TEKNILLINEN KORKEAKOULUHELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

1olli.seppala@hut.fi

Hardware and Software

TEKNILLINEN KORKEAKOULUHELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

2olli.seppala@hut.fi

Hardware and Software:A complete design

• Hardware and software support each other

• Sometimes it is necessary to shift functions from software to hardware or the other way around

• Cost, speed,overall system complexity, development time and skills, etc. all affect design choices

TEKNILLINEN KORKEAKOULUHELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

3olli.seppala@hut.fi

Limitations of the software approach

• processors are more capable• but:

– power consumption– cost– programming– the solution must fit the application

TEKNILLINEN KORKEAKOULUHELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

4olli.seppala@hut.fi

Tradeoffs depend on appliction

• SOFTWARE– Cons:constraints:

• power budget• cost• security?

– Pros:• can be modified• easier to develop

• HARDWARE– Pros:

• lower power (sometimes)

• lower cost in volume• less vulnerable to

tampering

– Cons:• no modifications

TEKNILLINEN KORKEAKOULUHELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

5olli.seppala@hut.fi

Circuits

• A little electronics can go a long way• Design choices• Very few people are experts in

everything - so work with other experts to achieve more

• It is still good to know what is possible using other methods

TEKNILLINEN KORKEAKOULUHELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

6olli.seppala@hut.fi

Logic circuits

• discrete logic (74xx series components)

• AND, OR, NOR, NAND, XOR, and their combinations...

• Programmable logic is one way to consolidate digital logic circuits into fewer chips.

• Can be very fast, 250MHz

TEKNILLINEN KORKEAKOULUHELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

7olli.seppala@hut.fi

State machines/lookup tables

Source: http://www.caa.lcs.mit.edu/~devadas/6.004/Lectures/lect6/

TEKNILLINEN KORKEAKOULUHELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

8olli.seppala@hut.fi

State machines/lookup tables

• Simple state machines can be implemented as lookup charts

• For a fixed set of inputs, a fixed set of outputs

• Quick and easy to do with a PLD• Use logic design and logical algebra

to reduce ‘instructions’ to a minimum

TEKNILLINEN KORKEAKOULUHELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

9olli.seppala@hut.fi

PLD

• Programmable Logic Device• One-time or reprogrammable• Contain macrocells which consist of basic logic, a

1-bit memory, and multiplexers• Macrocells are linked by a configurable array of

logic.• A good example is the 22V10 Gate Array Logic

devicehttp://www.latticesemi.com/templates/_download.cfm?CFID=265847&CFTOKEN=66178828&AMID=120

TEKNILLINEN KORKEAKOULUHELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

10olli.seppala@hut.fi

Complex PLD

• Complex PLDs borrow capabilities from FPGAs (next) but need to be pre-programmed

• High-speed digital logic• Example: Cypress top-of-the-line

Delta39K CPLDhttp://www.cypress.com/cypress/prodgate/cpld/delta39k.html

TEKNILLINEN KORKEAKOULUHELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

11olli.seppala@hut.fi

Verilog/VHDL

• Verilog and VHDL are hardware description languages

• With them, one can create hardware implementations through programming

• Can be used to program all programmable devices and even design ASICs

• Cypress Technical Article on VHDL http://www.cypress.com/design/techarticles/skahill1.html

TEKNILLINEN KORKEAKOULUHELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

12olli.seppala@hut.fi

FPGA

• Field Programmable Gate Array• Recofigurable logic device• Can be reprogrammed in a short

time in-circuit• Xilinx FPGA brochure

http://www.xilinx.com/partinfo/ds031-1.pdf

• Xilinx FPGA detailshttp://www.xilinx.com/partinfo/ds031-2.pdf

TEKNILLINEN KORKEAKOULUHELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

13olli.seppala@hut.fi

DES/3DES En/Decryption

• A complex algorithm in a 25MHz AVR microcontroller with FPGA at 4.2 MByte/Sec throughput

http://www.atmel.com/journal/documents/issue4/pg29_30_des3des.pdf

TEKNILLINEN KORKEAKOULUHELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

14olli.seppala@hut.fi

ASIC

• Application Specific Integrated Circuit

• Multiple analog and/or digital components incorporated in a single chip

• www.fincitec.com

TEKNILLINEN KORKEAKOULUHELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

15olli.seppala@hut.fi

System On Chip

Source: http://www.altera.com/products/devices/excalibur/exc-arm_index.html

A combination of a System On Chip and programmable logic

TEKNILLINEN KORKEAKOULUHELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

16olli.seppala@hut.fi

System On Chip pt2

Source: www.zflinux.com

A basic PC on a chip, just add memory and connectors

TEKNILLINEN KORKEAKOULUHELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

17olli.seppala@hut.fi

Programmable System on Chip

• Triscend www.triscend.com• A fixed core (uProc)• configurable logic• configurable peripherals• Can reduce system cost significantly

for low and medium volumes