Temp Project Report PID

8/20/2019 Temp Project Report PID

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have great pleasure in acknowledging our sincere gratitude to all who have been

given the helping hands in the successful completion of our project.

First of all, always we are thankful to Almighty GO who had showered his blessings on

us and gave us strength for doing our project.

!e"t, we would like to e"tend out thanks to the #rincipal$ #rof. %ohammad &brahim,

'ollege of Applied (cience, )ottayi for providing us best facilities and atmosphere

according to our interest for the successful completion and presentation of our project.

*hen, we are most like to give our sincere gratitude to %iss (imi ( and %r (ooraj ) +,

guides of our project for all valuable advice and good instruction provided to us. We

would like to e"tend our sincere gratitude to other lectures in &lectronics department who

had been the strength and also for good guidance of our project.

We would like to thanks %rs. (ukanya %r. -ashim, aboratory Assistants, for all the

help given to us.

ast but not least we e"press our sincere thanks to our parents, our friends and all others

who gave valuable suggestions, constructive criticism and constant encouragement for

presenting this project as a valuable one.

All with God’s grace….!!!

PROJECT TEAM


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Temperature PID Controller 2010 - 2011

ABSTRACT

*hrough our project we are showing the control of constant temperature according to the

desired value /set point0 in a closed loop using #1 controller system. For this, we are

using a microcontroller, a temperature sensor for sensing the temperature of the closed

loops. +y using the microcontroller we compare the desired value with current value and

it is displayed in the '. Also to provide the constant temperature, Fan or -eater is

turned On or Off according with the variations of current temperature in o' from desired

setpoint.

Dept of Electronics CAS


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CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. BLOCK DIAGRAM 4

3. BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION 5

4. OVERALL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

5. COMPONENT LIST

6. OVERALL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM WORKING

7. DESIGNING OR DESCRIPTION OF EACH BLOCK

POWER SUPPLY DESCRIPTION

BLOCK DIAGRAM

CIRCUIT AND EPLANATION

MICROCONTROLLER

PIN DIAGRAM

THE MA!OR FEATURES OF PIC

MICROCONTROLLER CIRCUIT

EPLANATION

ADVANTAGES

APPLICATION

ARCHITECTURE

WHY PIC"

#. WHY PID"

$. TEMPERATURE SENSOR

FEATURES OF LM 35



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1%. LI&UID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

11. PCB

PCB DESIGNING

PCB LAYOUT

12. FIRMWARE IMPLEMENTATION

13. CONCLUSION

14. FUTURE SCOPE

15. BIBILIOGRAPHY

16. APPENDI



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INTRODUCTION

*he objective of our project 2*&%#&3A*43& #1 'O!*3O&35 is

maintaining the constant temperature in a particular area using #1 controller.

Whatever the process or the parameter /temp, flow, speed, ..0 the principles of control are

similar. 1nput and output signals are specified in this project is digital. 'ontrol of a

process is achieved by means of a closed loop circuit. *his project is prepared in order to

control the temperature of a furnace in the best and easiest possible way.

*he control system is that means by which any 6uantity of interest in a machine,

mechanism or other e6uipment is maintained or altered in accordance with a desiredmanner. -ere we have used the closed loop system$ that is the feedback system. *he

feedback signal is derived from the output of the system. *his signal gives the capability

to act as self correcting mechanism. *he beneficial effects of the feedback in the system

with high loop gain. *he controlled variable accurately follows the desired value and

also feedback in a control system greatly improves the speed of its response.

One of the primary purposes of using feedback in control system is to reduce the

sensitivity of the system to parameter variations.

*he project deals with a simple aspect of giving information about the controlling of

temperature in a furnace. 1n this project we are developing a system, which can control

temperature of a furnace automatically. *he system is be capable of taking decisions

accordingly of overheating of blast furnace and cooling of a furnace.

*his project is done by using microcontroller /#1' 78F9:;A0 which was developed by

microchip company with several features than processors with cheap cost. A temperature

% ;< is used in sensing the temperature and relays like heater or fan are used for

adjusting the temperature with desired temperature value. *he functions occurring are

displayed on the li6uid crystal display.

1n this system, it can implement any applications about controlling or monitoring the

temperature without any human effort.



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BLOCK DIAGRAM


%icro=controller

#

1'

7

8F

9

:

;A

*emperature

sensor /%;

-eater

Fan

' isplay


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BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

*he block diagram for 2temperature #1 controller5 circuit consist of

• 1' % ;<

• #1' 78F9:;A

• #OW&3 (4##>

• 3&A>

• 1(#A> (&'*1O!

A fi"ed three terminal voltage regulator has a regulated dc output voltage of


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OVERALL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM



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LIST OF COMPONENTS

• 3&G4A*O3 :9?<

• #1' 78F9:;A

• %;<

• ' 1(#A> %?@?

• 3&A>( /@0

• '3>(*A B%-C

•%1'3O(W1*'-&( /B0

• 1O&( 7!B??: /B0

• 'A#A'1*O3(

'7 = 7???DF

'@ 7??DF

';, 'B ;;pF

• 3&(1(*O3(

37 7?k /B0

3@, 3; 7k

• *3A!(FO3%&3

• *3A!(1(*O3( +'


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OVERALL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM WORKING

*he circuit shows microcontroller based temperature #1 controller using temperature

sensor.

%icrocontroller #1' 78F9:;A is the heart of the circuit. 1t is available in

31(' architecture. *he #1' 78F9:;A is a mid=range 9=bit '#4 optimiCed for 'ontrol

Applications. 1t has ;< instructions on chip flash program memory.

%;< used as the temperature sensor. 1t sense the current temperature of a closed

loop and converts into corresponding voltage as it is a transducer. 1t is connected to

pin @ /3A?EA!?0 of microcontroller. *he microcontroller circuit is connected with

reset circuit and crystal oscillator circuit. 'rystal oscillator is the one used to

generate the pulses to the microcontroller and it is also called as the heart of

microcontroller. -ere we have used B %-C crystal which generates pulses. 1t offers

the highest precision /e"actnessEaccuracy0 and stability.

&ven the microcontroller has an internal 3' oscillator with a ma"imum fre6uency

of B %-C, noise affect it easily. +ecause of increasing of aging of oscillator, resonant

fre6uency varies and cannot get the fi"ed fre6uency. (o we use crystal oscillator

e"ternally for accuracy.

*o set up the desired temperature value, we use the micro keys such as (&*, 4#,

OW!. And also the tolerance value is set in the firmware using embedded '

language.

According to the comparison of desired temperature /here we say as (et point0 with the

current temperature, the relay = -eater or Fan is worked.



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C'() I*

1f the current temperature is greater than desired temperature /including tolerance0 then

turn off the heater and turn on the fan.

C'() II*

1f the current temperature is less than the desired temperature /including tolerance0, then

turn on the heater and turn off the fan.

C'() III*

&lse turn off both heater and fan.

*he relays such as heater connected to pin @< /3+B0 and fan is connected to pin @8

/3+


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DESCRIPTION OF EACH BLOCK



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POWER SUPPLY DESCRIPTION

BLOCK DIAGRAM

*he ac voltage, typically @@?H ms, is connected to a transformer, which steps

that ac voltage down to the level of the desired dc output. A diode rectifier then

provides a full=wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor

filter to produce a dc voltage, this resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac

voltage variation.

A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also remains the same dc value

even if the input dc voltage varies, or the load connected to the output dc voltage

changes. *his voltage regulation is usually obtained using one of the popular voltage

regulator 1' units.

+lock diagram /#ower (upply0


*ransformer /(tep down0

3ectifier Filter 1'3egulator

oad


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CIRCUIT AND EPLANATION

WORKING PRINCIPLE

TRANSFORMER

*he transformer will step down the power supply voltage /? @;? H0 to /?=

8H0 level. *hen the secondary of the potential transformer will be connected to the

center=tapped full=wave rectifier$ where diodes are working in the property of one=

side conduction capability.

CENTER+TAPPED RECTIFIER

1n a rectifier , a center=tapped transformer and two diodes can form a full=wave

rectifier that allows both half=cycles of the A' waveform to contribute to the direct

current, making it smoother than a half=wave rectifier . A center=tapped rectifier is

preferred to the full bridge rectifier when the output ' current is high and the output


http://wiki/Rectifierhttp://wiki/Diodehttp://wiki/Diodehttp://wiki/Half-wave_rectifierhttp://wiki/Rectifierhttp://wiki/Diodehttp://wiki/Half-wave_rectifier


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voltage is low. *he advantages of using precision rectifier are it will give peak

voltage output as dc$ rest of the circuits will give only 3%( output.

FILTERS

#re=filter and post=filter are connected to the regulator 1'. istance between pre=

filter and post=filter should be


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MICRONTROLLER

PIN DIAGRAM



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THE MA!OR FEATURES OF PIC 16F#73A MICROCONTROLLER

H,-+P)/0/') RISC CPU*

I Only ;< single=word instructions to learn.

I All single=cycle instructions e"cept for program branches, which are two=cycle.

I Operating speedJ ' @? %-C clock input.

' @?? ns instruction cycle.



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I 4p to 9) " 7B words of Flash #rogram %emory,

4p to ;89 " 9 bytes of ata %emory /3A%0,

4p to @


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I 7??,??? eraseEwrite cycle &nhanced Flash program memory typical.

I 7,???,??? eraseEwrite cycle ata &O% memory typical.

I ata &O% 3etention N B? years

I (elf=reprogrammable under software control

I 1n='ircuit (erial #rogrammingL /1'(#L0 via two pins.

I (ingle=supply


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MICROCONTROLLER CIRCUIT

o %1'3O'O!*3O&3

o 3&(&* '13'41*

o O('1A*O3



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&K#A!A*1O!J

*he microcontroller circuit is connected with reset circuit, crystal oscillator, '

circuit$ the reset circuit is the one which is an e"ternal interrupt which is designed to reset

the program. And the crystal oscillator circuit is the one used to generate the pulses to

the microcontroller and it also called as the heart of the microcontroller.

*he i6uid 'rystal isplay which is used to display the what we need the '

has fourteen pins in which three pins for the command and eight pins for the data. 1f the

data is given to ' it is write command which is configured by the programmer

otherwise it is read command in which data read to microcontroller the data pins are

given to the port ? and command pins are given to the port @.

Other than these pins a one pin configured for the contrast of the '. *hus the

microcontroller circuit works.

o %1'3O'O!*3O&3

A microcontroller is a complete microprocessor built on a single 1'.

%icrocontrollers were developed to meet a need for microprocessors to be put

into low cost products.

*o solve the problem in microprocessor system is implemented with a single chip

microcontroller. *his could be called microcomputer, as all the major part are in

the 1'. %ost fre6uently they are called microcontroller because they are used to

perform control functions.

*he microcontroller contains full implementation of a standard

%1'3O#3O'&((O3, 3O%, 3A%, 1EO, 'O'), *1%&3(, and also (&31A

#O3*(. %icrocontroller also called 2system on a chip5 or 2single chip

microprocessor system5 or 2computer on a chip5.

Another term to describe a microcontroller is embedded controller, because the

microcontroller and its supports circuits are often built into or embedded in the

devices they control.



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AHA!*AG&(J

o 1f a system is developed with a microprocessor, the designer has to go for e"ternal

memory such as 3A%, 3O% or O% and peripherals and hence the siCe of

the #'+ will be large enough to hold all the re6uired peripherals. +ut, the

microcontroller has got all these on a single chip so development of a similar

system with a microcontroller reduces #'+ siCe and cost of the design.

o One of the major differences between a microcontroller and microprocessor is

that a controller often deals with bits, not bytes as in the real world application.

o 1t has only ;< instructions, so it is easy to learn.

o esign comple"ity is small.

o 1t has eight level stacks. And also addresses are in vectored form /pre=defined0.



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A##1'A*1O!(J

A microcontroller is a kind of miniature computer that you can find in all kinds of

GiCmos. (ome e"amples of common, every=day products that have microcontrollers are

built in. if it has buttons and a digital display, chances are it also has a programmable

microcontroller brain.

%icrocontrollers are designed for use in sophisticated real time applications such as

7. 1ndustrial 'ontrol

@. 1nstrumentation and

;. 1ntelligent computer peripherals

*hey are used in industrial applications to control

• %otor

• 3obotics

• iscrete and continuous process control

• 1n missile guidance and control

• 1n medical instrumentation

• Oscilloscopes

• *elecommunication

• Automobiles

• For scanning a keyboard

• riving an '

• For fre6uency measurements

• #eriod measurements

• %achinery

• Aerospace designs

• And other high tech devices



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ARCHITECTURE OF PIC 16F#73A



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o 3&(&* '13'41*

*he reset circuitry consist capacitor in series with 7?) resistor. When switch on

the supply the capacitor is changed and discharged gives high low pulse.

When power is turned on the circuit holds the 3(* pin high for an amount of time

that depends on the capacitor value and the rate at which it charges.

*o ensure a valid reset, the 3(* pin must be held high long enough to allow the

oscillator to start up plus two machine cycles. On power up, Hcc should rise

within appro"imately 7?ms. *he oscillator start=up time depends on the oscillator

fre6uency. For a 7? %-C crystal, the startup time is typically 7ms. Within the

given circuit, reducing Hcc 6uickly to Cero causes the 3(* pin voltage to

momentarily fall below Cero volt. -owever, this voltage is internally limited and

will not harm the device.

o O('1A*O3

'rystal oscillator is the one used to generate the pulses to the microcontroller and

it is also called as the heart of microcontroller. -ere we have used B %-C crystal

which generates pulses. 1t offers the highest precision /e"actnessEaccuracy0 and

stability. &ven the microcontroller has an internal 3' oscillator with a ma"imum

fre6uency of B %-C, noise affect it easily. +ecause of increasing of aging of

oscillator, resonant fre6uency varies and cannot get the fi"ed fre6uency. (o we use

crystal oscillator e"ternally for accuracy.



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WHY PIC"

%icrochip provides solutions for the entire performance range of 9=bit, 78=bit, and ;@=bitmicrocontrollers, with a powerful architecture, fle"ible memory technologies,

comprehensive easy=to=use development tools, complete technical documentation and

post design=in support through a global sales and distribution network. +enefits realiCed

by selecting %icrochips microcontroller solutions areJ

&asy migration across product families

ow=risk product development faster time to market

ower total system cost

@BE: support and 3egional *raining 'enters worldwide

#roduction programming services

'ertified 6uality

'onvenient ordering using microchip 13&'*

.



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WHY PID "

1: PID E;',)


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b0 #roportional /#0 A form of anticipatory action which slows the temperature rise

when approaching set=point. Hariations are more smoothly corrected but an offset will

occur /between set and achieved temperatures0 as conditions very.

Average heater power over a period of time is regulated and applied power is

proportional to the error between sensor temperature and set=point /usually by time

proportioning relay switching0. *he region over which power is thus varied is called the

#roportional +and /#+0 it is usually defined as a percentage of full scale.

Offset is the deviation of the sensor temperature from the desired value /set=point0.

*his can be adjusted out manually by means of a potentiometer adjustment /%anual

reset0 or automatically /1ntegral Action0.

c0 #roportional R erivative /#0 *he erivative term when combined with

proportional action improves control by sensing changes and correcting for them 6uickly.

*he proportional is effectively intensified /its gain is increased0 to achieve a 6uicker

response.

# action is commonly employed in general applications. 1ts use can help to minimiCe or

even eliminate overshoot on system start up, especially when an approach /overshoot

inhibition0 feature is incorporated.

d0 #roportional R 1ntegral R erivative /#10

Adding an integral term to # control can provide automatic and continuous elimination

of any offset. 1ntegral action operates in the steady state condition by shifting the

#roportional +and upscale or downscale until the system temperature and set=point

coincide.

e0 'hoosing #, # or #1

Although superior control can be achieved in many cases with #1 control action, values

of the #1 terms inappropriate to the application can cause problems.

1f an ade6uately powered system with good thermal response e"ists and the best possible

control accuracy is re6uired, full #1 control is recommended.



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1f somewhat less critical precision is demanded, the simpler # action will suffice and

will suit a board range of applications.

1f simple control is all that is re6uired, for instance to improve upon thermostatic

switching, #roportional /#0 or on=off action will suffice.

Adjustable #1 HaluesS

1f the controller specified offers adjustable #1 values, the opportunity e"ists to optimiCe

or 2tune5 the control loop to achieve the best possible accuracy in each case.

Harious tuning methods e"ist but the following techni6ue provides a simple approach.

2: O,,>,- C/ T)/( ?T8,-:*

F'( T8) PID C/

Firstly adjust # to minimum, to off and 1 to off /or some very large value if not to off0.

Full power is applied to the heaters and is switched off when the measured temperature

rises to set=point. *he resultant overshoots *? and the time taken to attain the ma"imum

overshoot t? /mins0, allow suitable #, 1 and values to be calculated.

*hese or similar values should then be set on the controller and good result will be

achieved.

For critical processes there are alternative more precise methods for obtaining optimum

#1 values. (uch methods are more time consuming and Auto *une

*echni6ues described below provide an attractive solution in most applications, simple or

comple".



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A8 T8) PID C/

Auto tune controllers utiliCe #1 terms and an 2approach5 feature which are all

optimiCed automatically. uring the first process warm=up the controller familiariCes

itself with the system dynamics and performs self=optimiCation. !o user adjustments are

re6uired for #1 values. (ome instruments include an 2approach5 feature to minimiCe or

eliminate start=up overshoot, also automatically.

3: C/ O88(*

Accurate and reliable energy regulations are essential for good control loop performance

if it is assumed that suitable #1 values have been determined and applied.

epending on the method of applying energy to the process, for e"ample electrical

energy to a resistive heating element, a suitable type of controller output arrangement

must be specified. 1n some cases, more than one output may be re6uired /e.g. for

multiCone heaters, heating=cooling applications0.



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TEMPERATURE SENSOR

*he %;< series are precision integrated=circuit temperature sensors, whoseoutput voltage is linearly proportional to the 'elsius /'entigrade0 temperature. *he

%;< thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in T )elvin, as

the user is not re6uired to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain

convenient 'entigrade scaling. *he %;< does not re6uire any e"ternal calibration or

trimming to provide typical accuracies of U7VBT' at room temperature and U;VBT' over a

full


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FEATURES OF LM35

'alibrated directly in T 'elsius /'entigrade0

inear R 7?.? mHET' scale factor

?.


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LI&UID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

1Y41 '3>(*A 1(#A> /'s0 has materials, which combines the properties of

both li6uids and crystals. 3ather than having a melting point, they have a temperature

range within which the molecules are almost as mobile as they would be in a li6uid, but

are grouped together in an ordered form similar to a crystal.

An ' consists of two glass panels, with the li6uid crystal material sandwiched in

between them. *he 's are lightweight with only a few millimeters thickness. (ince

the 's consume less power, they are compatible with low power electronic circuits

and can be powered for long durations.

*he ' does not generate light and so light is needed to read the display. +y using

backlighting, reading is possible in the dark. *he 's have long life and a wide

operating temperature range.



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*he 's have long life and a wide operating temperature range.

'hanging the display siCe or the layout siCe is relatively simple which makes the 's

more customers friendly.

*he 's used e"clusively in watches, calculators and measuring instruments are the

simple seven segment displays, having a limited amount of numeric data. *he recent

advances in technology have resulted in better legibility, more information displaying

capability and a wider temperature range. *hese have resulted in the 's being

e"tensively used in telecommunications and entertainment electronics. *he 's have

been started replacing the cathode ray tube /'3*s0 used for the display of te"t and

graphics and also in small *H applications.



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PCB DESIGNING

#rinted circuit boards sometimes abbreviated #'+. A flat board made of non=conductingmaterial, such as plastics or fiber glass on which chips and other electronic components

are mounded usually in pre=drilled holes designed to hold them.

*he components on a #'+ or more specifically the holes that hold them are connected

electrically by pre=defined conductive metal pathways that are printed on the surface of

the board. *he metal leads protruding from the electronic components are soldered to the

conductive metal pathways to form a connection. A #'+ should be held by the edges

and protected from dirt and static electricity to avoid damage.

#'+ forms the core of electronic e6uipment domestic and industrial. (ome of the areas

where #'+s are intensively used are computers, process control, telecommunication and

instrumentation.

*he manufacturing process consists of two methods$ print and etch, and plate and

etch.

*he software used in our project to obtain$

*he schematic layout is #3O*&4( : #3OF&((1O!A.

*he software for stimulating is 1(1( : #3OF&((1O!A.

*he software for wiring on #'+ board is A3&( : #3OF&((1O!A.

STEPS IN DESIGNING:

i. #&!A1ZA*1O!

ii. 311!G

iii. #A*1!G

iv. &*'-1!G

v.(O&3 %A()

vi. -O* A13 &H&1!G



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PCB LAYOUT



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FIRMWARE IMPLEMENTATION

E[

[ Author J #3O\&'* *&A%

[ File J #1.c

[ >ear J @?7?

[ Overview J *emperature #1 'ontroller means to control the temperature in a

fi"ed range, which is achieved with the help of a fanEcooler as well

as a heater. 4ser can (et the re6uired level by using three switches

namely 4#, OW! and (&*. [E

]include ^pic.hN

]include _lcd.h_

]include _delay.h_

]include ^stdio.hN

`'O!F1G/W*1( -(0$

]define (W`(&* 3+?

]define (W`4# 3+7

]define (W`! 3+@

]define 3>`-&A*&3 3+8

]define 3>`FA! 3+:

]define O! 7

]define OFF ?

]define *34& 7



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]define FA(&?

]define *O&3&!'& < EE Allowable *emp. 3ange (&*`#O1!* RE

*O&3&!'&

int (&*`#O1!* B?$ EE efault (et #oint B? egree 'elcius

bit (&*$ EE Flag to indicate the (tatus of settings

char msg78 _??_$

unsigned int read`adc/void0

AGO 7$

while/AGO0$

return//A3&(0$

EE temp /


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*31(A ?KFF$

*31(+ ?K?:$

*31(' ?K??$

A'O!? ?K'7$

A'O!7 ?K??$

3>`-&A*&3 OFF$

3>`FA! OFF$

lcd`init/0$

lcd`puts/_*&%# #1 'O!*33_0$

lcd`(ecline/?0$

lcd`puts/_ 'A( )O**A>1 _0$

EE7? sec delay

for/i ?$ i ^ B$ iRR0

elay%s/@


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lcd`puts/_-&A*&3 O!,FA! OF_0$

else if/temp N /(&*`#O1!* R *O&3&!'&00

3>`-&A*&3 OFF$

3>`FA! O!$

lcd`puts/_-&A*&3 OF,FA! O!_0$

else

3>`-&A*&3 OFF$

3>`FA! OFF$

lcd`puts/_-&A*&3 OF,FA! OF_0$

for/i ?$ i ^ 7?$ iRR0

if/Q(W`(&*0

EE (et )ey #ressedwhile/Q(W`(&*0$ EE Wait for )ey 3elease

(&* FA(&$ EE 3eady to &nter into (ettings

while/(&* FA(&0

lcd`clear/0$

sprintf/msg,_(.#JP@u_,(&*`#O1!*0$

lcd`puts/msg0$

while/(W`(&* (W`4# (W`!0$EE wait for a key depression

if/Q(W`(&*0 EE (et )ey #ressed

while/Q(W`(&*0$ EE Wait for )ey 3elease

(&* *34&$ EE (ettings Over



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elay%s/@


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CONCLUSION

We are pleasure to conclude our project on the topic 2Temperature PID Controller 5. *he

detail of this project has been made by members of our team sincerely with the

inspiration of out tutors.

*hrough this project we have done, sensing and maintaining the temperature using 1'

%;


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FUTURE SCOPE

!ow=a=days also these types of circuits can be used in large farms and in certain places

where we want to measure the current temperature and also to maintain the temperature

constant according to the users decision.

We can use in a wide variety of applications likeJ

• #oultry farm

• 1ndustries

• *hermal furnace

• +oiler

• %edical applications

• And in all temperature controlling areas



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BIBLIOGRAPHY

&lectronics For >ou /&F10 www.efy.com

www.microchip.com

www.mikroe.com

www.datasheetcatalog.com
http://www.efy.com/http://www.microchip.com/http://www.mikroe.com/http://www.datasheetcatalog.com/http://www.efy.com/http://www.microchip.com/http://www.mikroe.com/http://www.datasheetcatalog.com/

Documents

Temp Project Report PID