Temperature Guide Book - Industrial Temperature … … · Temperature Guide Book Innovative ... EN10204 3.1 and NACE MR0175) ... can be of use to guide you in your selection process

Temperature Guide Book

InnovativeTemperature

MeasurementSolutions

2

INTRODUCTION

THERMO ELECTRIC INSTRUMENTATION B.V.

“We are an innovative organisation and highly experienced specialists in temperature measuring solutions. Spanning over 50 years of temperature sensing manufacturing, the original activities of Thermo Electric addressed a specific market need: measuring exhaust gas temperatures from aeroplane engines.

Today our company is proud to manufacture and supply a complete range of temperature sensors, wires, cables and con-nectors for almost every application and market. We are at the forefront of technology for temperature sensing and ancillary equipment. Our products continue to outperform in the field, providing reliable solutions worldwide.

We manufacture products capable of withstanding corrosive chemicals, vibrations, extreme temperatures and high pres-sures, ranging from the absolute zero point (-273 °C) to over 2.700 °C. It is here where we are at our best.

Our business touches global markets, however we act locally. Our network of factories, distribution, sales and service centers span Europe, Middle East and Asia.

We have also had the fortunate pleasure of working on the most prestige engineering contracts, alongside some of the largest organizations for many years. The successes we have experienced on these major projects can be attributed to our highly knowledgeable and experienced workforce.

Thermo Electric Instrumentation has over 60 personnel strategically placed in major industrial areas. This global strategy allows us to service our customers world-wide, providing the individual temperature measuring solutions that are re-quired in today’s market”.

Jan-Willem NoordermeerManaging Director Thermo Electric Instrumentation B.V.

INTRODUCTION

3

We have dedicated manufacturing and testing facilities located in The Netherlands. Thermo Electric temperature sensing products are supplied direct from our headquarters to our customers, through sales and service centres across the globe.

High standards and efficient supplyOur dedicated central production and engineering facilities allow us to maintain our high standards and best practice in engineering and design. This expertise is reflected in the efficient supply of Thermo Electric tem-perature sensors and in our consistent achievement of quality in the field.

Services

MANUFACTURING FACILITIES

• Wake frequency calculations according ASME PTC19.3 (2010) for thermowells

• X-rays• Welding robot• Manufacturing record book• Quality inspection plan• Explosion safe certificate Exi, Exe, Exd,

Exn• Material certificate (according

EN10204 3.1 and NACE MR0175)• Cleaning for oxygen service• Visual inspection• Dimensional check• Drawings for approval• WPS and PQR for welded Thermowells

• Batch certificate• Certificate of origin• Certificate of conformance• CSA/US• IEC-Ex• CCOE• KTL• ATEX• GOST R

Test Facilities• Functional performance test• Loop resistant test• Insulation resistance test• Pressure test• Calibration test From -200 °C up to 1.500 ºC

(RvA/ILAC)• Calibration test for each in-

strument, mV, mA, Ohms and V (RvA/ILAC)

• Vacuum test• Helium leak test• PMI test

DELIVERY PROGRAMME

4

Besta Level switches and capacitive level sensorsGemini One and two-channels data loggersGems Pressure level and flow switches/transmittersHoneywell Pressure and temperature transmitters, recorders and controllersITT Neo-Dyn Pressure and temperature switchesNuova Fima Bi-metals, pressure gauges and transmitters with chemical sealsThermo Electric Temperature sensors and accessoriesWeka Magnetic switches

DELIVERY PROGRAMM

CONTENT

5

1. THERMOCOUPLES THEORY 6

2. MINERAL INSULATED TYPE THERMOCOUPLES 13

3. MEASURING JUNCTION 14

4. RESPONSE TIME 15

5. THERMOCOUPLE CALIBRATION 16

6. THERMOCOUPLES MV TABLES 18

7. RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTORS AND TABLE 63

8. A FEW CONSTRUCTIONS OF TEMPERATURE SENSORS 67

9. F.A.Q.’S 72

10. PIPE & TUBE END SIZE CHART PIPE SCHEDULES 74

11. METALLIC & NON-METALLIC THERMOWELL MATERIALS 77

12. MELTING TEMPERATURES OF METALS 85

13. STANDARD FLANGE SIZES 88

14. MATERIAL SELECTION GUIDE 98

15. COMPARISON OF NEMA AND IEC STANDARDS 103

16. EX GUIDE LINE 104

17. AWG WIRE SIZE 105

18. INTERNATIONAL THERMOCOUPLE COLOUR CODING 106

CONTENT

1. THERMOCOUPLES THEORY

6

In 1834 Jean C.A. Peltier reported that when a current flows across the junction of two metals, it gives rise to absorption or liberation of heat (depending upon the direction of the current). If the current happens to flow in the same direction as the cur-rent produced by the ‘Seebeck Effect’ at the hot junction (T2), heat is absorbed whereas at the cold junction (T1) heat is libe-rated.For example:• Heat is absorbed (T+_ t) when: a current flows across a copper-constantan hot junction from

the constantan (B) to the copper (A), minus to plus.• Conversely, heat is liberated (T- _ t) when: a current flows across the same junction from copper (A) to

constantan (B), plus to minus (fig. 2).

T.J. Seebeck discovered the phenomenon of thermo electricity in 1821. He found the so called ‘Seebeck Effect’: if a formed circuit consists of two dissimilar metallic conductors A & B and one of the junctions of A & B is at a temperature T1 while the other junction is at a higher temperature T2; then a current will flow in the circuit and will continue to flow as long as the two junctions have different temperatures.The E.M.F. (electromotive force) that produces this current is called the ‘Seebeck Thermal EMF’: if A is (+) compared to (B), then the current flows from A to B at T1 (fig. 1).

Fig. 1 Seebeck Effect

B (–)T1 < T2

CurrentFlow

A (+)

T1 T2

SEEBECK EFFECT

PELTIER EFFECT

Fig. 2 Peltier Effect

B (–)T1 < T2

SeebackCurrent Flow

A (+)

T1 t T2 t


7

Many investigations of thermo electric circuits have been made and have resulted in the establishment of several basic pre-cepts. These precepts, while stated in many different ways, can be reduced to three fundamental laws:• Law of Homogeneous Circuits• Law of Intermediate Metals• Law of Successive or Intermediate Temperatures

Law of Homogeneous CircuitsThis law states that ‘an electric current cannot be sustained in a circuit of a single homogeneous metal, however varying in section, by the application of heat alone’. If a junction of two dissimilar metals is maintained at T1, while the other is at T2, the developed thermal EMF is independent and unaffected by any temperature distribution along the wires T3 and T4 (fig. 4).

It can be shown that the magnitude of the ‘Peltier Effect’ is given by:- the product of the absolute temperature (°K) of the junction;- and the rate of change of the thermal EMF of the junction at that temperature (fig. 3).If a complete analysis is done, you will find that the ‘Peltier Effect’ produces no measurable change in temperature of the junction if the only current through it is due to the thermal EMF.

THERMO ELECTRIC LAWS

MAGNITUDE OF PELTIER EFFECT

Fig. 3

JunctionTemp. in

˚K

Rate of emfChange atJunctionTemp.

x=Magnitude

ofPeltier Effect

Fig. 4 Law of Homogeneous Circuits

B (–)T1 < T2E Unaffected by T3 and T4

E = EMF

A (+)

T1

T3

T4

T2


8

Law of Intermediate TemperaturesIn most industrial installations, it is not practical to maintain the reference junction of a thermocouple at a constant temperature. So, some means must be provided to bring the EMF developed at the reference junction to a value equal to that which would be generated with a reference junction maintained at a standard temperature, usually 0 °C (32 °F).

The ‘Law of Intermediate Temperatures’ provides a mean for relating the EMF generated by a thermocouple under ordinary conditions, to a standardized constant temperature. In effect, the Law states that: the sum of the EMF’s generated by two ther-mocouples (one with its junction at 0 °C (32 °F) and some re-ference temperature and the other with its junction at the same reference temperature and the measured temperature) is equi-valent to the EMF produced by a single thermocouple with its junction at 0 °C (32 °F) and the measured temperature (fi g. 6).

Law of Intermediate MetalsWhen thermocouples are used, it is usually necessary to introdu-ce additional metals into a circuit. This happens when an instru-ment is used to measure the EMF and the junction is soldered or welded.

It would seem that the introduction of other metals would mo-dify the EMF developed by the thermocouple and destroy its ca-libration. However the ‘Law of Intermediate Metals’ states that: the introduction of a third metal into a circuit will have no effect upon the generated EMF, so long as the junctions of the third metal with the other two metals are at the same temperature.

If two dissimilar metals A & B with their junctions at T1 & T2 and a third metal C are joined on one leg (if C is kept at a uniform temperature along its entire length), the total EMF in the circuit will be unaffected (fi g. 5).

Fig. 5 Law of Intermediate Metals

C

T3

B (–) B (–)

E = EMF

A (+)

T1 T2


9

Summary of the three lawsThe three fundamental laws may be combined and stated as follows: - the algebraic sum of the thermo electric EMF’s generated in

any given circuit containing any number of dissimilar homo-geneous metals, is a function only of the temperature of the junction;

- if all but one of the junctions in such a circuit are maintained at some reference temperature, the EMF generated depends only on the temperature of that one junction and can be used as a measure of its temperature.

There are many types of thermocouples available on today’s market. Each has its own particular advantages and disadvan-tages. In many cases, thermocouples and their accessories are designed for a specifi c temperature measurement problem. In other cases, thermocouples are manufactured with a wide variety of possible applications. It is not the intention to com-pare one type of thermocouple with another, or to compare the thermocouple of one manufacturer with another. No thermocou-ple is suitable for all needs. Thermocouples must be selected to meet the needs of a particular installation. The next basic types can be of use to guide you in your selection process.

Three basic types of construction:1. Wire2. Mineral insulated3. Thermowell

THERMOCOUPLE BODY CONSTRUCTION

Fig. 6 Law of Successive or Intermediate Temperatures

emf = E1T1 T2

emf = E2T2 T3

emf’s are Additive for Temperatures Intervals

emf = E3 = E1+ E2T1 T3


10

1. Wire type constructionThe most basic thermocouple construction is the ‘wire type’. It consists of two dissimilar metals, homogeneously joined at one end to form the measuring junction. A common factor inherent in all wire type constructions is the fact that they all have an exposed junction: although it offers good response time, it is subject to environmental restrictions.

In most cases the advantages are: a good response time, rug-gedness and high temperature use. The disadvantage is the exposed junction: which means that it is susceptible to the envi-ronment (oxidizing and reducing atmospheres) and therefore it must be protected.

2. Mineral insulated constructionIn order to overcome the disadvantages of the ‘wire type con-struction’, manufacturers developed the mineral insulation ther-mocouple. The ‘mineral insulated construction’ consists of two thermocouple material wires embedded in a ceramic insulation and protected by a metallic sheath.

The two primary components of this construction are:1. The mineral insulation material2. The metallic sheath

Sheath material characteristicsThe table on the next page shows just some of the many dif-ferent materials which can be used to protect the minerally insulated thermocouple. The two most important parameters in selecting the sheath material are: the operating temperature and the atmospheric environment. The atmospheric environ-mental parameters are oxidizing, reducing, neutral and vacuum. For example, SS 304 can be used in each type of atmosphere with a maximum operating temperature of 890 °C (1,650 °F).


11

Mineral insulationThe table below shows only a portion of the materials that can be used; however, the four shown are the most common. The most important parameters to be considered in selecting the mineral insulations are the upper temperature limit and the performance characteristics at the temperature. Of course there are other parameters which should also be considered such as: resistively, purity and crushability. However, they are secondary to temperature. For example: MgO, the most commonly used (as exhibited by this table) has an upper temperature limit of 2,395 °C with high resistivity, excellent purity and very good crushability.

Mineral insulated thermocouple sheath material

Sheathmaterial

Meltingpoint °C

Max. temperaturein air °C

Operating #atmosphere

Continuousmax. temp °C

304 SS 1400°C 1048°C O,R,N,V 895°C

310 SS 1400°C 1071°C O,R,N,V 1145°C

316 SS 1250°C 960°C O,R,N,V 930°C

321 SS 1415°C 815°C O,R,N,V 871°C

347 SS 1425°C 915°C O,R,N,V 871°C

Inconel 1398°C 1095°C O,N,V (c.) 1145°C

Copper 1082°C 315°C O,R,N,V (b) 315°C

Aluminium 660°C 425°C O,R,N,V 371°C

Platinum 1770°C 1648°C O,N (c.) 1648°C

Molybdenum 2620°C 535°C V,N,R 2626°C

Tantalum 3004°C 400°C V 2760°C

Titanium 1815°C 315°C V,N 1090°C

STABILITY

Insulation material Formula

Melting point °C

Max. limitin oxi. Atm °C

Thermal shock res.

Reducing Atm Carbon

Acid slag

Basic slag Metal

Alumina Al 2 O 3 2037°C 1954°C Good Good Fair Good Good Good

Magnesium MgO 2760°C 2395°C Fair Poor Good Poor Good Fair

Thoria ThO 2 3315°C 2700°C Poor Good Fair Poor Good Exc.

Zirconia ZrO 2 2590°C 2510°C Fair Good Fair Good Poor Good

# KeyO = OxidizingR = ReducingN = Neutral

V = Vacuum(b) = Scales readiliy in oxidizing atmospheres(c) = Sensitive to sulphur corrosion


12

3. Thermowells and protection tubesThermowells and protection tubes are used to shield thermo-couple sensing elements against mechanical damage and corrosive or contaminating atmospheres. The various types and constructions which are available ena-ble the user to select the right combination to meet individual needs.

For example: cast iron protection tubes are used primarily in molten aluminium, magnesium and zinc applications. On the other hand, the ceramic tubes are used in industries such as: iron and steel, glass, cement and lime processing. Their prin-cipal advantages include: resistance to high temperatures and thermal shock, chemical inertness, good abrasion resistance and high dielectric strength.

2. MINERAL INSULATED TYPE THERMOCOUPLES

Our standard diameters for our MI-cable (mineral insulated thermocouple cable)Diameter Type T/C Sheath Material0.150.250.51.01.51/163.01/8 3/166.01/4 5/161/2

mmmmmmmmmminchmminchinchmminchinchinch

KK K,N,J and TK,N,J and TK,N,J and TK,N,J and T K,N,J,R,S and TK,N,J,R,S and TK,N,J,R,S and TK,N,J,R,S and TK,N,J,R,S,and TK,N and JK

Inconel 600 or SS 316Inconel 600 or SS 316Inconel 600 or SS 316Inconel 600 or SS 316Inconel 600 or SS 316Inconel 600 or SS 316Inconel 600 or SS 316Inconel 600 or SS 316Inconel 600 or SS 316Inconel 600 or SS 316Inconel 600 or SS 316Inconel 600 or SS 316Inconel 600 or SS 446

13

One of the many advantages of a mineral insulated cable is the protection offered to the thermocouple wires, afforded by the metal sheath. For long service life, only contamination free sheathing of known chemical and physical compositions is used.

The table above lists the most common constructions. Other diameters and sheath materials are available upon request.For example: type N thermocouples are available with several sheath materials of Nicrobel and/or Pyrosil; for the platinum rhodium thermocouples, which can be higher in temperature, we recommend to use this in a construction with beads (fi g. 1).

For the optimal use of type R, S and B thermocouples we use a nominal wire size of 0.5 mm as standard. The insulation mate-rial for this type of thermocouple will be aluminium oxide 99.7% purity.

Beaded element ceramic insulator with one bead

Beaded element ceramic insulators with several beads

THERMOCOUPLES IN MINERAL INS. CONSTRUCTION

3. MEASURING JUNCTION

14

The hot junction is the junction which is subjected to the process or medium that is being measured or controlled.Three common types of junctions:1. Grounded2. Insulated3. Exposed (fast response)

Of these three the one which has the highest application rate in greatest use, is the grounded junction. As will be seen, its characteristics meet most requirements.

Grounded junctionIn this construction the mineral insulation is completely sealed from containments and the measuring junction becomes an in-tegral part of the tip of the thermocouple. The response time, as we will see later, approaches that of an exposed loop ther-mocouple. In addition, the junction conductors are completely protected from harsh environmental conditions. Small diameter thermocouples may be selected to match or better the response time of exposed loop thermocouples, yet the operational lift and upper temperature limit of the junction will be extended due to protection offered by the sheath.

Insulated measuring junctionIn this construction the thermocouple conductors are welded together to form the junction which is insulated from the exter-nal sheath with the mineral insulation. The response time for an insulated junction is longer than it is for a grounded junction thermocouple of the same outside diameter. In insulated junc-tion thermocouples, however, conductors are electrically insu-lated from the sheath. A feature advantageous in applications where thermocouples are used:- in conductive solutions;- for differential averaging (paralleled);- for additive (series) applications;- wherever isolation of the measuring circuitry is required.

Exposed loop junctionThe exposed loop junction offers a faster thermal response time than the other two types of junctions. However this type of junction is limited to mild environmental conditions or one time usage under more severe conditions.

COMMON MEASURING JUNCTION TYPES

Grounded

Insulated

Reduced Tip

4. RESPONSE TIME

15

Some of the typical response times encountered when using these three types of junctions:• Insulated 4.5 seconds• Grounded 1.7 seconds• Exposed 0.1 secondsAll values are for 6.35 mm outside diameter mineral insulatedcable.

Values listed are based on the average response time of several minerally insulated cables. The time in seconds indicates time taken to undergo a change in temperature of 63.2 %.The tests where performed during a step change from room tem-perature to boiling water.Test per ASTM STP 470A (full response is approximated fi ve time constants).

As a general rule, it can be stated that the greater the mass of the junction, the greater the response time and the longer the service life.

RESPONSE TIME

Diameter Junction Time in sec.

0.5 mm insulated 0.15

0.5 mm grounded 0.05


1.0 mm grounded 0.1


3.0 mm grounded 0.7


4.8 mm grounded 1.1


6.0 mm grounded 2.1

6.0 mm exposed 0.1

5. THERMOCOUPLE CALIBRATION

16

The object of calibrating any thermocouple or wire is to deter-mine temperature-EMF output (voltage produced at a given tem-perature) as compared to the calibration table or curve.

Comparison methodThis method is just what it implies: the comparison of the EMF of an unknown thermocouple with a working standard (usually another thermocouple) at the same temperature. Accuracy is first limited by the accuracy of the standard. A secondary effect limiting accuracy is the ability of the observer to bring the un-known thermocouple junction to the same temperature as the standard’s measuring element.

Fixed point methodThis method entails measuring unknown thermocouples at a known temperature as defined by the International Temperature Scale.

No thermocouple can be more accurate than the wire from which it is made. Certain limits of error have been established by manufacturers and Engineering Societies to define acceptable wires for use in thermocouples.

The accuracy with which wire conforms to the tables, is deter-mined by checking the wire at predetermined points against NBS Certified Platinum. Checking against platinum insures that individual wires can be paired and remain within standard limits. For instance: measurement at 150 °C with a type K thermocou-ple insures that the result will be 150 °C ±2.5 °C for standard grade material and 150 °C ±1.5°C with premium grade mate-rial. Measurement at 550 °C with the same type K thermocouple in-sures that the result will be at 550 °C ±0.75% for standard gra-de material and at 550 °C ±0.4% for premium grade material.

Fixed points available for selecting thermocouplesThe fixed points for which values have been assigned or deter-mined accurately and at which it has been found convenient to calibrate thermocouples are given. In selecting the points at which to calibrate a thermocouple, one has a choice between a boiling point and a freezing point.

THERMOCOUPLE CALIBRATION NO LIMITS OF ERROR

LIMITS OF ERROR: STANDARD & PREMIUM GRADE

5. THERMOCOUPLE CALIBRATION

17

For example: the boiling point of oxygen or the freezing point of mercury. In determining the EMF of a thermocouple at freezing point, the time during dissertation which observations may be taken is limited to the period of freezing, after which the material must be melted again before taking futher observations. In case of boiling points, there is no such limit in since the material can be boiled continiously.

This brochure attempted to summarize the important aspects of thermocouple temperature sensors. It has primarily been aimed at the industrial user in order to help him understand more fully the basic principles of thermocouples. The field of temperature measurement is so vast, that each topic could have been a brochure itself.

We have briefly described the theoretical foundation of the ther-mocouple thermometry aspect, the basic construction of the thermocouples, two methods of calibration and the critical pa-rameters to be considered in the selection of practical sensors.

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23

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52

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81

-7 2

09

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37

-7 2

65

-7 2

93

-7 3

21

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48

-7 3

76

-170

-160

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21

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53

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83

-6 9

14

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44

-6 9

75

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-7 0

35

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-150

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33

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66

-6 6

98

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63

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-6 7

27

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59

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-140

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59

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63

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-6 3

32

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66

-6 4

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-130

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10

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41

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77

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17

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57

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15

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57

-4 3

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-4 3

42

-4 3

84

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25

-4 4

67

-4 5

09

-4 5

50

-4 5

91

-90

-80

-3 7

86

-3 8

29

-3 8

72

-3 9

16

-3 9

59

-4 0

02

-4 0

45

-4 0

88

-4 1

30

-4 1

73

-80

-70

-3 3

44

-3 3

89

-3 4

34

-3 4

78

-3 5

22

-3 5

66

-3 6

10

-3 6

54

-3 6

98

-3 7

42

-70

-60

-2 8

93

-2 9

36

-2 9

84

-3 0

29

-3 0

75

-3 1

20

-3 1

65

-3 2

10

-3 2

55

-3 3

00

-60

-50

-2 4

31

-2 5

24

-2 5

24

-2 5

71

-2 6

17

-2 6

63

-2 7

09

-2 7

65

-2 8

01

-2 8

47

-50

-40

-1 9

61

-2 0

08

-2 0

55

-2 1

03

-2 1

50

-2 1

97

-2 2

44

-2 2

91

-2 3

35

-2 3

85

-40

-30

-1 4

82

-1 5

30

-1 5

78

-1 6

26

-1 6

74

-1 7

22

-1 7

70

-1 8

18

-1 8

65

-1 9

13

-30

-20

-995

-1 0

44

-1 0

93

-1 1

42

-1 1

90

-1 2

39

-1 2

83

-1 3

36

-1 3

85

-1 4

33

-20

-10

-501

-550

-600

-50

-699

-749

-798

-847

-896

-946

-10

00

-50

-101

-151

-201

-251

-301

-351

-401

-451

0

THERMOCOUPLES MV TABLES 66. THERMOCOUPLES MV TABLES

19

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

Type

J: I

ron/

copp

er-n

icke

l (1)

21

Iron

/cop

per-n

icke

l (co

ntin

ued)

(2)

Ele

ctro

moi

ve for

ce a

s a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

Type

J

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

00

50

101

151

202

253

303

354

405

456

0

10

507

558

609

660

711

762

814

865

916

956

10

20

1 0

19

1 0

71

1 1

22

1 1

74

1 2

26

1 2

77

1 3

29

1 3

81

1 4

33

1 4

85

20

30

1 5

37

1 5

89

1 6

41

1 6

93

1 7

45

1 7

97

1 8

49

1 9

02

1 9

54

2 0

06

30

40

2 0

59

2 1

11

2 1

64

2 2

16

2 2

69

2 3

22

2 3

74

2 4

27

2 4

80

2 5

32

40

50

2 5

85

2 6

38

2 6

91

2 7

44

2 7

97

2 8

50

2 9

03

2 9

56

3 0

08

3 0

62

50

60

3 1

16

3 1

69

3 2

22

3 2

75

3 3

29

3 3

82

3 4

38

3 4

89

3 5

43

3 5

96

60

70

3 6

50

3 7

03

3 7

57

3 8

10

3 8

64

3 9

18

3 9

71

4 0

25

4 0

78

4 1

33

70

80

4 1

87

4 2

40

4 2

94

4 3

48

4 4

02

4 4

56

4 5

10

4 5

84

4 6

18

4 6

72

80

90

4 7

26

4 7

81

4 8

35

4 8

89

4 9

43

4 9

97

5 0

52

5 1

06

5 1

60

5 2

15

90

100

5 2

69

5 3

23

5 3

78

5 4

32

5 4

87

5 5

41

5 5

96

6 6

50

5 7

05

5 7

59

100

110

5 8

14

5 8

68

5 9

23

5 9

77

6 0

32

6 0

87

6 1

41

6 1

96

6 2

51

6 3

06

110

120

6 3

60

6 4

15

6 4

70

6 5

25

6 5

79

6 6

34

6 6

89

6 7

44

6 7

99

6 8

54

120

130

6 9

09

6 9

64

7 0

19

7 0

74

7 1

29

7 1

84

7 2

39

7 2

94

7 3

49

7 4

04

130

140

7 4

59

7 5

14

7 5

69

7 6

24

7 6

79

7 7

34

7 7

89

7 8

44

7 9

00

7 9

55

140

150

8 0

10

8 0

65

8 1

20

8 1

75

8 2

31

8 2

85

8 3

41

8 3

96

8 4

52

8 5

07

150

160

8 5

62

8 6

18

8 6

73

8 7

28

8 7

83

8 8

39

8 8

94

8 9

49

9 0

05

9 0

60

160

170

9 1

15

9 1

71

9 2

26

9 2

82

9 3

37

9 3

92

9 4

48

9 5

03

9 5

59

9 6

14

170

180

9 6

69

9 7

25

9 7

80

9 8

36

9 8

91

9 9

47

10 0

02

10 0

57

10 1

13

10 1

68

180

190

10 2

24

10 2

79

10 3

35

10 3

90

10 4

46

10 5

01

10 5

57

10 6

12

10 6

68

10 7

23

190

200

10 7

79

10 8

34

10 8

90

10 9

45

11 0

01

11 0

56

11 1

12

11 1

67

11 2

23

11 2

78

200

210

11 3

34

11 3

89

11 4

45

11 5

01

11 5

56

11 6

12

11 6

67

11 7

23

11 7

78

11 8

34

210

220

11 8

89

11 9

45

12 0

00

12 0

56

12 1

11

12 1

67

12 2

22

12 2

78

12 3

34

12 3

89

220

230

12 4

45

12 5

00

12 5

56

12 6

11

12 6

67

12 7

22

12 7

78

12 8

33

12 8

89

12 9

44

230

240

13 0

00

13 0

56

13 1

11

13 1

67

13 2

22

13 2

78

13 3

33

13 3

89

13 4

44

13 5

00

240

250

13 5

55

13 6

11

13 6

66

13 7

22

13 7

77

13 8

33

13 8

88

13 9

44

13 9

99

14 0

55

250

260

14 1

10

14 1

66

14 2

21

14 2

77

14 3

32

14 3

88

14 4

43

14 4

99

14 5

54

14 6

09

260

270

14 6

65

14 7

20

14 7

76

14 8

31

14 8

87

14 9

42

14 9

98

15 0

53

15 1

09

15 1

64

270

280

15 2

19

15 2

75

15 3

30

15 3

88

15 4

41

15 4

96

15 5

52

15 6

07

15 6

63

15 7

18

280

290

15 7

73

15 8

29

15 8

84

15 9

40

15 9

95

16 0

50

16 1

06

16 1

61

16 2

16

16 2

72

290


20

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

Type

J: I

ron/

copp

er-n

icke

l (co

ntin

ued)

(2)

23

Iron

/cop

per-n

icke

l (co

ntin

ued)

(4)

Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe J

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

600

33 1

02

33 1

61

33 2

19

33 2

78

33 3

37

33 3

95

33 4

54

33 5

13

33 5

71

33 6

30

600

610

33 6

89

33 7

48

33 8

07

33 8

66

33 9

25

33 9

84

34 0

43

34 1

02

34 1

61

34 2

20

610

620

34 2

79

34 3

38

34 3

97

34 4

57

34 5

16

34 5

75

34 6

35

34 6

94

34 7

54

34 8

13

620

630

34 6

73

34 9

32

34 9

92

35 0

51

35 1

11

35 1

71

35 2

30

35 2

90

35 3

50

35 4

10

630

640

35 4

70

35 5

30

35 5

90

35 6

50

35 7

10

35 7

70

35 8

30

35 8

90

35 9

50

36 0

10

640

650

36 0

71

36 1

31

36 1

91

36 2

52

36 3

12

36 3

73

36 4

33

36 4

94

36 5

54

36 6

15

650

660

36 6

75

36 7

36

36 7

97

36 8

58

36 9

18

36 9

79

37 0

40

37 1

01

37 1

62

37 2

23

660

670

37 2

84

37 3

45

37 4

06

37 4

67

37 5

28

37 5

90

37 6

51

37 7

12

37 7

73

37 8

35

670

680

37 8

96

37 9

58

38 0

19

38 0

81

38 1

42

38 2

04

38 2

65

38 3

27

38 3

89

38 4

50

680

690

38 5

12

38 5

74

38 6

36

38 6

98

38 7

60

38 8

22

38 8

84

38 9

46

39 0

08

39 0

70

690

700

39 1

32

39 1

94

39 2

56

39 3

18

39 3

81

39 4

43

39 5

05

39 5

88

39 6

30

39 6

93

700

710

39 7

55

39 8

18

39 8

80

39 9

43

40 0

05

40 0

68

40 1

31

40 1

93

40 2

56

40 3

19

710

720

40 3

82

40 4

45

40 5

08

40 5

70

40 6

33

40 6

96

40 7

59

40 8

22

40 8

86

40 9

49

720

730

41 0

12

41 0

75

41 1

38

41 2

01

41 2

65

41 3

28

41 3

91

41 4

55

41 5

18

41 5

81

730

740

41 6

45

41 7

08

41 7

72

41 8

35

41 8

99

41 9

62

42 0

26

42 0

90

42 1

53

42 2

17

740

750

42 2

81

42 3

44

42 4

06

42 4

72

42 5

36

42 5

99

42 6

63

42 7

27

42 7

91

42 8

55

750

760

42 9

19

42 9

83

43 0

47

43 1

11

43 1

75

43 2

39

43 3

03

43 3

67

43 4

31

43 4

95

760

770

43 5

59

43 6

24

43 6

88

43 7

52

43 8

17

43 8

81

43 9

45

44 0

10

44 0

74

44 1

39

770

780

44 2

03

44 2

67

44 3

32

44 3

96

44 4

61

44 5

25

44 5

90

44 6

55

44 7

19

44 7

84

780

790

44 8

48

44 9

13

44 9

77

45 0

42

45 1

07

45 1

71

45 2

36

45 3

01

45 3

65

45 4

30

790

800

45 4

94

45 5

59

45 6

24

45 6

88

45 7

53

45 8

18

45 8

82

45 9

47

46 0

11

46 0

76

800

810

46 1

41

46 2

05

46 2

70

46 3

15

46 3

99

46 4

64

46 6

28

46 5

93

46 6

57

46 7

22

810

820

46 7

86

46 8

51

46 9

15

46 9

80

47 0

44

47 1

09

47 1

73

47 2

38

47 3

02

47 3

67

820

830

47 4

31

47 4

95

47 5

60

47 6

24

47 6

88

47 7

53

47 8

17

47 8

81

47 9

46

48 0

10

830

840

48 0

74

48 1

38

48 2

02

48 2

67

48 3

31

48 3

95

48 4

59

48 5

23

48 5

87

48 6

51

840

850

48 7

15

48 7

79

48 8

43

48 9

07

48 9

71

49 0

34

49 0

98

49 1

62

49 2

26

49 2

90

850

860

49 3

53

49 4

17

49 4

81

49 5

44

49 6

08

49 6

72

49 7

35

49 7

99

49 8

62

49 9

26

860

870

49 9

89

50 5

20

50 1

16

50 1

79

50 2

43

50 3

06

50 3

69

50 4

32

50 4

95

50 5

59

870

880

50 6

22

50 6

85

50 7

48

50 8

11

50 8

74

50 9

37

51 0

00

51 0

63

51 1

26

51 1

88

880

890

51 2

51

51 3

14

51 3

77

51 4

39

51 5

02

51 5

65

51 6

27

51 6

90

51 7

52

51 8

15

890


21

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

Type

J: I

ron/

copp

er-n

icke

l (co

ntin

ued)

(3)

23

Iron

/cop

per-n

icke

l (co

ntin

ued)

(4)

Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe J

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

600

33 1

02

33 1

61

33 2

19

33 2

78

33 3

37

33 3

95

33 4

54

33 5

13

33 5

71

33 6

30

600

610

33 6

89

33 7

48

33 8

07

33 8

66

33 9

25

33 9

84

34 0

43

34 1

02

34 1

61

34 2

20

610

620

34 2

79

34 3

38

34 3

97

34 4

57

34 5

16

34 5

75

34 6

35

34 6

94

34 7

54

34 8

13

620

630

34 6

73

34 9

32

34 9

92

35 0

51

35 1

11

35 1

71

35 2

30

35 2

90

35 3

50

35 4

10

630

640

35 4

70

35 5

30

35 5

90

35 6

50

35 7

10

35 7

70

35 8

30

35 8

90

35 9

50

36 0

10

640

650

36 0

71

36 1

31

36 1

91

36 2

52

36 3

12

36 3

73

36 4

33

36 4

94

36 5

54

36 6

15

650

660

36 6

75

36 7

36

36 7

97

36 8

58

36 9

18

36 9

79

37 0

40

37 1

01

37 1

62

37 2

23

660

670

37 2

84

37 3

45

37 4

06

37 4

67

37 5

28

37 5

90

37 6

51

37 7

12

37 7

73

37 8

35

670

680

37 8

96

37 9

58

38 0

19

38 0

81

38 1

42

38 2

04

38 2

65

38 3

27

38 3

89

38 4

50

680

690

38 5

12

38 5

74

38 6

36

38 6

98

38 7

60

38 8

22

38 8

84

38 9

46

39 0

08

39 0

70

690

700

39 1

32

39 1

94

39 2

56

39 3

18

39 3

81

39 4

43

39 5

05

39 5

88

39 6

30

39 6

93

700

710

39 7

55

39 8

18

39 8

80

39 9

43

40 0

05

40 0

68

40 1

31

40 1

93

40 2

56

40 3

19

710

720

40 3

82

40 4

45

40 5

08

40 5

70

40 6

33

40 6

96

40 7

59

40 8

22

40 8

86

40 9

49

720

730

41 0

12

41 0

75

41 1

38

41 2

01

41 2

65

41 3

28

41 3

91

41 4

55

41 5

18

41 5

81

730

740

41 6

45

41 7

08

41 7

72

41 8

35

41 8

99

41 9

62

42 0

26

42 0

90

42 1

53

42 2

17

740

750

42 2

81

42 3

44

42 4

06

42 4

72

42 5

36

42 5

99

42 6

63

42 7

27

42 7

91

42 8

55

750

760

42 9

19

42 9

83

43 0

47

43 1

11

43 1

75

43 2

39

43 3

03

43 3

67

43 4

31

43 4

95

760

770

43 5

59

43 6

24

43 6

88

43 7

52

43 8

17

43 8

81

43 9

45

44 0

10

44 0

74

44 1

39

770

780

44 2

03

44 2

67

44 3

32

44 3

96

44 4

61

44 5

25

44 5

90

44 6

55

44 7

19

44 7

84

780

790

44 8

48

44 9

13

44 9

77

45 0

42

45 1

07

45 1

71

45 2

36

45 3

01

45 3

65

45 4

30

790

800

45 4

94

45 5

59

45 6

24

45 6

88

45 7

53

45 8

18

45 8

82

45 9

47

46 0

11

46 0

76

800

810

46 1

41

46 2

05

46 2

70

46 3

15

46 3

99

46 4

64

46 6

28

46 5

93

46 6

57

46 7

22

810

820

46 7

86

46 8

51

46 9

15

46 9

80

47 0

44

47 1

09

47 1

73

47 2

38

47 3

02

47 3

67

820

830

47 4

31

47 4

95

47 5

60

47 6

24

47 6

88

47 7

53

47 8

17

47 8

81

47 9

46

48 0

10

830

840

48 0

74

48 1

38

48 2

02

48 2

67

48 3

31

48 3

95

48 4

59

48 5

23

48 5

87

48 6

51

840

850

48 7

15

48 7

79

48 8

43

48 9

07

48 9

71

49 0

34

49 0

98

49 1

62

49 2

26

49 2

90

850

860

49 3

53

49 4

17

49 4

81

49 5

44

49 6

08

49 6

72

49 7

35

49 7

99

49 8

62

49 9

26

860

870

49 9

89

50 5

20

50 1

16

50 1

79

50 2

43

50 3

06

50 3

69

50 4

32

50 4

95

50 5

59

870

880

50 6

22

50 6

85

50 7

48

50 8

11

50 8

74

50 9

37

51 0

00

51 0

63

51 1

26

51 1

88

880

890

51 2

51

51 3

14

51 3

77

51 4

39

51 5

02

51 5

65

51 6

27

51 6

90

51 7

52

51 8

15

890

Type

J: I

ron/

copp

er-n

icke

l (co

ntin

ued)

(4)


22

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

24

Iron

/cop

per-n

icke

l (co

ntin

ued)

(5)

Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

J

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

900

51 8

77

51 9

40

52 0

02

52 0

64

52 1

27

52 1

89

52 2

51

52 3

14

52 3

76

52 4

38

900

910

52 5

00

52 5

82

52 6

24

52 6

86

52 7

48

52 8

10

52 8

72

52 9

34

52 9

96

53 0

57

910

920

53 1

19

53 1

81

53 2

43

53 3

04

53 3

66

53 4

27

53 4

89

53 5

50

53 6

12

53 6

73

920

930

53 7

35

53 7

96

53 8

57

53 9

19

53 9

80

54 0

41

54 1

02

54 1

64

54 2

25

54 2

86

930

940

54 3

47

54 4

08

54 4

69

54 5

30

54 5

91

54 6

52

54 7

13

54 7

73

54 8

34

54 8

95

940

950

54 9

56

55 0

16

55 0

77

55 1

38

55 1

98

55 2

59

55 3

19

55 3

80

55 4

40

55 5

01

950

960

55 5

61

55 6

22

55 6

82

55 7

42

55 8

03

55 8

63

55 9

23

55 9

83

56 0

43

56 1

04

960

970

56 1

64

56 2

24

56 2

84

56 3

44

56 4

04

56 4

84

56 5

24

56 5

84

56 6

43

56 7

03

970

980

56 7

63

56 8

23

56 8

83

56 9

42

57 0

02

57 0

62

57 1

21

57 1

81

57 2

40

57 3

00

980

990

57 3

60

57 4

19

57 4

79

57 5

38

57 5

97

57 6

57

57 7

16

57 7

76

57 8

35

57 8

94

990

1 0

00

57 9

53

58 0

13

58 0

72

58 1

31

58 1

90

58 2

49

58 3

09

58 3

68

58 4

27

58 4

86

1 0

00

1 0

10

58 5

45

58 6

04

58 6

63

58 4

22

58 7

81

58 8

40

58 8

99

58 9

57

59 0

16

59 0

75

1 0

10

1 0

20

59 1

34

59 1

93

59 2

52

59 3

10

59 3

69

59 4

28

59 4

87

59 5

45

59 6

04

59 6

63

1 0

20

1 0

30

59 7

21

59 7

80

59 8

38

59 8

97

59 9

56

60 0

14

60 0

73

60 1

31

60 1

90

60 2

48

1 0

30

1 0

40

60 3

07

60 3

65

60 4

23

60 4

82

60 5

40

60 5

99

60 6

57

60 7

15

60 7

74

60 8

32

1 0

40

1 0

50

60 8

90

60 9

49

61 0

07

61 0

65

61 1

23

61 1

82

61 2

40

61 2

98

61 3

56

61 4

15

1 0

50

1 0

60

61 4

73

61 5

31

61 5

89

61 6

47

61 7

05

61 7

63

61 8

22

61 8

80

61 9

38

61 9

96

1 0

60

1 0

70

62 0

54

62 1

12

62 1

70

62 2

28

62 2

86

62 3

44

62 4

02

62 4

80

62 5

18

62 5

76

1 0

70

1 0

80

62 6

34

62 6

92

62 7

50

62 8

08

62 8

66

62 9

24

62 9

82

63 0

40

63 0

98

63 1

56

1 0

80

1 0

90

63 2

14

63 2

71

63 3

29

63 3

87

63 4

45

63 5

03

63 5

61

63 6

19

63 6

77

63 7

34

1 0

90

1 1

00

63 7

92

63 8

50

63 9

08

63 9

66

64 0

24

64 0

81

64 1

39

64 1

97

64 2

55

64 3

13

1 1

00

1 1

10

64 3

70

64 4

28

64 4

86

64 5

44

64 6

02

64 6

59

64 7

17

64 7

75

64 8

33

64 8

90

1 1

10

1 1

20

64 9

48

65 0

08

65 0

64

65 1

21

65 1

79

65 2

37

65 2

95

65 3

52

65 4

10

65 4

68

1 1

20

1 1

30

65 5

25

65 5

83

65 6

41

65 6

99

65 7

56

65 8

14

65 8

72

65 9

29

65 9

87

66 0

45

1 1

30

1 1

40

66 1

02

66 1

60

66 2

18

66 2

75

66 3

33

66 3

91

66 4

48

66 5

06

66 5

64

66 6

21

1 1

40

1 1

50

66 5

79

66 7

37

66 7

94

66 8

52

68 9

10

66 9

67

67 0

25

67 0

82

67 1

40

67 1

98

1 1

50

1 1

60

67 2

55

67 3

13

67 3

70

67 4

28

67 4

86

67 5

43

57 6

01

67 6

58

67 7

16

67 7

73

1 1

60

1 1

70

67 8

31

67 8

88

67 9

46

68 0

03

68 0

61

68 1

19

68 1

76

68 2

34

68 2

91

68 3

48

1 1

70

1 1

80

68 4

06

68 4

63

68 5

21

68 5

78

68 6

36

68 6

93

68 7

51

68 8

08

66 8

65

68 9

23

1 1

80

1 1

90

68 9

80

69 0

37

69 0

95

69 1

52

69 2

09

69 2

67

69 3

24

69 3

81

69 4

39

69 4

96

1 1

90

1 2

00

69 5

53

1 2

00

Type

J: I

ron/

copp

er-n

icke

l (co

ntin

ued)

(5)


23

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

25

Nic

kel-c

hrom

ium

/nic

kel-a

lum

iniu

m (6)

Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

K

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

-270

-6 4

58

-270

-260

-6 4

41

-6 4

44

-6 4

46

-6 4

48

-6 4

50

-6 4

52

-6 4

53

-6 4

55

-6 4

56

-6457

-260

-250

-6 4

04

-6 4

08

-6 4

13

-6 4

17

-6 4

21

-6 4

25

-6 4

29

-6 4

32

-6 4

35

-6438

-250

-240

-6 3

44

-6 3

51

-6 3

58

-6 3

64

-6 3

70

-6 3

77

-6 3

82

-6 3

88

-6 3

93

-6399

-240

-230

-6 2

62

-6 2

71

-6 2

80

-6 2

89

-6 2

97

-6 3

06

-6 3

14

-6 3

22

-6 3

29

-6337

-230

-220

-6 1

58

-6 1

70

-6 1

81

-6 1

92

-6 2

02

-6 2

13

-6 2

23

-6 2

33

-6 2

43

-6252

-220

-210

-6 0

35

-6 0

48

-6 0

61

-6 0

74

-6 0

87

-6 0

99

-6 1

11

-6 1

23

-6 1

35

-6147

-210

-200

-5 8

91

-5 9

07

-5 9

22

-5 9

36

-5 9

51

-5 9

65

-5 9

80

-5 9

94

-6 0

07

-6021

-200

-190

-5 7

30

-5 7

47

-5 7

63

-5 7

80

-5 7

97

-5 8

13

-5 8

29

-5 6

45

-5 8

61

-5876

-190

-180

-5 5

50

-5 5

69

-5 5

88

-5 6

06

-5 6

24

-5 6

42

-5 6

60

-5 6

78

-5 6

95

-5713

-180

-170

-5 3

54

-5 3

74

-5 3

95

-5 4

15

-5 4

35

-5 4

54

-5 4

74

-5 4

93

-5 5

12

-5531

-170

-160

-5 1

41

-5 1

63

-5 1

85

-5 2

07

-5 2

28

-5 2

50

-5 2

71

-5 2

92

-5 3

13

-5333

-160

-150

-4 9

13

-4 9

36

-4 9

60

-4 9

83

-5 0

08

-5 0

29

-5 0

62

-5 0

74

-5 0

97

-5119

-150

-140

-4 6

69

-4 6

94

-4 7

19

-4 7

44

-4 7

68

-4 7

93

-4 8

17

-4 8

41

-4 8

65

-4889

-140

-130

-4 4

11

-4 4

37

-4 4

63

-4 4

90

-4 5

16

-4 5

42

-4 5

67

-4 5

93

-4 6

18

-4644

-130

-120

-4 1

38

-4 1

66

-4 1

94

-4 2

21

-4 2

49

-4 2

76

-4 3

03

-4 3

30

-4 3

57

-4384

-120

-110

-3 8

52

-3 8

82

-3 9

11

-3 9

39

-3 9

68

-3 9

97

-4 0

25

-4 0

54

-4 0

82

-4110

-110

-100

-3 5

54

-3 5

84

-3 6

14

-3 6

45

-3 6

75

-3 7

05

-3 7

34

-3 7

64

-3 7

94

-3823

-100

-90

-3 2

43

-3 2

74

-3 3

06

-3 3

37

-3 3

68

-3 4

00

-3 4

31

-3 4

62

-3 4

92

-3523

-90

-80

-2 9

20

-2 9

53

-2 9

86

-3 0

18

-3 0

50

-3 0

83

-3 1

15

-3 1

47

-3 1

79

-3211

-80

-70

-2 5

87

-2 6

20

-3 6

54

-2 6

88

-2 7

21

-2 7

55

-2 7

88

-2 8

21

-2 8

54

-2887

-70

-60

-2 2

43

-2 2

78

-2 3

12

-2 3

47

-2 3

82

-2 4

16

-2 4

50

-2 4

85

-2 5

19

-2553

-60

-50

-1 8

89

-1 9

25

-1 9

61

-1 9

96

-2 0

32

-2 0

67

-2 1

03

-2 1

38

-2 1

73

-2208

-50

-40

-1 5

27

-1 5

64

-1 6

00

-1 6

37

-1 6

73

-1 7

09

-1 7

45

-1782

-1 8

18

-1 8

54

-40

-30

-1 1

56

-1 1

94

-1 2

31

-1 2

66

-1 3

05

-1 3

43

-1 3

80

-1417

-1 4

53

-1 4

90

-30

-20

-778

-816

-854

-892

-930

-968

-1 0

06

-1043

-1 0

81

-1119

-20

-10

-392

-431

-470

-508

-547

-586

-624

-663

-701

-739

-10

00

-39

-79

-118

-157

-197

-236

-275

-314

-353

0

Type

K: N

icke

l-chr

omiu

m/n

icke

l-alu

min

ium

(6)


24

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

27

Nic

kel –

chro

me/

nick

el-a

lum

iniu

m (su

ite)

Forc

e él

ectr

omot

rice

as

a fu

nction

of te

mpé

ratu

re

Type

K

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

300

12 2

09

12 2

50

12 2

91

12 3

33

12 3

74

12 4

16

12 4

57

12 4

99

12 5

40

12 5

82

300

310

12 6

24

12 6

65

12 7

07

12 7

48

12 7

90

12 8

31

12 8

73

12 9

15

12 9

56

12 9

98

310

320

13 0

40

13 0

81

13 1

23

13 1

65

13 2

06

13 2

48

13 2

90

13 3

31

13 3

73

13 4

15

320

330

13 4

57

13 4

98

13 5

40

13 5

82

13 6

24

13 6

65

13 7

07

13 7

49

13 7

91

13 8

33

330

340

13 8

74

13 9

16

13 9

58

14 0

00

14 0

42

14 0

84

14 1

26

14 1

67

14 2

09

14 2

51

340

350

14 2

93

14 3

35

14 3

77

14 4

19

14 4

61

14 5

03

14 5

45

14 5

87

14 6

29

14 6

71

350

360

14 7

13

14 7

55

14 7

97

14 8

39

14 8

81

14 9

23

14 9

85

15 0

07

15 0

49

15 0

91

360

370

15 1

33

15 1

75

15 2

17

15 2

59

15 3

01

15 3

43

15 3

85

15 4

27

15 4

69

15 5

11

370

380

15 5

54

15 5

96

15 6

38

15 6

80

15 7

22

15 7

84

15 8

06

15 8

49

15 8

91

15 9

33

380

390

15 9

75

16 0

17

16 0

59

16 1

02

16 1

44

16 1

86

16 2

28

16 2

70

16 3

13

16 3

55

390

400

16 3

97

16 4

39

16 4

82

16 5

24

16 5

86

16 6

08

16 6

51

16 6

93

16 7

35

16 7

78

400

410

16 8

20

16 8

82

16 9

04

16 9

47

16 9

89

17 0

31

17 0

74

17 1

16

17 1

58

17 2

01

410

420

17 2

43

17 2

85

17 3

28

17 3

70

17 4

13

17 4

55

17 4

97

17 5

40

17 5

82

17 6

24

420

430

17 6

67

17 7

09

17 7

52

17 7

94

17 8

37

17 8

79

17 9

21

17 9

64

18 0

06

18 0

49

430

440

18 0

91

18 1

34

18 1

76

18 2

18

18 2

61

18 3

03

18 3

46

18 3

88

18 4

31

18 4

73

440

450

18 5

16

18 5

58

18 6

01

18 6

43

18 6

86

18 7

28

18 7

71

18 8

13

18 8

56

18 8

98

450

460

18 9

41

18 9

83

19 0

26

19 0

68

19 1

11

19 1

54

19 1

96

19 2

39

19 2

81

19 3

24

460

470

19 3

68

19 4

09

19 4

51

19 4

94

19 5

37

19 5

79

19 6

22

19 6

64

19 7

07

19 7

50

470

480

19 7

92

19 8

35

19 8

77

19 9

20

19 9

62

20 0

05

20 0

48

20 0

90

20 1

33

20 1

75

480

490

20 1

28

20 2

61

20 3

03

20 3

46

20 3

89

20 4

31

20 4

74

20 5

16

20 5

59

20 6

02

490

500

20 6

44

20 6

87

20 7

30

20 7

72

20 8

15

20 8

57

20 9

00

20 9

43

20 9

85

21 0

28

500

510

21 0

71

21 1

13

21 1

56

21 1

99

21 2

41

21 2

84

21 3

26

21 3

89

21 4

12

21 4

54

510

520

21 4

97

21 5

40

21 5

82

21 6

25

21 6

68

21 7

10

21 7

53

21 7

96

21 8

38

21 8

81

520

530

21 9

24

21 9

66

22 0

09

22 0

52

22 0

94

22 1

37

22 1

79

22 2

22

22 2

65

22 3

07

530

540

22 3

50

22 3

93

22 4

35

22 4

78

22 5

21

22 5

83

22 6

06

22 6

49

22 6

91

22 7

34

540

550

22 7

76

22 8

19

22 8

62

22 9

04

22 9

47

22 9

90

23 0

32

23 0

75

23 1

17

23 1

60

550

560

23 2

03

23 2

45

23 2

88

23 3

31

23 3

73

23 4

16

23 4

58

23 5

01

23 5

44

23 5

86

560

570

23 6

29

23 6

71

23 7

14

23 7

57

23 7

99

23 8

42

23 8

84

23 9

27

23 9

70

24 0

12

570

580

24 0

55

24 0

97

24 1

40

24 1

82

24 2

25

24 2

67

24 3

10

24 3

53

24 3

95

24 4

38

580

590

24 4

80

24 5

23

24 5

65

24 6

08

24 6

50

24 6

93

24 7

35

24 7

78

24 8

20

24 8

63

590


Type

K: N

icke

l-chr

ome/

nick

el-a

lum

iniu

m (s

uite

)

25

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

27

Nic

kel –

chro

me/

nick

el-a

lum

iniu

m (su

ite)

Forc

e él

ectr

omot

rice

as

a fu

nction

of te

mpé

ratu

re

Type

K

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

300

12 2

09

12 2

50

12 2

91

12 3

33

12 3

74

12 4

16

12 4

57

12 4

99

12 5

40

12 5

82

300

310

12 6

24

12 6

65

12 7

07

12 7

48

12 7

90

12 8

31

12 8

73

12 9

15

12 9

56

12 9

98

310

320

13 0

40

13 0

81

13 1

23

13 1

65

13 2

06

13 2

48

13 2

90

13 3

31

13 3

73

13 4

15

320

330

13 4

57

13 4

98

13 5

40

13 5

82

13 6

24

13 6

65

13 7

07

13 7

49

13 7

91

13 8

33

330

340

13 8

74

13 9

16

13 9

58

14 0

00

14 0

42

14 0

84

14 1

26

14 1

67

14 2

09

14 2

51

340

350

14 2

93

14 3

35

14 3

77

14 4

19

14 4

61

14 5

03

14 5

45

14 5

87

14 6

29

14 6

71

350

360

14 7

13

14 7

55

14 7

97

14 8

39

14 8

81

14 9

23

14 9

85

15 0

07

15 0

49

15 0

91

360

370

15 1

33

15 1

75

15 2

17

15 2

59

15 3

01

15 3

43

15 3

85

15 4

27

15 4

69

15 5

11

370

380

15 5

54

15 5

96

15 6

38

15 6

80

15 7

22

15 7

84

15 8

06

15 8

49

15 8

91

15 9

33

380

390

15 9

75

16 0

17

16 0

59

16 1

02

16 1

44

16 1

86

16 2

28

16 2

70

16 3

13

16 3

55

390

400

16 3

97

16 4

39

16 4

82

16 5

24

16 5

86

16 6

08

16 6

51

16 6

93

16 7

35

16 7

78

400

410

16 8

20

16 8

82

16 9

04

16 9

47

16 9

89

17 0

31

17 0

74

17 1

16

17 1

58

17 2

01

410

420

17 2

43

17 2

85

17 3

28

17 3

70

17 4

13

17 4

55

17 4

97

17 5

40

17 5

82

17 6

24

420

430

17 6

67

17 7

09

17 7

52

17 7

94

17 8

37

17 8

79

17 9

21

17 9

64

18 0

06

18 0

49

430

440

18 0

91

18 1

34

18 1

76

18 2

18

18 2

61

18 3

03

18 3

46

18 3

88

18 4

31

18 4

73

440

450

18 5

16

18 5

58

18 6

01

18 6

43

18 6

86

18 7

28

18 7

71

18 8

13

18 8

56

18 8

98

450

460

18 9

41

18 9

83

19 0

26

19 0

68

19 1

11

19 1

54

19 1

96

19 2

39

19 2

81

19 3

24

460

470

19 3

68

19 4

09

19 4

51

19 4

94

19 5

37

19 5

79

19 6

22

19 6

64

19 7

07

19 7

50

470

480

19 7

92

19 8

35

19 8

77

19 9

20

19 9

62

20 0

05

20 0

48

20 0

90

20 1

33

20 1

75

480

490

20 1

28

20 2

61

20 3

03

20 3

46

20 3

89

20 4

31

20 4

74

20 5

16

20 5

59

20 6

02

490

500

20 6

44

20 6

87

20 7

30

20 7

72

20 8

15

20 8

57

20 9

00

20 9

43

20 9

85

21 0

28

500

510

21 0

71

21 1

13

21 1

56

21 1

99

21 2

41

21 2

84

21 3

26

21 3

89

21 4

12

21 4

54

510

520

21 4

97

21 5

40

21 5

82

21 6

25

21 6

68

21 7

10

21 7

53

21 7

96

21 8

38

21 8

81

520

530

21 9

24

21 9

66

22 0

09

22 0

52

22 0

94

22 1

37

22 1

79

22 2

22

22 2

65

22 3

07

530

540

22 3

50

22 3

93

22 4

35

22 4

78

22 5

21

22 5

83

22 6

06

22 6

49

22 6

91

22 7

34

540

550

22 7

76

22 8

19

22 8

62

22 9

04

22 9

47

22 9

90

23 0

32

23 0

75

23 1

17

23 1

60

550

560

23 2

03

23 2

45

23 2

88

23 3

31

23 3

73

23 4

16

23 4

58

23 5

01

23 5

44

23 5

86

560

570

23 6

29

23 6

71

23 7

14

23 7

57

23 7

99

23 8

42

23 8

84

23 9

27

23 9

70

24 0

12

570

580

24 0

55

24 0

97

24 1

40

24 1

82

24 2

25

24 2

67

24 3

10

24 3

53

24 3

95

24 4

38

580

590

24 4

80

24 5

23

24 5

65

24 6

08

24 6

50

24 6

93

24 7

35

24 7

78

24 8

20

24 8

63

590


Type

K: N

icke

l-chr

ome/

nick

el-a

lum

iniu

m (s

uite

)

26

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

28

Nic

kel-c

hrom

ium

/nic

kel-a

lum

iniu

m(c

ontinu

ed) (1

0)

Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

K

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

600

24 9

05

24 9

48

24 9

90

25 0

33

25 0

75

25 1

18

25 1

60

25 2

03

25 2

45

25 2

88

600

610

25 3

30

25 3

73

25 4

15

25 4

58

25 5

00

25 5

43

25 5

86

25 6

27

25 6

70

25 7

12

610

620

25 7

55

25 7

97

25 8

40

25 8

82

25 9

24

25 9

67

26 0

09

26 0

52

26 0

94

26 1

36

620

630

26 1

79

26 2

21

26 2

63

26 3

06

26 3

48

26 3

90

26 4

33

26 4

75

26 5

17

26 5

60

630

640

26 6

02

26 6

44

26 6

87

26 7

29

26 7

71

26 8

14

26 8

56

26 8

98

26 9

40

26 9

83

640

650

27 0

25

27 0

67

27 1

09

27 1

52

27 1

94

27 2

36

27 2

78

27 3

20

27 3

63

27 4

05

650

660

27 4

47

27 4

89

27 5

31

27 5

74

27 6

16

27 6

58

27 7

00

27 7

42

27 7

84

27 8

26

660

670

27 8

69

27 9

11

27 9

53

27 9

95

28 0

37

28 0

79

28 1

21

28 1

63

28 2

05

28 2

47

670

680

28 2

89

28 3

32

28 3

74

26 4

16

28 4

58

28 5

00

28 5

42

28 5

84

28 6

26

28 6

68

680

690

28 7

10

28 7

52

28 7

94

28 8

35

28 8

77

28 9

19

28 9

61

29 0

03

29 0

45

29 0

87

690

700

29 1

29

29 1

71

29 2

13

29 2

56

29 2

97

29 3

38

29 3

80

29 4

22

29 4

64

29 5

06

700

710

29 5

48

29 5

89

29 6

31

29 6

73

29 7

15

29 7

57

29 7

98

29 8

40

29 8

82

29 9

24

710

720

29 9

65

30 0

07

30 0

49

30 0

90

30 1

32

30 1

74

30 2

16

30 2

57

30 2

99

30 3

41

720

730

30 3

82

30 4

24

30 4

66

30 5

07

30 5

49

30 5

90

30 6

32

30 6

74

30 7

15

30 7

57

730

740

30 7

98

30 8

40

30 8

81

30 9

23

30 9

64

31 0

06

31 0

47

31 0

89

31 1

30

31 1

72

740

750

31 2

13

31 2

55

31 2

96

31 3

38

31 3

79

31 4

21

31 4

62

31 5

04

31 5

45

31 5

86

750

760

31 6

28

31 8

69

31 7

10

31 7

52

31 7

93

31 8

34

31 8

76

31 9

17

31 9

58

32 0

00

760

770

32 0

41

32 0

82

32 1

24

32 1

65

32 2

06

32 2

47

32 2

89

32 3

30

32 3

71

32 4

12

770

780

32 4

53

32 4

95

32 5

36

32 5

77

32 6

18

32 6

59

32 7

00

32 7

42

32 7

83

32 8

24

780

790

32 8

85

32 9

06

32 9

47

32 9

88

33 0

29

33 0

70

33 1

11

33 1

52

33 1

93

33 2

34

790

800

33 2

75

33 3

16

33 3

57

33 3

98

33 4

39

33 4

80

33 5

21

33 5

62

33 6

03

33 6

44

800

810

33 6

85

33 7

26

33 7

67

33 8

08

33 8

48

33 8

89

33 9

30

33 9

71

34 0

12

34 0

53

810

820

34 0

93

34 1

34

34 1

75

34 2

16

34 2

57

34 2

97

34 3

38

34 3

79

34 4

20

34 4

60

820

830

34 5

01

34 5

42

34 5

82

34 6

23

34 6

64

34 7

04

34 7

45

34 7

86

34 8

26

34 8

67

830

840

34 9

08

34 9

48

34 9

89

35 0

29

35 0

70

35 1

10

35 1

51

35 1

92

35 2

32

35 2

73

840

850

35 3

13

35 3

54

35 3

94

35 4

36

35 4

75

35 5

16

35 5

56

35 5

96

35 6

37

35 6

77

850

860

35 7

18

35 7

58

35 7

98

35 8

39

35 8

79

35 9

20

35 9

60

36 0

00

36 0

41

36 0

81

860

870

36 1

21

36 1

62

36 2

02

36 2

42

36 2

82

36 3

23

36 3

63

36 4

03

36 4

43

36 4

84

870

880

36 5

24

36 5

64

36 6

04

36 6

44

36 6

85

36 7

25

36 7

65

36 8

05

36 8

45

36 8

85

880

890

36 9

25

36 9

65

37 0

06

37 0

46

37 0

86

37 1

26

37 1

66

37 2

06

37 2

48

37 2

88

890


Type

K: N

icke

l-chr

omiu

m/n

icke

l-alu

min

ium

(con

tinue

d) (1

0)

27

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

29

Nic

kel-c

hrom

ium

/nic

kel-a

lum

iniu

m(c

ontinu

ed) (1

1)

Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

K

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

900

37 3

26

37 3

66

37 4

06

37 4

46

37 4

86

37 5

26

37 5

66

37 6

06

37 6

46

37 6

86

900

910

37 7

25

37 7

65

37 8

05

37 8

45

37 8

85

37 9

25

37 9

65

38 0

05

38 0

44

38 0

84

910

920

38 1

24

38 1

64

38 2

04

38 2

43

38 2

83

38 3

23

38 3

63

38 4

02

38 4

42

38 4

82

920

930

38 5

22

38 5

61

38 6

01

38 6

41

38 6

60

38 7

20

38 7

60

38 7

99

38 8

39

38 8

78

930

940

38 9

18

38 9

58

38 9

97

39 0

37

39 0

76

39 1

16

39 1

55

39 1

85

39 2

35

39 2

74

940

950

39 3

14

39 3

53

39 3

93

39 4

32

39 4

71

39 5

11

39 5

50

39 5

90

39 6

29

39 6

69

950

960

39 7

08

39 7

47

39 7

87

39 8

26

39 8

66

39 9

05

39 9

44

39 9

84

40 0

23

40 0

62

960

970

40 1

01

40 1

41

40 1

80

40 2

19

40 2

59

40 2

98

40 3

37

40 3

76

40 4

15

40 4

55

970

980

40 4

94

40 5

33

40 5

72

40 6

11

40 6

51

40 6

90

40 7

29

40 7

68

40 8

07

40 8

46

980

990

40 8

85

40 9

24

40 9

63

41 0

02

41 0

42

41 0

81

41 1

20

41 1

59

41 1

98

41 2

37

990

1 0

00

41 2

76

41 3

15

41 3

54

41 3

93

41 4

31

41 4

70

41 5

09

41 5

48

41 5

87

41 6

26

1 0

00

1 0

10

41 6

65

41 7

04

41 7

43

41 7

81

41 8

20

41 8

59

41 8

98

41 9

37

41 9

76

42 0

14

1 0

10

1 0

20

42 0

53

42 0

92

42 1

31

42 1

69

42 2

08

42 2

47

42 2

86

42 3

24

42 3

63

42 4

02

1 0

20

1 0

30

42 4

40

42 4

79

42 5

18

42 5

56

42 5

95

42 6

33

42 6

72

42 7

11

42 7

49

42 7

88

1 0

30

1 0

40

42 8

26

42 8

65

42 9

03

42 9

42

42 9

80

43 0

19

43 0

57

43 0

96

43 1

34

43 1

73

1 0

40

1 0

50

43 2

11

43 2

50

43 2

88

43 3

27

43 3

65

43 4

03

43 4

42

43 4

80

43 5

18

43 5

57

1 0

50

1 0

60

43 5

95

43 6

33

43 6

72

43 7

10

43 7

48

43 7

87

43 8

25

43 8

63

43 9

01

43 9

40

1 0

60

1 0

70

43 9

78

44 0

16

44 0

54

44 0

92

44 1

30

44 1

69

44 2

07

44 2

45

44 2

83

44 3

21

1 0

70

1 0

80

44 3

59

44 3

97

44 4

35

44 4

73

44 5

12

44 5

50

44 5

88

44 6

26

44 6

64

44 7

02

1 0

80

1 0

90

44 7

40

44 7

78

44 8

16

44 8

53

44 8

91

44 9

29

44 9

67

45 0

05

45 0

43

45 0

81

1 0

90

1 1

00

45 1

19

45 1

57

45 1

94

45 2

32

45 2

70

45 3

08

45 3

46

45 3

83

45 4

21

45 4

59

1 1

00

1 1

10

45 4

97

45 5

34

45 5

72

45 6

10

45 6

47

45 6

85

45 7

23

45 7

60

45 7

98

45 8

36

1 1

10

1 1

20

45 8

73

45 9

11

45 9

48

45 9

86

46 0

24

46 0

61

46 0

99

46 1

36

46 1

74

46 2

11

1 1

20

1 1

30

46 2

49

46 2

96

46 3

24

46 3

61

46 3

98

46 4

36

46 4

73

46 5

11

46 5

48

46 5

85

1 1

30

1 1

40

46 6

23

46 6

60

46 6

97

46 7

35

46 7

72

46 8

09

46 8

47

46 8

84

46 9

21

46 9

58

1 1

40

1 1

50

46 9

95

47 0

33

47 0

70

47 1

07

47 1

44

47 1

81

47 2

18

47 2

56

47 2

93

47 3

30

1 1

50

1 1

60

47 3

67

47 4

04

47 4

41

47 4

78

47 5

15

47 5

52

47 5

89

47 6

26

47 6

63

47 7

00

1 1

60

1 1

70

47 7

37

47 7

74

47 8

11

47 8

48

47 8

84

47 9

21

47 9

58

47 9

95

48 0

32

48 0

69

1 1

70

1 1

80

48 1

05

48 1

42

48 1

79

48 2

16

48 2

52

48 2

89

48 3

26

48 3

83

48 3

99

48 4

36

1 1

80

1 1

90

48 4

76

48 5

09

48 5

46

48 5

82

48 6

19

48 6

56

48 6

92

48 7

29

48 7

65

48 8

02

1 1

90


Type

K: N

icke

l-chr

omiu

m/n

icke

l-alu

min

ium

(con

tinue

d) (1

1)

28

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

30

Nic

kel-c

hrom

ium

/nic

kel-a

lum

iniu

m (co

nclu

ded)

(12)

Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

K

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

1 2

00

48 8

38

48 8

75

48 9

11

48 9

48

48 9

84

49 0

21

49 0

57

49 0

93

49 1

30

49 1

66

1 2

00

1 2

10

49 2

02

49 2

39

49 2

75

49 3

11

49 3

48

49 3

84

49 4

20

49 4

56

49 4

93

49 5

29

1 2

10

1 2

20

49 5

65

49 6

01

49 6

37

49 6

74

49 7

10

49 7

46

49 7

82

49 8

18

49 8

54

49 8

90

1 2

20

1 2

30

49 9

26

49 9

62

49 9

98

50 0

34

50 0

70

50 1

06

50 1

42

50 1

78

50 2

14

50 2

50

1 2

30

1 2

40

50 2

86

50 3

22

50 3

58

50 3

93

50 4

29

50 4

65

50 5

01

50 5

37

50 5

72

50 6

08

1 2

40

1 2

50

50 6

44

50 8

80

50 7

15

50 7

51

50 7

87

50 8

22

50 8

58

50 8

94

50 9

29

50 9

65

1 2

50

1 2

60

51 0

00

51 0

36

51 0

71

51 1

07

51 1

42

51 1

78

51 2

13

51 2

49

51 2

84

51 3

20

1 2

60

1 2

70

51 3

55

51 3

91

51 4

26

51 4

61

51 4

97

51 5

32

51 5

67

51 6

03

51 6

38

51 6

73

1 2

70

1 2

80

51 7

08

51 7

44

51 7

79

51 8

14

51 8

49

51 8

85

51 9

20

51 9

55

51 9

90

52 0

25

1 2

80

1 2

90

52 0

60

52 0

95

52 1

30

52 1

65

52 2

00

52 2

35

52 2

70

52 3

05

52 3

40

52 3

75

1 2

90

1 3

00

52 4

10

52 4

45

52 4

80

52 5

15

52 5

50

52 5

85

52 6

20

52 6

54

52 6

89

52 7

24

1 3

00

1 3

10

52 7

59

52 7

94

52 8

28

52 8

63

52 8

98

52 9

32

52 9

67

53 0

02

53 0

37

53 0

71

1 3

10

1 3

20

53 1

06

53 1

40

53 1

75

53 2

10

53 2

44

53 2

79

53 3

13

53 3

48

53 3

82

53 4

17

1 3

20

1 3

30

53 4

51

53 4

86

53 5

20

53 5

55

53 5

89

53 6

23

53 6

58

53 6

92

53 7

27

53 7

61

1 3

30

1 3

40

53 7

95

53 8

30

53 8

64

53 8

98

53 9

32

53 9

67

54 0

01

54 0

35

54 0

69

54 1

04

1 3

40

1 3

50

54 1

38

54 1

72

54 2

06

54 2

40

54 2

74

54 3

08

54 3

43

54 3

77

54 4

11

54 4

45

1 3

50

1 3

60

54 4

79

54 5

13

54 5

47

54 5

81

54 6

15

54 8

49

54 6

83

54 7

17

54 7

51

54 7

85

1 3

60

1 3

70

54 8

19

54 8

52

54 8

86

1 3

70


Type

K: N

icke

l-chr

omiu

m/n

icke

l-alu

min

ium

(con

clud

ed) (

12)

29

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

31

Nic

kel –

chro

me-

silic

ium

/nic

kel-s

ilici

um F

orce

éle

ctro

mot

rice

en

func

tion

de

la te

mpé

ratu

re

Type

N

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

-270

-4 3

45

-260

-4 3

36

-4 3

37

-4 3

39

-4 3

40

-4 3

41

-4 3

42

-4 3

43

-4 3

44

-4 3

44

-4 3

45

-260

-250

-4 3

13

-4 3

16

-4 3

19

-4 3

21

-4 3

24

-4 3

26

-4 3

28

-4 3

30

-4 3

32

-4 3

34

-250

-240

-4 2

77

-4 2

81

-4 2

85

-4 2

89

-4 2

93

-4 2

97

-4 3

00

-4 3

04

-4 3

07

-4 3

10

-240

-230

-4 2

26

-4 2

32

-4 2

38

-4 2

43

-4 2

48

-4 2

54

-4 2

58

-4 2

63

-4 2

68

-4 2

73

-230

-220

-4 2

61

-4 1

69

-4 1

76

-4 1

83

-4 1

89

-4 1

96

-4 2

02

-4 2

09

-4 2

15

-4 2

21

-220

-210

-4 0

83

-4 0

91

-4 1

00

-4 1

08

-4 1

16

-4 1

24

-4 1

32

-4 1

40

-4 1

47

-4 1

54

-210

-200

-3 9

90

-4 0

00

-4 0

10

-4 0

20

-4 0

29

-4 0

38

-4 0

48

-4 0

57

-4 0

66

-4 0

74

-200

-190

-3 8

84

-3 8

96

-3 9

07

-3 9

18

-3 9

28

-3 9

39

-3 9

50

-3 9

60

-3 9

70

-3 9

80

-190

-180

-3 7

66

-3 7

76

-3 7

90

-3 8

03

-3 8

15

-3 8

27

-3 8

38

-3 8

50

-3 8

62

-3 8

73

-180

-170

-3 6

34

-3 6

48

-3 6

62

-3 6

75

-3 6

88

-3 7

02

-3 7

15

-3 7

28

-3 7

40

-3 7

53

-170

-160

-3 4

91

-3 5

08

-3 5

21

-3 5

35

-3 5

50

-3 5

64

-3 5

78

-3 5

93

-3 6

07

-3 6

21

-160

-150

-3 3

36

-3 3

52

-3 3

68

-3 3

84

-3 4

00

-3 4

15

-3 4

31

-3 4

46

-3 4

61

-3 4

76

-150

-140

-3 1

71

-3 1

81

-3 2

05

- 3 2

21

- 3 2

38

-3 2

55

-3 2

71

-3 2

88

-3 3

04

-3 3

20

-140

-130

-2 9

94

-3 0

12

-3 0

30

-3 0

48

-3 0

66

-3 0

84

-3 1

01

-3 1

19

-3 1

36

-3 1

53

-130

-120

-2 8

08

-2 8

27

-2 8

46

-2 8

65

-2 8

83

-2 9

02

-2 9

21

-2 9

39

-2 9

58

-2 9

76

-120

-110

-2 6

12

-2 6

32

-2 6

52

-2 6

72

-2 6

91

-2 7

11

-2 7

30

-2 7

50

-2 7

69

-2 7

89

-110

-100

-2 4

07

-2 4

28

-2 4

48

-2 4

69

-2 4

90

-2 5

10

-2 5

31

-2 5

51

-2 4

71

-2 5

92

-100

-90

-2 1

93

-2 2

15

-2 2

37

-2 2

58

-2 2

80

-2 3

01

- 2 3

22

-2 3

44

-2 3

65

-2 3

86

-90

-80

-1 9

72

-1 9

95

-2 0

17

-2 0

39

-2 0

62

-2 0

84

-2 1

06

-2 1

28

-2 1

50

-2 1

72

-80

-70

-1 7

44

-1 7

67

-1 7

90

-1 8

13

-1 8

36

-1 8

59

-1 8

82

-1 9

05

-1 9

27

-1 9

50

-70

-60

-1 5

09

-1 5

33

-1 5

57

-1 5

80

-1 6

04

-1 6

27

-1 6

51

-1 6

74

-1 6

98

-1 7

21

-60

-50

-1 2

69

-1 2

93

-1 3

17

-1 3

41

-1 3

66

-1 3

90

-1 4

14

-1 4

38

-1 4

62

-1 4

85

-50

-40

-1 0

23

-1 0

48

-1 0

72

-1 0

97

-1 1

22

-1 1

46

-1 1

71

-1 1

95

-1 2

20

-1 2

44

-40

-30

-772

-798

-823

-848

-873

-898

-923

-948

-973

-998

-30

-20

-518

-544

-569

-595

-620

-646

-671

-696

-722

-747

-20

-10

-260

-286

-312

-338

-364

-390

-415

-441

-467

-492

-10

00

-26

-52

-78

-104

-131

-157

-183

-209

-234

0


Type

N: N

icke

l-chr

ome-

silic

ium

/nic

kel-s

ilici

um

30

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

32

Nic

kel-c

hrom

ium

-silc

on/n

icke

l-silc

on (co

ntin

ued)

(13)

Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

N

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

00

26

52

78

104

130

156

182

208

235

0

10

261

287

313

340

366

393

419

446

472

499

10

20

525

552

578

605

632

659

685

712

739

766

20

30

793

820

847

874

901

928

955

963

1 0

10

1 0

37

30

40

1 0

65

1 0

92

1 1

19

1 1

47

1 1

74

1 2

02

1 2

29

1 2

57

1 2

84

1 3

12

40

50

1 3

40

1 3

68

1 3

95

1 4

23

1 4

51

1 4

79

1 5

07

1 5

35

1 5

63

1 5

91

50

60

1 6

19

1 6

47

1 6

75

1 7

03

1 7

32

1 7

60

1 7

88

1 8

17

1 8

45

1 8

73

60

70

1 9

02

1 9

30

1 9

59

1 9

88

2 0

16

2 0

45

2 0

74

2 1

02

2 1

31

2 1

60

70

80

2 1

89

2 2

18

2 2

47

2 2

76

2 3

05

2 3

34

2 3

63

2 3

92

2 4

21

2 4

50

80

90

2 4

80

2 5

09

2 5

38

2 5

68

2 5

97

2 6

26

2 6

56

2 6

85

2 7

15

2 7

44

90

100

2 7

74

2 8

04

2 8

33

2 8

63

2 8

93

2 9

23

2 9

53

2 9

63

3 0

12

3 0

42

100

110

3 0

72

3 1

02

3 1

33

3 1

63

3 1

93

3 2

23

3 2

53

3 2

83

3 3

14

3 3

44

110

120

3 3

74

3 4

06

3 4

35

3 4

66

3 4

96

3 5

27

3 5

57

3 5

88

3 6

19

3 6

49

120

130

3 6

80

3 7

11

3 7

42

3 7

72

3 8

03

3 8

34

3 8

65

3 8

96

3 9

27

3 9

58

130

140

3 9

89

4 0

20

4 0

51

4 0

63

4 1

14

4 1

45

4 1

76

4 2

08

4 2

39

4 2

70

140

150

4 3

02

4 3

33

4 3

65

4 3

96

4 4

28

4 4

59

4 4

91

4 5

23

4 5

54

4 5

86

150

160

4 6

18

4 6

50

4 6

81

4 7

13

4 7

45

4 7

77

4 8

09

4 8

41

4 8

73

4 9

05

160

170

4 9

37

4 9

69

5 0

01

5 0

33

5 0

66

5 0

98

5 1

30

5 1

62

5 1

95

5 2

27

170

180

5 2

59

5 2

92

5 3

24

5 3

57

5 3

89

5 4

22

5 4

54

5 4

87

5 5

20

5 5

52

180

190

5 5

85

5 6

18

5 6

50

5 6

83

5 7

16

5 7

49

5 7

82

5 8

15

5 8

47

5 8

80

190

200

5 9

13

5 9

46

5 9

79

6 0

13

6 0

46

6 0

79

6 1

12

6 1

45

6 1

78

6 2

11

200

210

6 2

45

6 2

78

6 3

11

6 3

45

6 3

78

6 4

11

6 4

45

6 4

78

6 5

12

6 5

45

210

220

6 5

79

6 6

12

6 6

46

6 6

80

6 7

13

6 7

47

6 7

81

6 8

14

6 8

48

6 8

82

220

230

6 9

16

6 9

49

6 9

83

7 0

17

7 0

51

7 0

85

7 1

19

7 1

53

7 1

87

7 2

21

230

240

7 2

55

7 2

89

7 3

23

7 3

57

7 3

92

7 4

26

7 4

60

7 4

94

7 5

28

7 5

83

240

250

7 6

97

7 6

31

7 6

66

7 7

00

7 7

34

7 7

69

7 8

03

7 8

38

7 8

72

7 9

07

250

260

7 9

41

7 9

76

8 0

10

8 0

45

8 0

80

8 1

14

8 1

49

8 1

84

8 2

18

8 2

53

260

270

8 2

88

8 3

23

8 3

56

8 3

92

8 4

27

8 4

62

8 4

97

8 5

32

8 5

67

8 6

02

270

280

8 6

37

8 6

72

8 7

07

8 7

42

8 7

77

8 8

12

8 8

47

8 8

82

8 9

18

8 9

53

280

290

8 9

88

9 0

23

9 0

58

9 0

94

9 1

29

9 1

84

9 2

00

9 2

35

9 2

70

9 3

06

290


Type

N: N

icke

l-chr

omiu

m-s

ilcon

/nic

kel-s

ilcon

(con

tinue

d) (1

3)

31

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

33

Nic

kel-c

hrom

ium

- ,si

licon

e/ni

ckel

-sili

con(

cont

inue

d)Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

N

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

300

9 3

41

9 3

77

9 4

12

9 4

48

9 4

83

9 5

19

9 5

54

9 5

90

9 6

25

9 6

61

300

310

9 6

95

9 7

32

9 7

66

9 8

03

9 8

39

9 8

75

9 9

10

9 9

46

9 9

82

10 0

18

310

320

10 0

54

10 0

89

10 1

25

10 1

61

10 1

97

10 2

33

10 2

69

10 3

05

10 3

41

10 3

77

320

330

10 4

13

10 4

49

10 4

85

10 5

21

10 5

57

10 5

93

10 6

29

10 6

65

10 7

01

10 7

37

330

340

10 7

74

10 8

10

10 8

46

10 8

82

10 9

18

10 9

35

10 9

91

11 0

27

11 0

64

11 1

00

340

350

11 1

36

11 1

73

11 2

09

11 2

45

11 2

82

11 3

18

11 3

55

11 3

91

11 4

28

11 4

64

350

360

11 5

01

11 5

37

11 5

74

11 6

10

11 6

47

11 6

83

11 7

20

11 7

57

11 7

93

11 8

30

360

370

11 8

67

11 9

03

11 9

40

11 9

77

12 0

13

12 0

50

12 0

87

12 1

24

12 1

60

12 1

97

370

380

12 2

34

12 2

71

12 3

08

12 3

45

12 3

82

12 4

18

12 4

55

12 4

92

12 5

29

12 5

66

380

390

12 6

03

12 6

40

12 6

77

12 7

14

12 7

51

12 7

88

12 8

25

12 8

62

12 8

99

12 9

37

390

400

12 9

74

13 0

11

13 0

48

13 0

85

13 1

22

13 1

59

13 1

97

13 2

34

12 2

71

13 3

08

400

410

13 3

46

13 3

83

13 4

20

13 4

57

13 4

95

13 5

32

13 5

69

13 6

07

13 6

44

13 6

82

410

420

13 7

19

13 7

56

13 7

94

13 8

31

13 8

69

13 9

06

13 9

44

13 9

81

14 0

19

14 0

56

420

430

14 0

94

14 1

31

13 1

69

14 2

06

14 2

44

14 2

81

14 3

19

14 3

56

14 3

94

14 4

32

430

440

14 4

69

14 5

07

14 5

45

14 5

82

14 6

20

14 6

58

14 6

95

14 7

33

14 7

71

14 8

09

440

450

14 8

46

14 8

84

14 9

22

14 9

60

14 9

98

15 0

35

15 0

73

15 1

11

15 1

49

15 1

87

450

460

15 2

25

15 2

62

15 3

00

15 3

38

15 3

76

15 4

14

15 4

52

15 4

90

15 5

28

15 5

66

460

470

15 6

04

15 6

42

15 6

80

15 7

18

15 7

56

15 7

94

15 8

32

15 8

70

15 9

08

15 9

46

470

480

15 9

84

16 0

22

16 0

60

16 0

99

16 1

37

16 1

76

16 2

13

16 2

51

16 2

89

16 3

27

480

490

16 3

68

16 4

04

16 4

42

16 4

80

16 5

18

16 5

57

16 5

95

16 6

33

16 6

71

16 7

10

490

500

16 7

48

16 7

66

16 8

24

16 8

63

16 9

01

16 9

39

16 9

78

17 0

16

17 0

54

17 0

93

500

510

17 1

31

17 1

69

17 2

08

17 2

46

17 2

85

17 3

23

17 3

61

17 4

00

17 4

38

17 4

77

510

520

17 5

15

17 5

54

17 5

92

17 6

30

17 6

69

17 7

07

17 7

46

17 7

84

17 8

23

17 8

81

520

530

17 9

00

17 9

38

17 9

77

18 0

16

18 0

54

18 0

93

18 1

31

18 1

70

18 2

08

18 2

47

530

540

18 2

86

18 3

24

18 3

63

18 4

01

18 4

40

18 4

79

18 5

17

18 5

56

18 5

95

18 6

33

540

550

18 6

72

18 7

11

18 7

49

18 7

88

18 8

27

18 8

65

18 9

04

18 9

43

18 9

82

19 0

20

550

560

19 0

59

19 0

88

19 1

36

19 1

75

19 2

14

19 2

53

19 2

92

19 3

30

19 3

69

19 4

08

560

570

19 4

47

19 4

85

19 5

24

19 5

83

19 6

02

19 6

41

19 6

80

19 7

18

19 7

57

19 7

96

570

580

19 8

35

19 8

74

19 9

13

19 9

52

19 9

90

20 0

29

20 0

68

20 1

07

20 1

46

20 1

85

580

590

20 2

24

20 2

63

20 3

02

20 3

41

20 3

79

20 4

18

20 4

57

20 4

96

20 5

35

20 5

74

590


Type

N: N

icke

l-chr

omiu

m-s

ilico

ne/n

icke

l-sili

con

(con

tinue

d)

32

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

34

Nic

kel-c

hrom

ium

- ,si

licon

e/ni

ckel

-sili

con(

cont

inue

d)Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

N

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

600

20 6

13

20 6

52

20 6

91

20 7

30

20 7

69

20 8

08

20 8

47

20 8

85

20 9

25

20 9

84

600

610

20 0

13

21 0

42

21 0

81

21 1

20

21 1

59

21 1

98

21 2

37

21 2

76

21 3

15

21 3

54

610

620

21 3

93

21 4

32

21 4

71

21 5

10

21 5

49

21 5

88

21 6

28

21 6

67

21 7

06

21 7

45

620

630

21 7

84

21 8

23

21 8

62

21 9

01

21 9

40

21 9

79

22 0

18

22 0

58

22 0

97

22 1

36

630

640

22 1

75

22 2

14

22 2

53

22 2

92

22 3

31

22 3

70

22 4

10

22 4

49

22 4

88

22 5

27

640

650

22 5

66

22 6

05

22 6

44

22 6

84

22 7

23

22 7

62

22 8

01

22 8

40

22 8

79

22 9

19

650

660

22 9

58

22 9

97

23 0

36

23 0

75

23 1

15

23 1

54

23 1

93

23 2

32

23 2

71

23 3

11

660

670

23 3

50

23 3

89

23 4

28

23 4

67

23 5

07

23 5

46

23 5

85

23 6

24

23 6

63

23 7

03

670

680

23 7

42

23 7

81

23 8

20

23 8

60

23 8

99

23 9

38

23 9

77

24 0

16

24 0

56

24 0

95

680

690

24 1

34

24 1

73

24 2

13

24 2

52

24 2

91

24 3

30

24 3

70

24 4

09

24 4

48

24 4

87

690

700

24 5

27

24 5

66

24 6

05

24 6

44

24 6

84

24 7

23

24 7

62

24 8

01

24 8

41

24 8

80

700

710

24 9

19

24 9

59

24 9

98

25 0

37

25 0

76

25 1

16

25 1

55

25 1

94

25 2

33

25 2

73

710

720

25 3

12

25 3

51

25 3

91

25 4

30

25 4

69

25 5

08

25 5

48

25 5

87

25 6

25

25 6

66

720

730

25 7

05

25 7

44

25 7

83

25 8

23

25 8

62

25 9

01

25 9

41

25 9

80

26 0

19

26 0

58

730

740

26 0

98

26 1

37

26 1

76

26 2

16

26 2

55

26 2

94

26 3

33

26 3

73

26 4

12

26 5

41

740

750

26 4

91

26 5

30

26 5

69

26 6

08

26 6

48

26 6

87

26 7

26

26 7

66

26 8

05

26 8

44

750

760

26 8

33

26 9

23

26 9

62

27 0

01

27 0

41

27 0

80

27 1

19

27 1

58

27 1

98

27 2

37

760

770

27 2

78

27 3

16

27 3

55

27 3

94

27 4

33

27 4

73

27 5

12

27 5

51

27 5

91

27 6

30

770

780

27 6

69

27 7

08

27 7

48

27 7

87

27 8

26

27 8

66

27 9

05

27 9

44

27 9

83

28 0

23

780

790

28 0

62

28 1

01

28 1

40

28 1

80

28 2

19

28 2

58

28 2

97

28 3

37

28 3

76

28 4

15

790

800

28 4

56

28 4

94

28 5

33

28 5

72

28 6

12

28 6

51

28 6

90

28 7

29

28 7

69

28 8

08

800

810

28 8

47

28 8

86

28 9

26

28 9

65

29 0

04

29 0

43

29 0

88

29 1

22

29 1

61

29 2

00

810

820

29 2

39

29 2

79

29 3

18

29 3

67

29 3

96

29 4

36

29 4

75

29 5

14

29 5

53

29 5

92

820

830

29 6

32

29 6

71

29 7

10

29 7

49

29 7

89

29 8

28

29 8

67

29 9

06

29 9

45

29 9

85

830

840

30 0

24

30 0

63

30 1

02

30 1

41

30 1

81

30 2

20

30 2

59

30 2

98

30 3

37

30 3

78

840

850

30 4

16

30 4

55

30 4

94

30 5

33

30 5

72

30 6

11

30 6

51

30 6

90

30 7

29

30 7

68

850

860

30 8

07

30 8

46

30 8

86

30 9

25

30 9

64

31 0

03

31 0

42

31 0

81

31 1

20

31 1

60

860

870

31 1

99

31 2

38

31 2

77

31 3

16

31 3

55

31 3

94

31 4

33

31 4

73

31 5

12

31 5

51

870

880

31 5

90

31 6

29

31 6

68

31 7

07

31 7

46

31 7

85

31 8

24

31 8

63

31 9

03

31 9

42

880

890

31 9

81

32 0

20

32 0

59

32 0

98

32 1

37

32 1

76

32 2

15

32 2

54

32 2

93

32 3

32

890


Type

N: N

icke

l-chr

omiu

m-s

ilico

ne/n

icke

l-sili

con

(con

tinue

d)

33

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

35

Nic

kel-c

hrom

ium

-sili

con/

nick

elsi

licon

(co

ntin

ued)

Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

N

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

900

32 3

71

32 4

10

32 4

49

32 4

88

32 5

27

32 5

66

32 6

05

32 6

44

32 6

83

32 7

22

900

910

32 7

61

32 8

00

32 8

39

32 8

78

32 9

17

32 9

56

32 9

95

33 0

34

33 0

73

33 1

12

910

920

33 1

51

33 1

90

33 2

29

33 2

68

33 3

07

33 3

46

33 3

85

33 4

24

33 4

63

33 5

02

920

930

33 5

41

33 5

80

33 6

19

33 6

58

33 6

97

33 7

36

33 7

74

33 8

13

33 8

52

33 8

91

930

940

33 9

30

33 9

69

34 0

08

34 0

47

34 0

86

34 1

24

34 1

63

34 2

02

34 2

41

34 2

80

940

950

34 3

19

34 3

58

34 3

96

34 4

35

34 4

74

34 5

13

34 5

52

34 5

91

34 6

29

34 6

68

950

960

34 7

07

34 7

46

34 7

85

34 8

23

34 8

62

34 9

01

34 9

40

34 9

79

35 0

17

35 0

56

960

970

35 0

95

35 1

34

35 1

72

35 2

11

35 2

50

35 2

89

35 3

27

35 3

66

35 4

05

35 4

44

970

980

35 4

82

35 5

21

35 5

60

35 5

98

35 6

37

35 6

76

35 7

14

35 7

53

35 7

92

35 8

31

980

990

35 8

69

35 9

08

35 9

46

35 9

85

36 0

24

36 0

62

36 1

01

36 1

40

36 1

78

36 2

17

990

1 0

00

36 2

56

36 2

94

36 3

33

36 3

71

36 4

10

36 4

49

36 4

87

36 5

26

36 5

64

36 6

03

1 0

00

1 0

10

36 6

41

36 6

80

36 7

18

36 7

57

36 7

96

36 8

34

36 8

73

36 9

11

36 9

50

36 9

88

1 0

10

1 0

20

37 0

27

37 0

65

37 1

04

37 1

42

37 1

81

37 2

19

37 2

58

37 2

96

37 3

34

37 3

73

1 0

20

1 0

30

37 4

11

37 4

50

37 4

88

37 5

27

37 5

65

37 6

03

37 6

42

37 6

80

37 7

19

37 7

57

1 0

30

1 0

40

37 7

95

37 8

34

37 8

72

37 9

11

37 9

49

37 9

67

38 0

26

38 0

64

38 1

02

38 1

41

1 0

40

1 0

50

38 1

79

38 2

17

38 2

56

38 2

94

38 3

32

38 3

70

38 4

09

38 4

47

38 4

85

38 5

24

1 0

50

1 0

60

38 5

62

38 6

00

38 6

38

38 6

77

38 7

15

38 7

53

38 7

91

38 8

29

38 8

68

38 9

06

1 0

60

1 0

70

38 9

44

38 9

82

39 0

20

39 0

59

39 0

97

39 1

35

39 1

73

39 2

11

39 2

49

39 2

87

1 0

70

1 0

80

39 3

26

39 3

64

39 4

02

39 4

40

39 4

78

39 5

16

39 5

54

39 5

92

39 6

30

39 6

68

1 0

80

1 0

90

39 7

06

39 7

44

39 7

83

39 8

21

39 8

59

39 8

97

39 9

35

39 9

73

40 0

11

40 0

49

1 0

90

1 1

00

40 0

87

40 1

25

40 1

63

40 2

01

40 2

38

40 2

76

40 3

14

40 3

52

40 3

90

40 4

28

1 1

00

1 1

10

40 4

66

40 5

04

40 5

42

40 5

80

40 6

18

40 6

55

40 6

93

40 7

31

40 7

69

40 8

07

1 1

10

1 1

20

40 8

45

40 6

83

40 9

20

40 9

58

40 9

96

41 0

34

41 0

72

41 1

09

41 1

47

41 1

85

1 1

20

1 1

30

41 2

23

41 2

60

41 2

98

41 3

36

41 3

74

41 4

11

41 4

49

41 4

87

41 5

25

41 5

62

1 1

30

1 1

40

41 6

00

41 6

38

41 6

75

41 7

13

41 7

51

41 7

88

41 8

26

41 8

64

41 9

01

41 9

39

1 1

40

1 1

50

41 9

76

42 0

14

42 0

52

42 0

89

42 1

27

42 1

64

42 2

02

42 2

39

42 2

77

42 3

14

1 1

50

1 1

60

42 3

52

42 3

90

42 4

27

42 4

65

42 5

02

42 5

40

42 5

77

42 6

14

42 6

52

42 6

89

1 1

60

1 1

70

42 7

27

42 7

64

42 8

02

42 8

39

42 8

77

42 9

14

42 9

51

42 9

89

43 0

26

43 0

64

1 1

70

1 1

80

43 1

01

43 1

38

43 1

76

43 2

13

43 2

50

43 2

88

43 3

25

43 3

62

43 3

99

43 4

37

1 1

80

1 1

90

43 4

74

43 5

11

43 5

49

43 5

86

43 6

23

43 6

60

43 6

98

43 7

35

43 7

72

43 8

09

1 1

90


Type

N: N

icke

l-chr

omiu

m-s

ilico

n/ni

ckel

-sili

con

(con

tinue

d)

34

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

36

Nic

kel-c

hrom

ium

-sili

con/

nick

el-s

ilico

nEle

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

N

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

1 2

00

43 8

46

43 8

84

43 9

21

43 9

58

43 9

95

44 0

32

44 0

69

44 1

06

44 1

44

44 1

81

1 2

00

1 2

10

44 2

18

44 2

55

44 2

92

44 3

29

44 3

66

44 4

03

44 4

40

44 4

77

44 5

14

44 5

51

1 2

10

1 2

20

44 5

88

44 6

25

44 6

62

44 6

99

44 7

36

44 7

73

44 8

10

44 8

47

44 8

84

44 9

21

1 2

20

1 2

30

44 9

58

44 9

95

45 0

32

45 0

69

45 1

05

45 1

42

45 1

79

45 2

16

45 2

53

45 2

90

1 2

30

1 2

40

45 3

26

45 3

63

45 4

00

45 4

37

45 4

74

45 5

10

45 5

47

45 5

84

45 6

21

45 6

57

1 2

40

1 2

50

45 6

94

45 7

31

45 7

67

45 8

04

45 8

41

45 8

77

45 9

14

45 9

51

45 9

87

46 0

24

1 2

50

1 2

60

46 0

60

46 0

97

46 1

33

46 1

70

46 2

07

46 2

43

46 2

80

46 3

16

46 3

53

46 3

89

1 2

60

1 2

70

46 4

25

46 4

62

46 4

98

46 5

35

46 5

71

46 6

08

46 6

44

46 6

80

46 7

17

46 7

53

1 2

70

1 2

80

46 7

89

46 8

26

46 8

62

46 8

98

46 9

35

46 9

71

47 0

07

47 0

43

47 0

79

47 1

16

1 2

80

1 2

90

47 1

52

47 1

88

47 2

24

47 2

60

47 2

96

47 3

33

47 3

69

47 4

05

47 4

41

47 4

77

1 2

90

1 3

00

47 5

13

1 3

00


Type

N: N

icke

l-chr

omiu

m-s

ilico

n/ni

ckel

-sili

con

35

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

37

Cop

per/

copp

er-n

icke

lEle

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

T

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

-270

-6 2

58

-270

-260

-6 2

32

-6 2

36

-6 2

39

-6 2

42

-6 2

45

-6 2

48

-6 2

51

-6 2

53

-6 2

55

-6 2

56

-260

-250

-6 1

80

-6 1

87

-6 1

93

-6 1

98

-6 2

04

-6 2

09

-6 2

14

-6 2

19

-6 2

23

-6 2

28

-250

-240

-6 1

05

-6 1

14

-6 1

22

-6 1

30

-6 1

38

-6 1

46

-6 1

53

-6 1

60

-6 1

67

-6 1

74

-240

-230

-6 0

07

-6 0

17

-6 0

28

-6 0

38

-6 0

49

-6 0

59

-6 0

68

-6 0

78

-6 0

87

-6 0

96

-230

-220

-5 8

88

-5 9

01

-5 9

14

-5 9

26

-5 9

38

-5 9

50

-5 9

62

-5 9

73

-5 9

85

-5 9

96

-220

-210

-5 7

53

-5 7

67

-5 7

82

-5 7

95

-5 8

09

-5 8

23

-5 8

36

-5 8

50

-5 8

63

-5 8

76

-210

-200

-5 6

03

-5 6

19

-5 6

34

-5 6

50

-5 6

65

-5 6

80

-5 6

95

-5 7

10

-5 7

24

-5 7

39

-200

-190

-5 4

39

-5 4

56

-5 4

73

-5 4

89

-5 5

06

-5 5

23

-5 5

39

-5 5

55

-5 5

71

-5 5

87

-190

-180

-5 2

61

-5 2

79

-5 2

97

-5 3

16

-5 3

34

-5 3

51

-5 3

69

-5 3

87

-5 4

04

-5 4

21

-180

-170

-5 0

70

-5 0

89

-5 1

09

-5 1

28

-5 1

48

-5 1

67

-5 1

86

-5 2

05

-5 2

24

-5 2

42

-170

-160

-4 8

65

-4 8

86

-4 9

07

-4 9

28

-4 9

49

-4 9

69

-4 9

89

-5 0

10

-5 0

30

-5 0

50

-160

-150

-4 6

48

-4 6

71

-4 6

93

-4 7

15

-4 7

37

-4 7

59

-4 7

80

-4 8

02

-4 8

23

-4 8

44

-150

-140

-4 4

19

-4 4

43

-4 4

66

-4 4

89

-4 5

12

-4 5

35

-4 5

58

-4 5

81

-4 6

04

-4 6

26

-140

-130

-4 1

77

-4 2

02

-4 2

26

-4 2

51

-4 2

75

-4 3

00

-4 3

24

-4 3

48

-4 3

72

-4 3

95

-130

-120

-3 9

23

-3 9

49

-3 9

75

-4 0

00

-4 0

26

-4 0

52

-4 0

77

-4 1

02

-4 1

27

-4 1

52

-120

-110

-3 6

57

-3 6

84

-3 7

11

-3 7

38

-3 7

65

-3 7

91

-3 8

18

-3 8

44

-3 8

71

-3 8

97

-110

-100

-3 3

79

-3 4

07

-3 4

35

-3 4

63

-3 4

91

-3 5

19

-3 5

47

-3 5

74

-3 6

02

-3 6

29

-100

-90

-3 0

89

-3 1

18

-3 1

48

-3 1

77

-3 2

06

-3 2

35

-3 2

64

-3 2

93

-3 3

22

-3 3

50

-90

-80

-2 7

88

-2 8

18

-2 8

49

-2 8

79

-2 9

10

-2 9

40

-2 9

70

-3 0

00

-3 0

30

-3 0

59

-80

-70

-2 4

76

-2 5

07

-2 5

39

-2 5

71

-2 6

02

-2 6

33

-2 6

64

-2 6

95

-2 7

26

-2 7

57

-70

-60

-2 1

53

-2 1

86

-2 2

18

-2 2

51

-2 2

83

-2 3

16

-2 3

48

-2 3

80

-2 4

12

-2 4

44

-60

-50

-1 8

19

-1 8

53

-1 8

87

-1 9

20

-1 9

54

-1 9

87

-2 0

21

-2 0

54

-2 0

87

-2 1

20

-50

-40

-1 4

75

-1 5

10

-1 5

45

-1 5

79

-1 6

14

-1 6

48

-1 6

63

-1 7

17

-1 7

51

-1 7

85

-40

-30

-1 1

21

-1 1

57

-1 1

92

-1 2

28

-1 2

64

-1 2

99

-1 3

35

-1 3

70

-1 4

05

-1 4

40

-30

-20

-757

-794

-830

-867

-904

-940

-976

-1 0

13

-1 0

49

-1 0

85

-20

-10

-383

-421

-459

-496

-534

-571

-808

-646

-683

-720

-10

00

-39

-77

-116

-154

-193

-231

-269

-307

-345

0


Type

T: C

oppe

r/co

pper

-nic

kel

36

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

38

Cop

per/

copp

er-n

icke

l (co

ntin

ued)

Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

T

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

00

39

78

117

156

195

234

273

312

352

0

10

391

431

470

510

549

589

629

669

709

749

10

20

790

830

870

911

951

992

1 0

33

1 0

74

1 1

14

1 1

65

20

30

1 1

96

1 2

38

1 2

79

1 3

20

1 3

62

1 4

03

1 4

45

1 4

86

1 5

28

1 5

70

30

40

1 6

12

1 6

54

1 6

96

1 7

38

1 7

80

1 8

23

1 8

65

1 9

08

1 9

50

1 9

93

40

50

2 0

36

2 0

79

2 1

22

2 1

65

2 2

08

2 2

51

2 2

94

2 3

38

2 3

81

2 4

25

50

60

2 4

68

2 5

12

2 5

56

2 6

00

2 6

43

2 5

87

2 7

32

2 7

76

2 8

20

2 8

64

60

70

2 9

08

2 9

53

2 9

98

3 0

43

3 0

87

3 1

32

3 1

77

3 2

22

3 2

67

3 3

12

70

80

3 3

58

3 4

03

3 4

48

3 4

94

3 5

39

3 5

85

3 6

31

3 6

77

3 7

22

3 7

68

80

90

3 8

14

3 8

60

3 9

07

3 9

53

3 9

99

4 0

46

4 0

92

4 1

38

4 1

85

4 2

32

90

100

4 2

79

4 3

25

4 3

72

4 4

19

4 4

66

4 5

13

4 5

61

4 6

08

4 6

55

4 7

02

100

110

4 7

50

4 7

98

4 8

45

4 8

93

4 9

41

4 9

88

5 0

36

5 0

84

5 1

32

5 1

80

110

120

5 2

28

5 2

77

5 3

25

5 3

73

5 4

22

5 4

70

5 5

19

5 5

67

5 6

16

5 6

65

120

130

5 7

14

5 7

63

5 8

12

5 8

61

5 9

10

5 9

59

6 0

08

6 0

57

6 1

07

6 1

56

130

140

6 2

06

6 2

55

6 3

05

6 3

55

6 4

04

5 4

54

6 5

04

6 5

54

6 6

04

6 6

54

140

150

6 7

04

6 7

54

6 8

05

6 8

55

6 9

05

6 9

56

7 0

08

7 0

57

7 1

07

7 1

58

150

160

7 2

09

7 2

60

7 3

10

7 3

61

7 4

12

7 4

63

7 5

15

7 5

66

7 6

17

7 6

68

160

170

7 7

20

7 7

71

7 8

23

7 8

74

7 9

26

7 9

77

8 0

29

8 0

81

8 1

33

8 1

85

170

180

8 2

37

8 2

89

8 3

41

8 3

93

8 4

45

8 4

97

8 5

50

8 8

02

8 6

54

8 7

07

180

190

8 7

59

8 8

12

8 8

65

8 9

17

8 9

70

9 0

23

9 0

76

9 1

29

9 1

82

9 2

35

190

200

9 2

88

9 3

41

9 3

95

9 4

48

9 5

01

9 5

55

9 6

06

9 6

62

9 7

15

9 7

69

200

210

9 8

22

9 8

74

9 9

30

9 9

84

10 0

38

10 0

92

10 1

46

10 2

00

10 2

54

10 3

08

210

220

10 3

62

10 4

17

10 4

71

10 5

25

10 5

80

10 6

34

10 6

89

10 7

43

10 7

98

10 8

53

220

230

10 9

07

10 9

62

11 0

17

11 0

72

11 1

27

11 1

82

11 2

37

11 2

92

11 3

47

11 4

03

230

240

11 4

58

11 5

13

11 5

69

11 6

24

11 6

80

11 7

35

11 7

91

11 8

46

11 9

02

11 9

58

240

250

12 0

13

12 0

69

12 1

25

12 1

81

12 2

37

12 2

93

12 3

49

12 4

05

12 4

61

12 5

18

250

260

12 5

74

12 6

30

12 6

87

12 7

43

12 7

99

12 8

56

12 9

12

12 9

69

13 0

26

13 0

82

260

270

13 1

39

13 1

96

13 2

53

13 3

10

13 3

66

13 4

23

13 4

80

13 5

37

13 5

95

13 6

52

270

280

13 7

09

13 7

66

13 8

23

13 8

81

13 9

38

13 9

95

14 0

53

14 1

10

14 1

68

14 2

26

280

290

14 2

83

14 3

41

14 3

99

14 4

56

14 5

14

14 5

72

14 6

30

14 6

88

14 7

46

14 8

04

290


Type

T: C

oppe

r/co

pper

-nic

kel (

cont

inue

d)

37

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

39

Cop

per/

copp

er-n

icke

l(con

clud

ed)

Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe T

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

300

14 8

62

14 9

20

14 9

78

15 0

36

15 0

95

15 1

53

15 2

11

15 2

70

15 3

28

15 3

86

300

310

15 4

45

15 5

03

15 5

62

15 6

21

15 6

79

15 7

38

15 7

97

15 8

56

15 9

14

15 9

73

310

320

16 0

32

16 0

91

16 1

50

16 2

09

16 2

68

16 3

27

16 3

87

16 4

46

16 5

05

16 5

64

320

330

16 6

24

16 6

83

16 7

42

16 8

02

16 8

61

16 9

21

16 9

80

17 0

40

17 1

00

17 1

59

330

340

17 2

19

17 2

79

17 3

39

17 3

99

17 4

58

17 5

18

17 5

78

17 6

38

17 6

98

17 7

59

340

350

17 8

19

17 8

79

17 9

39

17 9

99

18 0

60

18 1

20

18 1

80

18 2

41

18 3

01

18 3

62

350

360

18 4

22

18 4

83

18 5

43

18 6

04

18 6

65

18 7

25

18 7

86

18 8

47

18 9

08

18 9

69

360

370

19 0

30

19 0

91

19 1

52

19 2

13

19 2

74

19 3

35

19 3

96

19 4

57

19 5

18

19 5

79

370

380

19 6

41

19 7

02

19 7

63

19 8

25

19 8

86

19 9

47

20 0

09

20 0

70

20 1

32

20 1

93

380

390

20 2

55

20 3

17

20 3

78

20 4

40

20 5

02

20 5

63

20 6

25

20 6

87

20 7

48

20 8

10

390

400

20 8

72

400


Type

T: C

oppe

r/co

pper

-nic

kel (

conc

lude

d)

38

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

40

Nic

kel-c

hrom

ium

/cop

per-n

icke

lEle

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

E

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

-270

-9 8

35

-2

70

-260

-9 7

97

-9 8

02

-9 8

08

-9 8

13

-9 8

17

-9 8

21

-9 8

25

-9 8

28

-9 8

31

-9 8

33

-260

-250

-9 7

18

-9 7

28

-9 7

37

-9 7

46

-9 7

54

-9 7

62

-9 7

70

-9 7

77

-9 7

84

-9 7

90

-250

-240

-9 6

04

-9 6

17

-9 6

30

-9 6

42

-9 6

54

-9 6

66

-9 6

77

-9 6

88

-9 6

98

-9 7

09

-240

-230

-9 4

55

-9 4

71

-9 4

87

-9 5

03

-9 5

19

-9 5

34

-9 5

48

-9 5

63

-9 5

77

-9 5

91

-230

-220

-9 2

74

-9 2

93

-9 3

13

-9 3

31

-9 3

50

-9 3

68

-9 3

86

-9 4

04

-9 4

21

-9 4

38

-220

-210

-9 0

63

-9 0

85

-9 1

07

-9 1

29

-9 1

51

-9 1

72

-9 1

93

-9 2

14

-9 2

34

-9 2

54

-210

-200

-8 8

25

-8 8

50

-8 8

74

-8 8

99

-8 9

23

-8 9

47

-8 9

71

-8 9

94

-9 0

17

-9 0

40

-200

-190

-8 5

61

-8 5

88

-8 6

16

-8 6

43

-8 6

69

-8 6

96

-8 7

22

-8 7

48

-8 7

74

-8 7

99

-190

-180

-8 2

73

-8 3

03

-8 3

33

-8 3

62

-8 3

91

-8 4

20

-8 4

49

-8 4

77

-8 5

05

-8 5

33

-180

-170

-7 9

63

-7 9

95

-8 0

27

-8 0

59

-8 0

90

-8 1

21

-8 1

52

-8 1

83

-8 2

13

-8 2

43

-170

-160

-7 6

32

-7 6

66

-7 7

00

-7 7

33

-7 7

67

-7 8

00

-7 8

33

-7 8

66

-7 8

99

-7 9

31

-160

-150

-7 2

79

-7 3

15

-7 3

51

-7 3

87

-7 4

23

-7 4

58

-7 4

93

-7 5

28

-7 5

63

-7 5

97

-150

-140

-6 9

07

-6 9

45

-6 9

83

-7 0

21

-7 0

58

-7 0

96

-7 1

33

-7 1

70

-7 2

06

-7 2

43

-140

-130

-6 5

16

-6 5

56

-6 5

96

-6 6

36

-6 6

75

-6 7

14

-6 7

53

-6 7

92

-6 8

31

-6 6

69

-130

-120

-6 1

07

-6 1

49

-6 1

91

-6 2

32

-6 2

73

-6 3

14

-6 3

55

-6 3

96

-6 4

36

-6 4

76

-120

-110

-5 6

81

-5 7

24

-5 7

67

-5 8

10

-5 8

53

-5 8

96

-5 9

39

-5 9

81

-6 0

23

-6 0

65

-110

-100

-5 2

37

-5 2

82

-5 3

27

-5 3

72

-5 4

17

-5 4

61

-5 5

05

-5 5

49

-5 5

93

-5 6

37

-100

-90

-4 7

77

-4 8

24

-4 8

71

-4 9

17

-4 9

63

-5 0

09

-5 0

55

-5 1

01

-5 1

47

-5 1

92

-90

-80

-4 3

02

-4 3

50

-4 3

98

-4 4

46

-4 4

94

-4 5

42

-4 5

89

-4 6

36

-4 6

84

-4 7

31

-80

-70

-3 8

11

-3 8

61

-3 9

11

-3 9

60

-4 0

09

-4 0

58

-4 1

07

-4 1

56

-4 2

05

-4 2

54

-70

-60

-3 3

06

-3 3

57

-3 4

08

-3 4

59

-3 5

10

-3 5

61

-3 6

11

-3 6

61

-3 7

11

-3 7

61

-60

-50

-2 7

87

-2 8

40

-2 8

92

-2 9

44

-2 9

96

-3 0

48

-3 1

00

-3 1

52

-3 2

04

-3 2

55

-50

-40

-2 2

55

-2 3

09

-2 3

62

-2 4

16

-2 4

69

-2 5

23

-2 5

76

-2 6

29

-2 6

82

-2 7

35

-40

-30

-1 7

09

-1 7

65

-1 8

20

-1 8

74

-1 9

29

-1 9

84

-2 0

38

-2 0

83

-2 1

47

-2 2

01

-30

-20

-1 1

52

-1 2

08

-1 2

64

-1 3

20

-1 3

76

-1 4

32

-1 4

88

-1 5

43

-1 5

99

-1 6

54

-20

-10

-582

-639

-697

-764

-811

-868

-925

-982

-1 0

39

-1 0

95

-10

00

-59

-117

-176

-234

-292

-350

-408

-466

-524

0


Type

E: N

icke

l-chr

omiu

m/c

oppe

r-nic

kel

39

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

41

Nic

kel-

chro

omzu

ur/c

oppe

r-nic

kel(C

ontinu

ed)

Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

E

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

00

59

118

176

235

294

354

413

472

532

0

10

591

651

711

770

830

890

950

1 0

10

1 0

71

1 1

31

10

20

1 1

92

1 2

52

1 3

13

1 3

73

1 4

34

1 4

95

1 5

56

1 6

17

1 6

78

1 7

40

20

30

1 8

01

1 8

62

1 9

24

1 9

86

2 0

47

2 1

09

2 1

71

2 2

33

2 2

95

2 3

57

30

40

2 4

20

2 4

82

2 5

45

2 6

07

2 6

70

2 7

33

2 7

95

2 8

58

2 9

21

2 9

84

40

50

3 0

48

3 1

11

3 1

74

3 2

38

3 3

01

3 3

65

3 4

29

3 4

92

3 5

56

3 6

20

50

60

3 6

85

3 7

49

3 8

13

3 8

77

3 9

42

4 0

08

4 0

71

4 1

36

4 2

00

4 2

65

60

70

4 3

30

4 3

95

4 4

80

4 5

26

4 5

91

4 6

56

4 7

22

4 7

88

4 8

53

4 9

19

70

80

4 9

85

5 0

51

5 1

17

5 1

83

5 2

49

5 3

15

5 3

82

5 4

48

5 5

14

5 5

81

80

90

5 6

48

5 7

14

5 7

81

5 8

48

5 9

15

5 9

82

6 0

49

6 1

17

6 1

84

6 2

51

90

100

6 3

19

6 3

86

6 4

54

6 5

22

6 5

90

6 6

58

6 7

25

6 7

94

6 8

62

6 9

30

100

110

6 9

98

7 0

65

7 1

35

7 2

03

7 2

72

7 3

41

7 4

09

7 4

76

7 5

47

7 6

16

110

120

7 6

85

7 7

54

7 8

23

7 8

92

7 9

62

8 0

31

8 1

01

8 1

70

8 2

40

8 3

08

120

130

8 3

79

8 4

49

8 5

19

8 5

89

8 6

59

8 7

29

8 7

99

8 8

69

8 9

40

9 0

10

130

140

9 0

61

9 1

51

9 2

22

9 2

92

9 3

63

9 4

34

9 5

05

9 5

76

9 6

47

9 7

18

140

150

9 7

89

9 8

60

9 9

31

10 0

03

10 0

74

10 1

45

10 2

17

10 2

88

10 3

60

10 4

32

150

160

10 5

03

10 5

75

10 6

47

10 7

19

10 7

91

10 8

63

10 9

35

11 0

07

11 0

80

11 1

52

160

170

11 2

24

11 2

97

11 3

69

11 4

42

11 5

14

11 5

87

11 6

60

11 7

33

11 8

05

11 8

78

170

180

11 9

51

12 0

24

12 0

97

12 1

70

12 2

43

12 3

17

12 3

90

12 4

63

12 5

37

12 6

10

180

190

12 6

84

12 7

57

12 8

31

12 9

04

12 9

78

13 0

52

13 1

28

13 1

99

13 2

73

13 3

47

190

200

13 4

21

13 4

95

13 5

69

13 6

44

13 7

18

13 7

92

13 8

66

13 9

41

14 0

15

14 0

90

200

210

14 1

64

14 2

39

14 3

13

14 3

88

14 4

63

14 5

37

14 6

12

14 6

87

14 7

62

14 8

37

210

220

14 9

12

14 9

87

15 0

62

15 1

37

15 2

12

15 2

87

15 3

62

15 4

38

15 5

13

15 5

88

220

230

15 6

84

15 7

39

15 8

15

15 8

90

15 9

66

16 0

41

16 1

17

16 1

93

16 2

69

16 3

44

230

240

16 4

20

16 4

96

16 5

72

16 6

48

16 7

24

16 8

00

16 8

78

16 9

52

17 0

28

17 1

04

240

250

17 1

81

17 2

57

17 3

33

17 4

09

17 4

86

17 5

62

17 6

39

17 7

15

17 7

92

17 8

68

250

260

17 9

45

18 0

21

18 0

98

18 1

75

18 2

52

18 3

28

18 4

05

18 4

82

18 5

59

18 6

36

260

270

18 7

13

18 7

90

18 8

67

18 9

44

19 0

21

19 0

98

19 1

75

19 2

52

19 3

30

19 4

07

270

280

19 4

84

19 5

61

19 6

39

19 7

16

19 7

94

19 8

71

19 9

48

20 0

26

20 1

03

20 1

81

280

290

20 2

59

20 3

36

20 4

14

20 4

92

20 5

59

20 6

47

20 7

25

20 8

03

20 8

80

20 9

58

290


Type

E: N

icke

l-chr

omic

aci

d/co

pper

-nic

kel (

cont

inue

d)

40

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

42

Nic

kel-c

hrom

ium

/cop

per-n

icke

l(con

tinu

ed)

Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe E

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

300

21 0

36

21 1

14

21 1

92

21 2

70

21 3

48

21 4

26

21 5

04

21 5

82

21 6

60

21 7

39

300

310

21 8

17

21 8

95

21 9

73

22 0

51

22 1

30

22 2

08

22 2

86

22 3

65

22 4

43

22 5

22

310

320

22 6

00

22 6

78

22 7

57

22 8

35

22 9

14

22 9

93

23 0

71

23 1

50

23 2

26

23 3

07

320

330

23 3

86

23 4

64

23 5

43

23 6

22

23 7

01

23 7

80

23 8

58

23 9

37

24 0

16

24 0

95

330

340

24 1

74

24 2

53

24 3

32

24 4

11

24 4

90

24 5

69

24 6

48

24 7

27

24 8

06

24 8

85

340

350

24 9

64

25 0

44

25 1

23

25 2

02

25 2

81

25 3

60

25 4

40

25 5

19

25 5

98

25 6

78

350

360

25 7

57

25 8

36

25 9

16

25 9

95

26 0

75

26 1

54

26 2

33

26 3

13

26 3

92

26 4

72

360

370

26 5

52

26 6

31

26 7

11

26 7

90

26 8

70

26 9

50

27 0

29

27 1

09

27 1

89

27 2

68

370

380

27 3

48

27 4

28

27 5

07

27 5

87

27 6

67

27 7

47

27 8

27

27 9

07

27 9

86

28 0

66

380

390

28 1

46

28 2

26

28 3

06

28 3

86

28 4

66

28 5

46

28 6

26

28 7

06

28 7

86

28 8

66

390

400

28 9

46

29 0

26

29 1

06

29 1

86

29 2

68

29 3

46

29 4

27

29 5

07

26 5

87

29 6

67

400

410

29 7

47

29 8

27

29 9

08

29 9

88

30 0

68

30 1

48

30 2

29

30 3

09

30 3

89

30 4

70

410

420

30 5

50

30 6

30

30 7

11

30 7

91

30 8

71

30 9

52

31 0

32

31 1

12

31 1

93

31 2

73

420

430

31 3

54

31 4

34

31 5

15

31 5

95

31 6

76

31 7

56

31 8

37

31 9

17

31 9

98

32 0

78

430

440

32 1

59

32 2

39

32 3

20

32 4

00

32 4

81

32 5

62

32 8

42

32 7

23

32 8

03

32 8

84

440

450

32 9

65

33 0

45

33 1

26

33 2

07

33 2

87

33 3

68

33 4

49

33 5

29

33 6

10

33 6

91

450

460

33 7

72

33 8

52

33 9

33

34 0

14

34 0

95

34 1

75

34 2

56

34 3

37

34 4

18

34 4

98

460

470

34 5

79

34 6

60

34 7

41

34 8

22

34 9

02

34 9

83

35 0

64

35 1

45

35 2

26

35 3

07

470

480

35 3

87

35 4

66

35 5

49

35 6

30

35 7

11

35 7

92

35 8

73

35 9

54

36 0

34

36 1

15

480

490

36 1

96

36 2

77

36 3

58

36 4

39

36 5

20

36 6

01

36 6

82

36 7

63

36 8

43

36 9

24

490

500

37 0

05

37 0

86

37 1

67

37 2

48

37 3

29

37 4

10

37 4

91

37 5

72

37 6

53

37 7

34

500

510

37 8

15

37 8

96

37 9

77

38 0

58

38 1

39

38 2

20

38 3

00

38 3

81

38 4

62

38 5

43

510

520

38 6

24

38 7

05

38 7

86

38 8

67

38 9

48

39 0

29

39 1

10

39 1

91

39 2

72

39 3

53

520

530

39 4

34

39 5

15

39 5

96

39 6

77

39 7

58

39 8

39

39 9

20

40 0

01

40 0

62

40 1

63

530

540

40 2

43

40 3

24

40 4

05

40 4

86

40 5

67

40 6

48

40 7

29

40 8

10

40 8

91

40 9

72

540

550

41 0

53

41 1

34

41 2

15

41 2

96

41 3

77

41 4

57

41 5

38

41 6

19

41 7

00

41 7

81

550

560

41 8

62

41 9

43

42 0

24

42 1

05

42 1

85

42 2

66

42 3

47

42 4

28

42 5

09

42 5

90

560

570

42 6

71

42 7

51

42 8

32

42 9

13

42 9

94

43 0

75

43 1

56

43 2

36

43 3

17

43 3

98

570

580

43 4

79

43 5

60

43 6

40

43 7

21

43 8

02

43 8

83

43 9

63

44 0

44

44 1

25

44 2

06

580

590

44 2

86

44 3

67

44 4

48

44 5

29

44 6

09

44 6

90

44 7

71

44 8

51

44 9

32

45 0

13

590


Type

E: N

icke

l-chr

omiu

m/c

oppe

r-nic

kel (

cont

inue

d)

41

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

43

Nic

kel-c

hrom

ium

/cop

per-n

icke

l (co

ntin

ued)

Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

E

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

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-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

600

45 0

93

45 1

74

45 2

55

45 3

35

45 4

16

45 4

97

45 5

77

45 6

58

45 7

36

45 8

19

600

610

45 9

00

45 9

80

46 0

61

46 1

41

46 2

22

46 3

02

46 3

83

46 4

63

46 5

44

46 6

24

610

620

46 7

05

46 7

85

46 8

66

46 9

46

47 0

27

47 1

07

47 1

88

47 2

68

47 3

49

47 4

29

620

630

47 5

09

47 5

90

47 6

70

47 7

51

47 8

31

47 9

11

47 9

92

48 0

72

48 1

52

48 2

33

630

640

48 3

13

48 3

93

48 4

74

48 5

54

48 6

34

48 7

15

48 7

95

48 8

75

48 9

55

49 0

35

640

650

49 1

16

49 1

96

49 2

76

49 3

56

49 4

36

49 5

17

49 5

97

49 6

77

49 7

57

49 8

37

650

660

49 9

17

49 9

97

50 0

77

50 1

57

50 2

38

50 3

18

50 3

98

50 4

78

50 5

56

50 6

38

660

670

50 7

18

50 7

98

50 8

78

50 9

58

51 0

38

51 1

18

51 1

97

51 2

77

51 3

57

51 4

37

670

680

51 5

17

51 5

97

51 6

77

51 7

57

51 8

37

51 9

16

51 9

96

52 0

76

52 1

56

52 2

36

680

690

52 3

15

52 3

95

52 4

75

52 5

55

52 6

34

52 7

14

52 7

94

52 8

73

52 9

53

53 0

33

690

700

53 1

12

53 1

92

53 2

72

53 3

51

53 4

31

53 5

10

53 5

80

53 6

70

53 7

49

53 8

29

700

710

53 9

08

53 9

88

54 0

67

54 1

47

54 2

26

54 3

06

54 3

85

54 4

65

54 5

44

54 6

24

710

720

54 7

03

54 7

82

54 8

62

54 9

41

55 0

21

55 1

00

55 1

79

56 2

59

55 3

38

55 4

17

720

730

55 4

97

55 5

76

55 6

55

55 7

34

55 8

14

55 8

93

55 9

72

56 0

51

56 1

31

56 2

10

730

740

56 2

89

56 3

68

56 4

47

56 5

26

56 6

06

56 6

85

56 7

64

56 8

43

56 9

22

57 0

01

740

750

57 0

80

57 1

59

57 2

38

57 3

17

57 3

96

57 4

75

57 5

54

57 6

33

57 7

12

57 7

91

750

760

57 8

70

57 9

49

58 0

28

58 1

07

58 1

86

58 2

65

58 3

43

58 4

22

58 5

01

58 5

80

760

770

58 6

59

58 7

38

68 8

16

58 8

95

58 9

74

59 0

53

59 1

31

59 2

10

59 2

89

59 3

67

770

780

59 4

46

59 5

25

59 6

04

59 6

82

59 7

61

59 8

39

59 9

18

59 9

97

60 0

75

60 1

54

780

790

60 2

32

60 3

11

60 3

90

60 4

68

60 5

47

60 6

25

60 7

04

60 7

82

60 8

60

60 9

39

790

800

61 0

17

61 0

96

61 1

74

61 2

53

61 3

31

61 4

09

61 4

88

61 5

66

61 6

44

61 7

23

800

810

61 8

01

61 8

79

61 9

58

62 0

36

62 1

14

62 1

92

62 2

71

62 3

49

62 4

27

62 5

05

810

820

62 5

83

62 6

62

62 7

40

62 8

18

62 8

96

62 9

74

63 0

52

63 1

30

63 2

08

63 2

86

820

830

63 3

64

63 4

42

63 5

20

63 5

98

63 6

76

63 7

54

63 8

32

63 9

10

63 9

88

64 0

66

830

840

64 1

44

64 2

22

64 3

00

64 3

77

64 5

56

64 5

33

64 6

11

64 6

89

64 7

66

64 8

44

840

850

64 9

22

65 0

00

65 0

77

65 1

55

65 2

33

65 3

10

65 3

88

65 4

65

65 5

43

65 6

21

850

860

65 6

98

65 7

76

65 8

53

65 9

31

66 0

08

66 0

86

66 1

63

66 2

41

66 3

18

66 3

96

860

870

66 4

73

66 5

50

66 6

28

66 7

05

66 7

82

66 6

60

66 8

37

67 0

14

67 0

92

67 1

69

870

880

67 2

46

67 3

23

67 4

00

67 4

78

67 5

55

67 6

32

67 7

09

67 7

86

67 8

63

67 9

40

880

890

68 0

17

68 0

94

68 1

71

68 2

48

68 3

25

68 4

02

68 4

79

68 5

56

68 6

33

68 7

10

890


Type

E: N

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l-chr

omiu

m/c

oppe

r-nic

kel (

cont

inue

d)

42

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

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re

44

Nic

kel-c

hrom

ium

/cop

per-n

icke

l( co

nclu

ded)

Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

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n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

E

E/µV

T90/º

C0

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C

900

68 7

87

68 8

63

68 9

40

69 0

17

69 0

94

69 1

71

69 2

47

69 3

24

69 4

01

69 4

77

900

910

69 5

54

69 6

31

69 7

07

69 7

84

69 8

60

69 9

37

70 0

13

70 0

90

70 1

66

70 2

43

910

920

70 3

19

70 3

96

70 4

72

70 5

48

70 6

25

70 7

01

70 7

77

70 8

54

70 9

30

71 0

06

920

930

71 0

62

71 1

59

71 2

35

71 3

11

71 3

87

71 4

63

71 5

39

71 6

15

71 6

92

71 7

68

930

940

71 8

44

71 9

20

71 9

96

72 0

72

72 1

47

72 2

23

72 2

99

72 3

75

72 4

51

72 5

27

940

950

72 6

03

72 6

78

72 7

54

72 8

30

72 9

06

72 9

81

73 0

57

73 1

33

73 2

08

73 2

84

950

960

73 3

60

73 4

35

73 5

11

73 5

86

73 6

62

73 7

38

73 8

13

73 8

89

73 9

64

74 0

40

960

970

74 1

15

74 1

90

74 2

66

74 3

41

74 4

17

74 4

92

74 5

67

74 6

43

74 7

18

74 7

93

970

980

74 8

69

74 9

44

75 0

19

75 0

95

75 1

70

75 2

45

75 3

20

75 3

95

75 4

71

75 5

46

980

990

75 6

21

75 6

96

75 7

71

75 8

47

75 9

22

75 9

97

76 0

72

76 1

47

76 2

23

76 2

98

990

1000

76 3

73

1 0

00


Type

E: N

icke

l-chr

omiu

m/c

oppe

r-nic

kel (

conc

lude

d)

43

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

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45

Pla

tium

- 13%

tho

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/pla

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(co

ntin

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Ele

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mot

ive

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e as

a fun

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n of

tem

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ture

Ty

pe

R

E/µV

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C

00

511

16

21

27

32

38

43

49

0

10

54

60

65

71

77

82

88

94

100

105

10

20

111

117

123

129

135

141

147

153

159

165

20

30

171

177

183

189

195

201

207

214

220

226

30

40

232

239

245

251

258

264

271

277

284

290

40

50

295

303

310

316

323

329

336

343

349

356

50

60

363

369

376

383

390

397

403

410

417

424

60

70

431

438

445

452

459

466

473

480

487

494

70

80

501

508

516

523

530

537

544

552

559

566

80

90

573

581

588

595

603

610

618

625

632

640

90

100

647

665

662

670

677

685

693

700

708

715

100

110

723

731

738

746

754

761

769

777

785

792

110

120

800

808

816

824

832

839

847

855

863

871

120

130

879

887

895

903

911

919

927

935

843

951

130

140

959

967

976

934

992

1 0

00

1 0

08

1 0

16

1 0

25

1 0

33

140

150

1 0

41

1 0

49

1 0

58

1 0

66

1 0

74

1 0

82

1 0

91

1 0

99

1 1

07

1 1

16

150

160

1 1

24

1 1

32

1 1

41

1 1

49

1 1

58

1 1

66

1 1

75

1 1

83

1 1

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1 2

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160

170

1 2

08

1 2

17

1 2

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1 2

34

1 2

42

1 2

51

1 2

60

1 2

68

1 2

77

1 2

85

170

180

1 2

94

1 3

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1 3

11

1 3

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1 3

29

1 3

37

1 3

46

1 3

55

1 3

63

1 3

72

180

190

1 3

81

1 3

89

1 3

98

1 4

07

1 4

16

1 4

25

1 4

33

1 4

42

1 4

51

1 4

60

190

200

1 4

69

1 4

77

1 4

86

1 4

95

1 5

04

1 5

13

1 5

22

1 5

31

1 5

40

1 5

49

200

210

1 5

58

1 5

67

1 5

75

1 5

84

1 5

93

1 6

02

1 6

11

1 6

20

1 6

29

1 6

39

210

220

1 6

48

1 6

67

1 6

66

1 6

75

1 6

84

1 6

93

1 7

02

1 7

11

1 7

20

1 7

29

220

230

1 7

39

1 7

48

1 7

57

1 7

66

1 7

75

1 7

84

1 7

94

1 8

03

1 8

12

1 8

21

230

240

1 8

31

1 8

40

1 8

49

1 8

58

1 8

68

1 8

77

1 8

86

1 8

95

1 9

05

1 9

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240

250

1 9

23

1 9

33

1 9

42

1 9

51

1 9

61

1 9

70

1 9

80

1 9

89

1 9

98

2 0

08

250

260

2 0

17

2 0

27

2 0

36

2 0

46

2 0

55

2 0

64

2 0

74

2 0

83

2 0

93

2 1

02

260

270

2 1

12

2 1

21

2 1

31

2 1

40

2 1

50

2 1

59

2 1

69

2 1

79

2 1

88

2 1

98

270

280

2 2

07

2 2

17

2 2

26

2 2

36

2 2

46

2 2

55

2 2

65

2 2

75

2 2

84

2 2

94

280

290

2 3

04

2 3

13

2 2

23

2 3

33

2 3

42

2 3

52

2 3

62

2 3

71

2 3

81

2 3

91

290


Type

R: P

latin

um-1

3% th

oriu

m/p

latin

um (c

ontin

ued)

44

Elec

trom

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e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

46

Pla

tinu

m –

13 %

tho

rium

/pla

tium

/ (c

ontinu

ed)

Ele

ctro

mot

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forc

e as

a fun

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n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

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R

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

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0/º

C

300

2 4

01

2 4

10

2 4

20

2 4

30

2 4

40

2 4

49

2 4

59

2 4

69

2 4

79

2 4

88

300

310

2 4

98

2 5

08

2 5

18

2 5

28

2 5

38

2 5

47

2 5

57

2 5

67

2 5

77

2 5

87

310

320

2 5

97

2 6

07

2 6

17

2 6

26

2 6

36

2 6

46

2 6

56

2 6

66

2 6

76

2 6

86

320

330

2 6

96

2 7

06

2 7

16

2 7

26

2 7

36

2 7

46

2 7

56

2 7

66

2 7

76

2 7

86

330

340

2 7

96

2 8

06

2 8

16

2 8

26

2 8

36

2 8

46

2 8

56

2 8

66

2 8

76

2 8

86

340

350

2 8

96

2 9

06

2 9

16

2 9

26

2 9

37

2 9

47

2 9

57

2 9

67

2 9

77

2 9

87

350

360

2 9

97

3 0

07

3 0

18

3 0

28

3 0

38

3 0

48

3 0

58

3 0

68

3 0

79

2 0

89

360

370

3 0

99

3 1

09

3 1

19

3 1

30

3 1

40

3 1

50

3 1

60

3 1

71

3 1

81

3 1

91

370

380

3 2

01

3 2

12

3 2

22

3 2

32

3 2

42

3 2

53

3 2

63

3 2

73

3 2

84

3 2

94

380

390

3 3

04

3 3

15

3 3

25

3 3

35

3 3

46

3 3

56

3 3

66

3 3

77

3 3

87

3 3

97

390

400

3 4

08

3 4

18

3 4

28

3 4

39

3 4

49

3 4

60

3 4

70

3 4

80

3 4

91

3 5

01

400

410

3 5

12

3 5

22

3 5

33

3 5

43

3 5

53

3 5

64

3 5

74

3 5

85

3 5

95

3 6

06

410

420

3 6

16

3 6

27

3 6

37

3 6

48

3 6

58

3 6

69

3 6

79

3 6

90

3 7

00

3 7

11

420

430

3 7

21

3 7

32

3 7

42

3 7

53

3 7

84

3 7

74

3 7

85

3 7

95

3 8

08

3 8

16

430

440

3 8

27

3 8

38

3 8

48

3 8

59

3 8

69

3 8

80

3 8

91

3 9

01

3 9

12

3 9

22

440

450

3 9

33

3 9

44

3 9

54

3 9

65

3 9

76

3 9

88

3 9

97

4 0

08

4 0

18

4 0

29

450

460

4 0

40

4 0

50

4 0

61

4 0

72

4 0

83

4 0

93

4 1

04

4 1

15

4 1

25

4 1

36

460

470

4 1

47

4 1

58

4 1

68

4 1

79

4 1

90

4 2

01

4 2

11

4 2

22

4 2

33

4 2

44

470

480

4 2

55

4 2

65

4 2

76

4 2

87

4 2

98

4 3

09

4 3

19

4 3

30

4 3

41

4 3

52

480

490

4 3

63

4 3

73

4 3

84

4 3

95

4 4

06

4 4

17

4 4

28

4 4

39

4 4

49

4 4

60

490

500

4 4

71

4 4

82

4 4

93

4 5

04

4 5

15

4 5

26

4 5

37

4 5

48

4 5

58

4 5

69

500

510

4 5

80

4 5

91

4 6

02

4 6

13

4 6

24

4 6

35

4 6

46

4 6

57

4 6

68

4 6

79

510

520

4 6

90

4 7

01

4 7

12

4 7

23

4 7

34

4 7

45

4 7

56

4 7

67

4 7

78

4 7

89

520

530

4 8

00

4 8

11

4 8

22

4 8

33

4 8

44

4 8

35

4 8

66

4 8

77

4 8

88

4 8

99

530

540

4 9

10

4 9

22

4 9

53

4 9

44

4 9

55

4 9

66

4 9

77

4 9

88

4 9

99

5 0

10

540

550

5 0

21

5 0

33

5 0

44

5 0

55

5 0

66

5 0

77

5 0

88

5 0

99

5 1

11

5 1

22

550

560

5 1

33

5 1

44

5 1

55

5 1

66

5 1

78

5 1

89

5 2

00

5 2

11

5 2

22

5 2

34

560

570

5 2

45

5 2

56

5 2

67

5 2

79

5 2

90

5 3

01

5 3

12

5 3

23

5 3

35

5 3

46

570

580

5 3

57

5 3

69

5 3

80

5 3

91

5 4

02

5 4

14

5 4

25

5 4

36

5 4

48

5 4

59

580

590

5 4

70

5 4

81

5 4

93

5 5

04

5 5

15

5 5

27

5 5

38

5 5

49

5 5

91

5 5

72

590


Type

R: P

latin

um–1

3 %

thor

ium

/pla

tinum

(con

tinue

d)

45

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

47

Pla

tinu

m –

13%

rho

dium

/pla

tinu

m (co

ntin

ued)

Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

R

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

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-7-8

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0/º

C

600

5 5

83

5 5

95

5 6

06

5 6

18

5 6

29

5 6

40

5 6

52

5 6

63

5 6

74

5 6

86

600

610

5 6

97

5 7

09

5 7

20

5 7

31

5 7

43

5 7

54

5 7

66

5 7

77

5 7

89

5 8

00

610

620

5 8

12

5 8

23

5 8

34

5 8

46

5 8

57

5 8

69

5 8

80

5 8

92

5 9

03

5 9

15

620

630

5 9

26

5 9

38

5 9

49

5 9

61

5 9

72

5 9

84

5 9

95

6 0

07

6 0

18

6 0

30

630

640

6 0

41

6 0

53

6 0

65

6 0

76

6 0

88

6 0

99

6 1

11

6 1

22

6 1

34

6 1

46

640

650

6 1

57

6 1

69

6 1

80

6 1

92

6 2

04

6 2

15

6 2

27

6 2

38

6 2

50

6 2

62

650

660

6 2

73

6 2

85

6 2

97

6 3

08

6 3

20

6 3

32

6 3

43

6 3

55

6 3

67

6 3

78

660

670

6 3

90

6 4

02

6 4

13

6 4

25

6 4

37

6 4

48

6 4

60

6 4

72

6 4

84

6 4

95

670

680

6 5

07

6 5

19

6 5

31

6 5

42

6 5

54

6 5

66

6 5

78

6 5

89

6 6

01

6 6

13

680

690

6 6

25

6 6

36

6 6

48

6 6

60

6 6

72

6 6

84

6 6

95

6 7

07

6 7

19

6 7

31

690

700

6 7

43

6 7

55

6 7

66

6 7

78

6 7

90

6 8

02

6 8

14

6 8

26

6 8

38

6 8

49

700

710

6 8

61

6 8

73

6 8

85

6 8

97

6 9

09

6 9

21

6 9

33

6 9

45

6 9

56

6 9

68

710

720

6 9

80

6 9

92

7 0

04

7 0

16

7 0

28

7 0

40

7 0

52

7 0

64

7 0

76

7 0

88

720

730

7 1

00

7 1

12

7 1

24

7 1

38

7 1

48

7 1

60

7 1

72

7 1

84

7 1

96

7 2

08

730

740

7 2

20

7 2

32

7 2

44

7 2

56

7 2

68

7 2

80

7 2

92

7 3

04

7 3

16

7 3

28

740

750

7 3

40

7 3

52

7 3

64

7 3

76

7 3

89

7 4

01

7 4

13

7 4

25

7 4

37

7 4

49

750

760

7 4

61

7 4

73

7 4

85

7 4

98

7 5

10

7 5

22

7 5

34

7 5

46

7 5

58

7 5

70

760

770

7 5

83

7 5

95

7 6

07

7 6

19

7 6

31

7 6

44

7 6

56

7 6

68

7 6

80

7 6

92

770

780

7 7

05

7 7

17

7 7

29

7 7

41

7 7

53

7 7

66

7 7

78

7 7

90

7 8

02

7 8

15

780

790

7 8

27

7 8

39

7 8

51

7 8

64

7 8

76

7 8

88

7 9

01

7 9

13

7 9

25

7 9

38

790

800

7 9

50

7 9

62

7 9

74

7 9

67

7 9

99

8 0

11

8 0

24

8 0

36

8 0

48

8 0

81

800

810

8 0

73

8 0

66

8 0

88

8 1

10

8 1

23

8 1

35

8 1

47

8 1

60

8 1

72

8 1

85

810

820

8 1

97

8 2

08

8 2

22

8 2

34

8 2

47

8 2

59

8 2

72

8 2

84

8 2

96

8 3

09

820

830

8 3

21

8 3

34

8 3

46

8 3

69

8 3

71

8 3

84

8 3

96

8 4

09

8 4

21

8 4

34

830

840

8 4

46

8 4

59

8 4

71

8 4

84

8 4

96

8 5

09

8 5

21

8 5

34

8 5

46

8 5

59

840

850

8 5

71

8 5

84

8 5

97

8 6

09

8 6

22

8 6

34

8 8

47

8 6

59

8 6

72

8 6

85

850

860

8 6

97

8 7

10

8 7

22

8 7

35

8 7

48

8 7

60

8 7

73

8 7

85

8 7

98

8 8

11

860

870

8 8

23

8 8

36

8 8

49

8 8

61

8 8

74

8 8

87

8 8

99

8 9

12

8 9

25

8 9

37

870

880

8 9

50

8 9

63

8 9

75

8 9

88

9 0

01

9 0

14

9 0

26

9 0

39

9 0

52

9 0

65

880

890

9 0

77

9 0

90

9 1

03

9 1

15

9 1

28

9 1

41

9 1

54

9 1

67

9 1

79

9 1

92

890


Type

R: P

latin

um–1

3% rh

odiu

m/p

latin

um (c

ontin

ued)

46

Elec

trom

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e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

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48

Pla

tinu

m –

13%

rho

dium

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tinu

m (co

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Ele

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a fun

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R

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900

9 2

05

9 2

18

9 2

30

9 2

43

9 2

56

9 2

69

9 2

82

9 2

94

9 3

07

9 3

20

900

910

9 3

33

9 3

46

9 3

59

9 3

71

9 3

84

9 3

97

9 4

10

9 4

23

9 4

36

9 4

49

910

920

9 4

61

9 4

74

9 4

87

9 5

00

9 5

13

9 5

26

9 5

39

9 5

52

9 5

65

9 5

78

920

930

9 5

90

9 6

03

9 6

16

9 6

29

9 6

42

9 6

55

9 6

68

9 6

81

9 6

94

9 7

07

930

940

9 7

20

9 7

33

9 7

46

9 7

59

9 7

72

9 7

85

9 7

98

9 8

11

9 8

24

9 8

37

940

950

9 8

50

9 8

63

9 8

76

9 8

89

9 9

02

9 9

15

9 9

28

9 9

41

9 9

54

9 9

67

950

960

9 9

80

9 9

93

10 0

08

10 0

19

10 0

32

10 0

46

10 0

59

10 0

72

10 0

85

10 0

98

960

970

10 1

11

10 1

24

10 1

37

10 1

50

10 1

63

10 1

77

10 1

90

10 2

03

10 2

16

10 2

29

970

980

10 2

42

10 2

55

10 2

68

10 2

82

10 2

95

10 3

08

10 3

21

10 3

34

10 3

47

10 3

61

980

990

10 3

74

10 3

87

10 4

00

10 4

13

10 4

27

10 4

40

10 4

53

10 4

66

10 4

80

10 4

93

990

1 0

00

10 5

06

10 5

19

10 5

32

10 5

46

10 5

59

10 5

72

10 5

85

10 5

99

10 6

12

10 6

25

1 0

00

1 0

10

10 6

38

10 6

52

10 6

65

10 6

78

10 6

92

10 7

05

10 7

18

10 7

31

10 7

45

10 7

58

1 0

10

1 0

20

10 7

71

10 7

85

10 7

98

10 8

11

10 8

25

10 8

38

10 8

51

10 8

65

10 8

78

10 8

91

1 0

20

1 0

30

10 9

05

10 9

18

10 9

32

10 9

45

10 9

58

10 9

72

10 9

65

10 9

98

11 0

12

11 0

25

1 0

30

1 0

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11 0

39

11 0

52

11 0

65

11 0

79

11 0

92

11 1

06

11 1

19

11 1

32

11 1

46

11 1

59

1 0

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1 0

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11 1

73

11 1

86

11 2

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11 2

13

11 2

27

11 2

40

11 2

53

11 2

67

11 2

80

11 2

94

1 0

50

1 0

60

11 3

07

11 3

21

11 3

34

11 3

48

11 3

61

11 3

75

11 3

88

11 4

02

11 4

15

11 4

29

1 0

60

1 0

70

11 4

42

11 4

56

11 4

69

11 4

83

11 4

98

11 5

10

11 5

24

11 5

37

11 5

51

11 5

64

1 0

70

1 0

80

11 6

78

11 5

91

11 6

05

11 6

18

11 6

32

11 6

46

11 6

59

11 5

73

11 6

86

11 7

00

1 0

80

1 0

90

11 7

14

11 7

27

11 7

41

11 7

54

11 7

68

11 7

82

11 7

95

11 8

09

11 8

22

11 8

36

1 0

90

1 1

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11 8

50

11 8

63

11 8

77

11 8

91

11 9

04

11 9

18

11 9

31

11 9

45

11 9

59

11 9

72

1 1

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1 1

10

11 9

86

12 0

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12 0

13

12 0

27

12 0

41

12 0

54

12 0

68

12 0

82

12 0

96

12 1

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1 1

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1 1

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12 1

23

12 1

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12 1

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12 1

64

12 1

78

12 1

91

12 2

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12 2

19

12 2

33

12 2

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1 1

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12 2

60

12 2

74

12 2

88

12 3

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12 3

15

12 3

29

12 3

42

12 3

56

12 3

70

12 3

84

1 1

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1 1

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12 3

97

12 4

11

12 4

25

12 4

39

12 4

53

12 4

66

12 4

80

12 4

94

12 5

08

12 5

21

1 1

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1 1

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12 5

35

12 5

49

12 5

63

12 5

77

12 5

90

12 6

04

12 6

18

12 6

32

12 6

46

12 6

59

1 1

50

1 1

60

12 6

73

12 6

87

12 7

01

12 7

15

12 7

29

12 7

42

12 7

56

12 7

70

12 7

84

12 7

98

1 1

60

1 1

70

12 8

12

12 8

25

12 8

39

12 8

53

12 8

67

12 8

81

12 8

95

12 9

09

12 9

22

12 9

36

1 1

70

1 1

80

12 9

50

12 9

64

12 9

78

12 9

92

13 0

06

13 0

19

13 0

33

13 0

47

13 0

61

13 0

75

1 1

80

1 1

90

13 0

89

13 1

03

13 1

17

13 1

31

13 1

45

13 1

58

13 1

72

13 1

86

13 2

00

13 2

14

1 1

90


Type

R: P

latin

um–1

3% rh

odiu

m/p

latin

um (c

ontin

ued)

47

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

49

Pla

tinu

m –

13%

rho

dium

/pla

tinu

m (co

ntin

ued)

Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

R

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

1 2

00

13 2

28

13 2

42

13 2

56

13 2

70

13 2

84

13 2

98

13 3

11

13 3

25

13 3

39

13 3

53

1 2

00

1 2

10

13 3

67

13 3

81

13 3

95

13 4

09

13 4

23

13 4

37

13 4

51

13 4

65

13 4

79

13 4

93

1 2

10

1 2

20

13 6

08

13 5

21

13 5

35

13 5

49

13 5

63

13 5

77

13 5

90

13 6

04

13 6

18

13 6

32

1 2

20

1 2

30

13 6

46

13 6

60

13 6

74

13 6

88

13 7

02

13 7

16

13 7

30

13 7

44

13 7

58

13 7

72

1 2

30

1 2

40

13 7

86

13 8

00

13 8

14

13 8

28

13 8

42

13 8

56

13 8

70

13 8

84

13 8

98

13 9

45

1 2

40

1 2

50

13 9

26

13 9

40

13 9

54

13 9

68

13 9

82

13 9

96

14 0

10

14 0

24

14 0

38

14 0

52

1 2

50

1 2

60

14 0

66

14 0

81

14 0

95

14 1

09

14 1

23

14 1

37

14 1

51

14 1

65

14 1

79

14 1

93

1 2

60

1 2

70

14 2

07

14 2

21

14 2

35

14 2

49

14 2

63

14 2

77

14 2

91

14 3

05

14 3

19

14 3

33

1 2

70

1 2

80

14 3

47

14 3

61

14 3

75

14 3

90

14 4

04

14 4

18

14 4

32

14 4

46

14 4

60

14 4

74

1 2

80

1 2

90

14 4

88

14 5

02

14 5

16

14 5

30

14 5

44

14 5

58

14 5

72

14 5

86

14 6

01

14 6

15

1 2

90

1 3

00

14 6

29

14 6

43

14 6

57

14 6

71

14 6

85

14 6

99

14 7

13

14 7

27

14 7

41

14 7

55

1 3

00

1 3

10

14 7

70

14 7

84

14 7

98

14 8

12

14 8

26

14 8

40

14 8

54

14 8

68

14 8

82

14 8

96

1 3

10

1 3

20

14 9

11

14 9

25

14 9

39

14 9

53

14 9

67

14 9

81

14 9

95

15 0

09

15 0

23

15 0

37

1 3

20

1 3

30

15 0

52

15 0

66

15 0

80

15 0

94

15 1

08

15 1

22

15 1

36

15 1

50

15 1

64

15 1

79

1 3

30

1 3

40

15 1

93

15 2

07

15 2

21

15 2

35

15 2

49

15 2

63

15 2

77

15 2

91

15 3

06

15 3

20

1 3

40

1 3

50

15 3

34

15 3

48

15 3

62

15 3

76

15 3

90

15 4

04

15 4

19

15 4

33

15 4

47

15 4

61

1 3

50

1 3

60

15 4

75

15 4

89

15 5

03

15 5

17

15 5

31

15 5

46

15 5

60

15 5

74

15 5

88

15 6

02

1 3

60

1 3

70

15 6

16

15 6

30

15 6

45

15 6

59

15 6

73

15 6

87

15 7

01

15 7

15

15 7

29

15 7

43

1 3

70

1 3

80

15 7

58

15 7

72

15 7

86

15 8

00

15 8

14

15 8

28

15 8

42

15 8

56

15 8

71

15 8

85

1 3

80

1 3

90

15 8

99

15 9

13

15 9

27

15 9

40

15 9

55

15 9

69

15 9

84

15 9

98

16 0

12

16 0

26

1 3

90

1 4

00

16 0

40

16 0

54

16 0

68

16 0

82

16 0

97

16 1

11

16 1

25

16 1

39

16 1

53

16 1

67

1 4

00

1 4

10

16 1

81

16 1

96

16 2

10

16 2

24

16 2

38

16 2

52

16 2

66

16 2

80

16 2

94

16 3

09

1 4

10

1 4

20

16 3

23

16 3

37

16 3

51

16 3

65

16 3

79

16 3

93

16 4

07

16 4

22

16 4

36

16 4

50

1 4

20

1 4

30

16 4

64

16 4

78

16 4

92

16 5

06

16 5

20

16 5

34

16 5

49

16 5

63

16 5

77

16 5

91

1 4

30

1 4

40

16 6

05

16 6

19

16 6

33

16 6

47

16 6

62

16 6

76

16 6

90

16 7

04

16 7

18

16 7

32

1 4

40

1 4

50

16 7

48

16 7

60

16 7

74

16 7

89

16 8

03

16 8

17

16 8

31

16 8

45

16 8

59

16 8

73

1 4

50

1 4

60

16 8

87

16 9

01

16 9

15

16 9

30

16 9

44

16 9

58

16 9

72

16 9

86

17 0

00

17 0

14

1 4

60

1 4

70

17 0

28

17 0

42

17 0

56

17 0

71

17 0

85

17 0

99

17 1

13

17 1

27

17 1

41

17 1

55

1 4

70

1 4

80

17 1

69

17 1

83

17 1

97

17 2

11

17 2

25

17 2

40

17 2

54

17 2

68

17 2

52

17 2

96

1 4

80

1 4

90

17 3

10

17 3

24

17 3

36

17 3

52

17 3

66

17 3

80

17 3

94

17 4

08

17 4

23

17 4

37

1 4

90


Type

R: P

latin

um–1

3% rh

odiu

m/p

latin

um (c

ontin

ued)

48

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

50

Pla

tinu

m –

13%

rho

dium

/pla

tinu

m (co

nclu

ded)

Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

R

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

1 5

00

17 4

51

17 4

65

17 4

79

17 4

93

17 5

07

17 5

21

17 5

35

17 5

49

17 5

63

17 5

77

1 5

00

1 5

10

17 5

91

17 6

05

17 6

19

17 6

33

17 6

47

17 6

61

17 6

76

17 6

90

17 7

04

17 7

18

1 5

10

1 5

20

17 7

32

17 7

46

17 7

60

17 7

74

17 7

88

17 8

02

17 8

16

17 8

30

17 8

44

17 8

58

1 5

20

1 5

30

17 8

72

17 8

86

17 9

00

17 9

14

17 9

28

17 9

42

17 9

56

17 9

70

17 9

84

17 9

98

1 5

30

1 5

40

18 0

12

18 0

26

18 0

40

18 0

54

18 0

68

18 0

82

18 0

96

18 1

10

18 1

24

18 1

38

1 5

40

1 5

50

18 1

52

18 1

66

18 1

80

18 1

94

18 2

08

18 2

22

18 2

36

18 2

50

18 2

64

18 2

78

1 5

50

1 5

60

18 2

92

18 3

06

18 3

20

18 3

34

18 3

48

18 3

62

18 3

76

18 3

90

18 4

04

18 4

17

1 5

60

1 5

70

18 4

31

18 4

45

18 4

59

18 4

73

18 4

87

18 5

01

18 5

15

18 5

29

18 5

43

18 5

67

1 5

70

1 5

80

18 5

71

18 5

85

18 6

99

18 6

13

18 6

27

18 6

40

18 6

54

18 6

68

18 6

82

18 6

96

1 5

80

1 5

90

18 7

10

18 7

24

18 7

38

18 7

52

18 7

86

18 7

79

18 7

93

18 8

07

18 8

21

18 8

35

1 5

90

1 6

00

18 8

49

18 8

63

18 8

77

18 8

91

18 9

04

18 9

18

18 9

32

18 9

46

18 9

60

18 9

74

1 6

00

1 6

10

18 9

88

19 0

02

19 0

15

19 0

29

19 0

43

19 0

57

19 0

71

19 0

85

19 0

98

19 1

12

1 6

10

1 6

20

19 1

26

19 1

40

19 1

54

19 1

68

19 1

81

19 1

95

19 2

09

19 2

23

19 2

37

19 2

50

1 6

20

1 6

30

19 2

64

19 2

78

19 2

92

19 3

06

19 3

19

19 3

33

19 3

47

19 3

61

19 3

75

19 3

88

1 6

30

1 6

40

19 4

02

19 4

16

19 4

30

19 4

44

19 4

57

19 4

71

19 4

85

19 4

99

19 5

12

19 5

26

1 6

40

1 6

50

19 5

40

19 5

54

19 5

67

19 5

61

19 5

95

19 6

09

19 6

22

19 6

36

19 6

50

19 6

63

1 6

50

1 6

60

19 6

77

19 6

91

19 7

05

19 7

18

19 7

32

19 7

46

19 7

59

19 7

73

19 7

87

19 8

00

1 6

60

1 6

70

19 8

14

19 8

28

19 8

41

19 8

55

19 8

69

19 8

82

19 8

96

19 9

10

19 9

23

19 9

37

1 6

70

1 6

80

19 9

51

19 9

64

19 9

78

19 9

92

20 0

05

20 0

19

20 0

32

20 0

46

20 0

60

20 0

73

1 6

80

1 6

90

20 0

67

20 1

00

20 1

14

20 1

27

20 1

41

20 1

54

20 1

68

20 1

81

20 1

95

20 2

08

1 6

90

1 7

00

20 2

22

20 2

35

20 2

49

20 2

62

20 2

75

20 2

89

20 3

02

20 3

16

20 3

29

20 3

42

1 7

00

1 7

10

20 3

56

20 3

69

20 3

82

20 3

96

20 4

09

20 4

22

20 4

36

20 4

49

20 4

62

20 4

75

1 7

10

1 7

20

20 4

88

20 5

02

20 5

15

20 5

28

20 5

41

20 5

54

20 5

67

20 5

81

20 5

94

20 6

07

1 7

20

1 7

30

20 6

20

20 6

33

20 6

46

20 6

59

20 6

72

20 6

85

20 5

98

20 7

11

20 7

24

20 7

36

1 7

30

1 7

40

20 7

49

20 7

62

20 7

75

20 7

88

20 8

01

20 8

13

20 8

26

20 8

39

20 6

52

20 8

64

1 7

40

1 7

50

20 8

77

20 8

90

20 9

02

20 9

15

20 9

28

20 9

40

20 9

53

20 9

65

20 9

78

20 9

90

1 7

50

1 7

60

21 0

03

21 0

15

21 0

27

21 0

40

21 0

52

21 0

65

21 0

77

21 0

89

21 1

01

1 7

60


Type

R: P

latin

um–1

3% rh

odiu

m/p

latin

um (c

ontin

ued)

49

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

51

Pla

tinu

m –

10%

rho

dium

/pla

tinu

m (co

ntin

ued)

Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

S

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

00

511

16

22

27

33

38

44

50

0

10

55

61

67

72

78

84

90

95

101

107

10

20

113

119

125

131

137

143

149

155

161

167

20

30

173

179

185

191

197

204

210

216

222

229

30

40

235

241

248

254

260

267

273

280

286

292

40

50

299

305

312

319

325

332

338

345

352

358

50

60

365

372

378

385

392

399

405

412

419

426

60

70

433

440

446

453

460

467

474

481

488

495

70

80

502

509

516

523

530

538

545

552

559

566

80

90

573

580

588

595

602

609

617

624

631

639

90

100

646

653

661

668

675

683

690

698

705

713

100

110

720

727

735

743

750

758

765

773

780

788

110

120

795

803

811

818

828

834

841

849

857

865

120

130

872

880

888

896

903

911

919

927

935

942

130

140

950

658

966

974

982

990

998

1 0

06

1 0

13

1 0

21

140

150

1 0

29

1 0

37

1 0

45

1 0

53

1 0

61

1 0

69

1 0

77

1 0

85

1 0

94

1 1

02

150

160

1 1

10

1 1

18

1 1

26

1 1

34

1 1

42

1 1

50

1 1

58

1 1

67

1 1

75

1 1

83

160

170

1 1

91

1 1

99

1 2

07

1 2

16

1 2

24

1 2

32

1 2

40

1 2

49

1 2

57

1 2

65

170

180

1 2

73

1 2

82

1 2

90

1 2

96

1 3

07

1 3

15

1 3

23

1 3

32

1 3

40

1 3

48

180

190

1 3

57

1 3

65

1 3

73

1 3

82

1 3

90

1 3

99

1 4

07

1 4

15

1 4

24

1 4

32

190

200

1 4

41

1 4

49

1 4

58

1 4

66

1 4

75

1 4

83

1 4

92

1 5

00

1 5

09

1 5

17

200

210

1 5

26

1 5

34

1 5

43

1 5

51

1 5

60

1 5

69

1 5

77

1 5

86

1 5

94

1 6

03

210

220

1 6

12

1 6

20

1 6

29

1 6

38

1 6

46

1 6

55

1 6

63

1 6

72

1 6

81

1 6

90

220

230

1 6

98

1 7

07

1 7

16

1 7

24

1 7

33

1 7

42

1 7

51

1 7

59

1 7

68

1 7

77

230

240

1 7

86

1 7

94

1 8

03

1 8

12

1 8

21

1 8

29

1 8

38

1 8

47

1 8

56

1 8

65

240

250

1 8

74

1 8

82

1 8

91

1 9

00

1 9

09

1 9

18

1 9

27

1 9

36

1 9

44

1 9

53

250

260

1 9

62

1 9

71

1 9

80

1 9

89

1 9

98

2 0

07

2 0

16

2 0

25

2 0

34

2 0

43

260

270

2 0

52

2 0

61

2 0

70

2 0

78

2 0

87

2 0

96

2 1

05

2 1

14

2 1

23

2 1

32

270

280

2 1

41

2 1

51

2 1

60

2 1

69

2 1

78

2 1

87

2 1

96

2 2

05

2 2

14

2 2

23

280

290

2 2

32

2 2

41

2 2

50

2 2

59

2 2

68

2 2

77

2 2

87

2 2

96

2 3

05

2 3

14

290


Type

S: P

latin

um–1

0% rh

odiu

m/p

latin

um (c

ontin

ued)

50

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

52

Pla

tinu

m –

10%

rho

dium

/pla

tinu

m (co

ntin

ued)

Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

S

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

300

2 3

23

2 3

32

2 3

41

2 3

50

2 3

60

2 3

69

2 3

78

2 3

87

2 3

96

2 4

05

300

310

2 4

15

2 4

24

2 4

33

2 4

42

2 4

51

2 4

61

2 4

70

2 4

79

2 4

88

2 4

97

310

320

2 5

07

2 5

16

2 5

25

2 5

34

2 5

44

2 5

53

2 5

62

2 5

71

2 5

81

2 5

90

320

330

2 5

99

2 6

09

2 6

16

2 6

27

2 6

36

2 6

46

2 6

55

2 6

64

2 6

74

2 6

83

330

340

2 6

92

2 7

02

2 7

11

2 7

20

2 7

30

2 7

39

2 7

48

2 7

58

2 7

67

2 7

76

340

350

2 7

86

2 7

95

2 8

05

2 8

14

2 8

23

2 8

33

2 8

42

2 8

51

2 8

61

2 8

70

350

360

2 8

80

2 8

89

2 8

99

2 9

08

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17

2 9

27

2 8

36

2 9

46

2 9

55

2 9

65

360

370

2 9

74

2 9

83

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3 0

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3 0

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88

3 0

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3 1

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3 1

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26

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380

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3 1

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73

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92

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12

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21

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31

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390

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3 2

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98

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23

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42

410

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3 4

51

3 4

61

3 4

71

3 4

80

3 4

90

3 5

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3 5

09

3 5

19

3 5

29

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38

420

430

3 5

48

3 5

58

3 5

67

3 5

77

3 5

87

3 5

96

3 6

06

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26

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440

3 6

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55

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64

3 6

74

3 6

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94

3 7

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13

3 7

23

3 7

32

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3 7

42

3 7

52

3 7

62

3 7

71

3 7

81

3 7

91

3 8

01

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10

3 8

20

3 8

30

450

460

3 8

40

3 8

60

3 8

59

3 8

69

3 8

79

3 8

89

3 8

98

3 9

08

3 9

18

3 9

28

460

470

3 9

38

3 9

47

3 9

57

3 9

67

3 9

77

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87

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97

4 0

06

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470

480

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36

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58

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65

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75

4 0

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480

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54

4 1

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74

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94

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23

490

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33

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53

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32

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42

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52

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62

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72

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520

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4 5

32

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42

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52

4 5

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4 5

72

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13

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550

560

4 8

33

4 8

43

4 8

53

4 8

63

4 8

73

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83

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93

4 9

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4 9

14

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560

570

4 9

34

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4 9

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570

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580

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37

5 1

47

5 1

57

5 1

67

5 1

78

5 1

88

5 1

98

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590


Type

S: P

latin

um–1

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m/p

latin

um (c

ontin

ued)

51

Elec

trom

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e fo

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as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

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53

Pla

tinu

m –

10%

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Ele

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a fun

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600

5 2

39

5 2

49

5 2

59

5 2

69

5 2

80

5 2

90

5 3

00

5 3

10

5 3

20

5 3

31

600

610

5 3

41

5 3

51

5 3

61

5 3

72

5 3

82

5 3

92

5 4

02

5 4

13

5 4

23

5 4

33

610

620

5 4

43

5 4

54

5 4

64

5 4

74

5 4

85

5 4

95

5 5

05

5 5

15

5 5

26

5 5

36

620

630

5 5

46

5 5

67

5 6

87

5 5

77

5 5

88

5 6

98

5 6

08

5 6

18

5 6

29

5 8

39

630

640

5 6

49

5 6

60

5 6

70

5 6

80

5 6

91

5 7

01

5 7

12

5 7

22

5 7

32

5 7

43

640

650

5 7

53

5 7

63

5 7

74

5 7

84

5 7

94

5 8

05

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15

5 8

26

5 8

36

5 8

46

650

660

5 8

57

5 8

67

5 8

78

5 8

88

5 8

98

5 9

09

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19

5 9

30

5 9

40

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660

670

5 9

61

5 9

71

5 9

82

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92

6 0

03

6 0

13

6 0

24

6 0

34

6 0

44

6 0

55

670

680

6 0

65

6 0

76

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86

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97

6 1

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6 1

18

6 1

28

6 1

39

6 1

49

6 1

60

680

690

6 1

70

6 1

81

6 1

91

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02

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12

6 2

23

6 2

33

6 2

44

6 2

54

6 2

65

690

700

6 2

75

6 2

86

6 2

96

6 3

07

6 3

17

6 3

28

6 3

38

6 3

49

6 3

60

6 3

70

700

710

6 3

81

6 3

91

6 4

02

6 4

12

6 4

23

6 4

34

6 4

44

6 4

55

6 4

65

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76

710

720

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88

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97

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08

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18

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29

6 5

39

6 5

50

6 5

61

6 5

71

6 5

82

720

730

6 5

93

6 6

03

6 6

14

6 6

24

6 6

35

6 6

46

6 6

56

6 6

67

6 6

78

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88

730

740

6 6

99

6 7

10

6 7

20

6 7

31

6 7

42

6 7

52

6 7

63

6 7

74

6 7

84

6 7

95

740

750

6 8

06

6 8

17

6 8

27

6 8

38

5 8

49

6 8

59

6 8

70

6 8

81

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92

6 9

02

750

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6 9

13

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24

6 9

34

6 9

45

6 9

56

6 9

67

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77

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88

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10

760

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31

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50

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7 1

72

7 1

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93

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790

7 2

36

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47

7 2

58

7 2

69

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80

7 2

91

7 3

02

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12

7 3

23

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34

790

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7 3

45

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56

7 3

67

7 3

78

7 3

88

7 3

99

7 4

10

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7 4

32

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43

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7 4

54

7 4

65

7 4

76

7 4

87

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97

7 5

08

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19

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30

7 5

41

7 5

52

810

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63

7 5

74

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85

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96

7 6

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29

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51

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73

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06

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61

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72

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83

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94

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16

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27

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7 8

71

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82

840

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7 8

93

7 9

04

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15

7 9

26

7 9

37

7 9

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7 9

59

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81

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92

850

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03

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14

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26

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37

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48

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8 1

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81

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870

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8 2

37

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48

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59

8 2

70

8 2

81

8 2

93

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04

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15

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26

880

890

8 3

37

8 3

48

8 3

80

8 3

71

8 3

82

8 3

93

8 4

04

8 4

16

8 4

27

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38

890


Type

S: P

latin

um–1

0% rh

odiu

m/p

latin

um (c

ontin

ued)

52

Elec

trom

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e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

54

Pla

tinu

m –

10%

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Ele

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a fun

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900

8 4

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8 4

60

8 4

72

8 4

83

8 4

94

8 5

05

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17

8 5

28

8 5

39

8 5

50

900

910

8 5

62

8 5

73

8 5

84

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95

8 6

07

8 6

18

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29

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40

8 6

52

8 6

63

910

920

8 6

74

8 6

85

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97

8 7

08

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19

8 7

31

8 7

42

8 7

53

8 7

65

8 7

76

920

930

8 7

87

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98

8 8

10

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21

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32

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44

8 8

55

8 8

66

8 8

78

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89

930

940

8 9

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12

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23

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35

8 9

46

8 9

57

8 9

69

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80

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03

940

950

9 0

14

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950

960

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960

970

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42

9 2

54

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65

9 2

77

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88

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9 3

11

9 3

23

9 3

34

9 3

45

970

980

9 3

57

9 3

68

9 3

80

9 3

91

9 4

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14

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26

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37

9 4

49

9 4

60

980

990

9 4

72

9 4

83

9 4

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9 5

06

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29

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41

9 5

52

9 5

64

9 5

76

990

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87

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66

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9 7

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9 7

61

9 7

72

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1 0

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9 8

19

9 8

30

9 8

42

9 8

53

9 8

65

9 8

77

9 8

88

9 9

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11

9 9

23

1 0

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9 9

35

9 9

46

9 9

58

9 9

70

9 9

81

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93

10 0

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18

10 0

28

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1 0

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10 0

51

10 0

63

10 0

76

10 0

86

10 0

98

10 1

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10 1

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10 1

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10 1

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1 0

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10 1

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10 1

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10 1

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10 2

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10 2

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10 2

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10 2

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10 2

62

10 2

73

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10 2

85

10 2

97

10 3

09

10 3

20

10 3

32

10 3

44

10 3

56

10 3

67

10 3

79

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1 0

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70

10 4

03

10 4

14

10 4

26

10 4

38

10 4

50

10 4

61

10 4

73

10 4

85

10 4

97

10 5

09

1 0

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1 0

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10 5

20

10 5

32

10 5

44

10 5

56

10 5

67

10 5

79

10 5

91

10 6

03

10 6

15

10 6

26

1 0

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90

10 6

38

10 6

50

10 6

62

10 6

74

10 6

88

10 6

97

10 7

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10 7

33

10 7

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1 0

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10 7

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10 7

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10 7

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92

10 8

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10 8

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10 8

28

10 8

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10 8

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10 8

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10 9

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11 2

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11 2

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11 2

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11 2

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11 3

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11 3

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11 3

27

11 3

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11 3

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11 3

63

11 3

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11 4

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11 4

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11 4

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11 4

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11 4

83

11 4

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11 5

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11 5

19

11 5

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11 5

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11 5

54

11 5

66

11 5

78

1 1

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11 5

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11 6

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11 6

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11 6

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11 6

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11 6

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1 1

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11 7

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11 7

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11 8

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11 8

54

11 8

66

11 8

78

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Type

S: P

latin

um–1

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m/p

latin

um (c

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53

Elec

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e fo

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55

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11 9

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11 9

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11 9

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11 9

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12 0

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23

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12 0

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12 0

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1 2

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12 0

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12 0

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12 0

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12 1

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12 1

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12 1

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12 1

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1 2

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12 1

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12 2

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12 2

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12 2

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12 2

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12 2

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12 2

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12 2

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12 2

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12 3

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1 2

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12 3

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12 3

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12 3

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12 3

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12 3

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12 3

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12 3

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12 3

97

12 4

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12 4

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1 2

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12 4

33

12 4

45

12 4

57

12 4

69

12 4

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12 4

93

12 5

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12 5

17

12 5

29

12 5

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1 2

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1 2

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12 5

54

12 5

66

12 5

78

12 5

90

12 6

02

12 6

14

12 6

26

12 6

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12 6

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12 6

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1 2

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12 6

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12 6

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12 6

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12 7

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12 7

23

12 7

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12 7

47

12 7

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12 7

71

12 7

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1 2

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12 7

96

12 8

08

12 8

20

12 8

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12 8

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12 8

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12 8

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12 8

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12 8

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12 9

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1 2

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12 9

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12 9

29

12 9

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12 9

53

12 9

65

12 9

77

12 9

89

13 0

01

13 0

14

13 0

26

1 2

80

1 2

90

13 0

38

13 0

50

13 0

62

13 0

74

13 0

86

13 0

98

13 1

11

13 1

23

13 1

35

13 1

47

1 2

90

1 3

00

13 1

59

13 1

71

13 1

83

13 1

95

13 2

08

13 2

20

13 2

32

13 2

44

13 2

56

13 2

68

1 3

00

1 3

10

13 2

80

13 2

92

13 3

05

13 3

17

13 3

29

13 3

41

13 9

53

13 3

65

13 3

77

13 3

90

1 3

10

1 3

20

13 4

02

13 4

14

13 4

26

13 4

38

13 4

50

13 4

62

13 4

74

13 4

87

13 4

99

13 5

11

1 3

20

1 3

30

13 5

23

13 5

35

13 5

47

13 5

59

13 5

72

13 5

84

13 5

96

13 6

06

13 6

20

13 6

32

1 3

30

1 3

40

13 6

44

13 6

57

13 6

69

13 6

81

13 6

93

13 7

05

13 7

17

13 7

29

13 7

42

13 7

54

1 3

40

1 3

50

13 7

66

13 7

78

13 7

90

13 8

02

13 8

14

13 8

26

13 8

39

13 8

51

13 8

63

13 8

75

1 3

50

1 3

60

13 8

87

13 8

99

13 9

11

13 9

24

13 9

36

13 9

48

13 9

60

13 9

72

13 8

84

13 9

96

1 3

60

1 3

70

14 0

09

14 0

21

14 0

33

14 0

45

14 0

57

14 0

69

14 0

81

14 0

94

14 1

06

14 1

18

1 3

70

1 3

80

14 1

30

14 1

42

14 1

54

14 1

66

14 1

78

14 1

91

14 2

03

14 2

15

14 2

27

14 2

39

1 3

80

1 3

90

14 2

51

14 2

63

14 2

76

14 2

88

14 3

00

14 3

12

14 3

24

14 3

36

14 3

48

14 3

60

1 3

90

1 4

00

14 3

73

14 3

85

14 3

97

14 4

09

14 4

21

14 4

33

14 4

45

14 4

57

14 4

70

14 4

82

1 4

00

1 4

10

14 4

94

14 5

06

14 5

18

14 5

30

14 5

42

14 5

54

14 5

67

14 5

79

14 5

91

14 6

03

1 4

10

1 4

20

14 6

15

14 6

27

14 6

39

14 6

51

14 6

64

14 6

76

14 6

88

14 7

00

14 7

12

14 7

24

1 4

20

1 4

30

14 7

36

14 7

48

14 7

60

14 7

73

14 7

85

14 7

97

14 8

09

14 8

21

14 8

33

14 8

45

1 4

30

1 4

40

14 8

57

14 8

69

14 8

81

14 8

94

14 9

06

14 9

18

14 9

30

14 9

42

14 9

54

14 9

66

1 4

40

1 4

50

14 9

78

14 9

90

15 0

02

15 0

15

15 0

27

15 0

39

15 0

51

15 0

63

15 0

75

15 0

87

1 4

50

1 4

60

15 0

99

15 1

11

15 1

23

15 1

35

15 1

48

15 1

60

15 1

72

15 1

84

15 1

96

15 2

08

1 4

60

1 4

70

15 2

20

15 2

32

15 2

44

15 2

56

15 2

68

15 2

80

15 2

92

15 3

04

15 3

17

15 3

29

1 4

70

1 4

80

15 3

41

15 3

53

15 3

65

15 3

77

15 3

89

15 4

01

15 4

13

15 4

25

15 4

37

15 4

49

1 4

80

1 4

90

15 4

61

15 4

73

15 4

85

15 4

97

15 5

09

15 5

21

15 5

34

15 5

46

15 5

58

15 5

70

1 4

90


Type

S: P

latin

um–1

0% rh

odiu

m/p

latin

um (c

ontin

ued)

54

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

56

Pla

tinu

m –

10%

rho

dium

/pla

tinu

m (co

nlud

ed)

Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

S

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

1 5

00

15 5

82

15 5

94

15 6

06

15 6

18

15 6

30

15 6

42

15 6

54

15 6

66

15 6

78

15 6

90

1 5

00

1 5

10

15 7

02

15 7

14

15 7

26

15 7

38

15 7

50

15 7

62

15 7

74

15 7

86

15 7

98

15 8

10

1 5

10

1 5

20

15 8

22

15 8

34

15 8

46

15 8

58

15 8

70

15 8

82

15 8

94

15 9

06

15 9

18

15 9

30

1 5

20

1 5

30

15 9

42

15 9

54

15 9

66

15 9

78

15 9

90

16 0

02

16 0

14

16 0

26

16 0

38

16 0

50

1 5

30

1 5

40

16 0

62

16 0

74

16 0

86

16 0

98

16 1

10

16 1

22

16 1

34

16 1

46

16 1

58

16 1

70

1 5

40

1 5

50

16 1

82

16 1

94

16 2

05

16 2

17

16 2

29

16 2

41

16 2

53

16 2

65

16 2

77

16 2

89

1 5

50

1 5

60

16 3

01

16 3

13

16 3

25

16 3

37

16 3

49

16 3

61

16 3

73

16 3

85

16 3

96

16 4

08

1 5

60

1 5

70

16 4

20

16 4

32

16 4

44

16 4

56

16 4

68

16 4

80

16 4

92

16 5

04

16 5

16

16 5

27

1 5

70

1 5

80

16 5

39

16 5

51

16 5

63

16 5

75

16 5

87

16 5

99

16 6

11

16 6

23

16 6

34

16 6

46

1 5

80

1 5

90

16 6

58

16 6

70

16 6

82

16 6

94

16 7

06

16 7

18

16 7

29

16 7

41

16 7

53

16 7

85

1 5

90

1 6

00

16 7

77

16 7

89

16 8

01

16 8

12

16 8

24

16 8

36

16 8

48

16 8

60

16 8

72

16 8

83

1 6

00

1 6

10

16 8

95

16 9

07

16 9

19

16 9

31

16 9

43

16 9

54

16 9

66

16 9

78

16 9

90

17 0

02

1 6

10

1 6

20

17 0

13

17 0

25

17 0

37

17 0

49

17 0

61

17 0

72

17 0

84

17 0

96

17 1

08

17 1

20

1 6

20

1 6

30

17 1

31

17 1

43

17 1

55

17 1

67

17 1

78

17 1

90

17 2

02

17 2

14

17 2

25

17 2

37

1 6

30

1 6

40

17 2

49

17 2

61

17 2

72

17 2

84

17 2

96

17 3

08

17 3

19

17 3

31

17 3

43

17 3

55

1 6

40

1 6

50

17 3

66

17 3

78

17 3

90

17 4

01

17 4

13

17 4

25

17 4

37

17 4

48

17 4

60

17 4

72

1 6

50

1 6

60

17 4

83

17 4

95

17 5

07

17 5

18

17 5

30

17 5

42

17 5

53

17 5

65

17 5

77

17 5

88

1 6

60

1 6

70

17 6

00

17 6

12

17 6

23

17 6

35

17 6

47

17 6

58

17 6

70

17 6

82

17 6

93

17 7

05

1 6

70

1 6

80

17 7

17

17 7

28

17 7

40

17 7

51

17 7

63

17 7

75

17 7

86

17 7

98

17 8

09

17 8

21

1 6

80

1 6

90

17 8

32

17 8

44

17 8

55

17 8

67

17 8

78

17 8

90

17 9

01

17 9

13

17 9

24

17 9

36

1 6

90

1 7

00

17 9

47

17 9

59

17 9

70

17 9

82

17 9

93

18 0

04

18 0

16

18 0

27

18 0

39

18 0

50

1 7

00

1 7

10

18 0

61

18 0

73

18 0

84

18 0

95

18 1

07

18 1

18

18 1

29

18 1

40

18 1

52

18 1

63

1 7

10

1 7

20

18 1

74

18 1

85

18 1

96

18 2

08

18 2

19

18 2

30

18 2

41

18 2

52

18 2

63

18 2

74

1 7

20

1 7

30

18 2

85

18 2

97

18 3

08

18 3

19

18 3

30

18 3

41

18 3

52

18 3

62

18 3

73

18 3

84

1 7

30

1 7

40

18 3

95

18 4

06

18 4

17

18 4

28

18 4

39

18 4

49

18 4

60

18 4

71

18 4

82

18 4

93

1 7

40

1 7

50

18 5

03

18 6

14

18 5

25

18 5

35

18 5

46

18 5

57

18 5

67

18 5

78

18 5

88

18 5

99

1 7

50

1 7

60

18 6

09

18 6

20

18 6

30

18 6

41

18 6

51

18 6

61

18 6

72

18 6

82

18 6

93

1 7

60


Type

S: P

latin

um–1

0% rh

odiu

m/p

latin

um (c

oncl

uded

)

55

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

57

Pla

tinu

m –

30%

rho

dium

/pla

tinu

m –

6%

rho

dium

Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

B

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

00

00

-1-1

-1-1

-1-2

-20

10

-2-2

-2-2

-2-2

-2-2

-3-3

10

20

-3-3

-3-3

-3-2

-2-2

-2-2

20

30

-2-2

-2-2

-2-1

-1-1

-1-1

30

40

00

00

01

11

22

40

50

23

33

44

45

56

50

60

67

78

89

91

01

01

16

0

70

11

12

12

13

14

14

15

15

16

17

70

80

17

18

19

20

20

21

22

22

23

24

80

90

25

26

26

27

28

29

30

31

31

32

90

100

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

100

110

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

110

120

53

55

56

57

58

59

60

62

63

64

120

130

65

66

68

69

70

72

73

74

75

77

130

140

78

79

81

82

84

85

86

88

89

91

140

150

92

94

95

96

98

99

101

102

104

106

150

160

107

109

110

112

113

115

117

118

120

122

160

170

123

125

127

128

130

132

134

135

137

139

170

180

141

142

144

146

148

150

151

153

155

157

180

190

159

161

163

165

166

168

170

172

174

176

190

200

178

180

182

184

186

188

190

192

196

197

200

210

199

201

203

204

207

209

212

214

216

218

210

220

220

222

225

227

229

231

234

236

238

241

220

230

243

245

248

250

252

255

257

259

262

264

230

240

267

269

271

274

276

279

281

284

286

289

240

250

291

294

296

299

301

304

307

309

312

314

250

260

317

320

322

325

328

330

333

336

338

341

260

270

344

347

349

352

355

358

360

363

366

369

270

280

372

375

377

380

383

386

389

392

395

398

280

290

401

404

407

410

413

416

419

422

425

428

290


Type

B: P

latin

um–3

0% rh

odiu

m/p

latin

um–6

% rh

odiu

m

56

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

58

Pla

tinu

m –

30%

rho

dium

/pla

tinu

m –

6%

rho

dium

(co

ntin

ued)

Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

B

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

300

431

434

437

440

443

446

449

452

455

458

300

310

462

466

468

471

474

478

481

484

487

490

310

320

494

497

500

503

507

510

513

517

520

523

320

330

527

530

533

537

540

544

547

550

554

557

330

340

561

564

568

571

575

578

582

585

589

592

340

350

596

599

603

607

610

614

617

621

625

928

350

360

632

636

639

643

647

650

654

658

662

665

360

370

669

673

677

680

684

688

692

696

700

703

370

380

707

711

715

719

723

727

731

735

738

742

380

390

746

750

754

758

762

766

770

774

778

782

390

400

787

791

795

799

803

807

811

815

819

824

400

410

828

832

836

840

844

849

853

857

861

866

410

420

870

874

878

883

887

891

896

900

904

909

420

430

913

917

922

926

930

935

939

944

948

953

430

440

957

961

966

970

975

979

984

986

993

994

440

450

1 0

02

1 0

07

1 0

11

1 0

16

1 0

20

1 0

25

1 0

30

1 0

34

1 0

39

1 0

43

450

460

1 0

48

1 0

53

1 0

57

1 0

62

1 0

67

1 0

71

1 0

76

1 0

81

1 0

86

1 0

90

460

470

1 0

95

1 1

00

1 1

06

1 1

09

1 1

14

1 1

19

1 1

24

1 1

29

1 1

33

1 1

38

470

480

1 1

43

1 1

48

1 1

53

1 1

58

1 1

63

1 1

67

1 1

72

1 1

77

1 1

82

1 1

87

480

490

1 1

92

1 1

97

1 2

02

1 2

07

1 2

12

1 2

17

1 2

22

1 2

27

1 2

32

1 2

37

490

500

1 2

42

1 2

47

1 2

52

1 2

57

1 2

62

1 2

67

1 2

72

1 2

77

1 2

82

1 2

88

500

510

1 2

93

1 2

98

1 3

03

1 3

08

1 3

13

1 3

18

1 3

24

1 3

29

1 3

34

1 3

39

510

520

1 3

44

1 3

50

1 3

55

1 3

80

1 3

65

1 3

71

1 3

76

1 3

81

1 3

87

1 3

92

520

530

1 3

97

1 4

02

1 4

08

1 4

13

1 4

18

1 4

24

1 4

29

1 4

35

1 4

40

1 4

45

530

540

1 4

51

1 4

56

1 4

62

1 4

67

1 4

72

1 4

78

1 4

83

1 4

89

1 4

94

1 5

00

540

550

1 5

05

1 5

11

1 5

16

1 5

22

1 5

27

1 5

33

1 5

39

1 5

44

1 5

50

1 5

55

550

560

1 5

61

1 5

66

1 5

72

1 5

78

1 5

83

1 5

89

1 5

95

1 6

00

1 6

06

1 6

12

560

570

1 6

17

1 6

23

1 6

29

1 6

34

1 6

40

1 6

46

1 6

52

1 6

57

1 6

63

1 6

69

570

580

1 6

75

1 6

60

1 6

86

1 6

92

1 6

98

1 7

04

1 7

09

1 7

15

1 7

21

1 7

27

580

590

1 7

33

1 7

39

1 7

45

1 7

50

1 7

56

1 7

62

1 7

68

1 7

74

1 7

80

1 7

86

590


Type

B: P

latin

um–3

0% rh

odiu

m/p

latin

um–6

% rh

odiu

m (c

ontin

ued)

57

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

59

Pla

tinu

m –

30%

rho

dium

/pla

tinu

m –

6%

rho

dium

(co

ntin

ued)

Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

B

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

600

1 7

92

1 7

98

1 8

04

1 8

10

1 8

16

1 8

22

1 8

28

1 8

34

1 8

40

1 8

46

600

610

1 8

52

1 8

58

1 8

64

1 8

70

1 8

76

1 8

82

1 8

88

1 8

94

1 9

01

1 9

07

610

620

1 9

13

1 9

19

1 9

25

1 9

31

1 9

37

1 9

44

1 9

50

1 9

56

1 9

62

1 9

68

620

630

1 9

75

1 9

81

1 9

87

1 9

93

1 9

99

2 0

06

2 0

12

2 0

18

2 0

25

2 0

31

630

640

2 0

37

2 0

43

2 0

50

2 0

56

2 0

62

2 0

69

2 0

75

2 0

82

2 0

88

2 0

94

640

650

2 1

01

2 1

07

2 1

13

2 1

20

2 1

26

2 1

33

2 1

39

2 1

46

2 1

52

2 1

58

650

660

2 1

65

2 1

71

2 1

78

2 1

84

2 1

91

2 1

97

2 2

04

2 2

10

2 2

17

2 2

24

660

670

2 2

30

2 2

37

2 2

43

2 2

50

2 2

56

2 2

63

2 2

70

2 2

76

2 2

83

2 2

89

670

680

2 2

96

2 3

03

2 3

09

2 3

16

2 3

23

2 3

29

2 3

36

2 3

43

2 3

50

2 3

56

680

690

2 3

63

2 3

70

2 3

76

2 3

83

2 3

90

2 3

97

2 4

03

2 4

10

2 4

17

2 4

24

690

700

2 4

31

2 4

37

2 4

44

2 4

51

2 4

58

2 4

65

2 4

72

2 4

79

2 4

85

2 4

92

700

710

2 4

99

2 5

06

2 5

13

2 5

20

2 5

27

2 5

34

2 5

41

2 5

48

2 5

56

2 5

62

710

720

2 5

69

2 5

76

2 5

83

2 5

90

2 5

97

2 6

04

2 6

11

2 6

18

2 6

25

2 6

32

720

730

2 6

39

2 6

46

2 6

53

2 6

60

2 6

67

2 5

74

2 6

81

2 6

88

2 6

96

2 7

03

730

740

2 7

10

2 7

17

2 7

24

2 7

31

2 7

38

2 7

46

2 7

53

2 7

60

2 7

67

2 7

75

740

750

2 7

82

2 7

89

2 7

96

2 8

03

2 8

11

2 8

18

2 8

25

2 8

33

2 8

40

2 8

47

750

760

2 8

54

2 8

62

2 8

69

2 8

76

2 8

84

2 8

91

2 8

98

2 9

06

2 9

13

2 9

21

760

770

2 9

28

2 9

35

2 9

43

2 9

50

2 9

58

2 9

65

2 9

73

2 9

80

2 9

87

2 9

95

770

780

3 0

02

3 0

10

3 0

17

3 0

25

3 0

32

3 0

40

3 0

47

3 0

55

3 0

62

3 0

70

780

790

3 0

78

3 0

85

3 0

93

3 1

00

3 1

08

3 1

16

3 1

23

3 1

31

3 1

38

3 1

46

790

800

3 1

54

3 1

61

3 1

69

3 1

77

3 1

84

3 1

92

3 2

00

3 2

07

3 2

15

3 2

23

800

810

3 2

30

3 2

38

3 2

46

3 2

54

3 2

61

3 2

69

3 2

77

3 2

85

3 2

92

3 3

00

810

820

3 3

08

3 3

16

3 3

24

3 3

31

3 3

39

3 3

47

3 3

65

3 3

63

3 3

71

3 3

79

820

830

3 3

86

3 3

94

3 4

02

3 4

10

3 4

18

3 4

26

3 4

34

3 4

42

3 4

50

3 4

58

830

840

3 4

66

3 4

74

3 4

82

3 4

90

3 4

98

3 5

06

3 5

14

3 5

22

3 5

30

3 5

38

840

850

3 5

46

3 5

54

3 5

82

3 5

70

3 5

78

3 5

86

3 5

94

3 6

02

3 6

10

3 6

18

850

860

3 6

26

3 6

34

3 6

43

3 6

51

3 6

59

3 6

67

3 6

75

3 6

83

3 6

92

3 7

00

860

870

3 7

08

3 7

16

3 7

24

3 7

32

3 7

41

3 7

49

3 7

57

3 7

65

3 7

74

3 7

82

870

880

3 7

90

3 7

98

3 8

07

3 8

15

3 8

23

3 8

32

3 8

40

3 8

48

3 8

57

3 8

65

880

890

3 6

73

3 8

82

3 8

90

3 8

98

3 9

07

3 9

15

3 9

23

3 9

32

3 9

40

3 9

49

890


Type

B: P

latin

um–3

0% rh

odiu

m/p

latin

um–6

% rh

odiu

m (c

ontin

ued)

58

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

60

Pla

tinu

m –

30%

rho

dium

/pla

tinu

m –

6%

rho

dium

(co

ntin

ued)

Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

B

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

900

3 9

57

3 9

65

3 9

74

3 9

82

3 9

91

3 9

99

4 0

08

4 0

16

4 0

24

4 0

33

900

910

4 0

41

4 0

50

4 0

58

4 0

67

4 0

75

4 0

84

4 0

93

4 1

01

4 1

10

4 1

18

910

920

4 1

27

4 1

35

4 1

44

4 1

52

4 1

61

4 1

70

4 1

78

4 1

87

4 1

95

4 2

04

920

930

4 2

13

4 2

21

4 2

30

4 2

39

4 2

47

4 2

56

4 2

65

4 2

73

4 2

82

4 2

91

930

940

4 2

99

4 3

08

4 3

17

4 3

26

4 3

34

4 3

43

4 3

52

4 3

60

4 3

69

4 3

78

940

950

4 3

87

4 3

96

4 4

04

4 4

13

4 4

22

4 4

31

4 4

40

4 4

48

4 4

57

4 4

66

950

960

4 4

75

4 4

84

4 4

93

4 5

01

4 5

10

4 5

19

4 5

28

4 5

37

4 5

46

4 5

55

960

970

4 5

64

4 5

73

4 5

82

4 5

91

4 5

99

4 6

08

4 6

17

4 6

26

4 6

35

4 6

44

970

980

4 6

53

4 6

62

4 6

71

4 6

80

4 6

89

4 6

98

4 7

07

4 7

16

4 7

25

4 7

34

980

990

4 7

43

4 7

53

4 7

62

4 7

71

4 7

80

4 7

89

4 7

98

4 8

07

4 8

16

4 8

25

990

1 0

00

4 8

34

4 8

43

4 8

53

4 8

62

4 8

71

4 8

80

4 8

89

4 8

98

4 9

08

4 9

17

1 0

00

1 0

10

4 9

26

4 9

35

4 9

44

4 9

54

4 9

63

4 9

72

4 9

81

4 9

90

5 0

00

5 0

09

1 0

10

1 0

20

5 0

18

5 0

27

5 0

37

5 0

46

5 0

55

5 0

65

5 0

74

5 0

83

5 0

92

5 1

02

1 0

20

1 0

30

5 1

11

5 1

20

5 1

30

5 1

39

5 1

48

5 1

58

5 1

67

5 1

76

5 1

86

5 1

95

1 0

30

1 0

40

5 2

05

5 2

14

5 2

23

5 2

33

5 2

42

5 2

52

5 2

61

5 2

70

5 2

80

5 2

89

1 0

40

1 0

50

5 2

99

5 3

08

5 3

18

5 3

27

5 3

37

5 3

46

5 3

56

5 3

65

5 3

75

5 3

84

1 0

50

1 0

60

5 3

94

5 4

03

5 4

13

5 4

22

5 4

32

5 4

41

5 4

51

5 4

80

5 4

70

5 4

80

1 0

60

1 0

70

5 4

89

5 4

99

5 5

08

5 5

18

5 5

28

5 5

37

5 5

47

5 5

56

5 5

66

5 5

78

1 0

70

1 0

80

5 5

85

5 5

95

5 6

05

5 6

14

5 6

24

5 6

34

5 6

43

5 6

53

5 6

63

5 6

72

1 0

80

1 0

90

5 6

82

5 6

92

5 7

02

5 7

11

5 7

21

5 7

31

5 7

40

5 7

50

5 7

60

5 7

70

1 0

90

1 1

00

5 7

80

5 7

89

5 7

99

5 8

09

5 8

19

5 8

28

5 8

38

5 8

48

5 8

58

5 8

68

1 1

00

1 1

10

5 8

78

5 8

87

5 8

97

5 9

07

5 9

17

5 9

27

5 9

37

5 9

47

5 9

56

5 9

68

1 1

10

1 1

20

5 9

76

5 9

86

5 9

96

6 0

06

6 0

16

6 0

26

6 0

36

6 0

46

6 0

55

6 0

65

1 1

20

1 1

30

6 0

75

6 0

85

6 0

95

6 1

05

6 1

15

6 1

25

6 1

35

6 1

45

6 1

55

6 1

65

1 1

30

1 1

40

6 1

75

6 1

85

6 1

95

6 2

05

6 2

15

6 2

25

6 2

35

6 2

45

6 2

56

6 2

66

1 1

40

1 1

50

6 2

76

6 2

86

6 2

96

6 3

06

6 3

16

6 3

26

6 3

36

6 3

46

6 3

56

6 3

67

1 1

50

1 1

60

6 3

77

6 3

87

6 3

97

6 4

07

6 4

17

6 4

27

6 4

38

6 4

48

6 4

58

6 4

68

1 1

60

1 1

70

6 4

78

6 4

88

6 4

99

6 5

09

6 5

19

6 5

29

6 5

39

6 5

50

6 5

60

6 5

70

1 1

70

1 1

80

6 5

80

6 5

91

6 6

01

6 6

11

6 6

21

6 6

32

6 6

42

6 6

52

6 6

63

6 6

73

1 1

80

1 1

90

6 6

83

6 6

93

6 7

04

6 7

14

6 7

24

6 7

35

6 7

45

6 7

55

6 7

66

6 7

76

1 1

90


Type

B: P

latin

um–3

0% rh

odiu

m/p

latin

um–6

% rh

odiu

m (c

ontin

ued)

59

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

61

Pla

tinu

m –

30%

rho

dium

/pla

tinu

m –

6%

rho

dium

(co

ntin

ued)

Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

B

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

1 2

00

6 7

86

6 7

97

6 8

07

6 8

18

6 8

28

6 8

38

6 8

49

6 8

59

6 8

69

6 8

80

1 2

00

1 2

10

6 8

90

6 9

01

6 9

11

6 9

22

6 9

32

6 9

42

6 9

53

6 9

63

6 9

74

6 9

84

1 2

10

1 2

20

6 9

95

7 0

05

7 0

16

7 0

26

7 0

37

7 0

47

7 0

58

7 0

68

7 0

79

7 0

89

1 2

20

1 2

30

7 1

00

7 1

10

7 1

21

7 1

31

7 1

42

7 1

52

7 1

63

7 1

73

7 1

84

7 1

94

1 2

30

1 2

40

7 2

05

7 2

16

7 2

26

7 2

37

7 2

47

7 2

58

7 2

69

7 2

79

7 2

90

7 3

00

1 2

40

1 2

50

7 3

11

7 3

22

7 3

32

7 3

43

7 3

53

7 3

64

7 3

75

7 3

85

7 3

96

7 4

07

1 2

50

1 2

60

7 4

17

7 4

28

7 4

39

7 4

49

7 4

60

7 4

71

7 4

82

7 4

92

7 5

03

7 5

14

1 2

60

1 2

70

7 5

24

7 5

35

7 5

46

7 5

57

7 5

67

7 5

78

7 5

89

7 6

00

7 6

10

7 6

21

1 2

70

1 2

80

7 6

32

7 6

43

7 6

53

7 6

64

7 6

75

7 6

86

7 6

97

7 7

07

7 7

18

7 7

29

1 2

80

1 2

90

7 7

40

7 7

51

7 7

61

7 7

72

7 7

83

7 7

94

7 8

05

7 8

16

7 8

27

7 8

37

1 2

90

1 3

00

7 8

48

7 8

59

7 8

70

7 8

81

7 8

92

7 9

03

7 9

14

7 9

24

7 9

35

7 9

46

1 3

00

1 3

10

7 9

57

7 9

68

7 9

79

7 9

90

8 0

01

8 0

12

8 0

23

8 0

34

8 0

45

8 0

56

1 3

10

1 3

20

8 0

66

8 0

77

8 0

86

8 0

99

8 1

10

8 1

21

8 1

32

8 1

43

8 1

54

8 1

65

1 3

20

1 3

30

8 1

76

8 1

87

8 1

98

8 2

09

8 2

20

8 2

31

8 2

42

8 2

53

8 2

64

8 2

75

1 3

30

1 3

40

8 2

86

8 2

98

8 3

09

8 3

20

8 3

31

8 3

42

8 3

53

8 3

64

8 3

75

8 3

86

1 3

40

1 3

50

8 3

97

8 4

08

8 4

19

8 4

30

8 4

41

8 4

53

8 4

64

8 4

75

8 4

86

8 4

97

1 3

50

1 3

60

8 5

08

8 5

19

8 5

30

8 5

42

8 5

53

8 5

64

8 5

75

8 5

86

8 5

97

8 6

08

1 3

60

1 3

70

8 6

20

8 6

31

8 8

42

6 6

53

8 6

64

8 6

75

8 6

87

8 6

98

8 7

09

8 7

20

1 3

70

1 3

80

8 7

31

8 7

43

8 7

54

8 7

65

8 7

76

8 7

87

8 7

99

8 8

10

8 8

21

8 8

32

1 3

80

1 3

90

8 8

44

8 8

55

8 8

66

8 8

77

8 8

89

8 9

00

8 9

11

8 9

22

8 9

34

8 9

45

1 3

90

1 4

00

8 9

56

8 9

67

8 9

79

8 9

90

9 0

01

9 0

13

9 0

24

9 0

35

9 0

47

9 0

58

1 4

00

1 4

10

9 0

69

9 0

80

9 0

92

9 1

03

9 1

14

9 1

26

9 1

37

9 1

48

9 1

60

9 1

71

1 4

10

1 4

20

9 1

82

9 1

94

9 2

05

9 2

16

9 2

28

9 2

39

9 2

51

9 2

62

9 2

73

9 2

85

1 4

20

1 4

30

9 2

96

9 3

07

9 3

19

9 3

30

9 3

42

9 3

53

9 3

64

9 3

76

9 3

87

9 3

98

1 4

30

1 4

40

9 4

10

9 4

21

9 4

33

9 4

44

9 4

56

9 4

67

9 4

78

9 4

90

9 5

01

9 5

13

1 4

40

1 4

50

9 5

24

9 5

36

9 5

47

9 5

58

9 5

70

9 5

81

9 5

93

9 6

04

9 6

16

9 6

27

1 4

50

1 4

60

9 6

39

9 6

50

9 6

62

9 6

73

9 6

84

9 6

96

9 7

07

9 7

19

9 7

30

9 7

42

1 4

60

1 4

70

9 7

53

9 7

65

9 7

76

9 7

88

9 7

99

9 8

11

9 8

22

9 8

34

9 9

45

9 8

57

1 4

70

1 4

80

9 8

68

9 8

80

9 8

91

9 9

03

9 9

14

9 9

26

9 9

37

9 9

49

9 9

61

9 9

72

1480

1 4

90

9 9

84

9 9

95

10 0

07

10 0

18

10 0

30

10 0

41

10 0

53

10 0

64

10 0

76

10 0

88

1 4

90


Type

B: P

latin

um–3

0% rh

odiu

m/p

latin

um–6

% rh

odiu

m (c

ontin

ued)

60

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

62

Pla

tinu

m –

30%

rho

dium

/pla

tinu

m –

6%

rho

dium

(co

ntin

ued)

Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

B

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

1 5

00

10 0

99

10 1

11

10 1

22

10 1

34

10 1

45

10 1

67

10 1

68

10 1

80

10 1

92

10 2

03

1 5

00

1 5

10

10 2

15

10 2

26

10 2

36

10 2

49

10 2

61

10 2

73

10 2

84

10 2

96

10 3

07

10 3

19

1 5

10

1 5

20

10 3

31

10 3

42

10 3

54

10 3

65

10 3

77

10 3

89

10 4

00

10 4

12

10 4

23

10 4

35

1 5

20

1 5

30

10 4

47

10 4

58

10 4

70

10 4

82

10 4

93

10 5

05

10 5

16

10 5

28

10 5

40

10 5

51

1 5

30

1 5

40

10 5

63

10 5

75

10 5

86

10 5

98

10 6

09

10 6

21

10 6

33

10 6

44

10 6

58

10 6

68

1 5

40

1 5

50

10 6

79

10 6

91

10 7

03

10 7

14

10 7

26

10 7

38

10 7

49

10 7

61

10 7

73

10 7

84

1 5

50

1 5

60

10 7

96

10 8

08

10 8

19

10 8

31

10 8

43

10 8

54

10 8

66

10 8

77

10 8

89

10 9

01

1 5

60

1 5

70

10 9

13

10 9

24

10 9

36

10 9

48

10 9

59

10 9

71

10 9

83

10 9

94

11 0

06

11 0

18

1 5

70

1 5

80

11 0

29

11 0

41

11 0

53

11 0

64

11 0

76

11 0

88

11 0

99

11 1

11

11 1

23

11 1

34

1 5

80

1 5

90

11 1

46

11 1

58

11 1

69

11 1

81

11 1

93

11 2

05

11 2

16

11 2

28

11 2

40

11 2

51

1 5

90

1 6

00

11 2

63

11 2

75

11 2

86

11 2

98

11 3

10

11 3

21

11 3

33

11 3

45

11 3

57

11 3

68

1 6

00

1 6

10

11 3

80

11 3

92

11 4

03

11 4

15

11 4

27

11 4

38

11 4

50

11 4

62

11 4

74

11 4

85

1 6

10

1 6

20

11 4

97

11 5

09

11 5

20

11 5

32

11 5

44

11 5

56

11 5

67

11 5

79

11 5

91

11 6

02

1 6

20

1 6

30

11 6

14

11 6

26

11 6

37

11 6

49

11 6

61

11 6

73

11 6

84

11 6

96

11 7

08

11 7

19

1 6

30

1 6

40

11 7

31

11 7

43

11 7

54

11 7

66

11 7

78

11 7

90

11 8

01

11 8

13

11 8

25

11 8

36

1 6

40

1 6

50

11 8

48

11 8

60

11 8

71

11 8

83

11 8

95

11 9

07

11 9

18

11 9

30

11 9

42

11 9

53

1 6

50

1 6

60

11 9

65

11 9

77

11 9

88

12 0

00

12 0

12

12 0

24

12 0

35

12 0

47

12 0

59

12 0

70

1 6

60

1 6

70

12 0

82

12 0

94

12 1

05

12 1

17

12 1

29

12 1

41

12 1

52

12 1

64

12 1

76

12 1

87

1 6

70

1 6

80

12 1

99

12 2

11

12 2

22

12 2

34

12 2

46

12 2

57

12 2

69

12 2

81

12 2

92

12 3

04

1 6

80

1 6

90

12 3

16

12 3

27

12 3

39

12 3

51

12 3

63

12 3

74

12 3

86

12 3

98

12 4

09

12 4

21

1 6

90

1 7

00

12 4

33

12 4

44

12 4

56

12 4

68

12 4

79

12 4

91

12 5

03

12 5

14

12 5

26

12 5

38

1 7

00

1 7

10

12 5

49

12 5

61

12 5

72

12 5

84

12 5

96

12 6

07

12 6

19

12 6

31

12 6

42

12 6

54

1 7

10

1 7

20

12 6

66

12 6

77

12 6

89

12 7

01

12 7

12

12 7

24

12 7

36

12 7

47

12 7

59

12 7

70

1 7

20

1 7

30

12 7

82

12 7

94

12 8

05

12 8

17

12 8

29

12 8

40

12 8

52

12 8

83

12 8

75

12 8

87

1 7

30

1 7

40

12 8

98

12 9

10

12 9

21

12 9

33

12 9

45

12 9

56

12 9

68

12 9

80

12 9

91

13 0

03

1 7

40

1 7

50

13 0

14

13 0

26

13 0

37

13 0

49

13 0

61

13 0

72

13 0

84

13 0

95

13 1

07

13 1

19

1 7

50

1 7

60

13 1

30

13 1

42

13 1

53

13 1

65

13 1

76

13 1

88

13 2

00

13 2

11

13 2

23

13 2

34

1 7

60

1 7

70

13 2

46

13 2

57

13 2

69

13 2

80

13 2

92

13 3

04

13 3

15

13 3

27

13 3

38

13 3

50

1 7

70

1 7

80

13 3

61

13 3

73

13 3

84

13 3

96

13 4

07

13 4

19

13 4

30

13 4

42

13 4

53

13 4

85

1 7

80

1 7

90

13 4

76

13 4

88

13 4

99

13 5

11

13 5

22

13 5

34

13 5

45

13 5

57

13 5

68

13 5

80

1 7

90


Type

B: P

latin

um–3

0% rh

odiu

m/p

latin

um–6

% rh

odiu

m (c

ontin

ued)

61

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

63

Pla

tinu

m –

30%

rho

dium

/pla

tinu

m –

6%

rho

dium

(co

nclu

ded)

Ele

ctro

mot

ive

forc

e as

a fun

ctio

n of

tem

pera

ture

Ty

pe

B

E/µV

T90/º

C0

-1-2

-3-4

-5-6

-7-8

-9T9

0/º

C

1 8

00

13 5

91

13 6

03

13 6

14

13 6

26

13 6

37

13 6

49

13 6

60

13 6

72

13 6

83

13 6

94

1 8

00

1 8

10

13 7

06

13 7

17

13 7

29

13 7

40

13 7

52

13 7

63

13 7

75

13 7

86

13 7

97

13 8

09

1 8

10

1 8

20

13 8

20

1 8

20


Type

B: P

latin

um–3

0% rh

odiu

m/p

latin

um–6

% rh

odiu

m (c

oncl

uded

)

62

Elec

trom

otiv

e fo

rce

as a

func

tion

of te

mpe

ratu

re

7. RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTORS

ResistanceElement R1 R2

Vb

R3RT

S

Bridge Output

PowerSupply


Vb

R3RT

S

Bridge Output

Lead Resistance PowerSupply


Vb

R3RT

S

Bridge Output

Lead Resistance PowerSupply

AND TABLE

63

A Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) operates under the principle that the electrical resistance of certain metals increa-ses or decreases in a repeatable and predictable manner with a temperature change.RTD’s may have a lower temperature range than some thermo-couples and a slower response time, however, they are more sta-ble and repeatable over long periods of time. RTD’s higher signal outputs make them easier to interface with computers & data loggers. They reduce the effects of radio frequency interference. RTD’s are used in: the plastic processing industry, environmen-tal test chambers, motor windings, pumps and bearings, ovens, kilns, waste treatment and the pulp & paper industry. RTD’s are available in the same configurations of thermocouples to suit the most applications.

Basic RTD’s constructions• Flat film constructions, ceramic insulation• Sealed bifilar winding, ceramic insulation• Sealed bifilar winding, glass insulation

Standard wiring systems

RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTOR

2-wiring system 3-wiring system 4-wiring system

7. RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTORSAND TABLE

64

There are many RTD types available on today’s market. Each has its own particular advantages and disadvantages. In many cases, RTD’s and their accessories are designed for a specific temperature measurement problem. In other cases, RTD’s are manufactured with a wide variety of possible applications. It is not the intention to compare one RTD type with another, or to compare the RTD of one manufacturer with another. RTD’s must be selected to meet the needs of a particular installation.

Two examples as a guide in the selection process:• Tube type construction• Mineral insulated type

Tube type constructionThe most basic RTD construction is the tube type construction. The wires can be made of several materials (depending on the temperature range) such as copper, silver or nickel clad copper wire. The insulation material of the wires can be PVC, Silicon or PTFE insulators for temperature up to 250 °C. Above this temperature the isolation material will be ceramic. The total construction is not bendable and is normally not used in applications with a lot of vibrations.

RTD BODY CONSTRUCTION (PT100)

Resistance Thermometer Connection Leads InsulatorSheathConnectionto leads

A basic construction for RTD’s

7. RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTORS

Accuracy according IEC 60751n, can be 1/3,1/5,1/6 and 1/10 at 0 °C

Temperature Class A, ±°C Class B, ±°C

-200 °C 0,55 °C 1,3 °C 0 °C 0,15 °C 0,3 °C+100 °C 0,35 °C 0,8 °C+200 °C 0,55 °C 1,3 °C+300 °C 0,75 °C 1,8 °C+500 °C 1,15 °C 2,8 °C+700 °C -3,8 °C

AND TABLE

65

The most common used RTD construction is mineral insulated. The mineral insulated type is bendable and can be used in ap-plications with high vibration conditions. The construction:• 4 conductors from several materials• Isolated with magnesium powder (MgO)• SS outer sheath• Available diameters: from 1.5 mm, with a measuring system

of 4 wire, up to 6.4 mm

Commercial platinum grades are produced which exhibit a change of resistance of 0.385 ohms/°C (European Fundamen-tal Interval). The sensor is usually made to have a resistance of 100 ohms at 0 °C, this is defined in BS EN 60751:1996. The American Fundamental Interval is 0.392 ohms/°C.

Upon request, RTD’s such as: Pt 400, Pt500 and Pt1000.For other international Pt100 standards, please contact our office.

ANSI : alpha 0.00379 instead of 0.00385 IECJIS : alpha 0.003916 instead of 0.00385 IEC

MINERAL INSULATED TYPE

3

2

1

-100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600--2000

Tolerance ± ˚CClass B“1/10 DIN” Besttolerance, B

Class A

“1/10 DIN” Besttolerance, A

“1/10 DIN”Theoretical butunattainable

7. RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTORSAND TABLE

66

°C Ω °C Ω °C Ω °C Ω

-200 18.52 20 107.79 240 190.47 460 267.56-195 20.68 25 109.73 245 192.29 465 269.56-190 22.83 30 111.67 250 194.10 470 270.93-185 24.97 35 113.61 255 195.91 475 272.61-180 27.10 40 115.54 260 197.71 480 274.29-175 29.22 45 117.47 265 199.51 485 275.97-170 31.33 50 119.40 270 201.31 490 277.64-165 33.44 55 121.32 275 203.11 495 279.31-160 35.54 60 123.24 280 204.90 500 280.98-155 37.64 65 125.16 285 206.70 505 282.64-150 39.72 70 127.08 290 208.48 510 284.30-145 41.80 75 128.99 295 210.27 515 298.96-140 43.88 80 130.90 300 212.05 520 287.62-135 45.94 85 132.80 305 213.83 525 289.27-130 48.00 90 134.71 310 215.61 530 290.92-125 50.06 95 136.61 315 217.38 535 292.56-120 52.11 100 138.51 320 219.15 540 294.21-115 54.15 105 140.40 325 220.92 545 295.85-110 56.19 110 142.29 330 222.69 550 297.49-105 58.23 115 144.18 335 224.45 555 299.12-100 60.26 120 156.07 340 226.21 560 300.75-95 62.28 125 147.95 345 227.96 565 302.38-90 64.30 130 149.83 350 229.72 570 304.01-85 66.31 135 151.71 355 231.47 575 305.63-80 68.33 140 153.58 360 233.21 580 307.25-75 70.33 145 155.46 365 234.96 585 308.87-70 72.33 150 157.33 370 236.70 590 310.49-65 74.33 155 159.19 375 238.44 595 312.10-60 76.33 160 161.05 380 240.18 600 313.71-55 78.32 165 162.91 385 241.91 605 315.31-50 80.31 170 164.77 390 243.64 610 316.92-45 82.29 175 166.63 395 245.37 615 318.52-40 84.27 180 168.48 400 247.09 620 320.12-35 86.25 185 170.33 405 248.81 625 321.71-30 88.22 190 172.17 410 250.53 630 323.30-25 90.19 195 174.02 415 252.25 635 324.89-20 92.16 200 175.86 420 253.96 640 326.48-15 94.12 205 177.69 425 255.97 645 328.06-10 96.09 210 179.53 430 257.38 650 329.64-5 98.04 215 181.36 435 259.08 655 331.220 100.00 220 183.19 440 260.78 660 332.795 101.95 225 185.01 445 262.48

10 103.90 230 186.84 450 264.1815 105.85 235 188.66 455 265.87

8. A FEW CONSTRUCTIONS OFTEMPERATURE SENSORS

67

MULTI POINT

TEMPERATURE SENSORS8. A FEW CONSTRUCTIONS OF

68

Type ‘A’Type ‘A’ Mi-cable (MgO) thermocouples are free hanging for use in non pressurized applications.

Type ‘B’Type ’B’ Mi-cable (MgO) thermocouples can be retracted for transport and mounting purposes. Individually replaceable without disassembling the complete unit.

Type ‘C’Type ‘C’ Mi-cable (MgO) thermocouples are spring loaded to con-nect with the inner wall of the thermowell. This construction allows replacement of the thermocouple during operation.

Type ‘D’Each Type ‘D’ Mi-cable (MgO) or beaded type thermocouple is enclosed in a guide tube which terminates at a special block, welded to the thermowell at the point to be measured. Each thermocouple can be replaced during operation.

MULTI POINT


69

TUBE SKIN


70

INDUSTRIAL TEMPERATURE SENSOR


71

5 6 8

1 2 3 4

97

10

* * * *

SEE DETAIL

DETAIL

T/C 1T/C 2T/C 3T/C 4T/C 5

±2

±3

±3

±3

±3

±3

±2

+0,4-0

BS-509353

+0,

2-0

,3

±5

A

1

264

343

564

785

864

±1

A

130

Ø10

880

Ø12

30

5

5 X 50 = 250

R=10

7654321 8

GROUNDED

WELDED

3/8"-24UNF-LH-2A

HEX19

- TAG No.- X-RAY No.

R=0,8NICRO BRAZED

- CUSTOMER ORDER N .

GROUND WIRE

WHITE (+)WHITE (+)RED (-)RED (-)

TO ENGRAVE :

- T.E. SERIAL No.

+0-2

+0,5-0,0

L2

60

7

160

Ø9,

53

ÿ3,0

L1

70

Ø2459º

19,1

Ra0.4

Ø5,

56

25

Ø8,

2

HIGH PRESSURE

SEMI-CONDUCTOR

MINIATURE MINERAL INSULATED CABLE

9. F.A.Q.’S

72

1. Q. How many metres of T/C wire can I run?A. For a specific instrument, check its specifications to see if there are any limits to the input impedance. However as a rule of thumb, limit the resistance to 100 Ohms maximum, depending on the con-

ductor diameter of the wire: the larger the diameter, the less resistance/metre, the longer the run can be. If the environment is electrically noisy, then a transmitter may be required which transmit a

4-20 mA signal that can be run a longer distance and is more resistant to noise.

2. Q. Should I use a grounded or ungrounded probe?A. It depends on the instrumentation. If there is any chance that there may be a reference to ground

(common in controllers with non-isolated inputs), then an ungrounded probe is required. If the instru-ment is a handheld indicator, then a grounded probe can almost always be used.

3. Q. Can I split my one thermocouple signal to two separate instruments?A. No. The T/C signal is a very low-level millivolt signal, and should only be connected to one device. Splitting into two devices may result in bad readings or loss of signal. The solution is to use a dual T/C or convert one T/C (output a 4-20mA signal) by using a transmitter or signal conditioner

which can send the new signal to more than one instrument.

4. Q. What are the accuracies and the temperature ranges of the various thermocouples?A. They are summarized in the tables of the International Standards (page 18). It is important to know

that both accuracy and ranges depend on a.o.: the thermocouple alloys, the temperature being measured, the construction of the sensor, the material of the sheath, the media being measured, the state of the media (liquid, solid or gas) and the diameter of either the thermocouple wire (if it is exposed) or the sheath diameter (if the thermocouple wire is not exposed but sheathed).

5. Q. How can I choose between thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors (RTD’s) and thermistors?

A. You have to consider the characteristics and costs of the various sensors as well as the available instrumentation. Thermocouples generally can measure temperatures over wide temperature ran-ges, are inexpensively and very rugged. They are not accurate or stable as RTD’s and thermistors. RTD’s are stable and have a fairly wide temperature range but are not as rugged and inexpensively as thermocouples. Since they require the use of an electric current to make measurements, RTD’s are subject to inaccuracies from self-heating. Thermistors tend to be more accurate than RTD’s or thermocouples, but they have a much more limited temperature range.

F.A.Q.’S

9. F.A.Q.’S

73

6. Q. What is the drift of a thermocouple type K?A. T/C type K can be drifted in several temperature ranges: from 450 °C to 550 °C or in a measuring

area of 800°C. When you work in a process like ethylene furnaces and your process temperature is fluctuated between 850 °C and 200 °C and back to 850 °C with an interval of approx. 6 to 8 weeks, your chosen construction is an industrial thermocouple with a metal sheath into a protection tube of SS or ceramic. The drift of a thermocouple in this application can be approx. 30 °C within one year.

7. Q. What is the response time for thermocouples?A. Depending on the diameter of the thermocouple itself and the measuring junction (grounded or

ungrounded). When you use mineral insulated thermocouples, the ASTM STP 470 A specifies the following: ‘Values listed are the average of several mineral insulated elements, checked in each category. They show the time required to indicate 63.2% of a temperature change. The tests were performed during a step change from room temperature to boiling water.’

F.A.Q.’S

Diameter Hot Junction Time in sec. 1,0 mm ungrounded 0,31,0 mm grounded 0,13,0 mm ungrounded 1,33,0 mm grounded 0,74,8 mm ungrounded 2,24,8 mm grounded 1,16,0 mm ungrounded 4,56,0 mm grounded 2,0

10. PIPE & TUBE END SIZE CHARTPIPE SCHEDULES

75

PIPE AND TUBE END SIZE CHART 10

75


75


74

PIPE THREAD SIZE NPT TUBING O.D. SIZE

1/16”

1/8”

1/4”

3/8”

1/2”

3/4”

1”

NPT

NPT

NPT

NPT

NPT

NPT

NPT

1/16”

1/8”

3/16”

1/4”

5/16”

3/8”

1/2”

5/8”

3/4”

7/8”

1”

Asme b 36,10 pipe schedulesWall = walthickness in mm Wt = weights in kg/p/mtr

NominalPipe size

O.D. Standard Extrastrong

Double extra strong

Schedule Schedule Schedule

STD XS XXS 10 20 30Inches mm Wall Wt Wall Wt Wall WT Wall WT Wall WT Wall WT1/8” 10,3 1,7 0,357 2,4 0,4701/4” 13,7 2,2 0,625 3,0 0,8043/8” 17,1 2,3 0,848 3,2 1,101/2” 21,3 2,8 1,26 3,7 1,62 7,5 2,543/4” 26,7 2,9 1,68 3,9 2,19 7,8 3,631” 33,4 3,4 2,50 4,5 3,23 9,1 5,451.1/4” 42,2 3,6 3,38 4,9 4,46 9,7 7,751.1/2” 48,3 3,7 4,05 5,1 5,40 10,2 9,542” 60,3 3,9 5,43 5,5 7,47 11,1 13,42.1/2” 73 5,2 8,62 7,0 11,4 14 20,43” 88,9 5,5 11,3 7,6 15,3 15,2 27,73.1/2” 101,6 5,7 13,6 8,1 18,6 16,2 344” 114,3 6 16,1 8,6 22,3 17,1 41,15” 141,3 6,6 21,8 9,5 30,9 19 57,46” 168,3 7,1 28,2 11,0 42,5 21,9 79,18” 219,1 8,2 42,5 12,7 64,6 22,2 108 6,4 33,3 7 36,710” 273 9,3 60,2 12,7 81,5 25,4 155 6,4 41,7 7,8 50,912” 323,9 9,5 73,8 12,7 97,4 25,4 187 6,4 49,7 8,4 65,114” 355,6 9,5 81,2 12,7 107 6,4 54,6 7,9 68,1 9,5 81,216” 406,4 9,5 93,1 12,7 123 6,4 62,6 7,9 77,9 9,5 93,118” 457,2 9,5 105 12,7 139 6,4 70,5 7,9 87,8 11,1 12220” 508 9,5 117 12,7 155 6,4 78,5 9,5 117 12,7 15522” 558,8 9,5 129 12,7 171 6,4 86,4 9,5 129 12,7 17124” 609,6 9,5 141 12,7 187 6,4 94,7 9,5 141 14,3 21026” 660,4 9,5 153 12,7 203 7,9 128 12,7 20328” 711,2 9,5 165 12,7 219 7,9 138 12,7 219 15,9 27230” 762 9,5 176 12,7 234 7,9 147 12,7 234 15,9 29232” 812,8 9,5 188 12,7 250 7,9 157 12,7 250 15,9 31234” 863,6 9,5 200 12,7 266 7,9 167 12,7 266 15,9 33236” 914,4 9,5 212 12,7 282 7,9 177 12,7 282 15,9 351


75


76

NominalPipe size

O.D. Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule

40 60 80 100 120 140 160Inches mm Wall Wt Wall Wt Wall Wt Wall Wt Wall Wt Wall Wt Wall Wt1/8” 10,3 1,7 0,357 2,4 0,4701/4” 13,7 2,2 0,625 3,0 0,8043/8” 17,1 2,3 0,848 3,2 1,101/2” 21,3 2,8 1,26 3,7 1,62 4,8 1,93/4” 26,7 2,9 1,68 3,9 2,19 5,6 2,891” 33,4 3,4 2,50 4,5 3,23 6,4 4,231.1/4” 42,2 3,6 3,38 4,9 4,46 6,4 5,61.1/2” 48,3 3,7 4,05 5,1 5,40 7,1 7,232” 60,3 3,9 5,43 5,5 7,47 8,7 11,12.1/2” 73 5,2 8,62 7,0 11,4 9,5 14,93” 88,9 5,5 11,3 7,6 15,3 11,1 21,33.1/2” 101,6 5,7 13,6 8,1 18,64” 114,3 6 16,1 8,6 22,3 11,1 28,3 13,5 33,55” 141,3 6,6 21,8 9,5 30,9 12,7 40,2 15,9 49,06” 168,3 7,1 28,2 11,0 42,5 14,3 54,2 18,3 67,58” 219,1 8,2 42,5 10,3 53,1 12,7 64,6 15,1 75,8 18,3 90,7 20,6 101 23,0 11210” 273 9,3 60,2 12,7 81,5 15,1 95,8 18,3 115 21,4 133 25,4 156 28,6 17212” 323,9 10,3 79,7 14,3 109 17,4 132 21,4 160 25,4 187 28,6 208 33,3 23914” 355,6 11,1 94,3 15,1 126 19,0 158 23,8 195 27,8 224 31,8 253 35,7 28116” 406,4 12,7 123 16,7 160 21,4 203 26,2 245 30,9 286 36,5 333 40,5 36518” 457,2 14,3 156 19 206 23,8 254 29,4 310 34,9 363 39,7 408 45,2 45920” 508 15,1 183 20,6 248 26,2 311 32,5 381 38,1 441 44,4 508 50,0 56422” 558,8 22,2 294 28,6 373 34,9 451 41,3 526 47,6 600 54,0 67124” 609,6 17,4 255 24,6 355 30,9 441 38,9 547 46,0 639 52,4 719 59,5 80726” 660,428” 711,230” 76232” 812,834” 863,636” 914,4

Asme b 36,10 pipe schedulesWall = walthickness in mm Wt = weights in kg/p/mtr

11. METALLIC & NON METALLIC THERMOWELL MATERIALS

77

A wide variety of steels and nickel-based alloys are used to make thermowells. There are no other materials which will stand up to all of the many service conditions which can be found across the industry. It is important that the proper metal is used in the fabrication of a thermowell. Obviously an improper choice will lead to premature failure, while over-specifying leads to higher costs than necessary to do a given job.

The primary metals used in the fabrication of thermowells are: carbon steel, chrome molybdenum steels, stainless steels (304, 310, 316, 321, 347, 304L, 316L, 446), nickel-based alloys (Inconels, Incoloys, Hastelloys).

The main responsibility of thermowells is to protect the temperature sensor from corrosion or oxidation conditions found in the process, as well as mechanical stresses. Each of the previously mentioned materi-als provides different degrees of protection under various service conditions. The following pages lists the type of materials with some recommendations for their use. As a general guide, a high chromium content is desirable for high temperature resistance to oxidation and sulfur attack. The presence of aluminum (1-2%) is also useful as a very resistant surface: ‘ilm of mixed chromium oxide/aluminum oxide is formed.

INTRODUCTION

11. METALLIC & NON METALLIC

78

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

THERMOWELL MATERIALS

Austenitic : Refers to the crystal structure of the 300 series stainless steel.

Carbide precipitation : The process where chromium carbides form and precipitate out in the steel. Carbon atoms combine with chromium atoms lead to local depletion of chromium, thereby reducing the available chromium to form a protective chromium oxide film. This allows localized inter granular attack from salts and acids. Carbide precipitation occurs when a 300 series stainless steel is held in the 800 ºF range.

Carbide stabilized : In order to reduce the chance of carbon precipitation, certain 300 series stainless steel are stabilized with small amounts of titanium, tantalum of columbium which preferentially combine with the carbon leaving the chro-mium alone. This result is also accomplished by the ‘low carbon’ stainless steels, which have less carbon to combine with the chromium.

Carburizing atmospheres : Contain carbonaceous vapours (e.g. hydrocarbons). The present carbon can react with the alloys at high temperatures to produce metal carbides. This can result in embrittlement. Generally, high nickel content in an alloy is helpful in resisting carburizing although it will not completely prevent it.

Creep : At high temperatures the mechanical strength of metals falls off. Over time and at high temperatures metals will slowly stretch under an applied load and will fail at stress much smaller than would normally be expected.

Ferritic : Refers to the crystal structure of the 400 series stainless steel.

Inert atmospheres : Consist of inert gas such as argon. There is no problem with alloys in such an atmosphere. A variation of an inert atmosphere is no atmosphere at all – i.e. a vacuum. This is used increasingly for heat-treatment purposes.

Oxidizing atmospheres : Contain oxygen and will react with metals at elevated temperatures to pro-duce oxides on the surface. The good high temperature performance of the heat-resisting alloys depends on the formation of a stable protective oxide film on the surface. The elements chromium and aluminium, when present in an alloy, form excellent protective films of chromium oxide and aluminium oxide.


79


Passivating : Involves immersing 300 series stainless steel in 10% nitric acid for 10-30 minutes. The acid removes any particles of iron which may have become embedded in the surface during processing but doesn’t attack the stainless steel. Actually, being a strong oxidizing acid, the chromium oxide film is improved thereby increasing the steels ability to withstand corrosion.

Reducing atmospheres : Contain hydrogen of carbon compounds and will not form protective oxi-des on an alloy. If hydrogen is present, this may diffuse into thermowells and thermocouples. It produces ‘green rot’ attack, so called from the dark green surface colour produced, although this may not be very obvious. In the case of chromel-alumel thermocouples the ‘green rot attack cau-ses the chromed wire to become magnetic, which results in an erroneous lower output. This effect is easy to confirm with a magnet; if both wires are magnetic ‘green rot’ has occurred. (Actually this is not strictly a ‘redu-cing’ phenomenon. It occurs only when a very small amount of oxygen is present in an essentially reducing atmosphere. Under these conditions, preferential oxidation of the chromium in the alloy will occur.)

Stress-corrosion cracking : When a metal is subjected to both stress and corrosion at the same time, there is the possibility it may crack. Often stress-corrosion cracking oc-curs in the presence of chlorides.

Stress relief : A heat treating process, used to reduce internal stresses in a part to avoid stress corrosion cracking from occurring.

Sulphidizing atmospheres : Contain sulphur compounds, which often arise when coal or fuel oil is burned. The sulphur may be present as sulphur dioxide, which is the case under oxidizing conditions, or as hydrogen sulphide (H2S) under redu-cing conditions. The latter is worse as the atmosphere does not help the formation of protective oxide films. Alloys containing nickel (as almost all the commonly used high temperature alloys do) are subject to attack by sulphur because sulphur forms a low melting point compound with the nickel in the alloy. Alloys high in chromium (over about 18%) containing aluminium form an oxide film which offers resistance to sulphur under oxidizing conditions. To resist sulphur under reducing conditions, the best protection is an aluminized film.

Weld decay : Localized corrosion on each side of a weld caused by carbide precipita-tion.


80

STAINLESS STEELS

SPECIAL STAINLESS STEELS

Carpenter 20-Cb3 : A stainless steel having 20% chromium, 34% nickel, 2,5% copper and columbium and tantalum equal to 8 times the carbon content for carbide stabilization. This alloy has excellent resistance to corrosive conditions, especially to sulfuric acid.


This group of metals forms an invisible chromium oxide which serves to resist oxidation and corrosive attack by chemicals and acids. To be effective, they need to have a minimum of 14% chromium. The 300 series stainless steel are known as ’austenitic’ while the 400 series are known as ‘ferritic’. Austenitic stainless steels do not become brittle at low temperature as ferritic steels do.

SS 304 : Also known as ‘18-8’ (nominally 18% chromium, 8% nickel) is the most commonly speci-fied austenitic stainless steel. SS 304 like other 300 series stainless steel is subject to ‘carbide precipitation’ in the area of 700-1,650 ºF. This means that chromium forms car-bides when SS 304 is held in/of is cooled slowly through the above temperature range. The net effect is a localized depletion of chromium around the carbides, which can lead to inter-granular corrosion from acids of other corrosives. This condition is especially apparent where parts are welded (leading to ‘weld decay’). SS 304 has a maximum temperature rating for continuous service of 1,650 ºF in air. Care must be taken as the strength falls off considerably at elevated temperatures. SS 304 is widely used as a thermowell material for lower temperature applications across industry since it is not affected by most organic and inorganic chemicals.

SS 310 : Has higher chromium and nickel (nominally 25% chromium and 20% nickel) improved high temperature characteristics. The SS 310 is subject to carbide precipitation in the 800 °F to 1,600 °F range. Maximum continuous service temperature in air is 2,100 °F. The SS 310 is used where good high temperature strength is needed or in carburizing/reducing atmospheres.

SS 316 : Another very popular all purpose austenitic stainless steel. SS 316 has nominally 18% chromium and 12% nickel, but is modified with 2-3% molybdenum which improves its resistance to chlorides. SS 316 is subject to carbide precipitation in the 800-1,600 °F range. Maximum continuous service temperature in air is 1,650 °F. Because of its increased corrosive resistance, SS 316 is used where improved corrosion resistance is required, especially in chlorides.

304L and 316L : Low carbon versions of SS 304 and SS 316. These alloys solve the problem of carbide precipitations since they have a very low carbon content (0.03% maximum instead of 0.08% maximum).


81

A. Incoloys, Inconels, MonelA very important group of alloys is the nickel-based Inconels and Incoloys. These alloys have an excellent resistance to a corrosive attack by many aggressive chemicals. They also have an excellent resistance to oxidation at high temperatures and good high temperature strength. They typically contain 15-23% chro-mium to provide a protective oxide film. The Inconels contain 40-73% nickel, while the Incoloys contain 32-42% and 30-36% iron. Some grades contain a small amount of titanium or tantalum for improved high temperature strength and aluminium to improve the protective characteristics of the oxide film at elevated temperatures (a mixed chromium oxide/aluminium film).

Inconel 600 : High nickel 76%, high chromium 15.5%, for resistance to oxidizing and reducing at-mospheres. I600 is used for several corrosive environments at high temperature.

Inconel 601 : High nickel 60.5%, high chromium 23.0%, plus 1.5% aluminium. Good high tempe-rature properties. I601 provides an outstanding resistance to oxidation and a good resistance to carburizing and sulphur containing atmospheres.

Incoloy 800 : 32.5% nickel, 46.0% iron, 21% chromium. Resistance to oxidation and carburization at high temperatures. Resists sulphur attack and corrosion in many environments.

Incoloy 800H : 32.5% nickel, 46.0% iron, 21% chromium. Resistance to oxidation and carburization at high temperatures. Resists sulphur attack and corrosion in many environments.

Incoloy 800H : A special version of the above alloy with a small controlled amount of carbon for impro-ved high temperature strength.

Monel 400 : 66% high nickel, 31% high copper. Monel provides a good resistance to corrosion in salt water. Not subject to chloride stress cracking. Monel is used for heat exchangers and for sulphuric acid applications.

NICKEL BASED ALLOYS


B. HastelloysThese nickel-based alloys are used for their excellent corrosion resistance under many severe conditions due to their high molybdenum content.Hastelloy B : 61% nickel, 28% molybdenum. Excellent corrosion resistance to hydrochloric acid and

to sulphuric, phosphoric and acetic acids and hydrogen chloride gas.

Hastelloy C : 54% nickel, 16% molybdenum, 15.5% chromium, 4% tungsten. Excellent corrosion resistance to many chemical environments, including ferric acid and cupric chlorides, contaminated mineral acids, and wet chlorine gas. Oxidation resistant to 1,900 °F.

Hastelloy X : 47% nickel, 9% molybdenum, 22% chromium, 0.5% tungsten. Good high temperature strength and resistance to oxidation to 2,200 °F. Also good for reducing conditions.

11. METALLIC & NON METALLICTHERMOWELL MATERIALS

82

PROTECTION TUBE MATERIALS

IntroductionThere are many applications across the industry where the temperature to be measured, is too high for the standard stainless steel and nickel-based alloy thermowell materials. All of the more common stainless steels and nickel-based alloys melt at/or before 2,550 °F/1,400 °C and become weak or soft at/or before approx. 2,200 °F/1,200 °C. In these applications a different material must be utilized.

There are two metals available which have a much higher melting point than the stainless steels or nickel-based alloys: tantalum 5,425 °F/2,996 °C and molybdenum 4,730 °F/2,610 °C. However, these metals have inherent problems that limit their use in high temperature service:- they oxidize rapidly (tantalum above 530 °F/276 °C and molybdenum above 930 °F/499 °C), there fore

they can’t be used for thermowell materials except in strictly non-oxidizing atmospheres;- they are very expensive to be used as a thermowell or protection tube material.

The solution is to use a non-metallic or ceramic type of protection tube material. There are a number of these type materials available for high temperature service, each with its own unique capabilities: fused quartz, cermet, silicon carbide, boron nitride, mullite and alumina.

While these materials exhibit varying degrees of high temperature capabilities there are disavantages to their use. Being almost completely made of ceramic, they are extremely brittle and can be broken quite easily by a mechanical shock. Also, most of these materials have a very poor resistance to ‘thermal shock’. If a flame is applied suddenly to one side, it expands. Since the other side is cooler, it doesn’t expand at the same rate. This leads to stresses which, if severe enough, will crack the protection tube. The lower co-efficient of thermal expansion’ these materials have, the more resistance they exhibit to this thermal shock cracking.

The following is a discussion of each of the above referenced materials with some examples of their typical uses in industry.

Fused quartzPure silica, fused quartz, has a very low co-efficient of thermal expansion, giving it excellent resistance to thermal shock cracking. It is also a vey chemically inert material and resists attacks by many corrosive chemicals and liquid metals. An unfortunate limitation of fused quartz is, that it is a super cooled ‘glass’. At about 2,000 °F (1,094 °C) it will devitrify so that it can’t be used for service above this temperature. Also, any surface contamination will accelerate devitrification at high temperatures. (Devitrification refers to the fact that fused quartz will re-crystallize and can’t be used above 2,000°F).

Because of fused quartz’ excellent thermal shock resistance, it is often used in the metal casting industry as a ‘disposable’ thermocouple protection tube. The fused quartz tube is inserted into the melt and the temperature (used for control of the pouring temperature) is read. Due to its excellent thermal shock resis-tance, fuse quartz is able to withstand the sudden change from ambient to melt temperatures.


Cermet Cermet is a mixture of 77% chromium oxide and 23% aluminum oxide. Made by the Union Carbide Company it is a dense, abrasion resistant material with a high thermal conductivity and a good resistance to wetting by many liquid metals. (Wetting is the degree at which a liquid metal will ‘adhere’ to a protection tube). It resists sulphur gases under oxidizing conditions up to at least 2,000 °F (1,094 °C). Also, non-ferrous alloys such as copper, brass, zinc and lead do not wet cermet. It is not recommended for use in carburizing or nitrogen atmospheres, since the chromium in the cermet will form carbides or nitrides.

Cermet is somewhat sensitive to thermal shock and has a maximum service temperature in oxidizing con-ditions of 2,500 °F (1,370 °C).

Cermet finds use in copper and brass melting pots, and in abrasive atmospheres of elevated temperature where particles might damage a metal thermowell operating near its softening point.

Silicon carbideSilicon carbide is another very inert material which resists attacks from many aggressive environments, such as sulphur gases. Having a low co-efficient of thermal expansion, it has an excellent resistance to thermal shock and a good thermal conductivity. The material is made by the Carborundum Company. Two types of silicon carbide are available:- carbofrax ‘A’: about 90% silicon carbide with the balance being mainly silica;- ‘KT’ silicon carbide: about 96% silicon carbide.

Thermowells of carbofrax are considerably less expensive than ‘KT silicon carbide, but are not gas tight. Ho-wever, they give excellent service at high temperatures up to 3,000 °F (1,649 °C). An inner alumina ‘sleeve’ is used to protect a platinum-rhodium thermocouple from contamination when it is the sensor of choice. ‘KT’ silicon carbide is used for special applications when high density gas tight thermowells are needed.Silicon carbide is often used in the steel industry, due to its good thermal shock resistance and elevated temperature capabilities. It is used as a protection tube, which is inserted into a ladle to read the melt temperature.

Boron nitrideBoron nitride is a synthetic material made by the Carborundum Company which can be used in oxidizing atmospheres up to about 2,000 °F (1,094 °C) or in reducing of inert atmospheres up to about 5,000 °F (2,760 °C). It has a very low co-efficient of thermal expansion and hense excellent resistance to thermal shock. It is not wetted by many liquid metals. A big advantage is that it is machinable with ordinary too-ling and has lubricating characteristics somewhat similar to graphite. Recent applications where boron nitride has been used include as an intermittent thermowell with a ‘B’ calibration thermocouple to measure pouring temperatures of cupro nickels.

83


Alumina and MulliteAlumina (aluminum oxide) and mullite (a compound of alumina and silica) have been used for many years as thermowells for chromel-alumel and platinum-rhodium thermocouples. They can be used for high tempe-ratures: 3,450 °F (1,900 °C) for high purity alumina and 3,100 °F (1,700 °C) for mullite. One problem with these materials: they are subject to thermal shock. They can crack if subjected to sudden or non-uniform, localized heating or cooling.

Mullite has a co-efficient of thermal expansion of about 2/3 of alumina and a consequently somewhat bet-ter resistance to thermal shock. Both materials are gas tight. Alumina, other than mullite, should be used with platinum-rhodium thermocouples for any conditions rather than oxidizing. The reason: the silicon can be reduced from the mullite and will contaminate platinum-rhodium thermocouples, thereby throwing them out of calibration.

Typical applications for alumina and mullite protection tubes include heat treatment furnaces operating at high temperatures, where little danger from thermal shock or from mechanical damage is involved. This type of protection tube is also widely used in the glass industry.

84

Tungsten .........6,000/3,315 °F/°C........................ Rhenim

3,000/1,694 °F/°C

2,000/1,093 °F/°C

500/260 °F/°C

500/260 °F/°C

1,000/538 °F/°C

5,000/2,760 °F/°C......................... Osium

......................... Iridium

.........................Palladium

........................ Rhodium

........................ Platinum

........................ Vanadium

............................. Stainless

............................. Steels

............................. Cast Irons

.............. Aluminium Silver Solders

.............. Cadmium Silver Solders.............................

................ Gold (24 Karat)18 Karat12 Karat Gold Alloys10 Karat

Tantalum .........

Chromium .......Titanium ..........Zirconium ........

Iron ..................Cobalt ..............Nickel ..............

Beryllium .........Manganese .....

Uranium ..........Copper ............

Silver ...............

Brasses ...........

Magnesium .....

Zinc .................Lead ................Bismuth ..........Tin ...................Indium .............

Gallium ............Mercury ........... ˚F/C

Molybdenum ...

Niobium ..........(Columbium)

12. MELTING TEMPERATURES OF METALS

85


86

Summary table metallic thermowell materials

Designation Nominalcomposition

Max.temp.

Meting range Application notes(con´t.serv., air)

SS 304 18 % Chromium81 % Nickel

1,652 °F900 °C

2,550-2,640 °F1,399-1,449 °C

The general purpose austenitic SS. Subject to carbide precipitation in the 480 to 870 °C range. Corrosion resistant in the annealed conditions. Not affected by steri-lizing solutions, foodstuffs, most dyestuffs, organic chemicals and many inorganic chemicals.

SS 310 25 % Chromium20 % Nickel

2,100 °F1,148 °C

2,550-2,640 °F1,399-1,449 °C

Very high elevated temperature strength and scale resistance. Superior to 304 in much high temperature applications. Good resistance to carburizing and reducing environments. Subject to carbide precipitation in the 480 to 870 °C range.

SS 316 18 % Chromium12 % Nickel2-3% Molybdenum

1,650 °F899 °C

2,550-2,550 °F1,399-1,399 °C

Higher corrosion resistance than type 304. High creep strength. Withstands sulphurous acid compounds resists tendency to pit in phosphoric and acetic acids. Subject to carbide precipitation in the 426 to 815 °C range.

SS 321SS 347

Similar to 304but carbidestabilized

1,600 °F871 °C

2,550-2,600 °F1,399-1,426 °C

Carbide stabilized grade intended to prevent harmful precipitation of chromium carbides and the resul-ting susceptibility to inter granular corrosion. For corrosion conditions and intermittent heating and coo-ling applications between 426 to 815 °C range.


87

Summary table metallic thermowell materials

Designation Nominalcomposition

Max.temp.

Meting range Application notes(con´t.serv., air)

Inconel 600 76 % 15,5 %

NickelChromium

2,100 °F 1,148 °C

2,470-2,575 °F1,354-1,412 °C

Good in several corrosive environ-ments and at elevated tempe-ratures. High hot strength and resistance to progressive oxidation.

Incoloy 800 32,5 % 46 % 21 %

NickelIronChromium

2,000 °F1,093 °C

2,475-2,525 °F1,357-1,385 °C

Good elevated temperature resis-tance to oxidation and carburiza-tion. Good sulphur and corrosion resistance.

Hastelloy B 61 % 28 %

NickelMolybdenum

2,200 °F1,204 °C

2,300-2,470 °F1,260-1,354 °C

Excellent corrosion resistance to hydrochloric, sulphuric phospho-ric, and acetic acids. Excellent corrosion. Resistance to hydrogen chloride gas.

Hastelloy C 54 % 16 % 15,5 %

4 %

Nickel MolybdenumChromiumTungsten

2,200 °F1,204 °C

2,300-2,470 °F1,260-1,354 °C

Excellent corrosion resistance to many chemical environments, in-cluding ferric and cupric chlorides, contaminated mineral acids, wet chlorine gas. Oxidation resistance to 982 °C.

Hastelloy X 47 % 9 %

22 % 0,5 %

NickelMolybdenumChromiumTungsten

2,200 °F1,204 °C

2,300-2,470 °F1,260-1,354 °C

Good high temperature strength and resistance to oxidations to 1,200 °C. Also good for reducing conditions.

According to DIN EN 1092-1 type PN10 (DIN 2576)

OD flange dimensions in mm bolts weight grades

NW d1mm

d5mm

Dmm

bmm

kmm

emm

st draad d2mm

kg/st 4301/4307 4401/4404

nr thread kg/pc (304/304L) (316/316L)

10 17,2 17,7 90 14 60 5 4 M 12 14 0,605 x x

15 20 21 95 14 65 5 4 M 12 14 0,675 x x

15 21,3 22 95 14 65 5 4 M 12 14 0,669 x x

20 25 26 105 16 75 5 4 M 12 14 0,75 x x

20 26,9 27,6 105 16 75 5 4 M 12 14 0,94 x x

25 30 31 115 16 85 5 4 M 12 14 1,14 x x

25 33,7 34,4 115 16 85 5 4 M 12 14 1,11 x x

32 38 39 140 16 100 5 4 M 16 18 1,66 x x

32 42,4 43,1 140 16 100 5 4 M 16 18 1,62 x x

40 44,5 45,5 150 16 110 5 4 M 16 18 1,89 x x

40 48,3 49 150 16 110 5 4 M 16 18 1,86 x x

50 50,8 51,9 165 18 125 6 4 M 16 18 2,6 x x

50 54 55,1 165 18 125 6 4 M 16 18 2,57 x x

50 57 58,1 165 18 125 6 4 M 16 18 2,51 x x

50 60,3 61,1 165 18 125 6 4 M 16 18 2,47 x x

65 70 71,1 185 18 145 6 4 M 16 18 3,15 x x

65 76,1 77,1 185 18 145 6 4 M 16 18 3 x x

13. STANDARD FLANGE SIZES

88

SLIP-ON FLANGES


According to DIN EN 1092-1 type PN10 (DIN 2576)


NW d1mm

d5mm

Dmm

bmm

kmm

emm

st draad d2mm

kg/st 4301/4307 4401/4404

nr thread kg/pc (304/304L) (316/316L)

80 84 85,5 200 20 160 7 8 M 16 18 3,95 x x

80 88,9 90,3 200 20 160 7 8 M 16 18 3,79 x x

100 101,6 103,2 220 20 180 7 8 M 16 18 4,58 x x

100 104 105,6 220 20 180 7 8 M 16 18 4,38 x x

100 106 107,6 220 20 180 7 8 M 16 18 4,3 x x

100 108 109,6 220 20 180 7 8 M 16 18 4,2 x x

100 114,3 115,9 220 20 180 7 8 M 16 18 4,03 x x

125 129 130,8 250 22 210 7 8 M 16 18 5,92 x x

125 133 134,8 250 22 210 7 8 M 16 18 5,71 x x

125 139,7 141,6 250 22 210 7 8 M 16 18 5,46 x x

150 154 156,1 285 22 240 7 8 M 20 22 6,88 x x

150 156 158,1 285 22 240 7 8 M 20 22 6,8 x x

150 159 161,1 285 22 240 7 8 M 20 22 6,72 x x

150 168,3 170,5 285 22 240 7 8 M 20 22 6,57 x x

200 204 206,8 340 24 295 7 8 M 20 22 10,41 x x

200 206 208,7 340 24 295 7 8 M 20 22 9,91 x x

200 219,1 221,8 340 24 295 7 8 M 20 22 9,31 x x

200 219,1 221,8 340 24 295 7 12 M 20 22 9,31 x x

250 254 257,2 395 26 350 7 12 M 20 22 12,98 x x


NW d1mm

d5mm

Dmm

bmm

kmm

emm

st draad d2mm

kg/st 4301/4307 4401/4404

nr thread kg/pc (304/304L) (316/316L)

250 256 259,2 395 26 350 7 12 M 20 22 12,9 x x

250 273 276,2 395 26 350 7 12 M 20 22 11,9 x x

300 304 307,7 445 26 400 7 12 M 20 22 15,8 x x

300 306 309,7 445 26 400 7 12 M 20 22 15,3 x x

300 323,9 327,6 445 26 400 7 12 M 20 22 13,8 x x

350 355,6 359,7 505 28 460 7 16 M 20 22 20,6 x x

400 406,4 411 565 32 515 7 16 M 24 26 27,9 x x

450 457,2 462,3 615 38 565 7 20 M 24 26 35,6 x x

500 508 513,6 670 38 620 7 20 M 24 26 41,1 x x

600 609,6 615,7 780 44 725 7 20 M 27 30 56,3 x x

700 711 716,5 895 50 840 7 24 M 27 30 80,4 o o

800 813 820 1015 56 950 7 24 M 27 30 113,2 o o

900 914 921,5 1115 62 1050 7 28 M 33 36 138,3 o o

89

According to ASTM-A 182 SO/RF 150 LBS


NW Dmm

bmm

kmm

hmm

mmm

Jmm

gmm

stnr

lmm

kg/stkg/pc

304/L

316/L

1/2” 88,9 11,1 60,3 15,9 30,2 22,3 34,9 4 15,9 0,5 x x

3/4” 98,4 12,7 69,8 15,9 38,1 27,7 42,9 4 15,9 0,9 x x

1” 107,9 14,3 79,4 17,5 49,2 34,5 50,8 4 15,9 0,9 x x

1.1/4” 117,5 15,9 88,9 20,6 58,7 43,2 63,5 4 15,9 1,4 x x

1.1/2” 127 17,5 98,4 22,2 65,1 49,5 73 4 15,9 1,4 x x

2” 152,4 19,1 120,6 25,4 77,8 62 92,1 4 19 2,3 x x

2.1/2” 177,8 22,2 139,7 28,6 90,5 74,7 104,8 4 19 3,2 x x

3” 190,5 23,8 152,4 30,2 107,9 90,7 127 4 19 3,6 x x

4” 228,6 23,8 190,5 33,3 134,9 116,1 157,2 8 19 5,9 x x

5” 254 23,8 215,9 36,5 163,5 143,8 185,7 8 22,2 6,8 x x

6” 279,4 25,4 241,3 39,7 192,1 170,7 215,9 8 22,2 8,6 x x

8” 342,9 28,6 298,4 44,4 246,1 221,5 269,9 8 22,2 13,6 x x

10” 406,4 30,2 361,9 49,2 304,8 276,4 323,8 12 25,4 19,5 x x

12” 482,6 31,8 431,8 55,6 365,1 327,2 381 12 25,4 29 x x

14” 533,4 34,9 476,2 57,1 400 259,2 412,7 12 28,6 41 x x

16” 596,9 36,5 539,7 63,5 457,2 410,5 469,9 16 28,6 44,5 x x

18” 635 39,7 577,8 68,3 504,8 461,8 533,4 16 31,7 59 x x

20” 698,5 42,9 635 73 558,8 513,1 584,2 20 31,7 75 x x

24” 812,8 47,6 749,3 82,5 663,6 616 692,1 20 34,9 99,8 x x


90


According to ASTM-A 182 SO/RF 300 LBS


NW Dmm

bmm

kmm

hmm

mmm

Jmm

gmm

stnr

lmm

kg/stkg/pc

304/L

316/L

1/2” 95,2 14,3 66,7 22,2 38,1 22,3 34,9 4 15,9 0,9 x x

3/4” 117,5 15,9 82,5 25,4 47,6 27,7 42,9 4 19 1,4 x x

1” 123,8 17,5 88,9 27 54 34,5 50,8 4 19 1,4 x x

1.1/4” 133,3 19 98,4 27 63,5 43,2 63,5 4 19 1,8 x x

1.1/2” 155,6 20,6 114,3 30,2 69,8 49,5 73 4 22,2 2,7 x x

2” 165,1 22,2 127 33,3 84,1 62 92,1 8 19 3,2 x x

2.1/2” 190,5 25,4 149,2 38,1 100 74,7 104,8 8 22,2 4,5 x x

3” 209,5 28,6 168,3 42,9 117,5 90,7 127 8 22,2 5,9 x x

4” 254 31,8 200 47,6 146 116,1 157,2 8 22,2 10 x x

5” 279,4 34,9 234,9 50,8 177,8 143,8 185,7 8 22,2 12,7 e e

6” 317,5 36,5 269,9 52,4 206,4 170,7 215,9 12 22,2 17,7 x x

8” 381 41,3 330,2 61,9 260,3 221,5 269,9 12 25,4 26,3 x x

10” 444,5 47,6 387,3 66,7 320,7 276,4 323,8 16 28,6 36,7 e e

12” 520,7 50,8 450,8 73 374,6 327,2 381 16 31,7 52,2 e e

14” 584,2 54 514,3 76,2 425,4 359,2 412,7 20 31,7 74,8 e e

16” 647,7 57,2 571,5 82,5 482,6 410,5 469,9 20 34,9 86,2 e e

18” 711,2 60,3 628,5 88,9 533,4 461,8 533,4 24 34,9 113 e e

20” 774,7 63,5 685,8 95,2 587,4 513,1 584,2 24 34,9 143 e e

24” 914,4 69,8 812,8 106,4 701,7 616 692,1 24 41,3 215 e e

91

According to DIN EN 1092-1 type 05 PN64 (DIN 2527)


NW Dmm

bmm

kmm

maxd9

st draad d2mm

kg/st 4301/4307 4401/4404

nr thread kg/pc (304/304L) (316/316L)

50 180 26 135 - 4 M20 22 4,5 o o

65 205 26 160 45 8 M20 22 5,7 o o

80 215 28 170 60 8 M20 22 6,9 o o

100 250 30 200 80 8 M24 26 10,1 o o

125 295 34 240 105 8 M27 30 16 o o

150 345 36 280 130 8 M30 33 23,5 o o

(175) 375 40 310 155 12 M30 33 30,8 o o

200 415 42 345 180 12 M33 36 39,7 o o

250 470 46 400 220 12 M33 36 57,4 o o

300 530 52 460 270 16 M33 36 81 o o

350 600 56 525 310 16 M36 39 114 o o

400 670 60 585 360 16 M39 42 153 o o

BLIND FLANGES


92


According to DIN 2527/E ND 100


NW Dmm

bmm

kmm

maxd9

st draad d2mm

kg/st 4301/4307 4401/4404

nr thread kg/pc (304/304L) (316/316L)

10 100 20 70 - 4 M12 14 1 o o

15 105 20 75 - 4 M12 14 1,2 o o

25 140 24 100 - 4 M16 18 2,7 o o

32 155 24 110 - 4 M20 22 3,2 o o

40 170 26 125 - 4 M20 22 4,1 o o

50 195 28 145 - 4 M24 26 5,8 o o

65 220 30 170 45 8 M24 26 8 o o

80 230 32 180 60 8 M24 26 9,4 o o

100 265 36 210 80 8 M27 30 14,3 o o

125 315 40 250 105 8 M30 33 22,6 o o

150 355 44 290 130 12 M30 33 31,8 o o

(175) 385 48 320 155 12 M30 33 41,3 o o

200 430 52 360 180 12 M33 36 56,1 o o

250 505 60 430 210 12 M36 39 89,6 o o

300 585 68 500 260 16 M39 42 11 o o

350 655 74 560 300 16 M45 48 175 o o

93

According to ASTM-A 182 BL/RF 150 LBS


NW

Dmm

bmm

kmm

gmm

stnr

lmm

kg/stkg / pc

304/L

316/L

1/2” 88,9 11,1 60,3 34,9 4 15,9 0,5 x x

3/4” 98,4 12,7 69,8 42,9 4 15,9 0,9 x x

1” 108 14,3 79,4 50,8 4 15,9 0,9 x x

1.1/4” 117,5 15,9 88,9 63,5 4 15,9 1,4 x x

1.1/2” 127 17,5 98,4 73 4 15,9 1,8 x x

2” 152,4 19,1 120,6 92,1 4 19 2,3 x x

2.1/2” 177,8 22,2 139,7 104,8 4 19 3,2 x x

3” 190,5 23,8 152,4 127 4 19 4,1 x x

4” 228,6 23,8 190,5 157,2 8 19 7,7 x x

5” 254 23,8 215,9 185,7 8 22,2 9,1 x x

6” 279,4 25,4 241,3 215,9 8 22,2 11,8 x x

8” 342,9 28,6 298,4 269,9 8 22,2 21 x x

10” 406,4 30,2 361,9 323,8 12 25,4 31,8 x x

12” 482,6 31,8 431,8 381 12 25,4 49,9 x x

14” 533,4 34,9 476,2 412,7 12 28,6 63,5 x x

16” 596,9 36,5 539,7 469,9 16 28,6 81,6 x x

18” 635 39,7 577,8 533,4 16 31,7 99,8 x x

20” 698,5 42,9 635 584,2 20 31,7 129 x x

24” 812,8 47,6 749,3 692,1 20 34,9 195 x x


94


According to ASTM-A 182 BL/RF 300 LBS


NW

Dmm

bmm

kmm

gmm

stnr

lmm

kg/stkg /pc

304/L

316/L

1/2” 95,2 14,3 66,5 34,9 4 15,9 0,9 x x

3/4” 117,5 15,9 82,5 42,9 4 19 1,4 x x

1” 123,8 17,5 88,9 50,8 4 19 1,4 x x

1.1/4” 133,3 19 98,4 63,5 4 19 1,8 x x

1.1/2” 155,6 20,6 114,3 73 4 22,2 2,7 x x

2” 165,1 22,2 127 92,1 8 19 3,6 x x

2.1/2” 190,5 25,4 149,2 104,8 8 22,2 5,4 x x

3” 209,5 28,6 168,3 127 8 22,2 7,3 x x

4” 254 31,8 200 157,2 8 22,2 12,2 x x

5” 279,4 34,9 234,9 185,7 8 22,2 15,9 e e

6” 317,5 36,5 269,9 215,9 12 22,2 22,7 x x

8” 381 41,3 330,2 269,9 12 25,4 36,7 x x

10” 444,5 47,6 387,3 323,8 16 28,6 57 e e

12” 520,7 50,8 450,8 381 16 31,7 84 e e

14” 584,2 54 514,3 412,7 20 31,7 113 e e

16” 647,7 57,2 571,5 469,9 20 34,9 134 e e

18” 711,2 60,3 628,6 533,4 24 34,9 178 e e

20” 774,7 63,5 685,8 584,2 24 34,9 229 e e

24” 914,4 69,8 812,8 692,1 24 41,3 358 e e

95

According to ASTM-A 182 WN/RF 150 LBS


NW amm

Dmm

bmm

kmm

hmm

mmm

Jmm

gmm

stnr

lmm

kg/stkg/pc 304/L 316/L

1/2” 21,3 88,9 11,1 60,3 47,6 30,2 15,8 34,9 4 15,9 0,9 x x

3/4” 26,7 98,4 12,7 69,8 52,4 38,1 20,8 42,9 4 15,9 0,9 x x

1” 33,5 107,9 14,3 79,4 55,6 49,2 26,7 50,8 4 15,9 1,4 x x

1.1/4” 42,2 117,5 15,9 88,9 57,1 58,7 35,1 63,5 4 15,9 1,4 x x

1.1/2” 48,3 127 17,5 98,4 61,9 65,1 40,9 73 4 15,9 1,8 x x

2” 60,5 152,4 19,1 120,6 63,5 77,8 52,6 92,1 4 19,1 2,7 x x

2.1/2” 73,2 177,8 22,2 139,7 69,8 90,5 62,7 104,8 4 19,1 3,6 x x

3” 88,9 190,5 23,8 152,4 69,8 107,9 78 127 4 19,1 4,5 x x

4” 114,3 228,6 23,8 190,5 76,2 134,9 102,4 157,2 8 19,1 6,8 x x

5” 114,3 254 23,8 215,9 88,9 163,5 128,3 185,7 8 22,2 8,6 x x

6” 168,4 279,4 25,4 241,3 88,9 192,1 154,2 215,9 8 22,2 10,9 x x

8” 219,2 342,9 28,6 298,4 101,6 246,1 202,7 269,9 8 22,2 17,7 x x

10” 273,1 406,4 30,2 362 101,6 304,8 254,5 323,8 12 25,4 23,6 x x

12” 323,9 482,6 31,8 431,8 114,3 365,1 304,8 381 12 25,4 36,3 x x

14” 355,6 533,4 34,9 476,2 127 400 412,7 12 28,6 50 x x

16” 406,4 596,9 36,5 539,7 127 457,2 469,9 16 28,6 64 x x

18” 457,2 635 39,7 577,8 139,7 504,8 533,4 16 31,8 68 x x

20” 508 698,5 42,9 635 144,5 558,8 584,2 20 31,8 81,6 x x

24” 609,6 812,8 47,6 749,3 152,4 663,6 692,1 20 34,9 118 x x

WELDING NECK FLANGES


96


According to ASTM-A 182 WN/RF 150 LBS


NW amm

Dmm

bmm

kmm

hmm

mmm

Jmm

gmm

stnr

lmm

kg/stkg/pc 304/L 316/L

1/2” 21,3 95,2 14,3 66,7 52,4 38,1 15,8 34,9 4 15,9 0,9 x x

3/4” 26,7 117,5 15,9 82,5 57,1 47,6 20,8 42,9 4 19,1 1,4 x x

1” 33,5 123,8 17,5 88,9 61,9 54 26,7 50,8 4 19,1 1,8 x x

1.1/4” 42,2 133,4 19,1 98,4 65,1 63,5 35,1 63,5 4 19,1 2,3 x x

1.1/2” 48,3 155,6 20,6 114,3 68,3 69,8 40,9 73 4 22,2 3,2 x x

2” 60,5 165,1 22,2 127 69,8 84,1 52,6 92,1 8 19,1 4,1 x x

2.1/2” 73,2 190,5 25,4 149,2 76,2 100 62,7 104,8 8 22,2 5,4 x x

3” 88,9 210 28,6 168,3 79,4 117,5 78 127 8 22,2 6,8 x x

4” 114,3 254 31,8 200 85,7 146,1 102,4 157,2 8 22,2 11,3 x x

5” 141,2 279,4 34,9 235 98,4 177,8 128,3 185,7 8 22,2 14,5 e e

6” 168,4 317,5 36,5 269,9 98,4 206,4 154,2 215,9 12 22,2 19 x x

8” 219,2 381 41,3 330,2 111,1 260,4 202,7 269,9 12 25,4 30,4 x x

10” 273,1 444,5 47,6 387,3 117,5 320,7 254,5 323,8 16 28,6 41,3 e e

12” 323,9 520,7 50,8 450,8 130,2 374,6 304,8 381 16 31,7 63,5 e e

14” 355,6 584,2 54 514,3 142,9 425,4 412,7 20 31,7 81,6 e e

16” 406,4 647,7 57,2 571,5 146,1 482,6 469,9 20 34,9 113 e e

18” 457,2 711,2 60,3 628,6 158,8 533,4 533,4 24 34,9 145 e e

20” 508 774,7 63,5 685,8 161,9 587,4 584,2 24 34,9 181 e e

24” 609,6 914,4 69,8 812,8 168,3 701,7 692,1 24 41,3 263 e e

97

14. MATERIAL SELECTION GUIDE

98

Application Protection tube material

APPLICATIONS / PROTECTION TUBE MATERIALS

Heat treatment• Annealing : - up to 704 °C Black steel - over 704 °C Inconel 600, SS 446• Carburizing hardening : - up to 816 °C Black steel, SS 446 - 1,093 °C Inconel 600, SS 446 - over 1,093 °C Ceramic - nitriding salts bath SS 446 - cyanide Nickel (CP) - neutral SS 446 - high speed Ceramic

Iron and Steel• Basic oxygen furnace Quartz• Blast furnace: - down comer Inconel 600, SS 446 - stove dome Silicon carbide - hot blast main Inconel 600 - stove trunk Inconel 600 - stove outlet flue Black steel• Open hearth: - flues and stack Inconel 600, SS 446 - checkers Inconel 600, cermets - waste heat boiler Inconel 600, SS 446• Billet heating slab heating and butt welding : - up to 1,093°C Inconel 600, SS 446 - over 1,093°C Silicon ceramic carbide• Bright annealing batch: - top work temperature Not required (use bare wire J T/C) - bottom work temperature SS 446• Continuous furnace section: - forging Silicon ceramic carbide - soaking pits : - up to 1,093 °C Inconel 600 - over 1,093 °C Silicon ceramic carbide

Nonferrous materials• Aluminium melting Cast iron (white-washed)• Aluminium heat treating Black steel• Brass or bronze Not required (use dip-type T/C)• Lead SS 446, black steel• Magnesium Black steel, cast iron• Tin Extra heavy carbon steel• Zinc Extra heavy carbon steel


99


Cement• Exit flues Inconel 600, SS 446• Kilns, heating zone Inconel 600

Ceramic• Kilns Ceramic and silicon carbide• Dryers Silicon carbide, black steel• Vitreous enamelling Inconel 600, SS 446

Glass• Fore hearths and feeders Platinum thimbles• Tanks roof and wall Ceramic• Flues and checkers Inconel 600, SS 446

Paper• Digesters SS 316, SS 446

Petroleum• Cracking lines SS 316• Dewaxing SS 304, SS 316, SS310, SS321• Towers SS 304, SS 316, SS310, SS321• Transfer lines SS 304, SS 316, SS310, SS321• Bridge wall Inconel 600

Power• Coal-air mixtures SS 304• Flue gases Black steel, SS 446• Pre heaters Black steel, SS 446• Steam lines SS 347, SS 316• Water lines Low carbon steel• Boiler tubes SS 304, SS 310

Gas producers• Producer gas SS 446• Water gas : - carburettor Inconel 600, SS 446 - super heater Inconel 600, SS 446

Incinerators : - up to 1,093 °C Inconel 600, SS 446 - over 1,093 °C Ceramic, silicon carbide (secondary)



100

Food• Baking ovens Black steel• Char retort, sugar Black steel• Vegetables and fruit SS 304

Chemical• Acetic acid : - 10-50%, 21 °C SS 304, Hastelloy C, Monel - 50%, 100 °C SS 316, Hastelloy C, Monel - 99%, 21-100 °C Hastelloy C, Monel• Alcohol, ethyl, methyl : 21-100 °C SS 304• Ammonia : all concentration, 21-100 °C SS 304, SS 316• Ammonium chloride : all concentration, 100 °C SS 316, Monel• Ammonium nitrate : all concentration, 21-100 °C SS 316• Ammonium sulphate : 10% to saturated, 100 °C SS 316• Barium chloride : at 21 °C Monel, Hastelloy C• Barium hydroxide : at 21 °C Low carbon steel• Barium sulphide Nichrome, Hastelloy C• Butadiene SS 304• Butane SS 304• Butyl acetate Monel• Butyl alcohol Copper, SS304• Calcium chlorate : dilute 21 to 66 °C SS 304• Calcium hydroxide : - 10 to 20%, 100 °C SS 304, Hastelloy C - 50% at 100 °C SS 304, Hastelloy C• Carbolic acid : all 100 °C SS 316• Chlorine gas : - dry at 21 °C SS 316, Monel - moist -7 to 100 °C Hastelloy C• Chromic acid : 10 to 50% at 100 °C SS 316, Hastelloy C• Citric acid : concentrated at 100 °C SS 316, Hastelloy C• Copper nitrite SS 304, SS 316• Copper sulphate SS 304, SS 316• Cyanogen gas SS 304• Dow therm Low carbon steel• Ether SS 304• Ethyl acetate SS 304• Ethyl chloride : 21 °C SS 304, low carbon steel• Ethyl sulphate : 21 °C Monel• Ferric chloride : 5%, 21 °C to boiling Tantalum, Hastelloy C• Ferric sulphate : 5%, 21 °C SS 304• Ferrous sulphate dilute : 21 °C SS 304• Formaldehyde SS 304, SS 316• Freon Monel• Gallic acid : 5%, 21 to 66 °C Monel



101

• Gasoline : 21 °C SS 304 • Glucose : 21 °C SS 304• Glycerin : 21 °C SS 304• Hydrobromic acid : 98%, 100 °C Hastelloy B• Hydrochloric acid : - 1- 5%, 21 °C Hastelloy C - 1-25%, 100 °C Hastelloy B• Hydrofluoric acid : 60%, 100 °C Hastelloy C, Monel• Hydrogen peroxide : 21 to 100 °C SS 316, SS 304• Hydrogen sulphide : wet and dry SS 316• Iodine Hastelloy C, tantalum• Kerosene SS 304• Lactic acid SS 316• Magnesium chloride : - 5%, 21 °C Monel, nickel - 5%, 100 °C Carpenter 20CB3• Magnesium sulphate : hot and cold Monel• Muratic acid Hastelloy B• Naphtha : 21 °C SS 304• Natural gas : 21 °C SS 304, SS 316• Nickel chloride : 21 °C SS 304• Nickel sulphate : hot and cold SS 304• Nitric acid : - 5%, 21 °C SS 304, SS 316 - 20%, 21 °C SS 304, SS 316 - 50%, 100 °C SS 304, SS 316 - 65%, 100 °C SS 316 - concentrated, 100 °C Tantalum• Nitrobenzene SS 304• Oleic acid : 21 °C SS 316• Oxalic acid : - 5% hot, cold SS 304 - 10%, 100 °C Monel• Oxygen : 21 °C • Steel• Palmitic acid SS 316• Pentane SS 304• Phenol SS 304, SS 316• Phosphoric acid : - 1-5%, 21 °C SS 304 - 10%, 21 °C SS 316 - 10%, 100 °C Hastelloy C - 30%, 21-100°C Hastelloy B - 85%, 21-100°C Hastelloy B• Picric acid : 21 °C SS 304• Potassium bromide : 21 °C SS 316• Potassium carbonite : 1% at 21 °C SS 304, SS 316



102

• Potassium hydroxide : - 5-25%, 21-100 °C SS 304 - 60% at 100 °C SS 316• Potassium nitrate SS 304• Potassium sulphate : 21 °C SS 304, SS 316• Potassium sulphide : 21 °C SS 304, SS 316• Propane SS 304, low carbon steel• Pyrogallic acid SS 304• Quinine sulphate : dry SS 304• Seawater Monel, Hastelloy C• Salicylic acid Nickel• Sodium bicarbonate : - all concentration, 21 °C SS 304 - 5% at 66 °C SS 304, SS 316• Sodium chloride : - 5%, 21-66 °C SS 316 - saturated 21-100 °C SS 316, Monel• Sodium fluoride : 5%, 21 °C Monel• Sodium hydroxide SS 304, SS 316, Hastelloy C• Sodium nitrate : fused SS 316• Sodium sulphate : 21 °C SS 304, SS 316• Sodium sulphide : - 21 °C SS 316 - 30%, 66 °C SS 304• Sulphur dioxide : - moist gas, 21 °C SS 316 - gas, 302 °C SS 304, SS 316• Sulphur : - dry molten SS 304 - wet SS 316• Sulphuric acid : - 5-90% at 21-100 °C Hastelloy B - 90% above 100 °C Hastelloy D• Tannic acid : 21 °C SS 304, Hastelloy B• Tartaric acid : - 21 °C SS 304 - 66 °C SS 316• Toluene SS 304, low carbon steel• Turpentine SS 304, SS 316• Vinegar SS 316• Water distilled : return condensate SS 304• Whiskey and wine SS 304, nickel• Xylene Copper• Zinc chloride Monel, Hastelloy B• Zinc sulphate : - 5%, 21 °C SS 304, SS 316 - saturated, 21 °C SS 304, SS 316

15. COMPARISON OF NEMA AND IEC STANDARDS

103

EUROPEAN IEC STANDARDS

NEMA AND IEC STANDARDS

European IEC specifications 144 & 529 define the degree of protection provided to electrical enclosures to safeguard personnel against electric shock an equipment within the enclosures from environmental contami-nation such as entry of water. This is expressed by the letters IP followed by two numbers.

In the USA, NEMA and UL have established a rating system for enclosures which provides different levels of protection. A direct comparison between IEC and NEMA is not possible but the following table gives an ap-proximate guide.

IP Definition Protection toIEC 144/855420

Protection to NEMA enclosure type NEMA Definition

Protection against solid objectsgreater than 12 mm IP 20 NEMA 1

(ventilated) general purpose

Protection against solid objectsgreater than 2,5 mm IP 30 NEMA 1 general purpose

Protection against solid objectsgreater than 12 mm and drippingwater

IP 21 NEMA 2(ventilated) drip proof

Protection against solid objectsgreater than 2,5 mm and drippingwater

IP 31 NEMA 2 drip proof

Protection against solid objectsgreater than 12 mm and drippingwater

IP 24 NEMA 3R(ventilated)

rain proof sleet (ice) resistantoutdoor use

Protection against solid objectsgreater than 2,5 mm and drippingwater

IP 34 NEMA 3Rrain proof sleet (ice) resistantoutdoor use

Protection against dust and splashing liquids IP 54 - -

Dusttight and protected againstwater jets IP 65 NEMA 12

induct use dusttight & driptight

Dusttight and protected against heavy seas IP 66 NEMA 35 dusttight

driptight

Dusttight and protected againstheavy seas IP 66 NEMA 4 dusttight

watertight

- - NEMA 4Xdusttightwatertightcorrosionresistant

Dusttight and protected against water entry at one meter immersion IP 67 - -

Dusttight and protected against heavy submersion IP 68 NEMA 6

submersiblewatertight dusttight sleet (ice) resistant indoor & outdoor

Protection against sleet (ice) not specified by IEC - NEMA 13 oiltight & dusttight

Types of protection

IEC/Europe North America

Zone 0 Exia Div. 1 Zone 0now recognised

Exd-flameproofZone 1 Exi-intrinsic safety ia&ib Exe-increased safety

Class I Type of protection:Div. 1 explosionproof purged intrinsic safety oil immersion

Zone 2 All types suitable for Zone 0 and 1 Type N, ExN or Exn

N=BS 1998 n=EN1999

Class I Type of protection:Div. 2 All types suitable for Div. 1 and Non-incendive

16. EX GUIDE LINE

104

ATEX approvals

Type XPS1 Ex II 2G Exe II T6 to T1 for use in zone 1 and 2 according ATEX EN-60079-0-2006 and EN-60079-7-2007

Type XPS2 Ex II 2G Exia IIC T6 to T1 for use in zone 0, 1 and 2 according ATEX EN-60079-0-2006 and EN-60079-11-2007

Type XPS2 Ex II 2G Exib IIC T6 to T1 for use in zone 0, 1 and 2 according ATEX EN-60079-0-2006 and EN-60079-11-2007

Type XPS3 Ex II 2G Exd IIC T6 to T1 for use in zone 1 and 2 according ATEX EN-60079-0-2006 and EN-60079-1-2007

Type XPS4 Ex II 3G ExenA II T6 to T1 for use in zone 2 according ATEX EN-60079-0-2006 and EN-60079-15-2005

IEC/EX approvals

Type XPS1 Exe II T6… T1 for use in zone 1 and 2

Type XPS2 Exia IIC T6…T1 for use in zone 0, 1 and 2

Type XPS2 Exib IIC T6…T1 for use in zone 0, 1 and 2

Type XPS3 Exd IIC T6…T1 for use in zone 1 and 2

Type XPS4 ExnA II T6… T1 for use in zone 2

17. AWG WIRE SIZE

105

SPECIFICATIONS

Solid Conductors

Wire size AWG

Diameter mm

Circular mm

0 8,25 53,57

2 6,54 33,57

4 5,19 21,23

6 4,12 13,30

8 3,26 8,36

10 2,59 5,26

12 2,05 3,31

14 1,63 2,08

– 1,38 1,50

16 1,29 1,33

18 1,02 0,82

20 0,81 0,52

22 0,64 0,32

24 0,51 0,20

26 0,40 0,13

28 0,32 0,08

30 0,25 0,05

32 0,20 0,03

34 0,16 0,02

36 0,13 0,01

38 0,10 0,008

40 0,08 0,005

The above listed dimensions are nominal values for comparison purposes only.

Stranded Conductors

Wire size AWG

Strandingn x mm

dia.

Diameter mm

Circular mm

12 7 x 0,81 2,44 3,65

12 19 x 0,45 2,37 3,10

– 50 x 0,26 2,20 2,50

14 7 x 0,64 1,85 2,28

14 16 x 0,40 1,85 2,08

14 19 x 0,36 1,85 1,95

– 48 x 0,20 1,70 1,50

16 7 x 0,51 1,52 1,44

16 19 x 0,29 1,47 1,24

– 7 x 0,43 1,30 1,00

– 32 x 0,21 1,38 1,00

17 19 x 0,25 1,35 0,95

18 7 x 0,40 1,22 0,90

18 16 x 0,25 1,19 0,82

18 19 x 0,25 1,24 0,97

– 24 x 0,21 1,20 0,75

20 7 x 0,30 0,95 0,52

20 16 x 0,20 0,93 0,50

20 19 x 0,20 0,94 0,62

24 7 x 0,20 0,61 0,23

24 19 x 0,13 0,61 0,24

26 7 x 0,16 0,48 0,14

28 7 x 0,13 0,38 0,07

30 7 x 0,10 0,30 0,057

32 7 x 0,08 0,22 0,034

34 7 x 0,06 0,19 0,022

36 7 x 0,05 0,15 0,014

Thermo Electric standard wire sizes*

Solid (t/c) 14, 16, 20, 24 and 30 AWG

Stranded 16,20 and 24 AWG (t/c)14, 16, 18 and 20 AWG (Cu)

* Other sizes are available on request or as ‘non standard’ wire from stock. For more information contact Doedijns Instrumentation (brand Thermo Electric).

ATEX approvals

Type XPS1 Ex II 2G Exe II T6 to T1 for use in zone 1 and 2 according ATEX EN-60079-0-2006 and EN-60079-7-2007

Type XPS2 Ex II 2G Exia IIC T6 to T1 for use in zone 0, 1 and 2 according ATEX EN-60079-0-2006 and EN-60079-11-2007

Type XPS2 Ex II 2G Exib IIC T6 to T1 for use in zone 0, 1 and 2 according ATEX EN-60079-0-2006 and EN-60079-11-2007

Type XPS3 Ex II 2G Exd IIC T6 to T1 for use in zone 1 and 2 according ATEX EN-60079-0-2006 and EN-60079-1-2007

Type XPS4 Ex II 3G ExenA II T6 to T1 for use in zone 2 according ATEX EN-60079-0-2006 and EN-60079-15-2005

IEC/EX approvals

Type XPS1 Exe II T6… T1 for use in zone 1 and 2

Type XPS2 Exia IIC T6…T1 for use in zone 0, 1 and 2

Type XPS2 Exib IIC T6…T1 for use in zone 0, 1 and 2

Type XPS3 Exd IIC T6…T1 for use in zone 1 and 2

Type XPS4 ExnA II T6… T1 for use in zone 2

COLOUR CODING 18. INTERNATIONAL THERMOCOUPLE

106

THERMOCOUPLE COLOUR CODING

107

Multipoint produced on-site

THERMO ELECTRIC INSTRUMENTATION B.V.

Coenecoop 71 – 73 I 2741 PH Waddinxveen I The NetherlandsP.O. Box 85 I 2740 AB Waddinxveen I The Netherlandst. +31 (0) 85 7607 300 I f. +31 (0)85 7607 [email protected] I www.te-instrumentation.com

Thermo Electric Instrumentation BV is in no way affi liated with Thermo Electric Co.Inc., a U.S. company, or Thermo Electric Company Ltd., a UK company

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