafases Tu ara igi (211).
sameTvalyureosaTvis saxeze Sexedva nebadarTuli iyo
mxolod xalxmraval quCaze, bazarSi. yru quCebze da
gzajvaredinebze sameTval-yureosTan pirispir Sexvedra sastikad
iyo akrZaluli. `araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda SexvdeT mzeriT
sameTvalyureos. ar uCvenoT Tqveni Tvalebi, radgan Tvalebi
amaxsovrdeba yvelaze metad adamians~, iTxovda instruqcia (212).
- 102 -
praqtikaSi saqme sxvagvarad iyo. swored aqeT-iqiT Tvalis
cecebis da saxis ucebadi moridebis gamo scnobdnen xSirad
filerebs revolucionerebi.
damwyebi filerebi gadiodnen `praqtikul momzadebas~. maT
agzavnidnen sameTvalyureod romelime gamocdil filerze. am
ukanasknels evaleboda Tavidan mSvidad evlo, gaekeTebina
`Semowmebebi” _ uceb Semotrialebuliyo saxlebis kuTxeebTan
da Seemowmebina vinme xom ar uTvalTvalebda. rodesac fileri
ise iswavlida meTvalyureobas, rom sameTvalyureo mas ver
afiqsirebda, es ukanaskneli arTulebda Tavis marSruts, ereoda
xalxis masaSi, gadadioda erTi etlidan meoreSi.
praqtikuli meTvalyureobis yvelaze ufro damaxasiaTebeli
xerxebis Seswavlis Semdeg, damwyebebs agzavnidnen gamocdil
filerebTan erTad sameTvalyureod. `oxrankis~ ganyofilebaSi
yoveldRe xdeboda filerebis saRamos Sekrebebi. aq filerebi
gare meTvalyureobis ganyofilebis xelmZRvanel oficers
abarebdnen yoveldRiuri meTvalyureobis angariSs. oficeri
uxsnida maT, sworad moiqcnen Tu ara, ama Tu im konkretuli
situaciis dros. garda amisa, filerebs aswavlidnen, romeli
monacemebis SejerebiT SeiZleboda garkveva sameTvalyureo sad
cxovrobda, Camosulia Tu adgilobrivi, sameTvalyureos
Sexvedra sxva pirTan SemTxveviTi iyo Tu winaswar gamiznuli,
romel SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda sameTvalyureos gaSveba
meTvalyureobidan da sxva.
zemoCamoTvlili monacemebis SejerebiT filerebi xSirad
damoukideblad xsnidnen saxelmwifo danaSauls. Tbilisis
`oxrankis~ fileris veCerinis mogonebaSi vkiTxulobT, rom man
1904 wlis zafxulSi yuradReba miaqcia rkinigzis sadgurSi
- 103 -
etliT mosul students da axalgazrda qals, romlebmac ar
andes sakmaod mZime ori kalaTa mebarguls da rodesac
daeWvebulma filerma gaaCxrekina policias es kalaTebi, iq
iaraRis 5000 tyvia aRmoaCina (213).
varSavis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis gare meTvalyureobis
gamgis guri-nis mogonebebSi aRniSnulia, rom man varSavis erT-
erT baRSi SemTxveviT Sesulma yuradReba gaamaxvila ucnob
pirze, romelic aRelvebuli mimo-dioda. man Tavisi iniciativiT
`aiyvana~ meTvalyureobaSi da gamoarkvia igi iyo teroristi da
dapatimrebisas aRmouCines bombi (214).
filerebis sacxovrebel adgilze aravis ar unda scodnoda
maTi saqmianoba da muSaobis adgili. konspiraciis dacvis mizniT
filerebs unda mieTiTebinaT iseTi samsaxuri cnobismoyvare
mezoblebisaTvis, sadac muSaoba gvian RamiT mTavrdeboda
rkinigzaze, tramvais depoSi da sxva. policiis departamentis
brZanebiT 1907 wlidan filerebis vinaobis saidumlod Senaxvis
mizniT maTac saidumlo agenturis msgavsad dauwyes
metsaxelebis micema. filerebs unda CaecvaT rogorc
adgilobriv saSualo fenis warmomadgenlebs da tansacmeli ar
unda gamorCeuliyo im teritoriaze mcxovrebi mosaxleobis
saerTo masisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Cacmulobidan (215).
moqalaqeebze meTvalyureobis dawesebis mizezi ZiriTadad
ori iyo: pirveli _ agenturis miTiTebis gamo. meore imitom, rom
am moqalaqesTan urTierTobaSi imyofeboda is piri, viszec
dawesebuli iyo gare meTval-yureoba. magaliTad, socialist-
revolucionerebis mier kavkasiis policiis gamgis Sirinkinze
Tavdasxmis momzadebis dros, Tbilisis `oxrankis~ mier gare
meTvalyureoba, am partiis wevr maria nikolozis asul
- 104 -
xudadovaze dawesda agenturis miTiTebis Tanaxmad, xolo mis Zma
vladimirze ki Tavis dasTan xSiri Sexvedrebis gamo (216).
sameTvalyureoze TvalTvalis dawyebis davalebas e.w.
`nariads” fileri iRebda diliT gare meTvalyureobis gamgisgan.
mas uTiTebdnen adgils, saidan unda daewyo TvalTvali _
`aeyvana~ sameTvalyureo. sityvie-rad uTiTebdnen am piris
garegnul niSnebs, Tu gaaCndaT uCvenebdnen fotosuraTs.
sameTvalyureos `ayvanis~ Semdeg fileri mudmivad
uTvalTvalebda mas. dayveboda ukan da arkvevda sad wavidoda,
vis Sexvdeboda, esaubreboda, ra ecva sameTvalyureosTan
Semxvedr adamians, rodis dakarga igi meTval-yureobidan da ase
Semdeg (217). filerebs mkacrad afrTxilebdnen, rom sjobda
sameTvalyureo mietovebinaT, vidre igi SeamCnevda
meTvalyureobas (218).
meTvalyureobaSi ayvanil pirs fileri aZlevda metsaxels.
metsaxeli unda yofiliyo mokle, erTsityviani. iseTi, rom
garkveuliyo qals ekuTvnoda igi Tu mamakacs. aucilebeli
warmoadgenda iyo iseTi saxelis micema, romelic daaxasiaTebda
sameTvalyureos garegnobas. maria xudadovas micemuli hqonda
metsaxelad `drapovaia~, radgan atarebda drafis paltos, mis
Zmas vladimers ki `tiomni~ – atarebda Sav saTvales (219).
sameTvalyureosTan Sexvedril sxva pirebsac eZleodaT
metsaxelebi. am SemTxvevebSi aZlevdnen iseT metsaxelebs,
romelic raime garkveul jgufisTvis, magaliTad, ZaRlis
jiSebisTvis an Tevzebis saxeobebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. es
saWiro iyo imisaTvis, rom naTeli yofiliyo romel pirebTan
kavSirSi midioda sameTvalyureos mTeli dRis marSrutis,
saqmianobis ganxilva saRamos Sekrebaze. filerebi xSirad
- 105 -
gadascemdnen erTmaneTs sameTvalyureoebs, raTa erTi da igive
piris TvalTvali ar aRmoeCina sameTvalyureos, Tuki erTsa da
imave pirs eZleoda sxvadasxva fileris mier gansxvavebuli
metsaxeli, es uceb irkveoda imave saRamos Sekrebebze.
filerebis gamokiTxvas `oxrankis~ oficrebi zogjer maT
sacxovrebel binebSi awarmoebdnen, sadac isini cxovrobdnen
konspirrebulad (220).
gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi meTvalyureobas erTad
anxorcielebda ori, sami fileri. instruqciiT erTs unda
emeTvalyura sameTval-yureosTvis zurgidan. meore da mesame
filers ki evloT im quCis paraleluri quCiT, romelzec
midioda sameTvalyureo. aseTi gaTvla mdgomareobda SemdegSi _
maTi nabiji ar unda yofiliyo Cqari sameTvalyureoze, raTa igi
gzajvaredinebze daefiqsirebinaT.
fileri, eZleoda Tu ara saSualeba, iwerda ubis wignakSi
sameTval-yureos Sesaxeb yvelafers drois miTiTebiT _ sad
Sevida, ramden xans darCa da sxva. am wignakis safuZvelze
abarebda angariSs Tavis xelmZRva-nels. yoveldRiuri
moxsenebebi erTad iyrida Tavs e.w. `gare meTvalyureobis
dRiurSi~ da ideboda im organizaciis Tu partiis saqmeSi,
romelsac ekuTvnoda sameTvalyureo piri.
meTvalyureobis gawevisas konspiraciul binebze, an
tipografiis, iaraRis sawyobis savaraudo adgilsamyofelze
iniSneboda `sameTvalyureo posti~. postze imyofeboda ori da
meti fileri. im mizniT, rom ar SeemCniaT erT adgilze mudmivad
myofi filerebi, isini xSirad icvlebodnen. am meTodiT
`oxrankis~ ganyofilebis filerTa didi nawili ecnoboda
sameTvalyureo pirTa jgufs da maTi TvalTvalidan gaSvebis
- 106 -
SemTxvevaSi damoukideblad awarmoebdnen maT Zebnas qalaqis Tu
dabis sxvadasxva ubnebSi.
zog SemTxvevaSi postebze mdgari filerebi qiraobdnen
sameTvalyureo obieqtis axlomdebare binebs an sastumros
nomrebs, romlis fanjrebic mdebareobda obieqtis mopirdapire
mxares. Sediodnen maRaziebSi, duqnebSi, sabiliardoebSi, sadac
vaWrobdnen, qeifobdnen, TamaSobdnen da amave dros am
dawesebulebis fanjrebidan uTvalTvalebdnen.
erT-erTi fileris mogonebaSi vkiTxulobT, rom
sameTvalyureo obieqtis win mdebare sabiliardoSi filerebma
daiwyes yoveldRe siaruli. ori TamaSobda, erTi ki sarkmlidan
akvirdeboda obieqts. `am xerxiT Cven SevZeliT tipografia
agveyvana gare meTvalyureobis Cavardnis gareSe~, amTavrebs
Tavis monaTxrobs fileri (221).
gare meTvalyureobis aseTsave xerxebs iyenebdnen im
periodSi evropis qveynebis specsamsaxurebi. cnobili social-
demokrati lev trocki (bronSteini) wers, rom safrangeTis
xelisufalni cudad epyrobodnen: `me gars mexveodnen jaSuSebi,
romlebic sruliad daufaravad `muSaobdnen~. isini movidnen
ludxanaSi, saidanac xelisguliviT moCanda mTeli Cveni quCa.
gaagdes patroni da iq moawyves TavianTi sameTvalyureo punqti,
es jaSuSebi fexdafex damdevdnen metroSi, taqsSi~ (222).
sameTvalyureo postze myof filerebs acmevdnen, rogorc
gazeTebis damtareblebs, wvril vaWrebs, kurierebs da isinic
Sesabamisad vaWrobdnen gazeTebiT, wvrili saqoneliT.
moZraobdnen ra sameTvalyureo obieqtis mimdebare quCebSi,
uTvalTvalebdnen gamJRavnebis riskis gareSe. filerebis
instruqciaSi miTiTebuli iyo, rogor unda daeWiraT Tavi Tu
- 107 -
sameTval-yureo moulodnelad gamovidoda Senobidan da
SeeCexeboda. rogor unda mdgariyvnen, rogor Sesuliyvnen
sameTvalyureosTan Tavis asarideblad ludxanaSi, duqanSi.
kerZod, uceb ar unda Setrialebuliyvnen da ar aeCqarebinaT
nabijisaTvis, ar unda evloT TvalSi mosaxvedri neli nabijiT.
agreTve mocemulia sameTvalyureos gamoCenis SemTxvevaSi
erTmaneTTan saniSnebeli niSnebis (`parolebis~) teqnika da sxva
(223).
revolucionerebis sabrZolo masalebis sawyobis, feTqebadi
nivTierebebis laboratoriis, tipografiis savaraudo ganlagebis
adgilze, Tu axlos iyo meetleTa gasaCerebeli adgili
sameTvalyureo postze ayenebdnen cxenosan filerebs, romelTa
damxmareebad trialebdnen wvril vaWrebad da gazeTebis
damtareblad gadacmuli filerebi.
filerebis saqmianobis ganmsazRvrel instruqciaSi mTeli
Tavia miZRvnili Tu rogor unda moqceuliyvnen meetle
filerebi: `meetlis gamoCena iqcevs meezoveebisa da darajebis
yuradRebas, romlebic Cveulebriv maT erekebian, raTa cxenebma
ar mosvaron iqauroba~ (224). meetle filers unda `daeWira
meezovis tipi" da erT-erTisTvis eTqva, rom eqimi miiyvana
avadmyofTan, meorisTvis saidumlod gaendo, rom elodeboda
`batons~, romelic aris sxvis colTan, an igive eTqva aseTive
`qalbatonze~, mesame miepatiJa gasamaspinZleblad, rom TiTqosda
Semosavliani adgilidan ar gaegdo. etliani filerebi
meTvalyureobdnen sameTvalyureos im drosac, roca isini
etlebiT sargeblobdnen, misdevdnen ukan maT etlebs.
peterburgis `oxrankas~ avtomobilebis ricxvis zrdis gamo am
mizniT avtomobilic ki hyavda. aqve avRniSnavT, rom am
- 108 -
periodSive ismineboda sameTvalyureo pirTa satelefono
saubrebic. amrigad, ruseTis politikuri policiis saqmianobaSi
teqnikuri progresi saxeze iyo.
raionuli `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebis Seqmnis Semdeg
filerebs periodulad gzavnidnen guberniebis im periferiul
teritoriebze, sadac revoluciuri moZraoba yvelaze metad iyo
ganviTarebuli (225). aseT SemTxvevaSi filerebs evalebodaT,
Tuki gaaCndaT ojaxi masTan erTad gamgzavrebuliyo, radgan
naklebi Sansi iyo gamJRavnebuliyo maTi saqmianoba. instruqciaSi
aRniSnulia, rom colTan an bavSvTan erTad gaseirneba
`faravda~ meTvalyureobas (226).
`mivlinebebSi~ myofi filerebi dakvirvebis Sedegebs
werilobiT acnobebdnen fostis meSveobiT xelmZRvanelebs.
rodesac icodnen sameTval-yureos gamgzavrebis adgili, iq
ugzavnidnen depeSas adgilobriv politikuri Zebnis
ganyofilebebs am piris meTvalyureobaSi ayvanis TxovniT. depeSa
dgeboda rogorc savaWro Setyobineba. masSi ganyofilebis gamge
ixsenieboda patronad, filerebi mosamsaxureebad, sameTvalyureo
piri saqonlad. magaliTad, `keTili inebeT da miiReT saqoneli~,
anda sameTvalyureos `dakargvis~ SemTxvevaSi _ `saqoneli
gafuWda~, dapatimrebisas _ `saqoneli Calagebulia yuTebSi~ da
sxva (227).
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sameTvalyureo tovebda qalaqs, mas
filerebi ukan miyvebodnen da sadac Cavidodnen, iq `abarebdnen~
adgilobriv filerebs. 1907 wlis 24 ianvars Tbilisis `oxrankis~
ganyofilebas policiis departamentma acnoba, rom
departamentSi Sesuli iyo informacia ruseTis social-
demokratiuli partiis V yrilobis mowvevis Sesaxeb.
- 109 -
departamenti iTxovda gamoerkviaT delegatebi adgilobrivi
organizaciidan da filerebs aeyvanaT meTvalyureobaSi. Tu
yriloba ruseTSi Catardeboda, miecilebinaT delegatebi
adgilamde, Tu sazRvargareT, maSin miecilebinaT sazRvramde da
iq daekavebinaT (228).
1907 wlamde meTvalyure agentura gaaCnda mxolod
`oxrankis~ ganyofilebebs. rkinigzis JandarmTa policiis
sammarTveloebi ar iyvnen movale yolodaT filerebi (229). 1908
wlis debulebiT raionuli `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebze
adgilobriv sagubernio JandarmTa sammarTveloebs daevalaT
gare meTvalyureobis organizacia _ Jandarmeriis unter-
oficrebisgan filerebis momzadeba. am debulebis $14-is mixedviT
aseTi unter-oficrebi unda yofiliyvnen saStato Semadgenlobis
2 procenti, xolo Tuki damatebiTi Statis unter-oficrebi
didi raodenobiT hyavdaT, maSin maTi Semadgenlobis naxevari
(230).
filerebis raodenoba 1905-1907 wlebSi saqarTveloSi
arsebul politikuri Zebnis ganyofilebebSi sakmaod mcire iyo.
Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebas 1908 wlis martSi StatSi
yavda 9 fileri. 1909 wlis dasawyisSi maTi raodenoba gaizarda
17-mde. calke yavda filerebi kavkasiis raionuli `oxrankis~
ganyofilebas _ 28. yvelaze metad filerTa ricxvis naklebobas
ganicdida baTumis `oxrankis~ punqti, romelsac 1904 wels
StatSi hyavda ori fileri. 1905 wels kavkasiis policiis gamgem
daumata Tavisi kancelariis gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis
policiis zedamxedvelTa ricxvidan ori piri fileruli
samuSaos Sesasruleblad. baTumis `oxrankis~ punqtis ufrosi
1906 wels Tbilisis JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos ufross
- 110 -
acnobebda, rom 4 fileri arasakmarisi iyo, radgan SeiZleboda
mxolod ori sameTvalyureo postis dayeneba. seriozuli
meTvalyureobisas ki saWiro iyo sami postis dayeneba. sxva
teritoriidan sameTvalyureos `miRebisas~ ukve xdeboda
sakuTari meTvalyureobis moxsna da meTvalyureoba `vardeboda~
(231). 1908 wlis ivlisSi baTumis `oxrankis~ punqts daumates ori
fileri da maTi ricxvi eqvsamde gaizarda (232).
filerebs sakmaod mizerul Tanxas uxdidnen TveSi 7-dan 12
maneTamde (233). amitom, isini Tavis moxsenebebSi xSirad yalbad
rTavdnen etliT an konkiT mgzavrobis safasurs. aRniSnuli
xasiaTis sicrue axa-siaTebda TviT `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebis
xelmZRvanelebs, romlebic policiis departamentSi wardgenil
moxsenebebSi meTvalyureobis warmoebis Sesaxeb rTavdnen ara
marto im pirebs, viszec gare meTvalyureoba xorcieldeboda,
aramed `oxrankis~ ganyofilebaSi revoluciur organizaciebTan
kavSirSi aRricxul yvela pirs. policiis departamenti
Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufross 1906 wels
miuTiTebda: `angariSebSi CamoTvlili sameTvalyureoTa ricxvi
ar edreba ganyofilebis sameTval-yureo Zalebs da masSi
CarTuli arian ukve karga xnis dapatimrebuli pirebic ki~ (334).
zemoT aRniSnuli araswori informaciis miwvda gamowveuli
iyo imiT, rom pirveli _ departaments aCvenebdnen Tu ra
nayofierad muSaobdnen da meore _ elementarulad iTvisebdnen
gare meTvalyureobis warmoebisTvis gamoyofil Tanxebs.
droTa ganmavlobaSi filerebs dauwyes meti moTxovnebis
wayeneba. filerebs TvalTvalis garda sxva saxis saqmianobac,
rom SesZlebodaT da `Sinagani agenturis daxmarebis gareSe
moexdinaT revoluciuri organizaciebis mier sxvadasxva saxis
- 111 -
danaSaulis momzadebis gaxsna~, jer kidev 1905 wlis Sua xanebSi
policiis departamentma moindoma filerebis skolis daarseba
(235). 1907 wlis gare meTvalyureobis #140 instruqciiT filers
ara marto unda eTvalTvala, aramed gamoerkvia
sameTvalyureosTan SexebaSi myofi pirebis vinaoba, saqmianoba,
kavSirebi. logikurad Tu vimsjelebT, Caetarebina
revoluciuri garemos gamokvleva, rac iTxovda politikuri
Zebnis xerxebis codnas (236). policiis departamentma 1907 welsve
moiTxova politikuri Zebnis adgilobrivi ganyofilebebisgan
filerebis aRzrda-swavleba waremarTaT ise, rom ipovaT
gamosavali nebismieri situaciidan~ (237).
1908 wels policiis departamentma miuTiTa adgilobriv
politikuri Zebnis organoebs, rom `agenturuli cnobebis~
dasamuSaveblad naklebad seriozul agentTan erTad
`mivlinebaSi~ gaegzavnaT filerebic, romlebic: `unda
gamijnuliyvnen rutinul xerxebs da daekonspirirebinaT Tavisi
saqmianoba. mivlinebis adgilze unda CaecvaT rogorc wvril
vaWrebs an studentebs. gamoeyenebinaT politikuri Zebnis
xerxebi. ar dabneuliyvnen nebismier situaciaSi da epovaT
gamosavali nebismier dros~ (238).
aRsaniSnavia, rom filerebs praqtikaSi am mizniT xSirad
iyenebdnen. `oxrankis~ erT-erTi oficris mogonebaSi aRwerilia
meTval-yureobaSi ayvanili ojaxis mosamsaxure gogonas
meSveobiT rogor Seityves ojaxis wevrebis revoluciuri
saqmianobis yvela detali. am gogonas specialurad gaacnes
axalgazrda mamakaci _ fileri. man Tavi Seayvara gogonas da
daniSna kidec. ojaxma Tavisi mosamsaxuris saqmro, bunebrivia,
miiRo saxlSi da ndobiT ekideboda. amiT isargebla filerma da
- 112 -
sruli informacia Seagrova ojaxis wevrTa revoluciuri
saqmianobis Sesaxeb (239). filerebs `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebi
iyenebdnen aseve revolucionerebis farulad dasapatimrebladac.
filerebs instruqciis Tanaxmad ar unda scodnodaT
saidumlo TanamSromlebis vinaoba da garegnoba. praqtikaSi ki
es wesi mudmivad irRveoda. `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufrosebi
iZulebuli iyvnen mieTiTebinaT filerebisaTvis saidumlo
TanamSromlebi, raTa isini daecvaT SemTxveviTi
dapatimrebisagan. amasTan erTad politikuri Zebnis
saWiroebidan gamomdinare filerebi agentebs dayvebodnen ukan,
raTa maTTan SexebaSi myofi pirebi aeyvanaT meTvalyureobaSi.
magaliTad, e.a zefs ruseTis sxvadasxva qalaqSi mogzaurobisas
acilebda ramdenime gamocdili fileri, romlebic
meTvalyureobaSi iyvandnen masTan SexebaSi myof adgilobriv
revolucionerebs (240). saidumlo TanamSromlebs filerebi
Tavis wreSi uwodebdnen `podmetkas~ (241).
1906 wlidan `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebi inaxavdnen
gansakuTrebiT mouxerxebel filerebsac. rodesac revoluciur
organizaciaSi yavdaT agenti, an organizacia amzadebda
teroristul aqts, magram `oxrankas~ ar surda im dros misi
wevrebis dapatimreba, aseT filerebs e.w.'`branderebs~ uSvebdnen
sameTvalyureod (242). (`branderebis~ daniSnulebas Cven Semdgom
SevexebiT). bunebrivia, maT revolucionerebi maleve amCnevdnen
da saswrafod imalebodnen. ra Tqma unda aseTi xerxi sasurveli
ar iyo, radgan gamJRavnebul filers aRar SeeZlo aqtiuri
muSaoba. aseT SemTxvevaSi file-rebs ucvlidnen samsaxuris
adgils, gadayavdaT moSorebul guberniebSi, an aZlevdnen raime
oficialur samsaxurs (243).
- 113 -
1906 wlidan filerebs aZlevdnen fotosuraTian piradobis
mowmobebs. maTi saqmianobis gaumjobesebis mizniT 1908 wlidan
filerebze daiwyes liTonis Jetonebis gacema da konspiraciis
mizniT ki metsaxelebis micemac (244). Jetonis Cveneba sakmarisi
iyo policiis dabali CinebisTvis, raTa gaewiaT filerebisaTvis
daxmareba. magram iaraRi, romelic maT Tavis dasacavad
sWirdebodaT 1900-1910 wlebSi ar gaicemoda. Tbilisis `oxrankis~
ufrosi 1906 wlis 18 seqtembers acnobebda mefisnacvlis
kancelariis gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis ufross, rom
filerebs revolucionerebi xSirad Tavs esxmodnen da
xocavdnen, icodnen ra, rom maT iaraRi ar gaaCndaT. `oxrankis~
ufross moyavda ramodenime konkretuli faqti da iTxovda
Tanxis gamoyofas ganyofilebis filerebis SesaiaraReb-lad (245).
filerebi xSirad sakuTari Secdomebis msxverplic
xdebodnen. cnobili avlabris aralegaluri stambis
meTvalyureobis procesSi erT-erTma filerma ase gasca Tavi.
sameTvalyureosTan pirispir Sexvedrisas mcire manZilis gavlis
Semdeg Semotrialda da saxeze daakvirda. or dReSi avlabris
stamba daarbia `oxrankam~ da es amocnobili fileric meore
dResve revolucionerebma mokles (246). zemoT dasaxelebul
sameTvalyureos warmoadgenda cnobili bolSeviki mixa
boWoriZe, romelic `oxrankis~ daxa-siaTebiT `iyo profesionali
revolucioneri da sakmaod frTxili meTvalyureobis mimarT~
(247).
- 114 -
$5. informaciis miRebis damatebiTi
xerxebi
politikuri policia saWiro informacias aseve iRebda maTi
`oficialuri agentebis~ _ Jandarmeriis sagubernio
sammarTveloebis da punqtis unter-oficrebidan. am
ukanasknelebs sxva saqmianobasTan erTad evalebodaT
meTvalyureoba mosaxleobaze da e.w. `faruli dazverviT~
informaciis mopoveba. meTvalyureobaSi igulisxmeboda
Tvalyuris devneba politikuri saqmianobisTvis adre
dapatimrebul pirebze, moswavle-axalgazrdobaze, gansakuTrebiT
maTze, vinc sazRvargareT swavlobda. aseve Tvalyuri unda
edevnebinaT proklamaciebis, broSurebis gavrcelebaze
mosaxleobaSi. SeekribaT cnobebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi
mimdinare movlenebze (248).
`faruli dazverva~ ki mdgomareobda SemdegSi. unter-
oficrebi uSua-lod mosaxleobasTan atarebdnen frTxil
gamokiTxvebs maTTvis saintereso piris Sesaxeb. policiis
departamenti miuTiTebda: `gamokiTxvisaTvis saintereso saganze
gadasvla SeumCnevlad unda moxdes, raTa gamokiTxuli ver
mixvdes ra da vin ainteresebs unter-oficers~ (249).
revoluciuri organizaciis Sesaxeb cnobebis miRebis
SemTxvevaSi unter-oficers unda gamoerkvia rodis moxda
organizaciis Camoyalibeba, misi Semadgenloba, gaCnda Tu ara
tipografia, iaraRis sawyobi da sxva. am saxis informaciis
miRebis saSualebad rekomendirebuli iyo fuladi jildos
gacemis aucilebloba, risi meSveobiTac gadaibirebdnen
organizaciis romelime wevrs.
- 115 -
politikuri policiis azriT meTvalyureobis da `faruli
dazvervis~ sawarmoeblad mosaxleobaze, kavkasiaSi saWiro iyo
`adgilobrivi pirobebis safuZvliani codna~, adgilobrivi
enebis Seswavla (250). Tbilisis JandarmTa sagubernio
sammarTvelos ufrosis azriT, `radganac punqtis unter-
oficrebma ar ician adgilobrivi enebi, ar aqvT saSualeba
politikuri Zebnisas miiRon aucilebeli cnobebi adgilobrivi
mcxovreblebisgan~, amitom, maTgan iTxovda adgilobrivi enebis
saswrafod Seswavlas (251).
mosaxleobasTan axlos yofnis mizniT Jandarmeriis
zogierTi oficeri trialebda adgilobrivi maRali
sazogadoebis wreSi. maTTan erTad TamaSobda banqos, qeifobda,
mReroda saojaxo warmodgenebze, eswreboda Teatralur
sanaxaobebs. erT-erT aseT oficers policiis departamentma
misca gafrTxileba, rom ar SeiZleboda sazogadoebis nebismier
warmomadgenelTan hqonoda am saxis familaruli
damokidebuleba. man Tavi Semdegnairad imarTla: `me vTvlidi,
rac metad visargebleb adgilobrivi sazogadoebis simpatiiT, es
ki mxolod maTTan axlo urTierTobiT miiRweva, rac metad
vicxovreb maTi cxovrebiT, ufro iolad mecodineba aseTi
sazogadoebis ganwyoba, radgan daqiravebul agenturas,
romliTac Cven `vaSuqebT~ iatakqveSa organizaciebs, am tipis
sazogadoebaSi ver SeviZenT~. rogorc Cans am argumentebma gaWra
da departamentsac igi metad aRar Seuwuxebia (252).
TanamedroveTa daxasiaTebiT, politikuri policiis maRali
Cinebi `TiTqmis yvela umaRlesi ganaTlebiT yovelTvis iyvnen
liberalebi da radikalebi, razec TviTon moaxsenebdnen yvela
- 116 -
inteligent patimars, mxolod Tvlidnen, rom ruseTi im dros ar
iyo mzad reformebisaTvis~ (253).
erT-erTi revolucioneris mogonebaSi aRwerilia aseTi
SemTxveva. quTaisis JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos ufross
gamyreliZes demonstraciis darbevis Semdeg uTqvams
dapatimrebulisTvis: `mec qarTvelis guli miZgers, mec mesmis
Tqveni gulis wadili, magram cota unda davicadoT ... me es-esaa
movedi. rogorc qarTvels miTxariT vin iyo, vin yviroda?~ (254).
igive gamyreliZe erT-erT Tavis moxsenebaSi xelmZRvanelobas
Tavisi azris dasasabuTeblad swerda, rom _ me, rogorc
qarTveli, kargad vicnob Cemi xalxis ganwyobas da girCevT
arakeTilsaimedo pirTa mimarT saswrafod gamoiyenoT yvelaze
gadamwyveti represiuli zomebi (255).
informaciis mogrovebis erT-erT xerxs warmoadgenda
meTvalyureoba politikuri policiisaTvis saintereso piris
naTesavebze da axloblebze. cixidan an gadasaxlebidan
gaqceuli piris adgilsamyofelis dasadgenad, jer kidev 1902
wlis 13 ivlisis cirkularSi miuTiTebda policiis departamenti
adgilobrivi JandarmTa sagubernios sammarTvelos ufrosebs,
rom `meTvalyureoba aucileblad unda dawesebuliyo
saxelmwifo danaSaulSi eWvmitanili piris Soreul naTesavebze
da amxanagebze~ (256).
`oxrankelebi~ informacias iRebdnen legaluri da
aralegaluri presis saSualebiTac. specialurad agrovebdnen
proklamaciebs, broSurebs, revoluciur gazeTebs. maT
amuSavebdnen, xdeboda Sejereba JurnalebSi da sagazeTo
statiebSi mocemuli masalebis, sadac xSirad ixsenieboda ama Tu
im revoluciur aqtSi monawileebis fsevdonimebi, maTi
- 117 -
saqmianobis zogierTi detali. es yvelaferi ikribeboda,
analizdeboda da iSifreboda fsevdonimebis qveS dafaruli
pirebis vinaoba da saqmianoba (257).
damxmare informaciis saxiT grovdeboda xalxSi moaruli
xmebi, Worebi, romlebic aseve muSavdeboda, mowmdeboda.
yvelanairi cnobebis miReba xdeboda patimrebis dakiTxvis dros.
patimrebis Cvenebebi analizdeboda, edreboda sxva patimrebis Tu
TavisuflebaSi myofi revolucionerebis saubrebis Sinaarss,
romelsac gamokiTxvis saxiT awarmoebdnen `oxrankis~ agentebi.
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ki fizikuri ZaldatanebiT xdeboda
patimrebisgan informaciis miReba.
`oxrankis~ ganyofilebebs gaaCndaT informaciis miRebis
kidev erTi wyaro. eseni iyvnen ganyofilebebs daqvemdebarebuli
gare meTvalyureebis meore kategoriis agentebi _ policiis
zedamxedvelebi, romlebic Sediodnen `oxrankis~ StatSi, Tumca
oficialurad gaformebuli iyvnen saerTo policiis
kancelariaSi. policiis zedamxedvelebi kviraSi orjer
movaleni iyvnen gamocxadebuliyvnen `oxrankis~ ganyofilebaSi
davalebebis misaRebad (258). samsaxuris saWiroebidan gamomdinare
SeeZloT CaecvaT samoqalaqo tansacmeli, magram maTi
oficialuri forma iyo iseTi, rogoric ecvaT saerTo policiis
ubnis zedamxedvelebs _ `okolotnikebs~.
policiis zedamxedvelebs gzavnidnen saerTo policiasTan
erTad politikuri damnaSaveebis dasapatimreblad. evalebodaT
politikurad arakeTilsaimedo pirebis Sesaxeb cnobebis
Segroveba gamokiTxvebis da `gamokvlevis~ saSualebiT.
zedamxedvelebi movaleni iyvnen gamoerkviaT aseTi pirebis zusti
- 118 -
misamarTi, SeeswavlaT maTi sacxovrebeli binebis Sesasvlelebi,
fanjrebis ganlageba. gansakuTrebiT unda gaewiaT meTval-
yureoba moswavle axalgazrdobaze, SeekribaT cnobebi maT
cxovrebis wesze, saqmianobaze, saswavleblebSi aralegaluri
literaturis gavrcelebaze, saidumlo Sekrebebis mowyobaze.
informacia ZiriTadad unda mieRoT saswavlo dawesebulebebis
mosamsaxureebis meSveobiT. aseTive xasiaTis informacia
zedamxedvelebs unda moepovebinaT maTi samoqmedo raionis
fabrika-qarxnebis muSaTa cxovrebisa da saqmianobis Sesaxeb, iq
momuSave saamqros ostatebis, zedamxedvelebis saSualebiT.
informaciis mopovebis xerxebs zedamxedvelebs aswavlida
`oxrankis~ ganyofilebis erT-erTi oficeri. Jandarmeriis unter-
oficrebisgan gansxvavebiT policiis zedamxedvelebi
oficialurad valdebulni iyvnen CamoevloT sastumroebi,
saerTo sacxovreblebi, daqiravebuli kerZo binebi da
daemyarebinaT sando urTierToba am saxis dawesebulebebis
momsaxure personalTan. instruqciiT sastumroebis
mflobelebisaTvis am mizniT unda gaewiaT daxmareba cnobebis
aRebaSi qalaqis administraciisgan, eSuamdgomlaT saerTo
policiis CinebTan wvrilmani darRvevebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi,
miecaT mosamsaxure personalisaTvis mcire Rirebulebis
saCuqrebi da sxva. imdenad did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen
zedamxedvelebis mier sando urTierTobis damyarebas am
pirebTan, rom raime mizeziT Tuki kargi urTierToba ver
myardeboda, maT ucvlidnen samuSao adgilsac ki. iTvleboda,
rom policiis zedamxedvelebs aseTi urTierToba unda
gamoeyenebinaT imisaTvis, raTa mosaxleobas nebayoflobiT mieca
informacia. saqme ki daeyenebinaT ise, rom aucilebeli
- 119 -
Setyobinebebi binaze mietanaT maTTvis, saTanado anazRaurebis
fasad.
sainteresoa, rom policiis zedamxedvelebisagan iTxovdnen,
ra Tqma unda araoficialurad, sando urTierTobis damyarebis
mizniT, maTac mieRoT mcireodeni qrTami `sadResaswaulebis~
saxiT, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi sastumroebis mflobelebTan,
kerZo gasaqiravebeli binebis mepatroneebTan myardeboda ufro
mWidro, gulaxdili urTierToba. `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis
oficrebi kiTxvaze _ raSia zedamxedvelis valdebuleba? imaSi
rom SeemowmebinaT kanonis zusti dacviT Sevsebulia Tu ara
dokumentacia sastumroSi, Caweris gareSe acxovreben
moqalaqeebs, amuSaveben damlageb-lebs (qalaqSi samuSaod
Camosuli pirebi movaleni iyvnen aRricxvaze damdgariyvnen
saerTo policiaSi), rac iwvevs xSirad konfliqts
administraciasTan, Tu imaSi, rom ar gaemaxvilebinaT aseT
sakiTxebze yuradReba da samagierod mieRoT informacia?
pasuxobdnen erTmniSvnelovnad _ `wvrilmani darRvevebisaTvis ar
unda mieqciaT yuradReba, raTa informaciis wyaroebTan ar
gaefuWebinaT urTierToba~ (259). aseTi saxis karg urTierTobas
zedamxedvelebi iyenebdnen imisaTvis, rom sastumroebis, Tu
kerZo binebis damlageblebs SeetyobinebinaT macxovreblebis
saeWvo qceva da maTi oTaxebis dasufTavebis Semdeg yvela
Canaweri da qaRaldis naxevic ki, rasac binaSi naxavdnen,
gadayris win aucileblad maTTvis gadaecaT.
politikuri Zebnis warmoebis damxmare saSualebebSi
Sedioda aseve `perlustracia~ _ kerZo Tu saxelmwifo
dawesebulebebis mosamsaxureebis, moqalaqeebis piradi mimoweris
saidumlod gaxsna da misi Sinaarsis gacnoba. kanoni
- 120 -
`perlustraciis~ Sesaxeb jer kidev ekaterine II gamosca. igi
ZiriTadad interesdeboda kerZo pirebis mimoweriT.
1900-iani wlebis dasawyisidan `perlustracias~ eweodnen
fostebSi specialurad gamoyofil kabinetebSi, romlis arseboba
mxolod mosamsaxureebis viwro wrem icoda. peterburgSi da
moskovSi arsebul aseT e.w. `Sav kabinetebSi~ 10-dan 15 kacamde
muSaobda, provinciebSi oridan xuTamde. aseTi saxis `Savi
kabineti~ arsebobda Tbilisis fostaSic (260).
mowmdeboda sazRvargareTidan Semosuli da iq gagzavnili
yvela korespondencia, banderoli, wigni, romelSic SeiZleboda
werilis moTavseba (261). aseve mowmdeboda imperiis teritoriaze
faruli zedamxedvelobis qveS myofi pirebis mimowera da im
adamianebis korespondenciac, visi misamarTiTac SeiZleba
esargeblaT zemoTaRniSnul pirebs.
ruseTis imperiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 1035 muxlis
mixedviT SeiZleboda oficialuri zedamxedvelobis da
formaluri mokvlevis pro-cesSi myofi pirebis korespondenciis
amoReba da gaxsna. es xdeboda aseTnairad. `oxrankis~
ganyofilebis Cinovniki igzavneboda fostaSi da saintereso
piris gvari gadadioda xelidan xelSi, raTa ar yofiliyo
oficialuri mimowera (262). korespondenciis `perlustracia~
xdeboda TviT Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSic. aq am saqmes wlebis
ganmavlobaSi asrulebda cenzori mardarievi. sainteresoa, rom
a. lopuxinma mxolod wlebis Semdeg Seityo, rom mis mimoweras
policiis departamentis ufrosad yofnis periodSi
sistematurad kiTxulobdnen TviTon Sinagan saqmeTa ministris
pleves brZanebiT (263).
- 121 -
politikuri policiisTvis saintereso werilebs uRebdnen
fotosuraTs an iRebdnen werilis asls, mas xelaxla luqavdnen
da gzavnidnen daniSnulebis adgilze ukve pasuxis
`perlustraciisaTvis~.
policiis departamenti rekomendacias uwevda werilebis
`perlustracias~, radgan `maTSi aris monacemebi revuluciur
moZraobaze~ (264). werilebis Sinaarsi muSavdeboda-mowmdeboda,
xolo daSifruli werilebi ki policiis departamentSi
iSifreboda specialistebis mier. departamentSi am mizniT
miwveuli hyavdaT umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone, sxvadasxva enebis
mcodne pirebi (265). revolucionerebi xSirad iyenebdnen
daSifrul werilebs saidumlo SetyobinebebisaTvis. maTgan
gamoyenebuli gaxsnili Sifrebis gasaRebi igzavneboda
guberniebSi politikuri policiis adgilobriv
dawesebulebebSi. magaliTad, revolucionerebi dasaSifrad
xSirad iyenebdnen oficialur gamocemebs, Jurnalebs, wignebs.
amitom rekomendirebuli iyo Cxrekisas yuradReba mieqciaT erTi
da igive revoluciuri organizaciis wevrebs erTnairi wignebi
gaaC-ndaT, an am wignebSi romelime gverdi xSiri xmarebisagan
gacveTili, gaWuWyuli iyo Tu ara (266). sainteresoa, rom
wignebiT saidumlo werilebis daSifrvis aseTi meTodi
`oxrankam~ ki gaxsna 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis periodSi,
magram germanelebma am xerxiT daSifrvis meTodi gaxsnes
mxolod meore msoflio omis bolos. mas SveicariaSi moqmedi
sabWoTa sadazvervo qseli iyenebda 1940-1943 wlebSi (267).
gaSifruli werilis avtoris, masSi moxseniebuli pirebis
Sesaxeb grovdeboda cnobebi da igzavneboda samisamarTo
ganyofilebaSi, romelic arsebobda qalaqebis, adaministraciuli
- 122 -
centrebis mmarTvelobiT organoebSi da iwodeboda `samisamarTo
magidad~. TbilisSi `samisamarTo magida~ qalaqis mmarTvelobaSi
daarsda 1906^wlis seqtemberSi (268). ruseTis imperiis kanonebiT
moqalaqeebi pasportis saSualebiT miwerili iyvnen romelime
adgilze, rasac akontrolebdnen swored `samisamarTo magidebi~.
policiis departamentma 1907 wlis maisSi mosTxova politikuri
Zebnis adgilobriv organoebs SeeZinaT da gaegzavnaT
departamentSi samisamarTo-sacnobaro wignebi, administraciuli
centrebis, qalaqebis gegmebi, quCebis sia, saxlebis mflobelebis
monacemebi (269).
kavkasiaSi politikuri policiis adgilobriv organoebs
ainteresebdaT ara marto revoluciuri orgnizaciis wevrebis,
aramed kavkasiis xelisuflebis umaRlesi warmomadgenlebis
mimowerac. erT-erTi aseTi warmomadgenlis werilis asli
sainteresoa imiT, rom masSi asaxulia peterburgSi sasaxlis
karze mimdinare intrigebi danaxuli kavkasiidan da Cans avtoris
simpatia-antipatia am intrigebSi monawile pirebis mimarT. Cans,
es informacia ainteresebda Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis
romeliRac maRalCinosans (270).
politikuri policiis interesis sagans Seadgenda
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Sexeduleba carizmis politikaze
saqarTvelos mimarT. am mxriv saintereso `perlustrirebuli~
werilis asli aris Semonaxuli `oxrankis~ saqmeebSi. werilis
avtori vinme a. SaraSeniZe (werili qarTulidan aris rusulad
naTargmni) megobars swers `inteligent TaTarTan~ saubris
Sinaarss: `me masTan saubarma gamaoca. igi ambobda _ rusebi
daufiqreblad miiyvanen ruseTis imperias daRupvisaken. roca
rusuli gazeTebi qarTvelebs aqebdnen, radgan
- 123 -
marTlmadideblebi arian da aqezebdnen somxebis winaaRmdeg, Cven
molodinSi viyaviT da vakvirdebodiT. rodesac rusebma es ver
SeZles, maSin TaTrebi migvisies somxebze, daiwyo
sisxlismRvreli Setakebebi. Semdeg rusebma axali xerxi ixmares.
daadanaSaules qarTvelebi separatizmSi da daiwyes sadamsjelo
eqspediciebis gagzavna, qarTveli mosaxleobis darbevebi. axla
ki gaiZaxian `ruseTi rusebisaTvis~. Cvenc Tvali agvexila _
rusebisTvis zedmetebi varT, maT mxolod Cveni mxare sWirdebaT.
amitom, Cven, kazakebi, polonelebi da finelebi unda
gaverTiandeT maT winaaRmdeg~ (271).
verafers ityvi, werilSi kargad aris gadmocemuli (1907
weli) ruseTis imperiis politikuri policiis taqtika erovnul-
ganmaTavisuf-lebeli da revoluciuri moZraobis winaaRmdeg
amierkavkasiaSi, romelsac dResac, Cvens mier gavlili bolo
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi kargi analogebi moeZebneba.
dokumentaciis, korespondenciis avtorebis gamosarkvevad,
eqspertizis CatarebisaTvis politikur policiis adgilobriv
organoebs specialistebi ar hyavdaT. isini am mizniT iyenebdnen
sufTa weris, xazvis maswavleblebs da Sesabamisad aZlevdnen
saTanado anazRaurebas (272).
XIX saukunis bolos evropaSi pirovnebis identifikaciis
ori mecnieruli sistema: anTropometria da daqtiloskopia
ebrZoda erTmaneTs. ruseTis imperiaSi 1890 wels saerTo da
politikuri policiis saWiroebisaTvis SemoRebuli iqna alfons
bertilionis mier Seqmnili anTropometria. Seiqmna policiis
departamentSi anTropometruli ganyofileba. 1903 wels
bertilionis mier SemuSavebuli pirovnebis vinaobis dasadgeni
specialuri programa daegzavna JandarmTa sagubernio
- 124 -
sammarTveloebs. masSi miTiTebulia, rom ar iyo saWiro
eWvmitanilebis gaSiSvleba, radgan prog-ramis mixedviT
specialuri xelsawyoebis meSveobiT izomeboda mxolod
adamianis Semdegi monacemebi: simaRle mjdomare da mdgomare
pozaSi, Tavis qalis sigrZe, sigane, Tmis feri, marcxena xelis
saSualo TiTis da nekis sigrZe, marcxena Tvalis feri da ase
Semdeg (273). es iTxovda did dros da gazomvebis procesSi
advili iyo Secdomebis daSveba. aRniSnuli sistema agebuli iyo
principze, rom adamianis sxeulis garkveuli nawilebi droTa
ganmavlobaSi ar ganicdian deformacias, rac cxadia simarTles
ar Seesabameba.
`daqtiloskopia~ _ TiTebidan anabeWdebis aReba ki,
rogorc aRvniSneT, ruseTis imperiaSi pirvelad SemoiRo
moskovis `oxrankis~ ufrosma i. zubatovma 1890-iani wlebis meore
naxevarSi da daiwyo misi farTod danergva 1902-1903 wlebidan.
zubatovis samsaxuridan wasvlis Semdeg am sistemis danergva
SeCerda garkveuli xniT da mxolod 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis
dros damnaSaveTa ricxvis katastrofulma zrdam aiZula
policiis departamenti gaegrZelebina `daqtiloskopiis~
danergva Zalovan struqturebSi.
damnaSaveebis da eWvmitanilebis fotografireba ruseTSi
daiwyo 1870 wlebidan. am pirebs Jandarmeriis sagubernio
sammarTveloebSi profilSi da anfasSi 12 suraTs uRebdnen. 5
igzavneboda policiis departamentSi. 1903 wlidan patimrebs 6
fotos uRebdnen da maTgan or cals gzavnidnen centrSi (274).
ganyofilebaSi fotosuraTebi ekvreboda specialur blankebs:
erTi profilSi, erTi anfasSi, erTic mTeli taniT gadaRebuli.
Tu atarebda saTvales, saTvaliT da ase Semdeg. blankis meore
- 125 -
mxares aRniSnuli iyo pirovnebis gvari, saxeli, Tmis feri,
wverisa da ulvaSis sigrZe, yuris moyvaniloba, siarulis manera,
gansakuTrebuli niSnebi da sxva (275).
aRsaniSnavia, rom politikur danaSaulSi yvela
eWvmitanilis, an dapatimrebulis fotografireba 1905-1907
wlebSic ver xerxdeboda. revolucioner k. cincaZis mogonebaSi
vkiTxulobT: `etapSi vinc unda wasuliyo, avad gavxadeT da
saavadmyofoSi davawvineT. roca gamoiZaxes misi gvari, gavida
ambako samaniSvili. suraTebs quTaisSi ar iRebdnen maSin.
administracia ar icnobda da motyuvda~ (276). `oxrankis~
ganyofilebebSi xvdeboda sxva gziT mopovebuli fotoebic,
romlebsac politikur danaSaulSi eWvmitanili piris
axloblebidan, mosamsaxureebidan moipovebdnen, yidulobdnen.
$6. `oxrankis~ saerTo ganyofilebis saqmianoba
`oxrankis~ ganyofileba struqturulad iyofoda sam
ganyofilebad _ Sida meTvalyureobis (agenturul), gare
meTvalyureobis da saerTo ganyofilebad. or maTganze ukve
visaubreT, rac Seexeba saerTo ganyofilebas, igi awarmoebda
mTel oficialur mimoweras politikur Ziebaze policiis
departamentTan, JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelosTan, sxva
guberniebSi arsebul `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebTan (277).
nebismieri moqalaqe, romelic SexebaSi iyo `oxrankis~
ganyofilebis saqmianobasTan, imis ganurCevlad iyvnen ZebnaSi,
naTesauri Tu amxanaguri urTierToba hqonda politikurad
arakeTilsaimedo pirebTan registrirebuli iyvnen saerTo
- 126 -
ganyofilebaSi (278). `oxrankis~ saerTo ganyofilebis karToteka
Sedgeboda saregistracio furclebisgan. maTSi nebismier pirze
gvarisa da saxelis meSveobiT SeiZleboda Sesabamisi masalis
moZieba. calke iyo dapatimrebuli pirebis karToteka.
`saregistracio furcelze~ daitaneboda moqalaqis mokle
biografia, fotosuraTi, garegnuli aRweriloba, dapatimrebis
mizezi, ojaxuri mdgomareoba, axloblebis (da, Zma, mSoblebi)
misamarTebis miTiTebiT da agenturisagan miRebuli cnobebi am
piris danaSaulebriv saqmianobaze (279).
saerTo ganyofilebaSi igzavneboda policiis departamentis
cirkularebi Zebnili pirebis siiT, fotosuraTebiT. TiToeuli
sia Sedgenili iyo anbanis mixedviT. politikuri Zebnilebi xuT
jgufad iyvnen dayofili. pirvel jgufSi moTavsebuli iyvnen im
periodisaTvis (1900-1908 wlebi) carizmis politikuri policiis
azriT yvelaze saSiSi partiebis wevrebi: socialist-
revolucionerebi, socialist-revolucioneri maqsimalistebi da
anarqistebi, anu is partiebi, vis programaSic xelisuflebis
winaaRmdeg brZolis umTavres saSualebad gamocxadebuli iyo
terori. am jgufSi Sediodnen aseve imperiaSi arsebuli sxva
revoluciuri partiebis wevrebi. maTi jgufebi danomrili iyo
Sesabamisi aRniSvnebiT a/1 da a/2.
meore jgufis b/1-iT aRniSnul siaSi Sediodnen is pirebi,
viszec aRmoCenisTanave unda daemyarebinaT meTvalyureoba,
magram ar daepatimrebinaT da arc gaeCxrikaT. mxolod
ecnobebinaT maT Sesaxeb policiis departamentisaTvis. b2
aRniSvniT amave jgufSi aTavsebdnen im pirTa monacemebs, visac
akrZaluli hqonda imperiaSi Semosvla, gamoqceuli iyo
- 127 -
gadasaxlebidan, is ucxoelebi, viszec saWiro iyo
meTvalyureobis daweseba.
mesame jgufSi aRniSniT v, aTavsebdnen im revolucionerTa
metsaxelebs da fotosuraTebs, visi vinaobac ar iyo garkveuli
da saWiroebdnen amocnobas.
meoTxe jgufSi g aRniSvniT Tavsdebodnen pirebi, viszec
Zebna unda SeewyvitaT.
mexuTeSi d aRniSvniT Sedioda monacemebi moparuli,
dakarguli pasportebis, samsaxurebrivi blankebis, sxvadasxva
dokumentaciis da beWdebis Sesaxeb. es sia erTobliobaSi
warmoadgenda `oxrankis~ saerTo ganyofilebis politikuri
Zebnilebis karTotekis safuZvels (280).
saerTo ganyofilebisgan gansxvavebiT calke gaaCnda
registracia agenturul ganyofilebas. aq am ganyofilebis
`agenturul furclebze~ sxvadasxva partiebis mixedviT ivseboda
ramodenime feris blankebi. wiTel blankebze SehqondaT
politikuri policiis adgilobrivi organos samoq-medo
teritoriaze arsebuli socialist-revoluciuri partiis
wevrebis monacemebi, cisferze _ social-demokratebis, mwvaneze _
anarqistebis, yviTelze _ studentebis, TeTrze ki Seyvanili
hyavdaT sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis,
profkavSirebis, amxanagobebis da sxvaTa wevrebi (281).
agenturuli ganyofilebisaTvis yvelaze saintereso
pirebze, laparakia partiis liderebze, revoluciuri
organizaciebis yvelaze aqtiur wevrebze adgendnen calke
saqmeebs (282). saqmeSi Tavsdeboda filerebis da agentebis mier
mopovebuli informacia konkretul pirovnebaze. agenturul
ganyofilebaSi registrirebul pirze informaciis moTxovnis
- 128 -
SemTxvevaSi keTdeboda `monacemebis~ furceli. masSi mokled iyo
gadmocemuli biografiuli monacemebi, gare meTvalyureobis
Sedegad filerebisgan miniWebuli metsaxeli, wodeba, saqmianoba,
asaki, sarwmunoeba, garegnuli aRweriloba, naTesauri da
revoluciuri kavSirebi, partiul ierarqiaSi dakavebuli adgili.
`monacemebis~ furcelze aRiniSneboda im agentis da fileris
metsaxelic, vinc miawoda informacia (283).
politikuri policiis adgilobrivi Tu centraluri
organoebis moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi dgeboda informaciis
gasagzavnad `cnoba~, romelSic agenturul ganyofilebaSi
aRricxvaze mdgomi piris antisaxelmwifoebrivi saqmianoba iyo
mTlianad asaxuli. magaliTad, n. Jordanias Sesaxeb gacemul
`cnobaSi~ asaxulia misi revoluciuri saqmianoba dawyebuli
`saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis ligis~ wevrobidan 1892 wlidan,
damTavrebuli social-demokratiul partiaSi moRvaweobiT (284).
saidumlo TanamSromlebi-agentebi, rogorc zemoT
avRniSneT, Tavis xelmZRvanel oficers sityvierad abarebdnen
angariSs paemnebis dros. `oxrankis~ oficeri maT monaTxrobs
iwerda `agenturuli Canaweris~ saxiT. Cawerili informacia
`oxrankis~ ganyofilebaSi muSavdeboda, ivseboda gare
meTvalyureobis da saerTo ganyofilebidan amoRebuli
masaliT(285). gaanalizebuli informaciis safuZvelze xdeboda
agenturuli qselis da mTlianad `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis
Semdgomi saqmianobis dagegmva.
TiToeul revoluciur organizaciaze cal-calke dgeboda
saqmeebi. magaliTad, socialist-federalisturi partiis saqme
Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebaSi iwyeba 1907 wlis 2
oqtombridan da ivseboda masalebiT 1917 wlis 28 ianvramde.
- 129 -
saqmeSi Tavidan CamoTvlilia partiis wevrebi, monacemebi da
cnobebi maTi revoluciuri saqmianobis Sesaxeb. aRniSnulia vin
da rodis iqna dapatimrebuli (286).
sainteresoa partiis wevrebis CamonaTvali da maTi mokle
daxasiaTeba: `korneli ilarionis Ze kasraZe _ Zalian
seriozuli teroristi, ipolite varTagava _ qarTuli
saTavadaznauro gimnaziis maswavlebeli, akaki wereTeli _ poeti,
dimitri sofromis Ze jaSi _ gazeT `iveriis" TanamSromeli~ da
sxvebi. saqmeSi devs socialist-federalisturi partiis programa
da wesdeba. vrclad aris mocemuli 1907 wlis 2-7 oqtombers
Catarebuli partiis III konferenciis amsaxveli masala, romlis
analizidan Cans, rom `oxrankelebs~ socialist-federalistur
partiaSi yavdaT kargad informirebuli agenti, radgan
konferenciaze mimdinare procesebi TviTmxilvelis mieraa
aRwerili. saqmeSi moTavsebulia socialist-federalisturi
partiis Sesaxeb `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufrosis mier
gakeTebuli `mimoxilva~ _ partiis mTliani saqmianobis aRwera.
`mimoxilvis~ SedgenaSi gamoyenebulia partiis mier gamocemuli
aralegaluri literaturis, gazeTebis da nabeWdi saxis sxva
masalis egzemplarebi,romlebic saqmes Tan erTvis.
saqmis boloSi moTavsebulia diagramebi. erT-erTze
grafikulad wreebisa da xazebis meSveobiT gamoxatulia
socialist-federalisturi partiis organizaciuli agebuleba
(287). amdagvar diagramebs adgendnen yvela maTTvis cnobil
partiul organizaciaze calk-calke. wreebSi wer-dnen partiis
xelmZRvaneli pirebis, mmarTveli organos, rigiTi wevrebis
gvarebs da saxelebs. diagramis SuaSi Tavseboda partiis
xelmZRvanel centrSi Semavali pirebis monacemebi. mis garSemo
- 130 -
gverdebze rigiTi wevrebis. wreebis damakavSirebeli xazebi
miuTiTebdnen organizaciis wevrTa kavSirebs. Savi feris xazebiT
aRniSnavdnen partiuli saqmianobis romel sferoSi iyo
dasaqmebuli esa Tu is piri, mwvaneTi aRniSnavdnen pirad
nacnobobas. xazebis Tavmoyris adgili aRniSnavda organizaciis
centrs. diagramebis furcelze iwereboda im saidumlo
TanamSromlebis metsaxelebi, vinc miawoda informacia.
dasapatimreblad gamiznuli piris wres aferadebdnen yviTlad.
vinc daapatimres usvamdnen jvars (288).
diagramebze wreebis ricxvi izrdeboda partiuli
organizaciis ricxobriv zrdasTan erTad. amdagvar diagramebs
adgendnen yovelwliurad. maTi gadaxedviT naTeli xdeboda
wlebis ganmavlobaSi organizaciis muSaobis sruli suraTi.
isini Tavisi SinaarsiT iyo ori saxis: erTze asaxavdnen
partiuli organizaciis ganStoebebs, meoreze sakuTriv
konkretuli organizaciis wevrTa partiul kavSirebs.
maT adgendnen gare meTvalyureobis ganyofilebaSic. aq is
asaxavda organizaciis wevrebze meTvalyureobas da atarebda
Sida meTvalyureobis (agenturuli) ganyofilebisagan
gansxvavebiT konkretul xasiaTs. am ganyofilebis diagramebze
asaxulia fileruli meTvalyureobis qveS myof pirTa kavSirebi.
konkretuli monacemebi _ vis Sexvdnen, sad Sevidnen da sxva. am
masalas fileris angariSis mixedviT diagramebze itanda
`oxrankis~ oficeri. es diagramebi Tavis mxriv igzavneboda
agenturul ganyofilebaSi da iq ukve am ganyofilebis
diagramebze aisaxeboda (289).
gare meTvalyureobis ganyofilebaSi `gare meTvalyureobis~
dRiuri revoluciur partiebze cal-calke dgeboda. maTSi
- 131 -
dawvrilebiT isaxeboda partiis wevrebze meTvalyureobis
procesi. `dRiuris~ da `agenturuli Canawerebis~ safuZvelze
`oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufrosi weliwadSi erTxel gzavnida
policiis departamentSi `politikur mimoxilvas~, sadac
aRwerili iyo samoqmedo raionis teritoriaze arsebuli
partiebis muSaoba. raionuli `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebis Seqmnis
Semdeg (1907 wlidan) `politikur mimoxilvebs~ gzavnidnen
raionuli `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufrosebi. am
`mimoxilvebidan~ Cans, rom `oxrankis~ TanamSromlebi sakmaod
obieqturad afasebdnen politikur situacias. magaliTisaTvis
mo-viyvanT maT Soris erTerTs.
1906 wlis 16 martiT daTariRebul `politikur
mimoxilvaSi~ Tbilisis da quTaisis guberniebSi revoluciuri
moZraobis da TbilisSi politikur ZalTa ganlagebis Sesaxeb
aRniSnulia: `aq politikuri sakiTxi mWidrod aris
gadaxlarTuli erovnul sakiTxTan, rac aZlevs did
upiratesobas revoluciur da opoziciur Zalebs Tavis
saqmianobaSi, amitom maTi amocana sanaxevrod gaadvilebulia~.
revoluciuri partiebis gavlena adgilobriv mosaxleobaze
da maT Soris vis ekava wamyvani adgili Semdegnairadaa
gadmocemuli: `umTavresi revoluciuri Zala TbilisSi
adgilobrivi proletariatia, upiratesad qarTuli, romelic
dgas ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis droSis
qveS. socialist-revolucionerebi, socialist-federalistebi da
`daSnakistebi~, rogorc revoluciuri Zala, arsebuli
politikuri reJimis winaaRmdeg kavkasiaSi aqtiuri saqmianobis
gamwevi ar arian~.
- 132 -
social-demokratebis wamyvan birTvad miCneulia `guruli
inteligencia~ n. Jordanias meTaurobiT. aRniSnulia: `isini am
moZraobis saTaveSi Cadgnen 1890-ian wlebSi da axlac igive
situaciaa.~ kavkasiaSi mimdinare revoluciuri procesebis mizezi
ki aris: `kavkasiis istoriulad Camoyalibebuli ekonomiuri
pirobebi~.
social-demokratiuli moZraobis wamyvan Zalad
dasaxelebuli arian menSevikebi da amitom xelisuflebis
winaaRmdeg brZolis taqtikac miCneulia maT mier SemuSavebulad.
dawvrilebiT ganxilulia menSevikebis wiTel razmelebis mier
warmoebuli partizanuli omis xerxebi. am xerxebis da meTodebis
SemmuSaveblad miCneulia n. Jordania _ `mTavari diqtatori
adgilobriv social-demokratiul moZraobaSi, udidesi
nebisyofis adamiani, romelsac SeuZlia saocari siswrafiT
yvelafris xelSi aReba da niWieri organizatoria~ (290).
moxsenebaSi saubaria aseve sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi
wreebis politikur ganwyobaze, Tu rogor mimdinareobda mzadeba
saxelmwifo saTaTbiros arCevnebisaTvis, romeli partiebis
gavlena igrZnoboda saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis CinovnikebSi
da sxva.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, policiis departamentis
yuradRebis mTavari sagani 1902 wlidan iyo socialist-
revolucionerebis partia `radgan maT Seqmnes `samxedro
organizacia~ da gadavidnen terorze~. Sesabamisad departamenti
Zalian bevr cirkulars gzavnida politikuri policiis
adgilobriv organoebSi miewodebinaT informacia socialist-
revolucionerebis partiis wevrebis saqmianobis, vinaobis
- 133 -
miTiTebiT da iyo Tu ara maTze makompromitirebeli masala. Tu
iyo aRiZra saqme, gaasamarTles, ra sasjeli daedoT da sxva (291).
1904 wlidan, gauqmda ra 1889 wlis 1 martis policiis
faruli zedamxedvelobis debuleba, `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis
Sinagani da gare meTvalyureobis qveS myof pirTa sia policiis
departamentSi igzavneboda weliwadSi erTxel 1 ianvrisaTvis.
revoluciuri organizaciebis ganadgurebis, wevrebis
dapatimrebidan erTi kviris Semdeg meTvalyureobis dRiuri da
sxva masala igzavneboda policiis departamentSi (292). raionuli
`oxrankis~ ganyofilebebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg ukve, zemoT
CamoTvlili Setyobinebebis garda, yovel Tve agzavnidnen mokle
cnobebis saxiT politikur damnaSaveebis Sesaxeb saidumlo
TanamSromlebisgan miRebul informacias.
revoluciuri moZraobis gaZlierebasTan erTad sul ufro
da ufro mcirdeboda vadebi politikuri ZebnisaTvis
aucilebeli masalis miwodebaze. 1904 wlidan daiwyes
politikuri motiviT dapatimrebulebis Sesaxeb informaciis
gagzavna 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi (293). 1904 wlis 27 ivlisis
cirkulariT policiis departamentma moiTxova, rogorc ki
aiyvandnen meTvalyureobaSi politikurad arakeTilsaimedo
pirebs, maSinve ecnobebinaT centrSi (294). 1907 wlis `gare
meTvalyureobis~ instruqciiT `ox-rankis~ ganyofilebebi
policiis departaments ukve yovelTve ugzavnidnen aseve
angariSs im pirebze meTvalyureobis Sesaxeb, visac
uTvalTvalebdnen filerebi (295).
- 134 -
Tavi IV
saerTo policia politikuri Zebnis da Ziebis
adgilobrivi organoebis gverdiT
ruseTis imperiaSi 1862 wels Seicvala saerTo policiis
struqtura. sagubernio qalaqebSi Camoyalibda saqalaqo
policiis sammarTveloebi. maT xelmZRvanelobda policmeisteri.
yavda moadgileebi da gaaCnda kancelaria. qalaqi dayofili iyo
nawilebad (`uCastoki~), nawilebi ubnebad da `okolotkebad~.
nawilis saTaveSi idga pristavi, romelic Tavis mxriv
xelmZRvanelobda `okolotkebs~, policiis nawilis
zedamxedvelebs da `gorodovoebs~.
kavkasiaSi XIX saukunis bolos guberniebSi arsebul
TiToeul mazras sakuTari saerTo policiis organoebi gaaCnda
mazris ufrosis, misi TanaSemwis saxiT. mazris sapolicio
sammarTveloebi dayofili iyo `nawilebad~ (296). mazris ufross
emorCilebodnen `straJnikebi~, romlebic mcire razmebad
dayofili imyofebodnen soflebSi da dabebSi e.w. `punqtebze~
(297).
- 135 -
saerTo policiis saqmianobis sfero sakmaod farTo iyo.
maT evalebodaT: sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacva, xelisuflebis
brZanebebis da dadgenilebebis gamoqveyneba, mosaxleobis aRwera,
damnaSaveTa dapatimreba, Zebna, meTvalyureoba samedicino
saWiroebisaTvis wurbelebis droulad daWeraze da sxva (298).
rogorc zemoT araerTxel avRniSneT, Sinagan saqmeTa
saministros policiis departamentSi Sesul saerTo policias
1882 wlis 1 martis `debulebiT policiis farul
zedamxedvelobaze~ daevala politikurad arakeTilsaimedo
pirebze saidumlo zedamxedvelobis warmoeba. aseT situaciaSi
maTi moqmedeba gadajaWvuli iyo Jandarmeriis sammarTveloebis
saqmianobasTan da saerTo policia moqmedebda rogorc
Jandarmeriis Cinebis damxmare Zala. Cven aRvniSneT, rom faruli
zedamxedvelobis warmoebis procesi sakmaod Sromatevadi iyo da
radgan igi mis pirdapir movaleobas ar warmoadgenda, saerTo
policia mas Tavs aridebda. Tavis uaryofiT rols TamaSobda
politikuri Zebnis da Ziebis teqnikis ucodinroba saerTo
policiis mier faruli zedamxedvelobis warmoebis saqmeSic.
amasTan, saerTo policias Zalian hqonda gatexili saxeli ara
marto sazogadoebis, aramed xelisuflebis TvalSic. 1900-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi sabaJo uwyebam gamosca gankarguleba
samsaxurSi ar mieRoT saerTo policiaSi namuSevari pirebi (299).
1904 wels, revoluciuri partiebis gaaqtiurebis periodSi
Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma aRniSnuli debuleba gaauqma da
saerTo policias CamoarTva faruli zedamxedvelobis warmoeba
(300). Tumca ukve 1905 wels naTeli gaxda, rom politikuri
policiis adgilobrivi organoebi veRar umklavdebodnen
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul masiur
- 136 -
terors. amitom, qalaqis da mazris policiis sammarTveloebs
daevalaT revoluciuri moZraobis warmomadgenlebis,
saprotesto gamosvlebSi monawileebis, xelmZRvanelebis vinaobis
gamorkveva da maTi dapatimreba (301).
faqtobrivad, saerTo policias daekisra politikuri Zebnis
warmoeba, radgan revoluciur moZraobaSi monawileebis
saqmianobis gamorkveva SeuZlebeli iyo politikuri Zebnis
xerxebis gamoyenebis gareSe. ufro Sors wavida kavkasiis
policiis gamge generali Sirinkini. man 1906 wels gamosca
gankarguleba, romliTac saerTo policias qalaqad da sofelad
unda gaeCina agentura politikuri Zebnis sawarmoeblad.
1903-1908 wlebSi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis
winaaRmdeg gamosvlebSi lomis wili ekava teroristul aqtebs
da eqspropriaciebs. aRniSnuli saxis danaSauli mWidrod
dakavSirebulia sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulTan. ukve es
garemoeba apirobebda politikuri da saerTo policiis
erTmaneTis saqmianobis sferoSi SeWras.
Tbilisis policiis sammarTvelos ufrosi, misi TqmiT:
`iZulebuli iyo TiTqmis yoveldRe gaemeorebina pristavebis da
sisxlis samarTlis samZebro nawilis gamgisTvis, rom maT aravin
daepatimrebinaT da ar moexdinaT Cxrekebi `oxrankis~
ganyofilebasTan SeTanxmebis gareSe. yvela cnoba miRebuli
dasmenebis, Cvenebebis, gancxadebebis saSualebiT politikur
danaSaulze gadaecaT `oxrankis~ ganyofilebisaTvis.
SeesrulebinaT `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelis
moTxovnebi da brZanebebi. `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis CinebisaTvis
gaewiaT daxmareba nebismier sakiTxSi~ (302).
- 137 -
1906 wels `imis gamo, rom saerTo policiis Cinebi ufro
axlos dganan mosaxleobasTan, vidre politikuri policia~, maT
ukve policiis departamentidan daevalaT agenturis SeZena
qalaqebis da soflebis mosaxleobaSi (303).
aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom `saidumlo TanamSromlebis~ SeZena
1905 wlidan daevalaT rkinigzis JandarmTa policiis
sammarTveloebsac. 1908 wlis 11 maiss policiis departamentis
gansakuTrebulma ganyofilebam miuTiTa, rom `zogierT
sammarTvelos dRemde ar yavs `saidumlo TanamSromlebi~,
politikuri Zebna ki warmoadgens JandarmTa korpusis oficrebis
mTavar da pirdapir movaleobas~ (304).
1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis periodSi `agenturuli
masalis~ mopoveba daevalaT aseve rkinigzis JandarmTa policiis
sammarTveloebis punqtis unter-oficrebsac (305).
policiis departamentis moTxovnebis miuxedavad
Jandarmeriis oficrebi pasiurobdnen agenturis SeZenis sakiTxSi.
maTi saqmianoba xelmZRvanelobis mxridan fasdeboda mokvlevebis
raodenobiT. politikuri xasiaTis danaSaulis mzadebis aRmoCena
maT ar evalebodaT.
1905 wlis 26 Tebervals kavkasiaSi carizmma aRadgina
mefisnacvlis instituti. adgilobriv administraciul
xelisuflebas mieca meti uflebebi da damoukidebloba vidre
mTavarmmarTeblobis dros.
kavkasiaSi politikuri Zebnis da Ziebis centralizaciis
mizniT senatis brZanebiT 1905 wlis 22 maiss daarsda kavkasiis
policiis gamgis gansakuTrebuli Tanamdeboba. am Tanamdebobaze
iniSneboda samxedro Cini da Tu ar iricxeboda JandarmTa
korpusSi, ministris specialuri brZanebiT formdeboda. am
- 138 -
organom 1905 wlis seqtembridan daiwyo funqcionireba (306).
StatSi Sediodnen policiis gamge, gansakuTrebul davalebaTa
Stabs-oficrebi, ori kurieri. gaaCnda kancelaria, romelic
iyofoda or _ gansakuTrebul da saerTo ganyofilebad.
debulebiT gansakuTrebul ganyofilebas unda exelmZRvanela
politikuri Zebnisa da ZiebisaTvis, gaewia saerTo policiis
organoebis xelmZRvaneloba. gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis
StatSi Sedioda mmarTveli, saqmismwarmoebeli, misi TanaSemwe, 2
Tarjimani, 3 mwerali. StatSi aseve Sediodnen policiis
zedamxedvelebic (307). misi saqmianoba daregulirebuli iyo
debulebiT `kavkasiaSi policiis gamgis saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ (308).
debulebiT unda momxdariyo politikuri da saerTo policiis
organoebis gaerTianeba. Sesabamisad kavkasiis policiis gamge
disciplinaruli da inspeqtoruli uflebebiT isargeblebda
JandarmTa sagubernio, saolqo, rkinigzis JandarmTa policiis
sammarTveloebis, cixesimagris JandarmTa policiis razmis
Cinebze. amasTan erTad, aRniSnuli organoebis da saerTo
policiis Cinebs uxelmZRvanelebda yvelanairi saxis politikuri
danaSaulis gamokvlevis procesSi. Jandarmeriis sagubernio
sammarTveloebs da saerTo policiis xelmZRvanelebs am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT moxsenebebi unda waredginaT policiis
gamgesTan.
Suamavlis roli Sinagan saministros da Jandarmeriis
adgilobriv organoebs Soris ekuTvnoda kavkasiis policiis
gamges. cirkularebi, instruqciebi, sxva saxelmZRvanelo
miTiTebebi misi meSveobiT unda gadascemoda Jandarmeriis
adgilobriv dawesebulebebs (309). rac Seexeba saerTo policiis
Cinebs, isini dauqvemdebarda mefisnacvalis moadgiles
- 139 -
samoqalaqo nawilSi. marTalia, maT kavkasiis policiis gamgis
miTiTebebi unda SeesrulebinaT, magram zemoT moyvanili
debulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovnebis Seusruleblobis
SemTxvevaSi, maTze zemoqmedebis ufleba policiis gamges ar
gaaCnda. faqtobrivad politikuri da saerTo policiis gaerTia-
nebis magivrad kavkasiis policiis gamges Suamavali organos
saxiT dauqvemdebarda mxolod kavkasiaSi arsebuli JandarmTa
sagubernio sammarTveloebi. amitom, mefisnacvalma voroncov-
daSkovma ruseTis imperatorTan gagzavnil werilSi, 1906 wlis 15
aprils moiTxova kavkasiis policiis gamgisTvis an meti
uflebebis miniWeba politikuri da saerTo policiis saqmianobis
gaerTianebis mizniT, anda gauqmeba da misi movaleobebis
gadacema mefisnacvlis kancelariisaTvis (310).
voroncov-daSkovis moTxovnis pasuxad 1906 wlis 23 aprils
ruseTis imperiis saxelmwifo sabWom gaauqma kavkasiis policiis
gamgis Tanamdeboba. misi saqmeebi gadavida mefisnacvlis
moadgilesTan samoqalaqo nawilSi. kavkasiis policiis gamgis
kancelaria SeuerTda mefisnacvlis kancelariis policiis
nawils gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis saxiT. mis saTaveSi daaye-
nes Jandarmeriis oficeri vice-direqtoris uflebebiT. igi
emorCileboda mefisnacvlis kancelariis ufross (direqtors),
magram disciplinarul da samwyobro daqvemdebarebaSi iyo
JandarmTa korpusis meTaurTan (311).
mefisnacvlis kancelariis policiis nawilis
gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis StatSi Sedioda: ganyofilebis
ufrosi – polkovniki, mdivani, 2 Stabs-oficeri, 3
saqmismwarmoebeli, 2 Cinovniki sxvadasxva davalebebisaTvis,
arqivariusi, registratori, Tarjimani, 3 kancelariis Cinovniki,
- 140 -
14 policiis zedamxedveli. Tu adre `oxrankis” ganyofileba
policiis gamges ar emorCileboda, axla gansakuTrebuli
ganyofilebis StatSi Semavali erTi oficeri mimagrebuli iyo
`oxrankis” ganyofilebis ufrosTan moadgilis movaleobis
Sesasruleblad (312). amasTan erTad, JandarmTa sagubernio,
samazro da rkinigzis JandarmTa policiis sammarTveloebi, cixe-
simagris JandarmTa policiis razmi baTumSi `saxelmwifo
danaSaulis aRmoCenis da gamokvlevis sakiTxSi” dauqvemdebarda
zemoaRniSnul gansakuTrebul ganyofilebas.
amrigad, mefisnacvlis kancelariis policiis nawilis
gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebas unda exelmZRvanela yvela saxis
politikur danaSaulze ZiebisaTvis, romelsac awarmoebdnen
JandarmTa sagubernio da saolqo sammar-Tveloebi da saerTo
policiis Cinebi. gansakuTrebuli ganyofileba Tavis mxriv
xelmZRvanelobda mefisnacvlis uSualo miTiTebebiT da
policiis departamentidan miRebuli gankargulebebiT. marTalia,
am ganyofilebas ufro meti uflebebi gaaCnda vidre kavkasiis
policiis gamges, Jandarmeriis Cinebi kvlavindeburad
emorCilebodnen sakuTari debulebis mixedviT dis-ciplinarul
da samwyobro damokidebulebiT JandarmTa korpusis Stabs.
gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis droebiTi debulebis me-9 muxlis
Tanaxmad, politikuri xasiaTis movlenebis, sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis umniSvnelovanesi faqtebis Sesaxeb informacias
awvdidnen policiis departamentis gansakuTrebul ganyofilebas
da aseve JandarmTa korpusis Stabs.
imis miuxedavad, rom Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebaSi
mefisnacvlis policiis nawilis gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis
TanamSromeli mivlinebuli iyo moadgilis statusiT, `oxrankis~
- 141 -
ganyofileba mainc ar iyo movale politikuri Zebnis procesSi
Caexedebina mefisnacvlis kancelariis gansakuTrebuli
ganyofileba.
1905-1906 wlebis revoluciis winaaRmdeg brZolis
gamocdilebis safuZvelze Sinagan saqmeTa saministrom 1906 wels
moaxdina politikuri Zebnis organoebis decentralizacia.
mianiWa maT garkveuli damoukidebloba politikuri Zebnis
saqmeSi. igi gamoixata e.w. `oxrankis olqebis~ SeqmnaSi. 1906 wlis
bolos imperiis teritoriaze Seiqmna aTi raionuli `oxrankis~
ganyofileba. TiToeuli ganyofileba moicavda ramdenime
gubernias. marTalia, kavkasiaSi 1906-1907 wlebSi Tbilisis
`oxrankis~ ganyofileba iTvleboda raionulad, reorganizacia
mas am wlebSi ar Seexo, imitom, rom politikuri Zebnis da
Ziebis organoebi kvlav Tavmoyrili iyo mefisnac-vlis
kancelariis policiis nawilis gansakuTrebul ganyofilebaSi
(313).
mefisnacvalma voroncov-daSkovma 1907 wels centraluri
xelisuf-lebisagan kvlav moiTxova kavkasiaSi politikuri Ziebis
da Zebnis organoebis gaerTianeba da aRZra Suamdgomloba
raionuli `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb
kavkasiis teritoriaze, romlis saqmianoba unda miesadagebinaT
kavkasiis mxaris gansakuTrebul administraciul mowyobasTan.
1907 wlis 24 dekembers Seiqmna kavkasiis raionuli `oxrankis~
ganyofileba da rogorc iqna JandarmTa sagubernio
sammarTvelos oficrebs miecaT saSualeba aeRoT revanSi
`oxrankis~ oficrebze – Tbilisis JandarmTa sagubernio
sammarTvelos ufrosi dainiSna raionuli `oxrankis~
ganyofilebis ufrosad (314). 1908 wels kavkasiis raionuli
- 142 -
`oxrankis~ ganyofilebis StatSi Sedioda: ganyofilebis ufrosi
polkovniki, 2 moadgile – Stabs-oficrebi, 4 gansakuTrebul
davalebaTa Cinovniki, 1 saqmismwarmoebeli, saqmismwarmoeblis
TanaSemwe, registratori, Jurnalisti, 3 mwera-li, Tarjimani da
fotografi.
imperiis sxva adgilebSi daarsebuli raionuli `oxrankis~
ganyofilebebis _ peterburgis, moskovis, varSavis da sxvebis
xelmZRvaneloba daevalaT am qalaqebSi arsebul `oxrankis~
ganyofilebebis ufrosebs. amasTan, zemo CamoTvlil raionuli
`oxrankis~ ganyofilebebs xelmZRvanelobas uwevda policiis
departamentis gansakuTrebuli ganyofileba. kavkasiaSi ki
raionuli `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufrosi debulebis Tanaxmad
uSualod emorCileboda mefisnacvals.
kavkasiis (iwodeboda aseve _ Tbilisis `oxrankis~),
raionuli `oxrankis~ ganyofileba moicavda Tbilisis, baqos,
elizavetopolis, quTaisis, erevnis guberniebs, baTumis, yarsis
olqebs, zaqaTalis, soxumis mazrebs, baqos saqalaqisTaos, Savi
zRvis kavkasiis sanapiro olqs, gansakuTrebul raionul
olqebad gamoyofil yubanis, Tergis, daRestnis olqebs da Savi
zRvis gubernias.
kavkasiis raionuli `oxrankis~ ganyofilebam rogorc iqna
kavkasiaSi moaxdina politikuri Zebnis da Ziebis organoebis
gaerTianeba. raionuli `oxrankis~ debulebis mixedviT JandarmTa
sagubernio, rkinigzis JandarmTa policiis sammarTveloebi,
saerTo policiis saqalaqo da samazro sammarTveloebis Cinebi
politikuri Zebnis da Ziebis saqmeSi xelmZRvanelobdnen
raionuli `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufrosis miTiTebebiT.
- 143 -
mefisnacvlis kancelariis policiis nawilis
gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis ufross ar gaaCnda is uflebebi,
rac raionuli `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufross. am ukanasknels
SeeZlo JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos da saerTod
policiis nebismieri CinisaTvis daevalebina Cxrekis an
dapatimrebis warmoeba maTi uSualo xelmZRvanelebis gverdis
avliT.
raionuli `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis oficrebs SeeZloT
esargeblaT ara marto im masaliT, rac ki arsebobda
adgilobriv `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebSi da JandarmTa sagubernio
sammarTveloebSi, aramed hqondaT nebismieri saqmis gacnobis
ufleba. metic, `saidumlo TanamSromlebis~ sastiki
dakonspirirebis miuxedavad, maTi moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi
`agentebi~ unda gaecnoT da miecaT am ukanasknelebTan
Sexvedris saSualeba. debuleba raionuli `oxrankis~
ganyofilebis ufrosisagan iTxovda sakuTari e.w. `centraluri
agenturis~ gaCenas mis samoqmedo raionSi. bunebrivia, am
moTxovnis Semdeg, `saidumlo TanamSromlebis~ gaCena daiwyes
Tbilisis JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloSic, romlis
ufrosi amavdroulad iyo raionuli `oxrankis~ xelmZRvaneli.
raionuli `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufross SeeZlo,
politikuri Zebnis da Ziebis organoebis saqmianobis
koordinaciis da xelmZRvanelobis gaadvilebis mizniT, moewvia
am dawesebulebebis ufrosebis saolqo yriloba.
amrigad, kavkasiis raionuli `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis
SeqmniT faqtobrivad moxda politikuri Zebnis da Ziebis
organoebis gaerTianeba, magram, politikuri Zebna, gamomdinare
praqtikidan, kvlav adgilobrivi `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebis
- 144 -
prerogativa iyo. JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloebs
ZiriTadad politikuri Ziebis warmoeba uxdebodaT da movaleni
iyvnen maT mier mopovebuli informacia `oxrankis~ adgilobrivi
ganyofilebebisaTvis gadaecaT, Tumca, garkveulwilad, rogorc
zemoT avRniSneT, maT SeZles xelSi CaegdoT politikuri Zebnis
is nawili, rac `saidumlo TanamSromlebis~ xelmZRvanelobaSi
serTo gamoixateboda. fileruli meTvalyureobis warmoeba da
`saidumlo TanamSromlebis~ umetesoba kvlav Tbilisis
`oxrankis~ ganyofilebaSi iyo Tavmoyrili (315).
Tavi V
adgilobrivi administracia da politikuri
Zebnis da Ziebis organoebi 1894-1908 wlebSi
adgilobrivi xelisufleba gubernatorebis saxiT
anxorcielebda ara marto saerTo policiis saqmianobis
zedamxedvelobas da warmarTvas, aramed saerTo policiis mier
politikurad arakeTilsaimedo pirebze faruli
zedamxedvelobis warmoebaze Tvalyuris devnebas. 1881 wlis 14
agvistos SemoRebuli debulebiT, `saxelmwifo wesrigis da
sazogadoebrivi simSvidis dacvis zomebis Sesaxeb~ gubernatori
acxadebda gubernias `gansakuTrebul dacvaze~ da SeeZlo
politikurad arakeTilsaimedo pirebis ga-saxleba guberniidan.
- 145 -
gubernatoris kancelariidan igzavneboda im pirTa sia, viszec
saerTo policias evaleboda faruli zedamxedveloba.
1904 wlidan gubernatori gaxda e.w. `gansakuTrebuli
TaTbiris~ Tavmjdomare. am organos wevrebi iyvnen sagubernio
JandarmTa sammarTvelos ufrosi da saolqo sasamarTlos
prokurori. `gansakuTrebuli TaTbiris~ movaleobas Seadgenda
politikur danaSaulze mokvlevis warmoebis Sew-yveta, an Ziebis
gagrZelebaze miTiTebis micema. Sinagan saqmeTa saministro, am
sami dawesebulebis xelmZRvanelis erTad TavmoyriT, cdilobda
politikuri Ziebis ukeT warmarTvis mizniT SeeTanxmebina
adgilobrivi xelisuflebis, saerTo policiis da Jandarmeriis
oficrebis saqmianoba.
rogorc ukve avRniSneT, JandarmTa sagubernio
sammarTveloebis oficrebi xSirad ignorirebas ukeTebdnen
gubernatoris moTxovnebs, radgan guberniis xelmZRvanelobas
administraciulad ar eqvemdebarebodnen. policiis departamenti
Tavis mxriv urTierTgamomricxav cirkularebs ugzavnida
JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloebs – xan iTxovda
gubernatoris moTxovnaze gaegzavnaT Jandarmeriis oficrebs
Sesabamisi masala, magram saidumlo cnobebi ar CaerToT masSi
(316). xan ki avalebdnen gubernatorisaTvis gaegzavnaT misgan
moTxovnili sammarTveloSi arsebuli nebismieri saxis masala
(317).
praqtikaSi Jandarmebi gubernatorebs Tavisi Sexedulebis
mixedviT ugzavnidnen informacias. Jandarmeriis oficrebis
saqmianobis ganxilvisas aRvniSneT, rom isini xSirad aWarbebdnen
Tavis uflebebs, ereodnen iseTi sakiTxebis gadaWraSi, rac
gubernatoris uflebamosilebas warmoadgenda (318). 1905 wels
- 146 -
JandarmTa korpusis Stabi miuTiTebda Jandarmeriis Cinebs, rom
`Jandarmeriis oficrebi xazgasmuli damoukideblobiT iqcevian
gubernatorebTan urTierTobis dros da guberniis
xelisuflebas ukeTeben ignorirebas~ (319). amitom Sinagan saqmeTa
ministrma ubrZana JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos ufrosebs:
`marTalia, isini ar arian uSualod damokidebuli
gubernatorebze, magram saxelmwifo danaSaulze Ziebis
warmoebis Sesaxeb informacia unda droulad miawodon da aseve
SeaTanxmon Tavisi saqmianoba guberniis xelisuflebasTan~ (320).
meores mxriv, policiis departamenti gubernatorisagan
iTxovda, rom saerTo policias antisaxelmwifoebriv
danaSaulze saqmeebis gamoZieba SeeTanxmebina JandarmTa
sagubernio sammarTvelos xelmZRvanelobisaTvis (321). amasTan,
politikuri policiis adgilobriv organoebs unda droulad
miewodebinaT maT mier mopovebuli policiuri xasiaTis _
sisxlis samarTlis, administraciuli Tu sayofacxovrebo
danaSaulis Sesaxeb mTeli informacia gubernatorebisaTvis (322).
ruseTis imperiaSi politikuri da saerTo policiis
saqmianoba mWidrod iyo gadajaWvuli ara marto erTmaneTTan,
aramed iusticiis saministros adgilobrivi organoebis –
sasamarTlo palatis, saolqo sasamarTlos, prokuraturis
muSaobasTan.
XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze ruseTis imperiaSi sisxlis
samarTlis saqmis gamoZieba iyofoda ramdenime stadiad.
winaswari moZieba Sedgeboda mokvlevisgan da gamoZiebisgan (323).
rogorc aRvniSneT, saxelmwifo (politikur) danaSaulze
mokvlevas awarmoebdnen Jandarmeriis oficrebi da aseve
sasamarTlos gamomZieblebi prokuroris zedamxedvelobis qveS
- 147 -
(324). mokvlevis mTavar mizans warmoadgenda danaSaulis faqtis
dadgena. Jandarmeriis oficers dapatimrebis Sesaxeb
dadgenileba unda ecnobebina sasamarTlo palatis
prokurorisaTvis (325). Cxrekebs atarebdnen sasamarTlos
gamomZiebeli an Jandarmeriis oficeri saerTo policiis
CinebTan erTad (326).
politikuri xasiaTis danaSaulze saerTo policias
damoukideblad Cxrekis da dapatimrebis ufleba hqonda im
SemTxvevebSi, rodesac adgilze sasamarTlos an politikuri
Ziebis warmomadgeneli ar imyofeboda (aseT SemTxvevaSi
gatarebuli RonisZiebebi kanoniT eqvemdebareboda Semowmebas
sasamarTlos warmomadgenlis, an gamomZieblis mier).
Jandarmeriis Cinebs politikuri saqmeebis Ziebis dros neba
hqondaT darTuli braldebuli gaeCxrikaT da daepatimrebinaT
Tavisi SexedulebiT. amrigad, SeeZloT braldebulis
patimrobaSi ayvana braldebis simZimis miuxedavad. braldebulis
korespodenciis amoRebas da gasinjvas gamomZieblis mier
sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba sWirdeboda. Jandarmebs ki SeeZloT
mxolod prokurorTan SeTanxmebiT (acnobebdnen) amoeRoT
korespodencia. saerTo policiis mier mokvlevis warmoebis
procesi imyofeboda sasamarTlos kontrolis qveS, Jandarmeriis
mier warmoebuli ki mxolod prokuroris zedamxedvelobis qveS
(327). braldebis wayenebisaTvis saWiro saxelmwifo danaSaulis
faqtze arsebuli masala JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos
mier gadaecemoda saolqo sasamarTlos prokurors (an samxedro
saolqo sasamarTlos). prokurori Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebis
arsebobis an ararsebobis safuZvelze wyvetda saqmis Ziebas, an
aRZravda braldebas. am SemTxvevaSi prokurori adgenda
- 148 -
sabraldebo daskvnas, romelic midioda sasamarTloSi (328).
saxelmwifo danaSaulze aRZrul saqmeebs arCevdnen sasamarTlo
palata da saolqo sasamarTlo (329).
aRsaniSnavia, rom 1900-1908 wlebSi prokuratura cdilobda
meti kontrolis dawesebas Jandarmeriis Cinebis saqmianobaze,
magram mas Jandarmeriis oficrebis mier uflebamosilebis
gadaWarbebis an araswori moqmedebis Sesaxeb mxolod saCivris
gagzavnis ufleba gaaCnda policiis departamentSi. politikuri
policiis mxridan Cadenilma iseTi saxis samarTaldarRvevebma,
rogoricaa braldebis gareSe dapatimrebebi, Cxrekebi, imata 1905
wlidan. TviT axlad daniSnuli kavkasiis policiis gamge
Sirinkini aRaSfoTda, rodesac gamomJRavda Tbilisis JandarmTa
sagubernio sammarTvelos oficrebis mier Cadenili aseTi saxis
ramodenime aTeuli SemTxveva. Jandarmeriis oficrebi saerTod
ar ugzavnidnen dapatimrebis Sesaxeb gamotanil dadgenilebebis
asls sasamarTlo palatis prokurors (330). amitom, Tbilisis
saolqo sasamarTlos prokurori iZulebuli iyo kvlav da kvlav
moeTxova Tbilisis sagubernio JandarmTa sammarTvelos
ufrosisaTvis daeSvaT mokvlevis warmoebis procesSi
prokuraturis TanamSromlebi (331).
prokuratura Tavis mxriv xSirad mimarTavda Tbilisis
saerTo policiis xelmZRvanelobas, rom policiis pristavebi
arc Tu iSviaTad apatimrebdnen moqalaqeebs saxelmwifo
danaSaulis braldebis safuZvelze, risi uflebac maT ar
gaaCndaT da dapatimrebulebs gadascemdnen `oxrankis”
ganyofilebas. moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT ki es pirebi politikuri
Ziebis formaluri mokvlevis organos _ JandarmTa sagubernio
sammarTvelosaTvis unda gadaecaT.
- 149 -
sakmaod bevri saarqivo masala arsebobs Jandarmeriis,
`oxrankis” oficrebis da sasamarTlos gamomZieblebs Soris
arsebuli dapirispirebis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlo gamomZieblebis
moTxovnebis miuxedavad politikuri policiis Cinebi ar
cxaddebodnen sasamarTloSi – gamoucxadeblobas xsnidnen
konspiraciuli muSaobis meTodebis, Ziebis xerxebis gamJRavnebis
SiSiT maTi sasamarTloSi dakiTxvis SemTxvevaSi (332).
iusticiis saministro Tavis mxriv sasamarTlo palatis da
saolqo sasamarTlos prokurorebs sTxovda gaewiaT daxmareba
JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloebisaTvis iuridiuli
konsultaciebis saxiT, kerZod, miecaT rCevebi JandarmTa
sagubernio sammarTveloSi arsebuli masalidan gamomdinare
kanonis romeli muxliT daisjeboda damnaSave saqmis
sasamarTloSi gadacemis Semdeg, SeiZleboda Tu ara am saqmis
braldebis damZimeba damatebiTi mtkicebulebebis mopovebis
SemTxvevaSi da sxva (333).
1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis periodSi masiuri areulobebis
fonze policiis departamenti da Sinagan saqmeTa saministro
iTxovdnen revoluciuri moZraobis TvalsaCino
warmomadgenlebis dapatimrebas, an patimrobis vadis
gagrZelebas. politikuri policiis Cinebs ki xSirad ar
gaaCndaT Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebi, amitom maTgan iTxovdnen,
rom SeeTanxmebinaT aRniSnuli saxis dapatimrebebi sasamarTlo
palatis, an saolqo sasamarTlos prokurorebTan (334). Tuki
SeTanxmebas ver aRwevdnen, maSin aseTi saxis problemas
acnobebdnen Sinagan saqmeTa ministrs, romelic aTanxmebda
aRniSnul sakiTxs iusticiis ministrTan (335).
- 150 -
Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma durnovom neba misca politikuri
policiis Cinebs, Tuki sasamarTlo organoebi gadawyvetdnen,
TvalsaCino revolucio-nerebis, agitatorebis gaTavisuflebas
formaluri mokvlevis procesSi danaSaulebrivi faqtebis
arqonis gamo, isini ar gaeTavisuflebinaT policiis
departamentis nebarTvis gareSe (336).
saerTod ki es nakli – samxilis gareSe revolucionerebis
dapatimreba damaxasiaTebeli iyo politikuri policiisaTvis
1905-1906 wlebSi. amitom policiis departamentma 1906 wels
moiTxova naCqarevi dapatimrebis magivrad jer moepovebinaT
realuri samxili mtkicebulebebis saxiT.
1906 wels policiis reformis Sesaxeb Seqmnil komisias
daevala daemuSavebinaT debuleba Jandarmeriis oficrebisa da
sasamarTlos Cinebis SeTanxmebuli moqmedebis Sesaxeb
politikuri Ziebis procesSi, rac ar ganxorcielda (337).
uwyebrivi dapirispirebebis miuxedavad politikuri policia
sasamarTlo dawesebulebebis CinovnikebTan SeTanxmebas mainc
axerxebda ramodenime mizeziT. karieris gakeTebis survili am
ukanasknelebs ubiZgebda xelisuflebis TvalSi erTguli
moxelis saxeli daemsaxurebina. amasTan erTad, xelisufleba
Tavidan iSorebda misTvis arasasurvel sasamarTlos moxeleebs
– maT aTavisuflebdnen sxvadasxva sababiT samsaxuridan.
policiis departamentis erT-erTi didi rangis Cinovnikis
sityvebiT, `maTi bedi damokidebuli iyo politikuri policiis
adgilobrivi xelmZRvanelobis Sexedulebaze~ (338). amitom,
sasamarTlos Cinovnikebi xSirad uSvebdnen winaswar ganzraxviT,
Tu uneblied uxeS Secdomebs ganaCenis gamotanisas (339).
Cveulebisamebr isini sakmaod sastiki iyo. TviT Sinagan saqmeTa
- 151 -
saministros moxeleTa azriT, kavkasiaSi politikur danaSaulze
Zalian mkacri ganaCenebi gamohqondaT. magaliTad, Tbilisis
sasamarTlo palatis wevr bogorodskis ganaCenebi politikuri
saxis danaSaulze ruseTis imperiis saerTo statistikaSic ki
gamoirCeoda Tavisi sisastikiT (340).
aRsaniSnavia, rom xSirad dakiTxvisas prokuraturis
karieristi warmomadgenlebi, xedavdnen ra, rom braldebuli
fsiqologiurad iyo daTrgunuli da SeiZleba misgan
gulwrfeli aRiarebis miReba, romlis gamoyenebiT ki mas
`saidumlo TanamSromlad~ gaxdidnen, atyobinebda amis Sesaxeb
politikuri policiis warmomadgenels. es ukanaskneli Sedioda
kontaqtSi braldebulTan, `amuSavebda~ mas. amis Semdeg
prokuraturis warmomadgeneli ukve `saidumlo TanamSromlis~
mier micemuli Cvenebidan saerTod spobda, an iRebda iseT
faqtebs, romelebic braldebuls sasjeliT emuqreboda.
prokuraturis warmomadgenlebis aseTi moqmedeba dasturdeba
revolu-cioner g. CxeiZis mogonebidan: `1908 wlis noemberSi
damapatimres... roca veraferi gaiges Cemgan, mommarTes
Zveleburad: `Tqvi simarTle da axlave waxval samuSaod.
jamagirs aiReb erTi samad. icxovre SenTvis da verc veravin
verafers gaigebs. am winadadebis dros prokuroric iq iyo~ (341).
policiis departamentis Yyofili ufrosi beleckis sityvebiT:
`aseTi moqmedeba sistemad iyo gadaqceuli TviT Sinagan saqmeTa
ministrebis nebarTviT~ (342).
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Tavi VI
politikuri policiis taqtika revoluciuri
moZraobis winaaRmdeg…1902-1908 wlebSi
$1. politikuri policiis taqtikuri xazi 1902-1905
wlebSi
politikuri policiis strategiul xazad revolucionerTa
teroris winaaRmdeg 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis periodSi
faqtobrivad iqca saidumlo agenturis amoqmedeba, magram misi
gamoyenebis taqtikam gaiara Tavisi ganviTarebis ramodenime
etapi, iseve rogorc revolucionerebis mier gamoyenebulma
teroristulma taqtikam.
1902 wlidan 1905 wlis CaTvliT policiis departamentis
gansakuTrebuli(politikuri) ganyofilebis taqtikur xazs
revoluciuri organizaciebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi
warmoadgenda Semdegi.
1902-1903 wlis debulebebiT `Zebnis~ da `oxrankis~
ganyofilebebze `saidumlo TanamSromlebs~ evalebodaT mxolod
revoluciuri organizaciis saqmianobis `gaSuqeba~.
departamentis moTxovniT `oxrankis~ oficeri Tavis agenturul
qsels avalebda gamoekvliaT, SeeswavlaT revoluciuri
organizaciebis mTliani struqtura, daedginaT maTi partiuli
kavSirebi, organizaciis TanamgrZnobi pirebi da roca igi
ricxob-rivad gaizrdeboda, waeqezebinaT organizaciis wevrebi
aqtiuri gamosvlebisaken, rogorebicaa _ demonstraciebis,
gaficvebis mowyoba, aralegaluri literaturis gavrceleba,
tipografiebis dayeneba, iaraRis Semozidva. mokled, iseTi saxis
- 153 -
revoluciuri saqmianobis ganxorcieleba, rasac moyveboda
areulobebi, saxazino, saswavlo da sxva saxis dawesebulebebis
darbeva, Senobebis dazianeba, policiasTan demonstrantebis
Setakebebi, cema-tyepa da sxva. amis TvalsaCino magaliTia
ruseTis istoriidan 1905 wlis 9 ianvari, rodesac zubatovis
mfarvelobiT Seqmnilma muSaTa organizaciebma, policiis
departamentis agent gaponis meTaurobiT manifestacia moawyes
mefis sasaxlesTan da romelic sisxlisRvriT damTavrda.
politikuri policia QaseTi saxis saqmianobiT moipovebda
samxils revolucionerebis gasasamarTleblad. Tumca TviTon
agents ekrZaleboda revoluciuri organizaciis saqmianobaSi
aqtiuri monawileobis miReba (343). praqtikaSi es akrZalva
mudmivad irRveoda. SeuZlebelia saidumlo agents mieca sruli
informacia, Tu ar endobodnen organizaciis wevrebi. ndobas ki
mxolod aralegaruli literaturis gavrcelebiT, teroristul,
eqspropriaciul aqtebSi da iaraRis, asafeTqebeli nivTierebebis
SemozidvaSi monawileobis miRebiT, mokled, rom vTqvaT aqtiuri
revoluciuri moRvaweobiT Tu moipovebda.
rogorc zemoT avRniSneT `oxrankelebi~ Tvlidnen, rom
`soliduri TanamSromlis gareSe SeuZlebelia karieris
gakeTeba~ (344). solidur TanamSromlad, bunebrivia, iTvleboda
revoluciuri organizaciis saTaveSi mdgomi piri, amitom
xelmZRvaneli oficeri sityvier rekomendacias uwevda agents
daekavebina wamyvani adgili partiul ierarqiaSi, ris Sesaxeb
policiis departaments oficialurad ar atyobinebda. policiis
departamenti, ra Tqma unda, Tvals xuWavda aseTi SemTxvevebis
gamoaSkaravebis dros. rogorc avRniSneT 1902-1903 wlebSi
ZiriTadi yuradReba gadatanili iyo teroristuli tipis
- 154 -
organizaciebze da vis ecodineboda dakonspirirebuli
teroristuli aqtis momzadeba, Tu ara terorists. TviTon
policiis departamentis gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis ufrosis
i. zubatovis miTiTebiT (im dros azefis xelmZRvanelis) e. azefi
1902 wels socialist-revolucionerebis `sabrZolo
organizaciaSi~ Sevida da daikava organizaciis xelmZRvanelis
adgili (345). amasTan, politikuri policiis taqtikis
SemmuSaveblebis varaudiT terori, da cxadia, aseTi aqtebis
dros uxvad daRvrili sisxlic revoluciur moZraobaze da
revolucionerebze uaryofiTi Sexedulebis Camoyalibebas
gamoiwvevda ubralo moqalaqeebis mxridan.
am taqtikuri xazis Seqmna miewereba i. zubatovs, romelic
xmamaRla acxadebda revolucionerebis misamarTiT: `Cven Tqven
giwvevT terorze da gagWyletTo~ (346). igi aclida revoluciur
organizaciebs gazrdiliyvnen, `momwifebuliyvnen~ da Semdeg
apatimrebda mis wevrebs. zubatovi varaudobda, rom agenturis
meSveobiT SeZlebdnen teroristuli organizaciebis kontrols,
magram praqtikaSi yvelaferi sxvagvarad aRmoCnda. politikuri
policiidan zubatovis wasvlis Semdeg qveyanaSi nel-nela
mzardi revoluciuri moZraobis winaaRmdeg policiis
departamentis Cinebma subieqturi da obieqturi mizezebis gamo
ver SeZles agenturis gamoyenebis taqtikis ganviTareba. Sedegad
ki policiis departamentis moTxovnas agentura gamoyenebinaT
mxolod informaciis Sesagroveblad moyva is, rom agenti
xSirad TviTneburad, xelmZRvanelis miTiTebis gareSe, Tavisda
moulodnelad winaurdeboda. xelmZRvanelisTvis saWiro
informaciis mopoveba mondomebul agents aiZulebda eaqtiura,
rac uxveWda avtoritets da gavlenas Tanamoazreebze. isic
- 155 -
malavda informacias, radgan xelmZRvanelisaTvis unda
Seetyobinebina informaciis miRebis wyaro, riTac gaamJRavnebda
Tavis realur adgils partiul ierarqiaSi.
swored amdagvar agents warmoadgenda azefi, romlis
xelmZRvanelobiTac socialist-revolucionerebis `sabrZolo
organizaciam~ SeZlo 1904 wlis 15 ivliss TviTon Sinagan
saqmeTa ministris pleves mokvla. pleves mkvlelobam imperiis
mosaxleobaSi didi gamococxleba Seitana. mas TviT teroris,
rogorc xelisuflebasTan brZolis saSualebis, uarmyofelebSi
dadebiTi gamoxmaureba moyva da male Sinagan saqmeTa axal
ministrad sviatopolsk-mirski dainiSna, romelmac Searbila
represiuli politika revolucionerebis mimarT. aman ufro
metad ganapiroba sxva politikuri partiebis mxridan aqcentis
aReba terorze, rogorc revoluciuri brZolis umTavres
saSualebaze.
erT-erTi qarTveli revolucioneris (social-demokrati)
mogonebaSi aRniSnulia, rom `1903-1905 wlis bolomde terori
Cveulebriv movlenad gadaiqca. gansakuTrebiT 1905 wels, vinc
cotaTi xels uSlida revoluciur moZraobas, imis winaaRmdeg
yvela revoluciuri partia terors mimarTavda, teroristuli
aqtebi bevri iyo. komitets aravin ekiTxeboda da Tuki
darwmundebodnen vinmes gamcemlobaSi, imaze bevr gamoZiebas ar
niSnavdnen, TviTon uswordebodnen. aseTma masiurma terorma
gastana TiTqmis 1909 wlamde~ (347).
revoluciis wlebSi revoluciuri organizaciebis mier
Seqmnili wiTeli razmebi sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara
teroristuli organizaciebi, radgan xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi isini ZiriTadadDADiyenebdnen teroristuli brZolis
- 156 -
meTodebs da xerxebs. wiTel razmelebs ar SeeZloT
gamklavebodnen armiis regularul nawilebs, amitom
Tavdasxmebs axdendnen xelisuflebis im warmomadgenlebze, visze
Tavdasxmac ioli iyo, kerZod armiis, policiis, `oxrankis~
dabal Cinebze, samTavrobo dawesebulebebis Cinovnikebze,
mamasaxlisebze, sasamarTlos gamomZieblebze da sxvebze. terors
anxorcielebdnen Semdegi principiT: daartyi da gaiqeci.
daartyi susts, daucvels da ara Zliers. rogorc qarTveli
social-demokrati da socialist-federalisti teroristebis
mier Cadenili teroristuli aqtebis analizidan Cans isini
Sors iyvnen socialist-revolucionerebis `sabrZolo
organizaciis~ wevrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli TviTganwirvidan.
marTalia, asafeTqebeli nivTierebebis damzadebis, bombebis
datenvis, maTi xmarebis dros xSirad iRupebodnen
Tavdamsxmelebi, magram `sabrZolo organizaciis~ teroristebi
Segnebulad midiodnen sasikvdilo riskze. magaliTad,
socialist-revolucionerebis „sabrZolo organizaciis“ wevrma
kaliaevma specialurad, Zalian axlo manZilidan esrola bombi
didi Tavadis sergei aleqsandres Zis etls, raTa msxverpli ar
gadarCeniliyo am manZilidan srolis SemTxvevaSi. Tumca icoda,
rom SeiZleba TviTonac daRupuliyo (348).
kavkasiis imdroindeli xelisuflebis SexedulebiT:
`saqarTveloSi socialist-revolucionerebma da socialist-
federalistebma Seqmnes meomari razmebi, isini Sedgeba
gavardnili, Tavze xelaRebuli pirebisagan da asruleben
davalebas administraciul pirTa mokvlis Sesaxeb. orive
organizaciis amocanas Seadgens erTi da igive mizani _
ibrZolos arsebuli reJimis winaaRmdeg teroris saSualebiT~
- 157 -
(349). maT ar Camouvardebodnen da zogjer sjobnidnen qarTveli
social-demokratebi. es ukanasknelni, garda imisa, rom teroriT
cdilobdnen `xalxis masebSi gaeRviZebinaT interesi Sinauri
politikisadmi, raTa xalxs Seeqmna samxedro jgufebi Tavisi
kerZo mCagvrelebis winaaRmdeg~, Tvlidnen, rom xalxis
calkeuli SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebi TandaTanobiT Seerwymeboda
saerTo-saxalxo ajanyebas (350).
n. Jordania 1905 wels social-demokratebis saqmianobas ase
axa-siaTebda: `isini terors iyenebdnen, rogorc iaraRs Tavis
dacvisa da policiur ZalTa Soris panikis daTesvisaTvis.
Tanaxmad aseTi Sexedulebebisa, Tbilisis komiteti axdenda
teroristul Tavdasxmebs Jandarmebze, metad erTgul
policielebze da `oxrankis~ agentebze. aman gamoiRo
mosalodneli Sedegi, mTeli aparati moeSala mTavrobas, SiSi da
Zrwola gamefda `oxrankaSi~. yvela maTgani Tavis gadarCenaze
fiqrobda. quCis baton-patroni gaxda social-demokratiuli
komiteti.… policia quCidan gaqra~ (351). ukve 1905 wlis 25
noembers Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ufrosi kavkasiis policiis gamges
swerda: `imis gamo, rom Tbilisis quCebi social-demokrati
menSevikebis organizaciis xelSia, policiis xelisufleba
faqtiurad mospobilia. social-demokratma milicionerebma
daiwyes devna filerebisa da `oxrankis~ ganyofileba aris
darbevis saSiSroebis winaSe. amitom, me movxseni yovelgvari
meTvalyureoba teroristebze~ (352).
terorma imdenad daaSina kavkasiaSi politikur policiis
adgilobriv organoebSi momuSave Cinebi, rom bevrma datova
samsaxuri, an iTxovdnen gadasvlas imperiis nebismier regionSi,
kavkasiis garda. TviTon Tbilisis `oxrankis~ agenturuli
- 158 -
ganyofilebis gamgem 1905-1906 wlebSi r. roJanovma Seitana pataki
gadaeyvanaT iseT samsaxurSi, romelic politikur Ziebas ar
Seexeboda _ `radgan samuSaom ukiduresobamde mouSala nervebi~
(353). TviTon umaRlesi xelisuflebis SexedulebiT _ `mimdinare
revoluciuri brZolis erT-erTi xerxi aris terori
Tanamdebobis pirebis winaaRmdeg, im mizniT, rom moiSoron
yvelaze saqmiani moxeleebi, vinc devnian revolucionerebs da
dezorganizacia Seitanon xelisuflebis organoebis
saqmianobaSi. samwuxarod ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos, rom
aRniSnulma sistemam revolucionerebs misca dadebiTi Sedegi~
(354). politikuri policiis adgilobrivi organoebis
monacemebiT `kavkasiaSi `teroristul niadagze~ 1907 wels
moxda 3060 mkvleloba da Zarcvis SemTxveva. maT Soris _ 689
mkvleloba da mkvlelobis mizniT Tavdasxmis faqti. am
teroristuli xasiaTis Tavdasxmebis dros teroristebma mokles
183 da daWres 90 Tanamdebobis piri~ (355).
aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom revoluciuri partiebis
adgilobrivi komitetebi terorTan dakavSirebiT ufro
gadamwyvetad iyvnen ganwyobili, vidre centri. maSinac ki, roca
revoluciuri partiebis centraluri komitetebi iRebdnen
gadawyvetilebebs, Tundac droebiT SeeCerebinaT terori,
adgilobrivi komitetebi Tavisi saqmianobiT midiodnen miRebuli
dadgenilebebis winaaRmdeg (356). es ganpirobebuli iyo
ramodenime mizeziT.
n. Jordanias daskvniT, im dros `mTeli ... muSaobis iaraRi
iyo fuli. romeli meTauric, an jgufi fuls iSovida sadme, is
agrovebda Tavis irgvliv muSebs da liderobda. am mxriv
yvelaze ufro mdidari gamodga lenini. misi agentebi (stalini
- 159 -
da sxvebi) axdendnen eqsebs.……maT Caigdes yvirilis xazinidan
waRebuli fuli~ (357). fulis saSovnelad ki kavkasia-Si
arsebuli yvela revoluciuri partia axdenda eqspropriacebs.
SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmebis gziT Zarcvavdnen saxelmwifo, Tu
kerZo dawesebulebebs, kerZo pirebs. teroristuli Zaladobis
sxvadasxva formidan eqspropriaciebi yvelaze metad aaxloebs
teroristebs sisxlis samarTlis damnaSaveebTan. maT Soris
ramodenime msgavsebaa: pirveli is, rom orive kategoria
Segnebulad arRvevs arsebul kanonebs, meore _ iyeneben
danaSaulis Cadenis praqtikulad erTnair saSualebebs, mesame _
teroristebi arc Tu iSviaTad eqspropriaciebs axdenen sisxlis
samarTlis damnaSaveebis gamoyenebiT da xSirad iTviseben xelSi
Cagdebuli fulis did nawils (358).
xSir SemTxvevaSi udanaSaulo adamianebis Zarcvam, fulis
gamoZalvis mizniT adamianebis gatacebam, magaliTad, menSevikma
teroristebma 1906 wels baTumSi am mizniT gaitaces
sazogadebaSi dafasebuli eqimi da Semdeg mokles, gamoiwvia
revoluciuri partiebis popularobis dacema mosaxleobaSi (359).
Semcirda Sesabamisad revoluciis TanamgrZnobTa raodenoba. sa-
xeli gautydaT aseve sazRvargareTac. magaliTad, TbilisSi
erevnis moednidan `legendaruli“ bolSevik-eqspropriatoris
kamos (ter-petrosianis) meTaurobiT social-demokratebis mier,
gatacebuli 250000 maneTis msxvili kupiurebis gadaxurdavebisas
SveicariaSi daapatimres cnobili bolSeviki litvinovi. n.
Jordanis sityvebiT, `gavarda xma mTel evropaSi, rom ruseTis
social-demokratebi arian banditebi, mcarcvelebi da sxva.
internacionali SeSfoTda, aseT xalxs CvenTan ra undao~ (360).
am da sxva mizezebis gamo (erT-erTi mizezi politikuri
- 160 -
policiis mier agenturis gamoyenebaSi taqtikis Secvlac iyo,
Tumca amaze Semdgom visaubrebT) 1907 wels jer socialist-
revolucionerebis centralurma komitetma, Semdeg ki social-
demokratebma da socialist-federalistebma gadawyvites
eqspropriaciebi aRar moewyoT. magram bolSeviki revolucioneri
k. cincaZis sityvebiT, isini mainc agrZelebdnen `eqsebs~ _
`radgan bolSevikebi Tvlidnen, rom `saxelmwifo `eqsebi~ da
xandaxan teroristuli aqtebic partizanuli omis nawilia,
romelsac erTgvari dezorganizacia Seaqvs mTavrobis
meqanizmSi…...…saWiroa partiam aiRos es saqme xelSi,
uxelmZRvanelos, gaaspetakos, `eqsebs~ daudos ideuri
safuZveli~ (361).
n. Jordania Tavis mogonebaSi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
aRniSnavs, radgan bolSevikebi agrZelebdnen `eqsebs~, masze imedi
daamyara plexanovma, rogorc eqspropriatorebis partiidan
garicxvis momxreze. Tumca misive sityvebiT: `me, ver Sevpirdi ...
Tu es orive kategoria Tavidan movicileT, partiaSi vinRa
darCeboda~ (362). mas partiidan wevrebis wasvla ki ar aRelvebda,
aramed sul sxva ram. zemoT dasaxelebuli revolucioneris k.
cincaZis mogonebaSive vkiTxulobT: `SemaerTebeli yrilobis
gaTavebis Semdeg, romelzedac menSevikebis wyalobiT
eqspropriaciebi dagmobili iyo, me SevekiTxe amxanag banusians:
SeiZleba Tu ara awi `eqsebis~ gakeTeba, ras ambobs amis Sesaxeb
noe Jordania ... man mipasuxa sityva-sityviT Semdegi: Tumca
yrilobam oficialurad uaryo, magram Sinaurulad adgilobriv
organizaciebs miando, sadac SesaZlebeli iqneba `eqsebis~
gakeTeba. noe Jordaniac am azrisaa da Tanaxmaa Cveni muSaobis
gagrZelebis~ (363). agrZelebdnen kidec `muSaobas~ _ menSevikebma
- 161 -
eqspropriaciebis akrZalvis Semdeg ramodenimejer scades
`eqsebis gakeTeba~ da `Telavis gzatkecilze moxdenili `eqsidan~
6 aTasi waiRes, mxolod menSevikebis organizacias Zlier cota
xvda, radgan meti nawili TviT moqmedma pirebma gainawiles~.
xolo xaragaulTan safosto matarebelze Tavdasxmisas
`daiRupnen menSeviki `eqsistebi~, gadarCenilma Tavdamsxmelma
gatacebuli fulidan organizacias araferi misca da TviT
gaiqca sazRvargareT~ (364). bolSevikebma ki, Tanamedrovis
mogonebiT, SeZles ramodenime warmatebuli `eqsis~ gakeTeba da
eqsproprirebuli fuli gadasces partias (365).
1905-1906 wlebSi ruseTis imperiaSi arsebuli revoluciuri
organizaciebi aqtiurad muSaobdnen, gaxSirda teroristuli
aqtebic. Sesabamisad, organizaciis wevrebis waqezeba aqtiuri
moqmedebis dasawyebad saidumlo TanamSromlebis meSveobiT
saWiro aRar iyo. demonstraciebi da policiasTan Sejaxebebi
yoveldRiur movlenebad gadaiqca. revoluciuri organizaciebis
saqmianobis mxolod `gaSuqeba~ da Semdeg maTi `likvidaciebi~
masiuri teroris fonze Sedegs ar iZleoda. ganadgurebuli
organizaciebis adgilze Cndeboda axlebi, maTSi ki agent-
TanamSromlebi ukve aRar iyvnen. Tbilisis `oxrankis~ agenturis
Semadgenlobis analizi gviCvenebs, rom maTi umravlesoba 1905-
1906 wlebSi iyvnen revoluciuri organizaciebis rigiTi wevrebi,
an Seadgendnen damxmare agenturas da organizaciis saqmianobaze
sruli suraTis Seqmna ar SeeZloT. organizaciis ganadgurebis
SemTxvevaSi isini gindac ar daepatimrebinaT, gansxvavebiT
xelmZRvanelobaSi mdgomi pirebisgan, sanam aRadgendnen
kavSirebs TanapartielebTan, veRar iZleodnen informacias, an
saerTod kargavdnen partiul kavSirebs.
- 162 -
amave wlebSi gamoikveTa agenturis samsaxuriT
sargeblobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sxva naklic. rogorc zemoT
avRniSneT, agentebis marTva, mxolod erTi xelmZRvanelis
meSveobiT, iwvevda maT daukontrolireblobas. agenti-
TanamSromeli revoluciuri organizaciis saqmianobaSi ara
marto aqtiurad monawileobda da revolucionerebis azriT
eweoda `provokacias~ _ informacias awvdida `oxrankas~, aramed
sargeblobda xelmZRvanelis ndobiT, daukontrolireblobiT da
xelovnurad qmnida danaSauls, raTa mieRo fuladi jildo
revoluciuri aqtebis gaxsnis gamo. politikuri policiis
Cinebis azriT, swored es iyo `provokacia~. policiis
departamentis axladdaniSnuli direqtori truseviCi 1907 wlis
10 marts `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebs ugzavnis werils, romelSic
aRniSnulia: `policiis departamentSi Semovida cnobebi
saidumlo TanamSromlebis aqtiur monawileobaze iseTi saxis
revoluciur saqmianobaSi, rogoricaa eqspropriaciebi ...
TanamSromlebi ar unda eweodnen e.w. `provakatorobas~, anu
TviTon ar unda qmnidnen saidumlo sazogadoebebs da
pasuxismgeblobas akisrebdnen misi organizebisTvis sxva pirebs,
am saqmeSi meorexarisxovan rols, rom asruleben~ (366).
truseviCma ki moindoma garkveulwilad politikuri
policiis saqmianobaSi wesrigis Setana, magram im xerxebiT,
romlis akrZalvasac igi cdilobda, politikuri policia
anxorcielebda Tavis operatiul saqmianobas. kerZod: jer erTi
im revolucioners, romelsac ver apatimrebdnen samxilis
uqonlobis gamo, agenti xelmZRvanelis davalebiT aZlevda an
`miuyrida~ proklamaciebs, aralegalur literaturas, iaraRs.
aseT nivTmtkicebebs `oxrankis~ oficrebi aRuricxavad
- 163 -
inaxavdnen da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi aZlevdnen agents. meorec _
agenti ver moixveWda avtoritets, Tu ar Seqmnida revoluciur
wreebs, an Tu ar miiRebda monawileobas teroristul aqtebSi,
mesamec _ agentisgan xelovnurad Seqmnili organizaciis, Tu
`miyrili~ nivTmtkicebebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi politikuri
policiis oficrebi SeZlebul dapatimrebulebs arTmevdnen
fuls da uSvebdnen. bunebrivia, rom xSirad agenti-
TanamSromlebic TviTneburad, fuladi jildos miRebis mizniT
qmnidnen organizaciebs, agrovebdnen xalxs, iZendnen iaraRs,
dgamdnen tipografiebs, Semdeg ki `oxrankis~ xelSi agdebdnen
(367). 1908 wlis ivlisSi policiis departamentis gansakuTrebuli
ganyofileba acnobebda Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebas, rom
`navTis sawyobis gamges altievs agent-TanamSromelma, romelic
masTan muSaobda saqmeTa mmarTvelad, miuyara bombebi, raTa
mieRo fuladi jildo misi aRmoCenisaTvis~ (368). maRali Cinis
Jandarmeriis oficris sityvebiT 1905-1906 wlebSi jildoebs
tipografiis ricxvis mixedviT aZlevdnen da amitom erT patara
qalaqSi wlis ganmavlobaSi cxra tipografia `gauxsniaT~ _
`konkurentebis~ Ggulis gasaxeTqad (369).
$2. politikuri policiis taqtikuri xazi 1906 wels
policiis departamentma saidumlo TanamSromlebis
gamoyenebaSi revoluciuri moZraobis winaaRmdeg 1906 wlidan
daiwyo axali taqtikuri xazis gatareba. igi dakavSirebulia
peterburgis `oxrankis~ ufrosis general gerasimovis saxelTan.
sakuTari niWis wyalobiT dawi-naurebulma zubatovis moswavlem
da misma Rirseulma memkvidrem, ganaviTara politikuri Zebnis
- 164 -
zubatoviseuli meTodebi da xerxebi. TavisTavad cxadia, mas
aseT saqmeSi sakmaod Zlieri mfarveli da mxardamWeri unda
hyoloda mmarTvel wreebSi. aseTi mfarveli ki iyo caristuli
ruseTis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri saxelmwifo
moRvawe stolipini. stolipinis sa-xelTan aris dakavSirebuli
ara marto ruseTis kapitalistur relsebze gadasvlis sakmaod
saintereso gegmis ganxorcielebis dawyeba, aramed politikuri
policiis saqmianobis gaumjobesebaze zrunva. igi Tvlida, rom
mxolod daTmobebiT, an Zalismieri meTodebiT ar SeiZleboda
miznis miRweva. stolipinis azriT, romelic man gamoTqva
kavkasiis mefisnacvalTan saubarSi 1907 wels peterburgSi
Sexvedris dros: `politikuri Zebna aris revoluciur
moZraobasTan brZolis yvelaze Zlieri saSualeba~. man kargad
gaanaliza, rom revoluciis saboloo CaxSoba, SeuZlebeli iyo
`sworad dayenebuli da organizebuli agenturis~ gamoyenebis
taqtikis gareSe. swored mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli zemoT
moyvanili 1907 wlis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebis axali
debulebis, aseve #120 `Sinagani agenturis organizaciaze da
wayvanaze~ da #140 gare (filerul) meTvalyureobaze
instruqciebis SemoReba. stolipini Tvlida, rom aucileblobas
warmoadgenda kompleqsuri RonisZiebebis gatareba. am periodSi
misi xelmoweriT gagzavnil erT-erT cirkularSi erTad aris
moTavsebuli Semdegi miTiTebebi: `adgilobrivma xelisuflebam
upirveles yovlisa unda miiRos zomebi, rac SeiZleba male
aRmofxvras is ekonomiuri mizezebi, romelsac eyrdnoba
revolucionerTa agitacia da…... agenturis meti yuradReba unda
mimarToT gansakuTrebiT mavne revolucionerebis winaaRmdeg,
romelTa amoReba warmoadgens policiis da Jandarmeriis Cinebis
- 165 -
pirveli rigis amocanas. sworad unda SeirCes maTi dapatimrebis
dro, kerZod unda miRebul iqnas sakmarisi miTiTebebi
agenturisgan, rom Segrovdes sakmarisi formaluri
mtkicebulebebi maT dasapatimreblad~ (370).
1906 wlidan im revoluciur organizaciebs, romlebSic
`soliduri TanamSromlebi~ yavdaT, aRar anadgurebdnen, piriqiT
maT icavdnen Cavardnebisgan. saerTo policias da Jandarmeriis
sagubernio sammarTveloebs miecaT miTiTeba, ar daepatimrebinaT
aravin, ar moewyoT araviTari Cxreka `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis
ufrosis gareSe. amis mizezi ki iyo is, rom ar momxdariyo
`oxrankis~ ganyofilebis operatiuli saqmianobis CaSla _
saidumlo TanamSromlis, an masTan dakavSirebuli pirebis
dapatimrebiT. saqme imaSia, rom dainerga, ufro swored dRis
sinaTleze gamotanil iqna zubatovisgan SemuSavebuli, misi
samsaxuridan ganTavisuflebis Semdeg ki miviwyebuli idea _
agenturis meSveobiT daekontrolebinaT da emarTaT
revoluciuri organizaciebi.
am periodidan `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebi mxolod maSin
axdendnen im revoluciuri organizaciebis likvidacias,
romelSic `kargi~ agenti yavdaT, roca gardauvali iyo iseTi
teroristuli aqti, an sxva saxis danaSauli, romelic mocemul
momentSi `oxrankis~ oficrebis azriT, arasasurvels
warmoadgenda da SeuZlebeli iyo misi aRkveTa revolucionerTa
dapatimrebis gareSe. amasTan, TanamSromlebs sTxovdnen
winaswar miewodebinaT informacia revoluciuri organizaciis
dasapatimreblad gamiznuli wevrebisaTvis ra saxis nivTieri
mtkicebulebebi SeiZleba aRmoeCinaT. saqme imaSia, rom 1905-1906
wlebSi teroristebis da saerTod revolucionerebis naCqarevma
- 166 -
dapatimrebebma, xSir SemTxvevaSi gadaumowmebeli cnobebis
safuZvelze nivTieri samxilis gareSe, uaryofiTi roli iTamaSa
`oxrankis~ muSaobis Sedegianobaze. baTumSi adgilobrivi
politikuri Zebnis organoebis mimoxilvaSi, revoluciuri
moZraobis Sesaxeb aRniSnul periodSi naTqvamia: `dRes daiWeren
agitators, xval aTavisufleben mas. maZiebel organoTa brZola
revoluciur moZraobasTan prokuraturis da sagamomZieblo
organoTa ganmartebiT umiznoa. Cven unda gvemtkicebina ama Tu im
pirisaTvis, rom is inaxavda aralegalur literaturas
gavrcelebis mizniT. amis dasamtkiceblad ki ar mogvepoveboda
saWiro masala da damnaSave Tavs aRwevda gasamarTlebas ...
revolucionerebs kargad aqvT Seswavlili axali sisxlis
samarTlis debuleba da maT winaaRmdeg veraviTar braldebas
ver wamoayeneb~ (371).
Sesabamisad revolucionerebic kargad icavdnen
konspiracias. ai, ras werda moskovis `oxrankis~ ufrosi
generali zavarzini bolSevikebis partiaSi konspiraciis
dayenebaze: `am partiaSi muSaobaSi rTaven wevrebs mxolod ama
Tu im konkretul saqmesTan dakavSirebiT. sargebloben metsa-
xelebiT, gaurbian xSir Sexvedrebs, cdiloben ar Seinaxon iseTi
sabuTebi, romelsac gamoiyenebs policia maT winaaRmdeg.
filerebis mier maTze TvalTvalis damyarebis aRmosaCenad
iReben sxvadasxva zomas. aseTis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi
gamodgaven pirobiT niSnebs gafrTxilebis mizniT _ lampars,
yvavilebis qoTans, an adgils ucvlian maT. partiis
xelmZRvaneloba yovelTvis imyofeba sazRvargareT. Tu vardeba
romelime adgilobrivi organizacia, amiT partiis muSaoba ar
iSleba mTlianobaSi. konspiraciuli mosazrebebiT TiTqmis
- 167 -
yovelTvis uars amboben Cvenebebis micemaze, konspiracia
gamovlenili bolSevikebisgan warmodgens Zalian saswavlebels~
(372). am azrs adasturebs cnobili bolSevikis v. menJickis
Sesaxeb, aseve cnobili bolSevikis e. stasovas mogoneba: `es iyo
ganaTlebuli marqsisti, kargi propagandisti da moxerxebuli
konspiratori. rogori Tvisebebi unda aRezarda Tavis TavSi
partiul muSaks? upirveles yovlisa sizuste. xandaxan gviwevda
Sexvedrebi quCaSi, romelime kuTxeSi da aq saWiro iyo sizuste.
Tu Tqven mixvediT dagvianebiT, amxanags uwevs lodini. amiT igi
amaxvilebs Tavis Tavze gorodovois, Spikis, meezovis
yuradRebas, amitom saWiroa wuTi-wuTze Sexvedra da Semdeg gzis
gagrZeleba. maSin Tqveni Sexvedra Caivlis SeumCnevlad. `iavkebi~
binebSi xSirad iyo eqimebTan da advokatebTan. miRebis saaTebi
maT gansazRvruli aqvT. maSasadame unda droulad mixvide da
gamoxvide. aseve saWiroa dakvirvebuloba, yuradReba irgvliv
myofebze. am Tvisebebs Cven vimuSavebdiT Semdegnairad: me
Sevdiodi oTaxSi da amxanagi meubneboda swrafad Setrialdi da
Tqvi ra dainaxe, roca Semoxvedi~ (373).
e. stasova exeba ra dakiTxvebis process aRniSnavs, rom
dakiTxvisas maT `oxrankelebi~ svamdnen sinaTlis wyaros
pirdapir da akvirdebodnen saxis gamometyvelebas. amitom: `ise
unda dagveWira Tavi, rom Tvalebis TamaSs ar gaeca Cveni azrebi
da grZnobebi~. kiTxulob zemoTmoyvanil citatebs da ggonia
laparakia Zlieri saxelmwifos specsamsaxuris agentebze. unda
iTqvas, rom es iyo v. leninis moTxovnis cxovrebaSi gatareba.
romlis sityvebiT `politikuri policiis winaaRmdeg brZola
iTxovs gansakuTrebul Tvisebebs, iTxovs revolucionerebs
profesiiT~ (374).
- 168 -
am da konspiraciis sxva xerxebis, meTodebis gamoyenebiT
revolucio-nerebi Rirseul winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen politikur
policias. sxvaTa Soris bolSevikebs es gamocdileba gamoadgaT
sabWoTa saxelmwifos mSeneblobaSi. v. menJicki 1919 wlidan
muSaobda CekaSi. man f. ZerJinskisTan erTad SeimuSava Cekas-s
struqtura, srulyo ucxo qveynebis specsamsaxurebis
ZirgamomTxreli saqmianobis winaaRmdeg brZolis meTodebi da
misi xelmZRvanelobiT moxda TeTrgvardiuli organizaciebis _
`nacionaluri centris~ da `taqtikuri centris~ aRmoCena da
ganadgureba moskovsa da peterburgSi. zemoT naxsenebi
bolSeviki terorist-eqspropriatori k. cincaZe ki 1920-ian
wlebSi iyo sabWoTa socialisturi saqarTvelos Ceka-s ufrosi.
amrigad, politikuri policiis brZola 1905-1906 wlebSi
revolucionerebis winaaRmdeg warmatebuli namdvilad ar iyo.
xolo aqtiu-ri revolucionerebis da teroristebis
dausjelobam gamoiwvia Zalismieri struqturebis (saerTo
policia, jari) mxridan sapasuxo reaqcia _ dapatimrebuli
revolucionerebis mkvlelobebi viTomc patimrebis gaqcevis
mcdelobis momizezebiT. daiwyo TeTri terori.
`oxrankis~ ganyofilebebma ki am miznisTvis gamoiyenes 1901-
1902 wlebSi zubatovis locva-kurTxeviT imperiis TiTqmis yvela
msxvil qalaqSi Camoyalibebuli Savrazmuli organizaciebi.
saqarTveloSi, kerZod TbilisSi Savrazmul organizaciebSi 1500-
dan 2000-mde kaci iyo gaerTia-nebuli, upiratesad rusebi.
revolucioneri v. cabaZe Tavis mogonebaSi aRniSnavda, rom `rusi
muSebis didi umravlesoba nacionalisturi azrovnebiT iyo
gamsWvaluli. aq isini gabatonebuli eris warmomadgenlad
grZnobdnen Tavs da amitom maTTan daaxloeba, rogorc
- 169 -
politikurad, ise konspiraciulad Zneli iyo~ (375) swored
rusebi Sediodnen TbilisSi arsebuli Savrazmuli
organizaciebis gverdiT Seqmnili sabrZolo razmebis
SemadgenlobaSi. naumovi, molCanovi, pioriSkini, ai, Savrazmeli
teroristebis mokle sia. maT sakmao raodenobis revolucioneri
gamoasalmes sicocxles. molCanovis xeliT daiRupa zemoT
dasaxelebuli socialist-revolucionerebis aleqsandre da
maria xudadovebis mama. maTsaviT revolucioneri, Zveli
xalxosani (375). isini TanamSromlobdnen `oxrankasTan~,
sargeblobdnen ra maTi mfarvelobiT im revolucionerebs, visac
`oxranka~ sxvadasxva mizezis gamo ver apatimrebda, fizikurad
spobdnen. agentebma politikuri policiis Cinebis miTiTebebis
Tanaxmad daiwyes sxva revoluciuri partiebis wevrebis
winaaRmdeg `sakuTari~ partiis wevrebis waqezeba. Tbilisis
`oxrankis~ saqmeebSi aris agenturis informacia romelSic
naTqvamia, rom `TbilisSi qarTvelebma Seqmnes viRac qalbatonis
meTaurobiT jgufi, romelmac gadawyvita gavlenian somxebze
teroris ganxorcieleba.~ meore informaciaSi ki naTqvamia:
`somxebma Seityves amis Sesaxeb da Tavis mxriv Seqmnes razmi
gavleniani qarTvelebis terorizebisaTvis~ (377). albaT,
politikuri policiis axali taqtikidan gamomdinare am
informaciis gavrcelebas da somxebisTvis Setyobinebas ar
Cauvlia `oxrankis~ agenturis gareSe.
im xanebSi didi aJiotaJi gamoiwvia moskovSi Savrazmuli
organizaciis wevris mier revoluciurad ganwyobili
axalgazrdis waqezebam da gamoyenebam xelisuflebisaTvis
arasasurveli gazeTis `moskovskie vedomos-tis~ redaqtoris,
amave dros saxelmwifo saTaTbiros deputatis iliosis
- 170 -
mosaklavad. am mkvlelobis saTave ido xelisuflebis da
politikuri policiis umaRles eSelonebSi mimdinare
intrigebSi. 1907 wlis dasawyisSi sasaxlis karis zogierTma
maRalCinosanma moindoma im momentSi maTTvis arasasurveli
finansTa ministris vites mokvla. politikuri policiis
davalebiT peterburgSi moqmedi `rusi xalxis kavSiris~ wevri
kazancevi gaecno vinme feodorovs, romelsac surda `aqtiuri~
revoluciuri moRvaweoba da SesTavaza Tavdasxmis mowyoba
viteze. daarwmuna, rom TviTon iyo socialist-revolucioner
maqsimalistebis partiis wevri. Tumca viteze Tavdasxmamde
feodorovi waaqeza `praqtikis~, Tu xelSi ufro kargad daWeris
mizniT Tavs dasxmodnen ilioss, radgan igi iyo Savrazmeli da
revolucionerTa mteri. kazancevma dagegma mkvlelobis Cadenis
detalebi. Sesruleba ki miando feodorovs. mxolod danaSaulis
Cadenidan erTi kviris Semdeg, iliosis vinaobis garkvevis Semdeg
mixvda feodorovi Tu ra mizniT gamoiyenes igi Savrazmelebis
ukan mdgomma politikuri policiis Cinebma (378).
`oxrankelebis~ mier TeTri teroris dawyeba
revolucionerebs mxedvelobidan ar gamorCaT. Tbilisis
`oxrankis~ ufrosi 1908 wels acnobebda Tbilisis samxedro
gubernators, rom `gasul wels muSaTa organizaciis wevrebma
gadawyvites teroris gakeTeba policiis da `oxrankis~ Cinebis
winaaRmdeg. `oxrankasTan~ dakavSirebiT igi gamoixata
ganyofilebis TanamSromlebis TvalTvalSi da maT miTiTebaSi
teroristebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT gamoiCina Tavi olgas quCaze
momuSave gazeTebis gamyidvelma. man am saqmeSi sakmao
gamocdileba SeiZina~ (379). amave werilSi naTqvamia, rom social-
demokrat mixa CodriSvilis meuRle melano eweoda
- 171 -
ganyofilebis TanamSromlebis TvalTvals da uTiTebda maTze
teroristebs.
$3. wiTeli teroris ganxorcielebis
meTodebi da xerxebi
revolucionerebis mier ganxorcielebuli teroristuli
aqtebis dros gamoyenebul meTodebze da xerxebze warmodgenas
gvaZlevs socialist-revolucionerebis `sabrZolo
organizaciis~ saqmianobis analizi. misma wevrebma 1905-1907 wlis
revoluciis dros ganaxorcieles uamravi teroristuli aqti.
daxvewes da ganaviTares teroris ganxorcielebis `teqnika~. misi
erT-erTi xelmZRvanelis b. savinkovis sityvebiT: `teroristis
samuSao mdgomareobs ara marto imaSi, rom bombiT xelSi
gamovides quCaSi, aramed imaSic, rom terorists uxdeba
cxovreba ubralo adamianad da dakavebulia Zalian Zneli,
arasasiamovno saqmiT _ sistematuri meTvalyureobiT~ (380).
`sabrZolo organizaciis~ wevrebi gadacmulebi wvril
vaWrebad da meetleebad uTvalTvalebdnen momavali msxverplis
moZraobis marSruts. cdilobdnen daedginaT ra gziT moZraobda
terordaniSnuli piri da romel adgilze SeiZleboda masze
warmatebuli Tavdasxmis mowyoba. general trepovze
teroristuli aqtis momzadebisas `sabrZolo organizaciis~
wevri ivanovi mTeli weli, 1905 wlis Semodgomidan 1906 wlis
Semodgomamde muSaobda meetled (381). meTvalyureobis amdagvar
xerxs revolucionerebi ixseniebdnen `gare meTvalyureobis~
saxeliT. mis garda `sabrZolo organizaciaSi Caisaxa `Sinagani
Zebnac~. b. savinkovi organiza-ciaSi t. leontievas miRebis
- 172 -
mizezad (leontieva ar iyo mTlad normaluri) asaxelebs erTis
mxriv mis `erTgulebas revoluciisadmi da mzadyofnas misTvis
wasuliyo msxverplze~ da meores mxriv ki `qaliSvili iakutiis
vice-gubernatoris, aristokrati dediT da dediTve
dakavSirebuli mdidar da Cinosan peterburgTan, gvaZlevda
saSualebas gvyoloda kargi informaciis wyaro ministrebis da
didi Tavadebis Sesaxeb cnobebis misaRebad~ (382).
politikurma policiam 1905 wels gaxsna ,,sabrZolo
organizaciis~ zemoTxsenebuli meTodi – gare meTvalyureoba
meetleebis, wvrili vaWrebis saSualebiT da mis winaaRmdeg
miiRo saTanado kontrzomebi (383). azefma ki gerasimovis
xelmZRvanelobiT sruli dezorganizacia gaukeTa mis
saqmianobas. aq ar SevexebiT am dezorganizaciis meqanizms,
Tumca TavisTavad igi sainteresoa da policiis departamentis
axal taqtikur xazzec ufro naTeli warmodgenis Seqmna
SeuZlia. aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom azefma SeZlo daerwmunebina
sxvadasxva xerxiT TanamebrZolebi teroristuli brZolis
gagrZelebis uazrobaSi. magaliTad, roca xelisuflebis maRali
Tanamdebobis warmomadgenelze amzadebdnen Tavdasxmas, azefi
Segnebulad aZlevda maT cru marSruts da teroristebi isedac
fizikurad da fsiqologiurad gadaRlilebi imiT, rom ver
axerxebdnen samiznis moZraobis marSrutis dadgenas, amCnevdnen
moulodnelad filerebs. maT, azefis miTiTebis Tanaxmad,
teroristebze saTvalTvalod uSvebda generali gerasimovi.
oRond avalebda, rom teroristebs SeemCniaT meTvalyureebi.
bunebrivia, nerviuli daZabuloba Tavisas Svreboda da
teroritebic gaqceviT Svelodnen Tavs. upatronod tovebdnen
etlebs, konspiraciul binebs (384).
- 173 -
aseTi taqtikis gamoyenebis upiratesoba mdgomareobda
imaSic, rom marTalia ar xdeboda teroristuli organizaciis
wevrebis dapatimreba da maTi nawili ki damoukideblad
agrZelebda terors (teroristebs, maTi `gamzrdeli~
revoluciis aristokratebi, magaliTad, b. savinkovi unergavdnen
azrs, rom: `teroristis valia mudmivad iyos terorSi~), magram
jer erTi es teroristuli aqtebi ar iyo `centraluri
mniSvnelobis~, meorec aseTi taqtikiT narCundeboda
`centraluri mniSvnelobis agenti~. sainteresoa, rom rodesac
gaJona informaciam azefis policiasTan TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb
gerasimovma gawira sxva agenti socialist-revolucionerebSi
vinme tatarovi. am piris gamcemlobaze acnobes partiis wevrebs
da amiT daarwmunes isini, rom azefi informaciis gacemaSi
arafer SuaSi iyo. tatarovis, rogorc gamJRavnebuli agentis
mkvlelobis organizacia socialist-revolucionerebis
centralurma komitetma daavala TviTon azefs (385)!!!
politikuri policiis amdagvari taqtikis Sedegad 1906
wels azefis da savinkovis meTaurobiT moqmedma `sabrZolo
organizaciam~ arseboba Sewyvita. marTalia politikurma
policiam SeinarCuna azefi, magram socialist-revolucionerebis
centralur komitetTan male axali `sabrZolo organizacia~
Camoyalibda. misma xelmZRvanelobam kritikulad Seafasa Zveli
organizaciis gamocdileba da SeimuSava axali meTodebi
teroris gansaxorcieleblad. ai, rogor agviwers maT
organizaciis wevri: `organizacia Zebnas awarmoebda (e.i.
informacias agrovebda msxerplze) ori mimarTulebiT. `gare
Zebna~ _ quCis meTvalyureoba Sikrikebis da filerebis
meSveobiT SenarCunda, magram win wamoiwia `Sinaganma Zebnam.~
- 174 -
iZebnebodnen adamianebi sazogadoebaSi da partiaSi, visac
SeeZloT miecaT raime miTi-Teba, raime monacemebi aRniSnul
pirze (msxverplze), gare meTvalyureoba ki amowmebda maT
monacemebs~ (386).
am periodSi social-demokratebic sakmaod warmatebiT
iyenebdnen aseT xerxs, Tumca umTavresad eqspropriaciebis, an
adamianebis gatacebebis dros. 1905 wlis 3 oqtombers v. lenini
statiaSi `revoluciuri armiis razmebis amocanebi~ iZleva
konkretul miTiTebebs aseTi razmis saqmianobis sawarmoeblad
(387). aRniSnavs, rom razmis wevrebs unda SeemuSavebinaT
meTodebi da xerxebi xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli
brZolis warmoebisaTvis. iZleva ra quCaSi brZolis
saSualebebis, meTodebis, xerxebis daxasiaTebas, lenini statiaSi
miuTiTebs, rom razmis wevrebs unda dauyovnebliv daewyoT
SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmebi Tundac `uwesrigo, moumzadebeli
wvrili terori~. amasTan, aucilebeli iyo SeiaraRebuli
Tavdasxmebis dayofa or _ mosamzadebel da uSualo Tavdasxmis
(samxedro) operaciad. mosamzadebel periodSi lenini iTxovda
yovelgvari saxeobis iaraRis SeZenasTan erTad `ewarmoebinaT
dazverviTi samuSaoebi: cixis, policiis nawilebSi, saxelmwifo
dawesebulebebSi~. anu maTSi gaeCinaT sando pirebi da
daemyarebinaT kavSirebi am dawesebulebebis im TanamSromlebTan,
vinc raime saqmeSi SeiZleba gamosdgomodaT (388). zemoT moyvanil
SemTxvevaSi _ menSeviki teroristebis mier baTumSi fulis
gamoZalvis mizniT eqimis gataceba swored aseTi gegmiT iqna
mowyobili. im saavadmyofoSi, romelSic eqimi muSaobda moewyo
saavadmyofos zedamxedvelis TanaSemwed social-demokratiuli
partiis wevri da man moaxdina gatacebis organizacia (389).
- 175 -
1909 wlis oqtombridan `sluCainis~ fsevdonimiT
politikur policiasTan TanamSromlobas (rogorc agenti
socialist-federalistebSi) iwyebs dimitri sofromis Ze jaSi
(390). viTvaliswinebT ra am pirovnebisadmi interess ilia
WavWavaZis mkvlelobasTan dakavSirebiT, SevecdebiT masze cota
meti informaciis gadmocemas. aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom ilia
WavWavaZis mkvlelobaSi politikuri policiis dadanaSauleba
motiviT TiTqos jaSi iyo `oxrankis~ agenti arasworia, radgan
1909 wlamde misi aseTi saxis kontaqti `oxrankasTan~ ar
moipoveba.
`oxrankis~ saqmeebSi arsebuli informaciiT jaSi 1904 wels
demonstraciaSi monawileobisaTvis daupatimrebiaT da oTxi
kvira ijda cixeSi. eweoda aqtiur revoluciur moRvaweobas _
monawileobda muSebis antisaxelmwifoebriv SekrebebSi,
avrcelebda mowodebebs, agrovebda Semowirulobebs ruseTis
social-demokratiuli partiis samxedro salarosaTvis,
sagubernio sammarTvelos Cinovnikidan, vinme e. tyemalaZisgan
iRebda xelisuflebis makompromitirebeli sabuTebis aslebs da
fsevdonimiT `zdeSni~ beWdida maT aralegalur gazeT `listok
barbi proletariata~-Si (391). ai, aseTi ideuri social-
demokratisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli qcevis pirovneba 1905 wlidan
xdeba socialist-federalisturi partiis wevri. igi amave
periodSi muSaobs gazeT `iveriaSi~. `oxrankis~ saqmeebSi mis
dasaxasiaTebaSi aRniSnulia pirdapir ase: dimitri sofromis Ze
jaSi _ gazeT `iveriis~ TanamSromeli (392).
aRsaniSnavia, rom TanamedroveTa mogonebebSi jaSi
gamocxadebulia 1906 wels social-demokratebis _ bolSevikebis
samxedro organizaciis xelmZRvanelis aleqsandre obolaZis
- 176 -
megobrad, romelic Tavis Tavs ase axasiaTebda:
`gadauWarbeblad vityvi, rom imdeni teroristuli aqti, rac me
wilad mxvda kavkasiaSi, aravis Seusrulebia~ (393). ase, rom jaSi
SeiZleba swored bolSevikebisgan iyo Segzavnili, social-
demokratebis azriT `burJuaziul socialist-federalistur
partiaSi~. ise ki jaSis pirovneba kargad jdeba social-
demokratebis mier teroristuli aqtebis da eqspropriaciebis
Casadenad 1905-1907 wlebSi gamoyenebuli xerxis sqemaSi _ sando
pirebis Segzavna mowinaaRmdegis banakSi.
am azris safuZvlianobas iribad adasturebs ilia
WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis gamomZiebelis n. f. iliaSenkos
Sesaxeb arsebuli masala. TanamedroveTa cnobebiT, is ilias
mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZiebis Semdeg `jaSis saukeTeso megobari
gamxdara~ (394). 1921 wels ki n. f. iliaSenko bolSevikebis
SemosvlisTanave a. nazaretianis – iusticis saxalxo komisris
xelmowerili brZanebiT iniSneba `samxreT oseTis olqis
revkomSi saqmeTa mmarTvelis Tanamdebobaze~ (395). bunebrivia
Cndeba kiTxvebi: pirveli _ ra saerTo unda hqonoda sagangebo
saqmeTa gamomZiebel ilia-Senkos revolucioner jaSTan? da
meore _ mefis xelisuflebis Cinovniki iliaSenko ra
damsaxurebebis gamo darCa menSevikebis mmarTvelobis periodSi
sakmaod did sasamarTlo moxeled (iyo Tbilisis olqis
sasamarTlos da Tbilisis samoqalaqo miliciis sarevizio
komisiis wevri), xolo bolSevikebma igi cxinvalis revkomSi
samuSaod ratom gauSves? Tu davamatebT, rom iliaSenko iZiebda
ilias uaxloesi megobris n. xizanaSvilis (urbneli), cnobili
eTnografis, iuristis daWris saqmes da gamoZieba ar warmarTa
sworad, rasac male n. xizanaSvilze teroristebis meore
- 177 -
warmatebuli Tavdasxma moyva, vfiqrobT pasuxi unda veZioT
bolSevikebis taqtikaSi _ daemyarebinaT kavSirebi samTavrobo
struqturebSi momuSave pirebTan (396). sxvaTa Soris
TanamedroveTa Soris gavrcelebuli n. xizanaSvilis
mkvlelobis erT-erTi versia social-demokratebs sdebda brals.
meore versiiT ki n. xizanaSvili ojaxuri usiamovnebis niadagze
moakvlevina misma germa n. maCabelma. mkvleli ki iyo socialist-
federalisti teroristi korneli kasraZe (397). am versias
adasturebs Tbilisis JandarmTa saolqo sammarTveloSi
arsebuli masala, romelSic axsnilia mkvlelobis motivic:
`socialist-revoluciuri partiis Tbilisis samxedro
organizaciis~ wevri n. maCabeli iyo ugonod Seyvarebuli k.
kasraZeze da sayvarels moakvlevina n. xizanaSvili (398).
sainteresoa, rom rogorc zemoT SevniSneT, socialist-
federalistebis partiis saqmeSi partiis wevrTa siaSi erTad
figurireben d. jaSi da k. kasraZe (399).
leninis mier gamoTqmuli zemoT moyvanili saxelmZRvanelo
direqtivebi proklamaciebis saxiTac vrceldeboda. magaliTad,
social-demokratiuli partiis moskovis komitetis samxedro
organizaciis proklamaciaSi `rCevebi ajanyebul muSebs~
vkiTxulobT igive rCevebs, rasac lenini sTavazobda zemoT
aRniSnul statiaSi Tanapartiel sabrZolo razmebis wevrebs
(400). masSi leninis mier sakmaod dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli
qalaqis quCebSi partizanuli brZolis warmoebis xerxebi.
dawyebuli iqidan, rom aucilebeli iyo qalaqis detaluri
Seswavla, binebSi Sesasvlelebis, gasasvlelebis, gamavali
ezoebis codna, or-sam kaciani sabrZolo razmebis Camoyalibeba,
SeiaraRebuli Sejaxebis arideba jariskacebTan, Tavdasxmebis
- 178 -
ganxorcieleba mxolod sust mowinaaRmdegeze, praqtikis mizniT
Savrazmuli organizaciis wevrebis permanentuli cema-tyepebis
mowyoba, erTmaneTis gasarCevad sibneleSi gamosacnobi niSnebis
SemuSaveba da sxva (401). sxvaTa Soris laTinuri amerikis
qveynebSi 1960-1980-ian wlebSi memarcxene teroristebis mier
qalaqebSi warmoebuli partizanuli brZolebi e.w. `saqalaqo
gerilia“, Tavisi meTodebiT, xerxebiT warmoadgens rusi
revolucionerebis, konkretulad ki igive bolSevikebis mier
gamoyenebuli teroristuli meTodebis, xerxebis gamoyeneba-
ganviTarebas. revoluciurad ganwyobili axalgazrdebis
teroristebad ga-dabirebis, fsiqologiuri damuSavebis xerxebic
TiTqmis erTmaneTis identuria. rac gasakviri ar unda iyos _
maTi konsultantebi sabWoTa specsamsaxurebis emisrebi iyvnen. es
ukanasknelni ki `izrdebodnen~ Ceka-s pirveli TanamSromlebis _
bolSevikebis da socialist-revolucionerebis maqsimalistebis
(memarcxene eserebis) teroristuli warsulis magaliTebze. maT
mier mefis ruseTis politikuri policiisgan gamoyenebuli
meTodebis, xerxebis ganviTarebam da sakuTar konspiraciul
gamocdilebasTan Serwymam Ceka-s memkvidre ssrk-s
specsamsaxurebi msoflioSi erT-erT uZlieresad aqcia. ise ki
kgb-s Zveli TanamSromlebi albaT sakmaod bevr saerTos ipovian,
Cvens mier `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebis saqmianobis ganxilvis
dros.
gamoyenebuli saSualebebis da terminologiis msgavsebasTan
erTad politikur policias da teroristul organizaciebs
gaaCndaT saerTo naklic. iseve, rogorc politikuri policiis
organoebi ver axerxebdnen saidumlo TanamSromlebis
dakontrolebas, iCendnen maT mimarT zedmet ndobas,
- 179 -
teroristuli organizaciebic konspiraciis mizniT ar
akontrolebdnen, ufro swored ar hqondaT dro da saSualebebi
Tavisi wevrebis Sesamowmeblad.
1904_1906 wlebSi `sabrZolo organizaciis~ xelmZRvanelis,
pleves da didi Tavadis sergei mixeilis Zis mkvlelobis
organizatoris azefis mxilebis Semdeg socialist-
revolucionerebma Seqmnes specialuri e.w. `sasamarTlo
gamomZiebeli komisia azefis saqmeze.~ am komisiam gaaanaliza
`sabrZolo organizaciis~ saqmianoba. gamoitana daskvna, rom
`centraluri teroris~ warmoebisadmi gadametebuli
mniSvnelobis micemam, romlis warmoebasac partia axarjebda
uzarmazar Tanxebs (magaliTad, safrangeTSi iaponiis samxedro
ataSesgan socialist-revolucionerebma miiRes 100000 aTasi
franki da misi didi nawili gadasces `sabrZolo organizacias~
(402)) da agzavnida Tavis yvelaze saukeTeso Zalebs, moyva
partiis kontrolisgan gancalkevebulad mdgomi organizaciis
Camoyalibeba (403). da ara marto Camoyalibeba. masSi Tavmoyrilma
`zeadamianobaze~ pretenziis mqone savinkovma, policiis
departamentis agentma azefma, fsiqiurma avadmyofebma t.
leontievam, d. briliantma da sxvebma advilad SeZles Tavisi
miswrafebebis realizacia. rac ar unda saocari iyos, swored
azefis xelmZRvanelobiT ganaxorciela `sabrZolo
organizaciam~ Tavisi yvelaze sastiki dartymebi xelisuflebis
winaaRmdeg. azefis xelSi igi damjer iaraRad iyo qceuli,
radgan es ukanaskneli wevrebs arCevda im niSniT, ramdenad
daeqvemdebarebodnen mas da unda yofiliyvnen gulwrfeli
revolucionerebi. es ki imitom sWirdeboda, rom ar Separvoda
- 180 -
policiis agenti _ departaments, misi saqmianobis dakontroleba,
rom ar SesZleboda.
revoluciuri organizaciebi Tavis mxriv cdilobdnen
informaciis Segrovebas politikuri policiis saqmianobis
Sesaxeb imave meTodebiT, romelsac `oxranka~iyenebda. arc Tu
iSviaTad TviTon `oxrankis~ Cinebi mi-diodnen
revolucionerebTan TanamSromlobaze sxvadasxva mizeziT.
Tbilisis `oxrankis~ TanamSromeli metsaxelad `bluza~ 1906
wels xelmZRvanels acnobebda, rom `policiis meaTe nawilis
ubnis zedamxedveli yvelas eubneba, rom me vTanamSromlob
`oxrankis~ ganyofilebasTan, vawvdi cnobebs ganyofilebis
ufross~ (404). rogorc `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis gamgem SemdegSi
gaarkvia policiis dasaxelebuli Cinis qcevis mizezi, sakmaod
prozauli iyo. igi ramdenime welia muSaobda erT adgilze da
ar awi-naurebdnen (405).
TviTon Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis Cinovniki v.
tiroevi, rogorc 1908 wels ganyofilebis ufrosma daadgina,
TanamSromlobda revolucionerebTan. awvdida cnobebs
`oxrankis~ saqmianobaze. igi adre dapatimrebulic ki iyo saerTo
policiis mier, erevnis moednidan bolSevikebis mier 250000
maneTis eqspropriaciis saqmesTan dakavSirebiT (406).
mas Semdeg, rac revoluciur Jurnal `biloes~ redaqtor
vl. burcevTan saubarSi policiis departamentis yofilma
direqtorma lopuxinma Seityo, rom azefis organizebuli iyo
pleves mkvleloba da ivarauda igi kavSirSi iyo p.
raCkovskisTan, vinc mis Semdeg gaxda policiis departamentis
direqtori gasca azefi burcevTan (407). es ukanaskneli muSaobda
socialist-revolucionerebSi policiis departamentis mier
- 181 -
Segzavnili agenturis gamomJRavnebaze. man SeZlo sxvadasxva
informaciis Sejerebis safuZvelze azefis gaSifvra, Tumca
saboloo wertili azefis agentobis damtkicebaSi dasva
lopuxinma. am faqtis gamo burcevma moipova popularoba,
rogorc saidumlo TanamSromlebis gamomJRavnebelma
revolucionerTa rigebSi. 1908 wlidan ruseTSi daiwyo
agentebis mxilebis bumi. burcevTan kavSiri daamyares policiis
departamentis gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis ufrosis
TanaSemwem l. menSikovma da varSavis `oxrankis~ gansakuTrebul
davalebaTa Cinovnikma m. bakaim. maT samasze meti agentis
monacemebi gadasces revolucionerebs. burcevis mier policiis
agentebis gamomJRavnebis mizniT Seqmnil e.w. `sagamomZieblo
komisias~ xSirad ugzavnidnen politikur policiasTan
dakavSirebuli sxva pirebic dedans an asls gadaRebuls
saidumlo TanamSromlebis piradi saqmeebidan. burcevis
sityvebiT, mis xelSi gaiara policiis departamentis arqivis
saidumlo dokumentebma, romelic masTan mihqonda departamentis
Cinovniks mcire gasamrjelos fasad (408).
aRsaniSnavia, rom revolucionerebic Tavis mxriv
cdilobdnen SeeRwiaT politikuri policiis wiaRSi. jer kidev
1878 wels imdroindeli politikuri policiis xelmZRvanel
organoSi, imperatoris kancelariis III ganyofilebis me-3
eqspediciis agenturul ganyofilebaSi miiRes revolucioneri n.
kleCotnikovi. man xalxosnebSi arsebuli ramodenime gamcemi
gamoaaSkarava (maT Soris CvenTvis ukve kargad nacnobi i.
zubatovi) (409).
1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis periodSi SedarebiT
warmatebuli iyo socialist-revolucionerebis partiis wevris
- 182 -
petrovis mier peterburgis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis saidumlo
agenturaSi SeRweva. am viTomda `gadabirebulma~ revolucionerma
isargebla xelmZRvanelis ndobiT da konspiraciul binaSi
aafeTqa petrogradis `oxrankis~ ufrosi polkovniki karpovi
(410).
am saqmeSi yvelaze met warmatebas miaRwia 1905_1907 wlebis
revoluciis dros socialist-revolucioner maqsimalistebis
partiam peterburgSi. 1906 wels aRniSnuli partiis wevri s. risi
`gadaibira~ policiis departamentma. s. risi winaswar
SeTanxmebuli iyo TanapartielebTan da SeZlo policiis
departamentis direqtoris darwmuneba, garkveuli realuri
informaciis `gacemis~ Sedegad Tavis gulwrfelobaSi. iZleoda
ra departamentisaTvis saintereso masalas, direqtori truseviCi
daajera, rom raTa ar CaSliliyo misi agenturuli saqmianoba,
xeli ar exloT maqsimalistebis petrogradis jgufisTvis.
amasTan, departamentis Cinovnikebisagan iRebda
organizaciisTvis saWiro informacias maTTan urTierTobis
dros da awvdida Tanapartielebs. amis Sedegad, maqsimalistebis
petrogradis jgufma, romlis saqmianoba, ase vTqvaT
`dazRveuli~ iyo politikuri policiis mxridan, moaxdina
ramodenime warmatebuli eqspropriacia da teroristuli aqti
(411).
1906 wels policiis departamentis mier axali taqtikuri xazis
SemoReba ganapiroba aseve qveynis mmarTvelobiT sistemaSi
moxdarma cvlilebebmac. ruseTis imperiis mmarTvelobaSi susti
gavlenis mqone, magram arCeviTma organom saxelmwifo
saTaTbirom revoluciuri partiebis daintereseba gamoiwvia.
- 183 -
partiebis garkveulma nawilma moindoma am organos saSua-lebiT
sakuTari miznebis ganxorcieleba.
1906 wlis noemberSi policiis departamenti acnobebda
politikuri Zebnis adgilobriv ganyofilebebs: `TiTqmis yvela
revoluciurma partiam gadawyvita miiRos saqmiani monawileoba
winasaarCevno agitaciaSi, cdilobs saTaTbiros meSveobiT
miaRwios arsebuli saxelmwifo wyobis Secvlas. am mizniT qmnian
gansakuTrebul komisiebs arCevnebis gamo, specialuri
agitatorebi ewevian gaZlierebul muSaobas sasurveli pirebis
xmosnebad da SemdegSi saxelmwifo saTaTbiros wevrebad
gasayvanad.
dauyonebliv moaxdineT gegmazomieri Sinagani da gare
meTvalyureobis organizeba raTa: pirveli _ gamoarkvioT pirebi
vis xelSic aris Tavmoyrili masalebi arCevnebis Sesaxeb
socialist-revolucionerebis, social-demokratebis, glexTa
kavSirebis anu maTi, vinc ar uweven saTaTbiros arCevnebs
boikots; meore _ gamoarkvieT pirebi, visac upireben xmosnebad
da saTaTbiros wevrebad arCevas. miiReT yvela zoma aseTebis
gamosaaSkaraveblad, gansakuTrebiT bolos dasaxelebuli
pirebis. maTze gamoiyeneT sisxlis samarTlis Semdegi muxlebi
... mimarTeT mTeli ZalRone maTi swrafi likvidaciisken
(dasapatimreblad) da dasadanaSauleblad zemoT moyvanili
muxlebiT sasamarTlos gamomZieblebis meSveobiT, raTa aseT
pirebs movuspoT ufleba xmosnebad da Semdeg saTaTbiroSi
asarCevad. im pirebze vinc ewevian da xelmZRvaneloben
winasaarCevno agitacias, Tuki sasamarTloTi devnas ver
movaxdenT, unda formaluri an `oxrankis~ mokvleva
ganvaxorcieloT~ (412). sxvagvarad, rom vTqvaT yvelanairad unda
- 184 -
SeeSalaT xeli partiebis kandidatebis arCevnebSi
monawileobisaTvis. ise arc revolucionerebi ixevdnen ukan
gamoeyenebinaT Tavisi miznebis SesrulebisaTvis yvelanairi
saSualebebi. Tbilisis `oxrankis~ saqmeebSi aris agenturuli
cnobebi, rom social-demokratebma Secvales amomrCevelTa siaSi
monacemebi da gaiyvanes Tavisi warmomadgenlebi xmosnebad.
aRniSnulia aseve, rom winasaarCevno periodSi `miuxedavad
gaerTianebisa, menSevikebi axSoben bolSevikebs da ar aZleven
muSaobis (agitaciis) saSualebas~ (413).
I da II saxelmwifo saTaTbiros muSaobis gamocdilebam,
revoluciuri partiebis mier saTaTbiros tribunis gamoyenebam
propaganda-agitaciisaTvis aiZula xelisufleba daewyo
kompleqsuri kontrzomebis gatareba maTi legaluri da
aralegaluri saqmianobis winaaRmdeg. policiis departamentis
daintereseba am sakiTxiT imdenad didi iyo, rom am periodis
cirkularuli werilebis gadaxedvisas gvrCeba STabeWdileba,
rom igi politikurma policiam revoluciuri moZraobis
winaaRmdeg brZolis erT-erT umTavres mimarTulebad aqcia.
Tumca 1907 wlis dasawyisSi policiis departamentis direqtoris
gagzavnil depeSaSi politikuri Zebnis adgilobrivi
ganyofilebebisadmi gamoTqmulia aRSfoTeba, rom: `JandarmTa
sammarTveloebi da `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebi ifarglebian
mxolod informaciis SegrovebiT xmosnebze da saTaTbiros
kandidatebze revoluciuri partiebidan. ar iCenen araviTar
aqtiurobas sasamarTlo devnis warmoebisTvis miTiTebuli
kandidatebis winaaRmdeg. xelisuflebis interesebSi Semavali
amocana darCenilia Seusruleblad, cxadia imitom, rom
policiis departamentisgan miTiTebuli miznis winaaRmdeg arc
- 185 -
agentura, arc Zebnis sxva saSulebebi ar iqnen mimarTuli da
gamoyenebuli. daZabeT mTeli Zalebi mis Sesasruleblad~ (414).
zemoT dasaxelebuli mizezebis gamo policiis departamenti
iZulebuli gaxda ganeviTarebina, Seevso 1906-1907 wlebis
taqtikuri xazi. Cven SemTxveviT ar avRniSneT, rom azefis,
rogorc agentis SenarCunebis miuxedavad, ar moaxerxda
socialist-revolucionerebis teroris SeCereba. metic, rogorc
ukve vnaxeT revoluciuri partiebis centraluri komitetebis
akrZalvebis miuxedavad, maTi adgilobrivi komitetebi
TviTneburad, `Sinaurulad~ agrZelebdnen terors. politikuri
policiis Cinebis Ralatis, `oxrankis~ muSaobis meTodebis
gamJRavnebis gamo ki gaiSifra uamravi agenti. aseT situaciaSi
umTavresi aqcenti policiis departamentma gaakeTa partiebis
adgilobriv da centralur organizaciebSi agenturis
raodenobis gazrdaze, maT sastik dakonspirirebaze da am
agenturis meSveobiT aralegaluri organizaciebis marTvaze da
Semdgom maT legalizaciaze.
revoluciuri partiebis legalizeba 1907 wlis bolodan
iqca politikuri policiis erT-erT mTavar miznad, radgan 1905-
1907 wlebSi kargad gamoCnda, rom revoluciis yvelaze mkveTri
gamovlinebebi _ teroristuli aqtebi, eqspropriaciebi
xorcieldeboda swored aralegaluri partiebis mier. maTTvis
oficialuri saagitacio tribunis micemiT politikuri policia
fiqrobda SeZlebda revoluciis beladebis ambiciebis
dakmayofilebas da Seasustebda revolucionerebis mxridan
brZolis ukiduresi saSualebebis gamoyenebis momxreTa
poziciebs. magram, revoluciurma partiebma iswavles ara marto
konspiraciis kargi dacva, aramed is xerxebic, riTac maTi
- 186 -
saarCevno agitaciisaTvis SeiZleboda xeli SeeSala politikur
policias. bunebrivia, rom isini axerxebdnen Sesabamisi
kontrzomebis miRebas da gahyavdaT TavisTvis sasurveli
kandidatebi saxelmwifo saTaTbiroSi.
amitom, Tu politikuri policia adre cdilobda arCevnebSi
monawileobis saSualeba xelovnurad moespo revoluciuri
partiebisaTvis, 1907 wlis bolodan maT amis saSualebas aZlevda.
metic _ politikuri policiis adgilobrivi da centraluri
organoebi cdilobdnen arCeviT organoebSi gaeyvanaT Tavisi
agentebi. magaliTad, 1910 wlidan bolSevikebSi policiis
departamentis agents r. malinovskis (agenturuli metsaxelebiT
_ `partnoi~, `iqsi~) politikuri policiis Cinebma gauwies
daxmareba ara marto mieRo monawileoba IV saxelmwifo
saTaTbiros arCevnebSi, aramed gaemarjva kidec (415).
imis gamo, rom saxelmwifo saTaTbiroSi deputatebad arCeva
ar SeeZloT warsulSi nasamarTlev pirebs, politikuri
policiis daxmarebiT malinovskim mospo Tavisi kriminaluri
warsulis damadasturebeli dokumenti saerTo policiis
arqividan. mas 1902 wels Cadenili hqonda Zarcva. xolo rodesac
daupirispirda winasaarCevno agitaciis periodSi vinme krivovi
da malinovskis saTaTbiroSi arCevas safrTxe Seeqmna, es
winaaRmdegoba swrafad mospes _ TviT Sinagan saqmeTa ministris
piradi brZanebiT krivovi daapatimrebul iqna (416). malinovskiT
politikuri policiis aseTi daintereseba gamowveuli iyo
imitom, rom rogorc moskovis `oxrankis~ saidumlo
TanamSromeli `sidori~ (a.a. poliakovi, romelmac ar icoda ra
malinovski iyo policiis departamentis agent-TanamSromeli),
moaxsenebda xelmZRvanelobas: `malinovski cdilobs wamoayenos
- 187 -
Tavisi kandidatura guberniidan muSaTa kuriiT da aris
safuZveli, rom igi arCevnebs iolad Caatarebs, radgan
sargeblobs popularobiT muSaTa Soris~ (417).
$4. politikuri policiis taqtikuri xazi 1907-1908
wlebSi
politikuri policiis mier taqtikuri xazis Secvla
pirdapir kavSirSi iyo 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis ganviTarebis
etapebTan. 1907 wlidan revoluciis ukan daxevasTan erTad axali
taqtikuri xazi iqna SemuSavebuli.
am droidan policiis departamenti Seecada saidumlo
TanamSromlebis meSveobiT moexdina revoluciuri
organizaciebis marTva. Tu adrindeli instruqciebis Tanaxmad
agentebi organizaciis saqmianobaSi pasiuri roliT unda
dakmayofiliyvnen, 1907 wlis oqtomberSi dagzavnili policiis
departamentis specialuri cirkulari mTlianad cvlida
arsebul mdgomareobas. amieridan `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis
ufrosebi movaleni iyvnen _ `esargeblaT gardamavali
mdgomareobiT da win waewiaT TanamSromlebi organizaciis
centrisken~ (418). agentebs neba darTes organizaciis
xelmZRvanelobaSi ndobis mopovebis mizniT mieRoT monawileoba
organizaciis mier ganxorcielebul teroristul aqtebSi, TviT
politikuri policiis maRali rangis Cinebis winaaRmdeg. @aseTi
pirebis siis saTaveSi idga im momentSi policiis departamentis
- 188 -
vice-direqtori p. kurlovi (419)?! cirkularSi miTiTebuli iyo
aseve revoluciuri organizaciebis im wevrebis dapatimrebis
(`mimoqcevidan amoRebis~) aucilebloba, vinc TanamSromlebs
xels uSlidnen ierarqiul winsvlaSi, an gaaCndaT masTan cudi
damokidebuleba. samagierod, agentis axloblebi partiul
garemoSi xeluxleblad unda daetovebinaT, daecvaT SemTxveviTi
dapatimrebebisagan. rogorc ki agent-TanamSromlebi daikavebdnen
organizaciaSi maRal Tanamdebobebs, maT unda `bunebrivad~
SeecvalaT pozicia. kerZod, dawinaurebul TanamSromlebs
evalebodaT, rodesac monawileobas miiRebdnen TaTbirebSi,
sxdomebSi, sadac ixileboda partiis moqmedebis strategia da
taqtika, gansxvavebiT adrindeli miTiTebebisa, `daecvaT
revoluciuri moZraobis yvelaze Semamsubuqebeli
mimarTulebebi~. es ideebi maT unda gaevrcelebinaT aseve `im
garemoSi, romelSic trialebdnen~ (420). am periodidan daiwyes
revoluciuri organizaciis im wevrebis dapatimreba, vinc
brZolis ukidures saSualebebs icavdnen da `piradi TvisebebiT~
gavlena hqondaT Tanamoazreebze. erT-erTi revolucioneris
mogonebaSi vkiTxulobT: `TbilisSi 1907 wlidan Cveni
organizacia sistematiurad `vardeboda~, daiwyeboda muSaoba,
moewyoboda kavSirebi muSebTan da provinciasTan, erTi wlis an
weliwadnaxevris Semdeg ... iWerdnen mxolod inteligentebs,
iSviaTad mowinave erT an or muSas. danarCenebi xuluxlebeli
rCebodnen ... cxadi iyo viRacis xeli muSaobda~ (421).
politikuri Zebnis adgilobriv organoebs daevalaT
gaemaxvilebinaT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba, rom ar momxdariyo
organizaciebis gaerTianeba msxvil jgufebad, kavSirTa
kavSirebad. ar daaxloebuliyo sxvadasxva fraqciebi, magaliTad,
- 189 -
menSevikebis da bolSevikebis. am mizniT agenturas unda eTamaSa
gamTiSveli roli. gaewia winaaRmdegoba gaerTianebis
momxreebisaTvis Sesabamisi argumentaciis moSveliebiT, an
ecnobebina maTze da isi-nic amoeRoT `mimoqcevidan~ _
daepatimrebinaT (422). ase, rom menSevikebis da bolSevikebis
mcdelobebs gaerTianebuliyvnen am periodidan ukve policiis
departamenti uSlida xels. metic _ menSevikebis da
bolSevikebis warmomadgenlebis erT-erT aseT sakonsultacio
Sexvedraze, roca ixileboda sakiTxi maTi partiebis SesaZlo
gaerTianebis Sesaxeb, orive warmomadgeneli sityvierad Tanaxma
iyo gaerTianebuliyvnen, magram orive ayenebda iseT pirobebs,
rom oponents eTqva pirvelad uari gaerTianebaze. Tu ratom, es
gairkva mxolod 1917 wlis Semdeg _ oriveni `oxrankis~ agentebi
aRmoCndnen (423).
amrigad, policiis departamentma moiwadina agenturis
meSveobiT moexdina revoluciuri partiebis manipulacia. maTi
aseTi mcdeloba kargad Cans bolSevikebTan dakavSirebiT. 1907
wels bolSevikebis mier Catarebuli helsingforsis
konferenciis Sesaxeb gagzavnil werilSi policiis
departamentma mosTxova `oxrankis~ adgilobrivi ganyofilebebis
ufrosebs, rom maT Tavisi agentebisTvis adgilobriv social-
demokratiul organizaciebSi daevalebinaT mxaris daWera:
`moazrovne social-demokratebis _ leninis xazisTvis, radgan
leninma da misma Tanamoazreebma konferenciaze uaryves teroris,
rogorc brZolis meTodis gamoyeneba. isini apireben SesTavazon
partias, saerTod gamoricxon azri SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis da
demokratiuli respublikis Seqmnis Sesaxeb~ (424). rodesac 1912
wlis ianvarSi leninis iniciativiT Seikriba social-
- 190 -
demokratebis `saerTorusuli konferencia~ policiis
departamentma ar gauwia winaaRmdegoba mis mowvevas, winaswar
icoda ra agenturis meSveobiT vis airCevdnen, raze iqneboda
saubari da aseve miiRo yvela zoma, rom bolSevikebis momxreebi
moxvedriliyvnen masze _ daapatimra sxva fraqciis
warmomadgenlebi (425).
bolSevikebis partiisadmi politikuri policiis aseTi
`simpatiuri~ damokidebuleba advilad ixsneba im wlebSi
policiis departamentis direqtoris beleckis sityvebiT:
`social-demokratebis partia sakmaod kargad iyo gaSuqebuli
agentebis da Zebnis organoebis mier~ (426). bolSevikebis
centralur organizaciebSi aqtiurad muSaobdnen politikuri
policiis agentebi: m. briandinski, ia. Jitomirski, i. krivovi, a.
romanovi, a. marakuSevi da sxvebi (427). maT ricxvSi Sedioda
aseve r. malinovskic, romelic bolSevikebidan meoTxe
saxelmwifo saTaTbiroSi deputatad iyo arCeuli. sxvaTa Soris
bolSevikebis da menSevikebis gaerTianebis cnobili
mowinaaRmdege.
amrigad, policiis departamentis axal taqtikur xazad 1907-
1908 wlebidan iqca revoluciuri organizaciebis marTva
partiul ierarqiaSi yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT dawinaurebuli
agenturis meSveobiT. swored maTi meSveobiT SeZlo
xelisuflebam revoluciuri moZraobis lokalizeba da Semdeg
Caqroba. amitom, 1908-1914 wlebSi revoluciuri partiebis
xelmZRvanelobaSi kvlav cdilobdnen Tavisi agenturis
`gayvanas~ _ 1907 wlis instruqciis moTxovnis Sesabamisad
`ramdenimesi TviToeulSi~. magaliTisTvis socialist-
federalisturi partiis moyvanac kmara, romelSic 1909-1910
- 191 -
wlebSi ori agenti `sluCaini~ da `dvarianina~ yavda Tbilisis
`oxrankas~ (428).
zemoaRniSnuli taqtikis Sedegi iyo isic, rom social-
demokratebma da socialist-federalistebma saqarTveloSi
daSales Tavisi mebrZoli druJinebi. socialist-federalistebis
III partiulma konferenciam Tavisi mebrZoli druJinis saqmianoba
partiisgan damoukideblad gamoacxada: `radgan misma wevrebma
Caidines iseTi aqtebi, romelsac kavSiri ar hqonda revoluciur
saqmianobasTan~ (429). cxadia, gaumarTlebel teroristul da
eqspropriaciul aqtebs wiTelrazmelebi adrec sCadiodnen da
maSin iTvleboda _ `xes Wrian nafotebi cviva~, magram ukve 1907
wlidan, agenturis mier aseTi saxis aqtebis Sexseneba partiis
wevrebisaTvis kidev erTi argumenti iyo teroristul
saqmianobaze uaris Tqmis sasargeblod. amasTan, agenturis
gavleniT moxda ra revoluciuri partiebis saqmianobis
legalizacia, iseve rogorc `oxrankis~ gamJRavnebuli agentebi
moisroles quCaSi maTma xelmZRvanelebma, uamravi wiTelrazmeli
teroristic upatronod iqna mitovebuli partiuli
organizaciebis mier. legalizebul partiebs mZime balastad
ewvnen sisxlSi gaTxvrili, diskreditirebuli teroristebi.
erTiani xelmZRvanelobis uqonlobis gamo daqsaqsuli
wiTelrazmelebi, maT rigebSi isedac sakmao raodenobiT myofi
kriminalebis da aTasgvari juris mitmasnili naZiralebis
gavleniT, gadaiqcnen Cveulebriv yaCaRebad.
yofili wiTelrazmelebis mier ganxorcielebuli
Tavdasxmebi 1908-1909 wlebSi moklebuli iyo yovelgvar ideur
safuZvels. am sens verc erovnuli suliT `gaJRenTili~
socialist-federalisturi partiis teroristebi gadaurCnen. 1909
- 192 -
wels socialist-federalisturi partiis cnobili teroristi,
duSeTis xazinis erT-erTi eqspropriatori (social-list-
federalistma terorist-eqspropriatorebma 1906 wels duSeTis
xazinidan gaitaces 315000 maneTi), k. kasraZe Tavis Zmas swerda _
`imisaTvis, rom kargi mosavali aviRo unda davicado ... mere ki
amerikisaken movusvam da ara iq.~ es werili Semonaxulia
`oxrankis~ saqmeebSi, sadac aRniSnulia, rom werilSi
sinamdvileSi laparakia eqspropriaciuli aqtis Cadenaze da k.
kasraZe xelSi Cagdebuli fuliT apirebda sazRvargareT
gaqcevas (430). rogorc saqmeSi arsebuli sxvadasxva monacemebis
analizidan Cans, igi daapatimres `oxrankis~ agentis informaciis
safuZvelze, raTa aRekveTaT am saxis danaSaulis Cadena. Tu k.
kasraZe sazRvargareT apirebda gaqcevas, social-demokratebis
mier mitovebuli teroristebis didi nawili tyeebs Seexizna da
iqidan eweoda yaCaRobas. maTi `ideurad mdgradi~ nawili
gadaixvewa iranSi da miiRo monawileoba iranis revoluciaSi.
sxvaTa Soris aseT revolucioners warmoadgenda ilias
mkvlelobaSi mTavari eWvmitanili g. berbiWaSvili.
aseTi mdgomareoba sufevda ruseTis imperiis mTel
teritoriaze. ge-nerali gerasimovi _ policiis departamentis
axali taqtikis SemmuSavebeli da damnergavi, droebiTi
mTavrobis sagamomZieblo komisias 1917 wels uCvenebda: `im dros
(1907-1908 wlebSi) anarqistuli organizaciebis saxiT arsebobda
mZarcveluri organizaciebi, romlebsac anarqizmTan araviTari
saerTo ar hqondaT. es iyo darRveuli revoluciuri
organizaciebi, romlebic Zarcvavdnen da klavdnen ... eseni iyvnen
darRveuli revoluciis naZirlebi~ (431).
- 193 -
revaz gabaSvilis mogonebebSi sakmaod kargad aris asaxuli
es procesi. erT SemTxvevaSi igi exeba ra `revoluciur
gadasaxadebs~ aRwers socialist-federalistebis `samxedro
razmis~ wevrebTan Sexvedras TbilisSi, romlebic fuls
krebdnen `komitetis~ davalebiT. maT Soris gaimarTa Semdegi
dialogi _ `rezo CvenTan unda wamoxvide, komitetisgan varT
gamogzavnili `saqmeze~…... es sxvanairi saintereso saqmea:
davalebuli gvaqvs vaWrebidan gadasaxadis akrefa ... ai, ramdeni
SevagroveT ... wamodi Senc geqnebao~ (432). meore SemTxvevaSi ki
ukve aseT daterorebul Tavis naTesav moxuc qalze gviambobs,
romelsac miuvida werili fulis moTxovniT, romelzec
`rogorc moda iyo maSin aseTi sasiamovno werilebisaTvis,
daxatuli iyo kubo da gadajvaredinebuli Zvlebi~. r. gabaSvili
gadmogvcems moxucis damaterorebel eqspropriatorebTan
dialogs. kiTxvaze _ visi davalebiT modixarT? upasuxes, rom
iyvnen gamogzavnili social-demokratiuli partiis komitetisgan.
Tumca CaZiebis Semdeg aRiares: `yofili wiTelrazmelebi varT ...
exla aRaravis vWirdebiT da quCaSi gvikres Tavi, aRar viciT, ra
vqnaT ... kviraobiT mSivrebi davdivarT, xom ar viglaxavebT?~
(433).
mefis xelisuflebam, ivarauda ra revoluciuri
organizaciebi veRar SeZlebdnen aqtiur antisaxelmwifoebriv
gamosvlebs, daiwyo warmoSobiT ugvaro, dabali fenebidan
wamoweuli politikuri policiis Cinebis samsaxuridan
ganTavisufleba. peterburgis `oxrankis~ ufrosi generali
gerasimovi aiZules daetovebina samsaxuri. ise, gerasimovs didad
ar unaRvlia. man misive sityvebiT, daiwyo birJaze sakmaod
warmatebuli TamaSi _ Cans politikur policiaSi yofnisas
- 194 -
blomad fuli iSova. maleve samsaxuridan wavida spiridoviCi _
mefis piradi saidumlo policiis ufrosi, mefeze ramodenime
teroristuli Tavdasxmis momzadebis aRmomCeni. rac Seexeba
gerasimovTan erTad politikuri policiis 1906 da 1907 wlebis
taqtikuri xazebis Tanaavtors, gamoCenil saxelmwifo moRvawe
stolipins, igi 1911 wels kievis TeatrSi mefis loJis gverdiT
myofi, mokla vinme bogrovma. am pirovnebis Sesaxeb dRemde ar
arsebobs dadasturebuli informacia _ zogierTi mkvlevaris
azriT is iyo `oxrankis~ agenti, zogic mas socialist-
revolucioner maqsimalistebis mier politikur policiaSi
Segzavnil revolucionerad Tvlis (434).
ai, ase scenidan wavidnen politikuri policiis is
warmomadgenlebi, vinc xelisuflebis revolucionerebze
gamarjvebas Seuwyes xeli. cxadia, arc xelisuflebas surda
revolucionerebTan brZolaSi gamocdili, sisxlSi gaTxvrili,
politikuri policiis sakmaod Wkviani da ambiciuri
warmomadgenlebis Tanamdebobebze datoveba. revolucia, xom
Caaqres.
bunebrivia, 1914 wlamde SedarebiTi simSvidis periodSi
politikuri policiis saqmianoba Zveleburi gziT midioda.
policiis departamentis SexedulebiT, partiebSi Segzavnili
agenturis meSveobiT revoluciur banakSi mimdinare movlenebis
saqmis kursSi droulad dgebodnen da darwmunebuli iyvnen
revolucias uflebas ar miscemdnen gamoeRviZa. magram,
politikuri policiis xelmZRvanelobas 1905-1907 wlebis
revolucia ar gamoadga magaliTad da ar SeimuSava araviTari
samoqmedo gegma sarezervos saxiT qveyanaSi masobrivi
areulobebis dawyebis SemTxvevaSi.
- 195 -
Tumca, politikur policias, Cans Wkviani xalxic hyavda.
1917 wlis 26-27 TebervaliT daTariRebul moskovis `oxrankis~
erT-erTi ukanaskneli saqmis Tavfurcelze aseTi Canaweria:
Zveli reJimis bolo dReebi (435).
P.S.
wignSi gamoyenebul masalaze muSaobisas uamravi adamianis
biografias gavecani: profesionali revolucionerebi,
teroristebi, policiis dabali da maRali Cinebi, agentebi.
maTgan piradad Cemze yvelaze didi STabeWdileba samma adamianma
moaxdina:
lukasinskim _ polonuri patriotuli organizaciis wevrma,
romelmac 46 weli (1822-1868) martom gaatara butirkis cixis
sakanSi, sadac urTierToba hqonda mxolod cixis
zedamxedvelebTan. man pirvel Semxvedr patimars (1867 weli),
amdeni wlis martod yofnis Semdeg pirvelad sami SekiTxva
dausva: romeli welia? vin aris poloneTSi? ra xdeba
poloneTSi?
bakuninma _ cnobilma anarqistma, romelic cixeSi mjdomi
werda: `saSineli ram aris samudamo patimroba. gaataro cxovreba
miznis, interesis, imedis gareSe. roca yoveldRe eubnebi Sens
Tavs dRes me gavsuleldi, da xval gavxdebi ufro suleli.~
da i. kaliaevma _ socialist-revolucionerebis `sabrZolo
organizaciis~ teroristma, mefis biZis didi Tavadis sergei
aleqsandres Zis mkvlelma. sikvdiliT dasjis wina dRes
daweril mis avtobiografiaSi vkiTxulobT: `mamaCemi msaxurobda
ubnis zedamxedvelad varSavis policiaSi ... is iyo patiosani
adamiani, ar iRebda qrTamebs da amitom Zalian gaWirvebulad
- 196 -
vcxovrobdiT. Cemi Zmebidan mxolod me SevZeli universitetSi
Sesvla. me mjeroda Cemi Zalebis, miviswrafodi umaRlesi
ganaTlebis misaRebad da mqonda survili vyofiliyavi patiosani
sazogadoebrivi moRvawe. 1899 wlis sankt-peterburgis
universitetis studentur gaficvaSi monawileobis gamo
gamricxes universitetidan. es iyo saSineli dartyma CemTvis,
romelmac sabolood gansazRvra Cemi bedi.~ misi bedi ki
cnobilia. am sityvebis daweris meore dRes igi sikvdiliT
dasajes _ CamoaxrCes.
ai ase, universitetis Tu policiis romeliRac Cinovnikis
daufiqrebeli saqcielis gamo ruseTis imperias gauCnda kidev
erTi `cxovrebis Cveulebrivi ritmidan amovardnili~ adamiani,
romlis `siZulvilSi gamowrToba arsebuli xelisuflebisadmi~
profesional revolucionerebs namdvilad ar gauWirdaT da
romelmac gansxvavebiT revoluciis aristokratebisgan Zalian
axalgazrdam daamTavra Tavisi sicocxle `naTeli miznis,
interesis da imedis gareSe.~
da bolos _ rogorc zemoT vnaxeT teroristebi da
agentebi, gulwrfeli revolucionerebi da politikuri
policiis erTguli Cinebi saboloo jamSi gamoiyenes da
moiSores maTma patronebma. da dRevandeli gadasaxedidan Cvens
mier ganvlili bolo aTwleulis analizis safuZvelze unda
daveTanxmoT karl marqsis sityvebs: mizani romlis misaRwevad
saWiroa uRirsi saSualebebi, ar aris swori mizani.
- 197 -
gamoyenebuli literaturis sia
1. П.В. Оржеховский «Самодержавие против революционной России»
(1826 – 1880) Москва 1982г. л. 153
2. П.В. Оржеховский «Самодержавие против революционной России»
(1826 – 1880) Москва 1982г. л. 160
3. П.В. Оржеховский «Самодержавие против революционной России»
(1826 – 1880) Москва 1982г. л. 161
4. П.В. Оржеховский «Самодержавие против революционной России»
(1826 – 1880) Москва 1982г. л. 55
5. «Падение царского режима» Ленинград. Том I 1925г. л. 490
6. Н.П. Ерошкин «История государственных учреждений
дореволюционной России» Москва 1983г. л. 209
7. «Падение царского режима» Ленинград. Том III 1925г. л. 145
8. Н.П. Ерошкин «История государственных учреждений
дореволюционной России» Москва 1983г. л. 209
9. saqarTvelos centraluri istoriuli arqivi, fondi 153, aRwera 2, saqme 134, furceli 4
10. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 472 furc. 5
11. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 1073 furc. 5
12. scia f. 83 aR. 1. saq. 166 furc. 37
13. scia f. 153 aR. 2. saq. 224 furc. 71 14. scia f. 83 aR. 1. saq. 166 furc. 45
15. П.В. Оржеховский «Самодержавие против революционной России»
(1826 – 1880) Москва 1982г. л. 153 – 154
16. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 134 furc. 53 17. А.А. Лопухин «Изь Итоговь Служебнаго опыта» Москва 1907г. л. 26
18. А.А. Лопухин «Изь Итоговь Служебнаго опыта» М. 1907г. л. 27
19. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 32 furc. 9
20. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 32 furc. 82
21. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 104
22. А.А. Лопухин «Изь Итоговь Служебнаго опыта» М. 1907г. л. 19
23. scia f. 156 aR. 2. saq. 1 furc. 102
24. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 39 furc. 58
25. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 39 furc. 48
26. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 134 furc. 4
27. П.В. Оржеховский «Самодержавие против революционной России»
(1826 – 1880) Москва 1982г. л. 158
28. scia f. 156 aR. 1. saq. 3 furc. 62
29. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 344 furc. 1
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30. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 134 furc. 11
31. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 134 furc. 6
32. scia f. 156 aR. 2. saq. 3 furc. 56
33. scia f. 156 aR. 2. saq. 3 furc. 75
34. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 3326 furc. 1
35. scia f. 156 aR. 2. saq. 1 furc. 175
36. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 36
37. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 36
38. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 48
39. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 76
40. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 37
41. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 39 furc. 35
42. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 39 furc. 46
43. scia f. 156 aR. 2. saq. 1 furc. 127
44. `revoluciis mateane~ (Jurnali) #5 1923w. f. 90
45. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 39 furc. 101 46. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 39 furc. 45
47. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 236 furc. 31-35
48. n. nikolaZe `mogonebebi~. Tbilisi 1984w. gv. 161 49. f. maxaraZe `1905 weli amierkavkasiaSi~ Tbilisi 1926w. gv.
24 50. g. giorgaZe `sazogadoebrivi urTierToba saqarTveloSi~
(1864-1905) Tbilisi 1928w. gv. 213 51. f. maxaraZe `1905 weli amierkavkasiaSi~ Tb. 1926w. gv. 53 52. f. maxaraZe `1905 weli amierkavkasiaSi~ Tb. 1926w. gv. 54 53. z. SveliZe `revoluciuri organizacia `Tavisuflebis
liga~ Tbilisi 1969w. gv. 47 54. `revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923w. #2 gv. 96
55. z. SveliZe `revoluciuri organizacia `Tavisuflebis liga~ Tb. 1969w. gv. 90
56. g. giorgaZe `TviTmpyrobeloba da revolucia~ Tbilisi 1929w. tomi I gv. 101
57. a. bendianiSvili `erovnuli sakiTxi saqarTveloSi~ (1801-1921) Tb. 1980w. gv. 163
58. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 3202 furc. 1 59. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 318 furc. 176
60. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 318 furc. 72
61. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 318 furc. 72
62. «Былое» (журнал посвященный истории освободительного движения)
Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 194
- 199 -
63. А.И. Спиридовичь «Партия Социалистов – революционеров и Ея
предшественники» (1886 - 1916) Петроград 1918г. л. 25 64. `revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1924w. #4-5 gv. 124 65. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 36 66. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 194 67. g. Jvania `amierkavkasiis bolSevikuri beWdviTi sityva
ruseTis pirveli revoluciis win da revoluciis periodSi~ Tb. 1984w. gv. 24
68. `1905-1907 wlebis revolucia saqarTveloSi~ (krebuli) Tb. 1955w. gv. 93
69. n. Jordania `Cemi warsuli~ Tb. 1990w. gv. 36 70. «Революционное движение 1860-х годов» (Сборник) Москва 1932г. л.
169-17 71. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 177 72. В.В. Витюк, С.А. Эфиров « «Левый» терроризм на западе: история и
современность» М. 1987г. л. 43 73. В.В. Витюк, С.А. Эфиров « «Левый» терроризм на западе: история и
современность» М. 1987г. л. 86 74. А.И. Спиридовичь «Партия Социалистов – революционеров и Ея
предшественники» (1886 - 1916) П. 1918г. л. 121 75. А.И. Спиридовичь «Партия Социалистов – революционеров и Ея
предшественники» (1886 - 1916) П. 1918г. л. 126 76. П.В. Оржеховский «Самодержавие против революционной России»
(1826 – 1880) Москва 1982г. л. 135
77. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» Москва 1991г. л. 45 78. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» М. 1991г. л. 45 79. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 195 80. Вл. Бурцев «В погоне за провокаторами» М. 1989г. л. 41 81. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» М. 1991г. л. 45 82. Вл. Бурцев «В погоне за провокаторами» М. 1989г. л. 41 83. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» М. 1991г. л. 46 84. `revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923w. #2 gv. 218 85. `1905-1907 wlebis revolucia saqarTveloSi~ (krebuli)
Tbilisi 1955w. gv. 182 86. `revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923w. #5 gv. 182 87. i. varTagava `mogonebebi~ Tbilisi 1962w. gv. 69 88. s. fircxalava `mogonebaTa furclebi~ Tb. 1988w. gv. 110 89. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 189 90. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 203 91. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» М. 1991г. л. 30 92. `revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1924w. #4-5 gv. 124
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93. А.И. Спиридовичь «Партия Социалистов – революционеров и Ея
предшественники» (1886 - 1916) П. 1918г. л. 115 94. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 214 95. «Голос Минувшего» (журнал) М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 252 96. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 27
97. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 39 furc. 19
98. scia f. 156 aR. 2. saq. 1 furc. 164
99. scia f. 156 aR. 2. saq. 1 furc. 165
100. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 113 101. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 258 102. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 145 103. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 141 104. scia f. 156 aR. 2. saq. 1 furc. 163 105. «Голос Минувшего» (журнал) М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 252 106. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 19 107. «Преподование Истории в школе» (журнал) Москва 1966г. №1
статья Н.П. Эрошкина «Россия под Надзором» л. 99 108. «Падение Царского режима» М. Том III 1925г. л. 154 109. «Преподавание Истории в школе» М. 1966г. л. 92 110. Д.И. Шинджикашвили «Сыскная полиция в царской России в
перед Империализма» Омск 1973г. л. 34 111. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 477
112. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 1092 furc. 182-185
113. «Падение Царского режима» М. Том III 1925г. л. 271 114. Д.И. Шинджикашвили «Сыскная полиция в царской России в перед
Империализма» Омск 1973г. л. 49 115. `revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1924w. #4-5 gv. 189 116. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 281-282 117. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 257 118. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и провокаторы»
Москва 1991г. л. 281 119. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и провокаторы» М.
1991г. л. 15 120. П. Павлов «Агенты, Жандармы, Палачи» Петроград 1922г. л. 35 121. Вл. Бурцев «В погоне за провокаторами» М. 1989г. л. 86 122. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 271 123. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 281-290 124. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 144 125. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том I л. XV 126. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 285 127. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 258-259 128. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 286
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129. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 92 furc. 16
130. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» М. 1991г. л. 169 131. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 297 132. П. Павлов «Агенты, Жандармы, Палачи» Петроград 1922г. л. 18 133. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 1092 furc. 182-185
134. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 283 135. П. Павлов «Агенты, Жандармы, Палачи» Петроград 1922г. л. 18 136. П. Павлов «агенты, Жандармы, Палачи» Петроград 1922г. л. 10 137. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 285 138. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 285 139. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 285 140. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 18 furc. 97
141. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 75
142. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 286 143. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 75
144. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 19 furc. 1
145. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 1 furc. 13
146. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №3 л. 197 147. П. Курлов «Конец Русского Царизма» Москва 1923г. л. 123 148. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и провокаторы» М.
1991г. л. 278 149. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 13 furc. 1
150. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 19 furc. 1-16
151. `dabruneba~ (revaz gabaSvili, valodia goguaZe - mogonebebi) Tbilisi 1992w. gv. 405
152. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 17 furc. 142
153. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 78
154. `revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1922w. #2 gv. 233 155. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 234 156. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 302 157. П. Павлов «Агенты, Жандармы, Палачи» Петроград 1922г. л. 6 158. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 1 furc. 82
159. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 266 160. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 77 161. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 271 162. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 330 163. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и провокаторы» М.
1991г. л. 6 164. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. furc. 3427
165. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 73 furc. 17
166. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 7 furc. 95
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167. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 73 furc. 17
168. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 246 169. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 66 furc. 12
170. Д.И. Шинджикашвили «Сыскная полиция в царской России в перед
Империализма» Омск 1973г. л. 44 171. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 66 furc. 117-118
172. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и провокаторы» М.
1991г. л. 139 173. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 1 furc. 176 174. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №3 л. 111-112 175. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 7 furc. 26 176. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 33 furc. 98 177. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 19 furc. 7 178. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 287 179. Вл. Бурцев «В погоне за провокаторами» М. 1989г. л. 160 180. `revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923w. #4-5 gv. 200 181. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 18 furc. 1-10 182. scia f. 156 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 96 183. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и провокаторы» М.
1991г. л. 282 184. `revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923w. #3 gv. 131 185. П. Павлов «Агенты, Жандармы, Палачи» Петроград 1922г. л. 7 186. scia f. 156 aR. 2. saq. 1 furc. 166 187. П. Павлов «Агенты, Жандармы, Палачи» Петроград 1922г. л. 11 188. `revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1924w. #4-5 gv. 65 189. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 19 furc. 16 190. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 284 191. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 263 192. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 278 193. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 154 194. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 17 furc. 1-3
195. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 239
196. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 17 furc. 149
197. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 17 furc. 221
198. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 17 furc. 217
199. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1924w. #4-5 gv. 122
200. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 232
201. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 66 furc. 65
202. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1924w. #4-5 gv. 191
203. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 252
204. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 85
- 203 -
205. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» М. 1991г. л. 11
206. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 124
207. Д.И. Шинджикашвили «Сыскная полиция в царской России в перед
Империализма» Омск 1973г. л. 33 208. scia f. 156 aR. 2. saq. 1 furc. 163
209. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №3 л. 44-45
210. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 2
211. scia f. 156 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 26
212. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 28
213. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №3 л. 60
214. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №3 л. 60-61
215. scia f. 156 aR. 2. saq. 65 furc. 26
216. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 78 furc. 1
217. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 16 furc. 25
218. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 253
219. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 78 furc. 1
220. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 109 furc. 183
221. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №3 л. 55
222. ̀ saqarTvelos respublika~ (gazeTi) 2001 wlis 8 ivlisi #166-167
223. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 28
224. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 263
225. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 76
226. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 263
227. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 258
228. scia f. 156 aR. 1. saq. 5 furc. 7
229. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 69
230. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 16
231. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 110 furc. 1
232. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 110 furc. 22
233. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 110 furc. 49
234. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 77
235. Д.И. Шинджикашвили «Сыскная полиция в царской России в перед
Империализма» Омск 1973г. л. 33 236. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 27
237. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 75
238. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 75
239. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №3 л. 55
240. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» М. 1991г. л. 49
241. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и провокаторы» М.
1991г. л. 259
- 204 -
242. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» М. 1991г. л. 179
243. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 16
244. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 261 245. scia f. 13 aR. 27. saq. 65 furc. 50
246. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 9 furc. 337
247. scia f. 95 aR. 9. saq. 9 furc. 221
248. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 36
249. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 38 furc. 6-23
250. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 5 furc. 28
251. scia f. 156 aR. 2. saq. 3 furc. 56
252. П. Павлов «Агенты, Жандармы, Палачи» Петроград 1922г. л. 17 253. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 283
254. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923. #3 gv. 352
255. i. xuciSvili `1905-1907 wlebis revolucia saqarTveloSi~ Tbilisi 1955w. gv. 263
256. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 80
257. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 210
258. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 14 furc. 30-36
259. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №3 л. 51-52
260. «Преподавание Истории в школе» М. 1966г. л. 95 261. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 223
262. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 301
263. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» М. 1991г. л. 29
264. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 3216 furc. 8
265. «Падение Царского режима» Л. 1925г. л. 158
266. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 363
267. S. rado `doras fsevdonimiT~ (sabWoTa mzveravis mogonebebi) baTumi 1978w. gv. 191
268. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 2 furc. 67
269. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 369
270. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 13 furc. 125-130
271. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 13 furc. 131
272. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 93
273. scia f. 156 aR. 2. saq. 2 furc. 259
274. scia f. 156 aR. 1. saq. 1 furc. 185
275. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 259
276. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923. #4 gv. 65
277. Д.И. Шинджикашвили «Сыскная полиция в царской России в перед
Империализма» Омск 1973г. л. 30 278. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 267
279. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 885 furc. 75
- 205 -
280. Д.И. Шинджикашвили «Сыскная полиция в царской России в перед
Империализма» Омск 1973г. л. 31 281. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 268
282. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 372
283. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 6 furc. 8
284. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 42 furc. 306
285. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 379
286. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 3267 furc. 1
287. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 3267 furc. 101
288. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 274
289. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 276
290. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 9 furc. 81
291. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 100
292. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 1092 furc. 184
293. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 181
294. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 113-114
295. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 77
296. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 38 furc. 49
297. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 236 furc. 31
298. А.А. Лопухин «Изь Итоговь Служебнаго опыта» М. 1907г. л. 38
299. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 195
300. scia f. 83 aR. 1. saq. 5 furc. 20
301. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 626 furc. 273
302. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 1 furc. 184
303. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 4 furc. 10
304. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 3216 furc. 4
305. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 638
306. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 31 furc. 1
307. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 114 furc. 6
308. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 5 furc. 2
309. scia f. 156 aR. 1. saq. 1 furc. 258
310. scia f. 83 aR. 1. saq. 31 furc. 42
311. scia f. 83 aR. 1. saq. 114 furc. 56
312. scia f. 83 aR. 1. saq. 114 furc. 40
313. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 1 furc. 111
314. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 6 furc. 31
315. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 19
316. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 39 furc. 48
317. scia f. 156 aR. 1. saq. 2 furc. 17
318. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 39 furc. 58
- 206 -
319. scia f. 156 aR. 1. saq. 2 furc. 17
320. scia f. 13 aR. 27. saq. 47 furc. 16
321. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 36 furc. 41
322. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 39 furc. 49
323. Н.П. Ерошкин «История государственных учреждений
дореволюционной России» Москва 1983г. л. 239
324. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 38 furc. 10
325. scia f. 84 aR. 1. saq. 5 furc. 5
326. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 38 furc. 10
327. А.А. Лопухин «Изь Итоговь Служебнаго опыта» М. 1907г. л. 22
328. Н.П. Ерошкин «История государственных учреждений
дореволюционной России» Москва 1983г. л. 239
329. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 38 furc. 32
330. scia f. 83 aR. 1. saq. 5 furc. 5
331. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 39 furc. 82
332. scia f. 13 aR. 27. saq. 59 furc. 36
333. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 1092 furc. 286
334. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 1092 furc. 272
335. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 1092 furc. 282
336. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 1092 furc. 262
337. П. Курлов «Конец Русского Царизма» М. 1923г. л. 111
338. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 373
339. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 133
340. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том I 1925г. л. 359
341. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1924. #1 gv. 214
342. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 372
343. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» М. 1991г. л. 14
344. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 227
345. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» М. 1991г. л. 61
346. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» М. 1991г. л. 46
347. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1924. #4-5 gv. 105
348. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 100
349. f. maxaraZe `1905 weli amierkavkasiaSi~ Tb. 1926w. gv. 326
350. «Знание Сила» (журнал) М. 1990г. л. 8 351. n. Jordania `Cemi warsuli~ Tb. 1990w. gv. 49 352. scia f. 94 aR. 2. saq. 2 furc. 143
353. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 5 furc. 10
354. scia f. 13 aR. 27. saq. 5113 furc. 8
355. scia f. 13 aR. 27. saq. 5281 furc. 4
356. А. И. Спиридович «Партия Социалистов-Революционеров и Ея
Предшественники» (1886-1916) П. 1916г. л. 298
- 207 -
357. n. Jordania `Cemi warsuli~ Tb. 1990w. gv. 55
358. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923. #4 gv. 56
359. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923. #4 gv. 59
360. n. Jordania `Cemi warsuli~ Tb. 1990w. gv. 55
361. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923. #4 gv. 57
362. n. Jordania `Cemi warsuli~ Tb. 1990w. gv. 56
363. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923. #4 gv. 56
364. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923. #4 gv. 61
365. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923. #4 gv. 62
366. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 98 furc. 44
367. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 147
368. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 73 furc. 10
369. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 148
370. scia f. 13 aR. 27. saq. 5113 furc. 2
371. f. maxaraZe `1905 weli amierkavkasiaSi~ Tb. 1926w. gv. 324
372. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и
провокаторы» М. 1991г. л. 282
373. М. А. Смирнов «О Вячеславе Менжицком» (Воспоминание, очерки,
статьи) Москва 1985г. л. 25
374. В. И. Ленин. Полн. собр. соч. Том VI с. 112
375. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923. #5 gv. 182
376. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1924. #1 gv. 321
377. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 9 furc. 342
378. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и провокаторы» М.
1991г. л. 71
379. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 9 furc. 5
380. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №3 л. 93
381. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №3 л. 92
382. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №3 л. 78
383. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №3 л. 116
384. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» М. 1991г. л. 176
385. Вл. Бурцев «В погоне за провокаторами» М. 1989г. л. 135 386. А. И. Спиридович «Партия Социалистов-Революционеров и Ея
Предшественники» (1886-1916) П. 1918г. л. 296
387. «В. И. Ленин о революции 1905 – 1907гг.» (Сборник) Москва 1984г. л.
251
388. «В. И. Ленин о революции 1905 – 1907гг.» (Сборник) Москва 1984г. л.
252
389. `revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923. #4 gv. 59, `saxalxo ganaTleba~ 07.06.1990w. e. goguaZe, `saidumlo seroba sofel baxvSi `Tavad ilia grigolis Ze WavWavaZis mosakvdineblad~
- 208 -
390. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 33 furc. 79
391. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 2 furc. 122
392. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 70 furc. 2
393. `saxalxo ganaTleba~ 04.10.1990w. S. badriZe, `wiwamuris tragediis gamocanebi~
394. p. guguSvili `ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba~ Tb. 1938w. gv. 27 395. scia f. 116 aR. 1. saq. 1042 furc. 148
396. «В. И. Ленин о революции 1905 – 1907гг.» Москва 1984г. л. 253 397. n. xizanaSvili `rCeuli iuridiuli nawerebi~ (krebuli)
Tbilisi 1981w. gv. 618 398. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 994 furc. 253
399. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 70 furc. 2
400. g. Jvania `amierkavkasiis bolSevikuri beWdviTi sityva ruseTis pirveli revoluciis win da revoluciis periodSi~ Tb. 1984w. gv. 151
401. «В. И. Ленин о революции 1905 – 1907гг.» Москва 1984г. л. 251 402. d. SveliZe `federalistebi~ Tb. 1993w. gv. 158 403. А. И. Спиридович «Партия Социалистов-Революционеров и Ея
Предшественники» (1886-1916) П. 1918г. л. 121
404. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 22 furc. 16
405. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 27 furc. 47
406. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 27 furc. 47
407. Вл. Бурцев «В погоне за провокаторами» М. 1989г. л. 146 408. scia f. 151 aR. 1. saq. 5 furc. 20
409. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и провокаторы» М.
1991г. л. 38
410. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» М. 1991г. л. 279
411. А. И. Спиридович «Партия Социалистов-Революционеров и Ея
Предшественники» (1886-1916) П. 1918г. л. 313
412. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 324
413. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 9 furc. 289
414. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 336
415. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и провокаторы» М.
1991г. л. 285
416. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и провокаторы» М.
1991г. л. 286
417. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и провокаторы» М.
1991г. л. 287
418. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 98 furc. 44
419. П. Курлов «Конец Русского Царизма» М. 1923г. л. 5
420. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 477
- 209 -
421. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1924. #1 gv. 233
422. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 478
423. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 286
424. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 468
425. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 276
426. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 286
427. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и провокаторы» М.
1991г. л. 287
428. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 66 furc. 16
429. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 70 furc. 140
430. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 1592 furc. 7
431. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 3 432. `dabruneba~ (revaz gabaSvili, valodia goguaZe -
mogonebebi) Tbilisi 1992w. gv. 74 433. `dabruneba~ (revaz gabaSvili, valodia goguaZe -
mogonebebi) Tbilisi 1992w. gv. 77 434. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и провокаторы» М.
1991г. л. 152
435. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 306