Technology Strategies for Aviation Safety Michael S. Lewis Director Aviation Safety Program Aviation Safety Program NASA Langley Research Center NASA/FAA/Industry

Technology Strategies for Technology Strategies for Aviation SafetyAviation Safety

Michael S. Lewis Michael S. Lewis DirectorDirector

Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety ProgramNASA Langley Research CenterNASA Langley Research Center

NASA/FAA/IndustryNASA/FAA/Industry

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Langley Research CenterLangley Research CenterNovember 15-16, 1999November 15-16, 1999

““We will achieve a national goal of reducing the We will achieve a national goal of reducing the fatal aircraft accident rate by 80% within 10 years.”fatal aircraft accident rate by 80% within 10 years.”

President William J. Clinton, President William J. Clinton, February 12, 1997February 12, 1997

FINAL REPORT

TO

VICE PRESIDENT AL GORE, CHAIRMAN

FEBRUARY 12, 1997

White House Commission on Aviation Safety and Security

PRESIDENT CLINTON

Regist Severity Location Aircraft Type Number (Fatalities)

TUES MAY-12-98 CLARKSTON, MI Cessna 150K N5876G Nonfatal FRISCO, TX Beech 76 N6701C Fatal (1) DAVIS, WV Beech A36 N72141 Fatal (4) CLEVELAND, OH Grumman G-44 N1AS Nonfatal HOLBROOK, AZ Beech A23-24 N6092N Nonfatal SEMMES, AL M2 SPORT 1000 NONE Fatal (2)

WED MAY-13-98 ISANTI, MN Cessna A185F N7140H Nonfatal GORMAN, CA Bellanca 7GCBC N11867 Fatal (1) VILLA RICA, GA Revolution MINI-500 N355RM Nonfatal

THUR MAY-14-98 MONTGOMERY, AL Beech BE-45-T-34B N9280Z Nonfatal WEST CHICAGO, IL Enstrom F28 N86238 Nonfatal DEWITT, AR Ayers SR2-T34 N393KW Nonfatal CLARKSBURG, CA Piper PA-22 N198TP Nonfatal TEMECULA, CA Bell 206B N90215 Nonfatal MCCALLA, AL Taylorcraft BC-12D N96750 Fatal (1)

FRI MAY-15-98 PALMER, AK Cessna 172 N9212H Fatal (2) LAGRANGE, WI Commander 114-B N6059C Fatal (4) ABILENE, TX Cessna 180 N4775B Nonfatal

NTSB May 1998 General Aviation Accidents

4 Days in May = 18 GA Accidents4 Days in May = 18 GA Accidents (7 Fatal, 15 Fatalities)(7 Fatal, 15 Fatalities)Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program

Langley Research Center (Lead)Langley Research Center (Lead)

Ames Research CenterAmes Research Center

Glenn Research CenterGlenn Research Center

Dryden Flight Research CenterDryden Flight Research Center

• 1998 - 2004 1998 - 2004

• $500M$500M

Close coordination withClose coordination withFAA & IndustryFAA & Industry

NASA’s Aviation Safety InitiativeNASA’s Aviation Safety Initiative

NASA Aviation Safety Initiatives NASA Aviation Safety Initiatives

Aviation Safety Program OfficeAviation Safety Program OfficeAviation Safety Program OfficeAviation Safety Program OfficeFocusedProgram

Projects

System-Wide System-Wide Accident Accident

PreventionPrevention

Tina Beard Tina Beard (ARC)(ARC)




Single Aircraft Single Aircraft Accident Accident


John White(LaRC)



John White(LaRC)

SyntheticSyntheticVisionVision

Daniel BaizeDaniel Baize(LaRC)(LaRC)



Aviation System Aviation System Monitoring & Monitoring &

ModelingModeling

Yuri Gawdiak(ARC)


ModelingModeling

Yuri Gawdiak(ARC)

Accident Accident MitigationMitigation

Douglas Rohn(GRC)


Douglas Rohn(GRC)

2.62.62.32.32.12.1 2.52.5Weather Weather Accident Accident


Ronato Colantonio (GRC)

Weather Weather Accident Accident



2.42.4

• System Monitoring• Data Sharing• Data Analysis

• Human Error Modeling• Maintenance Human Factors• Training

• Health Management & Flt Crit Sys Design• Control Upset Mgmt• Engine Containment

• Wx Info Distribution & Presentation• Weather Information Communication• Turbulence Detection & Mitigation

• Systems Approach to Crashworthiness• Fire Prevention

Elements

2.22.2

• Commercial & Business Aircraft• GA & Rotorcraft• Enhanced Vision Sensors and Enabling Technologies

R&T BasePrograms

InformationTechnology

Eugene Tu(ARC)

Propulsion

Frank Berkopec(GRC)

AerospaceVehicle

Technologies

Darrel Tenney(LaRC)

AviationOperations

Systems

Vic Lebacqz

(ARC)

Rotorcraft

John Coy(ARC)

• Icing • Fatigue• Design Principles• Training• Human Error

• Information Integrity• Data Sharing

• Engine Fail. Containment

• Rotorcraft Pilot Aiding• SAFOR

• Aging Aircraft• Crew Station Design and Integration

Elements(R&T Base)

TechnologyTechnology Strategies for Strategies for Aviation Safety Aviation Safety

(7 of them)(7 of them)

“ “Eliminate the #1 factor in fatal Eliminate the #1 factor in fatal commercial commercial andand general aviation accidents” general aviation accidents”

(and at the same time address the #1 cause of airport delays)(and at the same time address the #1 cause of airport delays)

Crew D

istractio

n

ATC Communicatio

ns

Crew/A

utomatio

n Erro

rs

Inop Gro

und Equip

Failure

to fo

llow pro

cedure

VisibilityVisibility

STRATEGYSTRATEGY #1#1

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Digital Terrain Data Base



Certified Operation



Precision Navigation



Flight Deck Displays

““Eliminate the #1 cause of Eliminate the #1 cause of non-fatalnon-fatal accidents and injuries” accidents and injuries”


Space-based Detection

Hazard Characterization Onboard Detection

Nowcasts / Forecasts

Turbulence Research ThrustsTurbulence Research Thrusts

Time (min.)43 43.5 44 44.5 45 45.5 4610

5

0

5

10

Lidar (lagged 9 sec) TAS

“ “Improve the single highest Improve the single highest General Aviation safety risk factor”General Aviation safety risk factor”

Weather Decision-making Weather Decision-making


MKCC WST 221355CONVECTIVE SIGMET 49CVALID UNTIL 1555ZIL IN KYFROM IND-30SSW LOZ-60ESE FAM-INDAREA TS MOV FROM 30030KT. TOPS ABV FL450.CONVECTIVE SIGMET 50CVALID UNTIL 1555ZIL MOFROM 20N BRL-40N DEC-50NE FAM-30N VIH-20N BRLAREA SEV TS MOV FROM 29035KT. TOPS ABV FL450.HAIL TO 1 IN...WIND GUSTS TO 50 KT POSS.OUTLOOK VALID 221555-221955FROM ORD-EKN-CLT-DYR-SGF-MKC-DSM-CID-ORDTS CONTG TO MOVE THRU MID MS VLY/LWR OHIO VLY. AMS ALG/S OFQSTNRY SFC FNTL BNDRY THRU CNTRL PLAINS SE TO NC CST RMNS MOISTAND UNSTABLE. S-SWLY FLOW AT LOW LVLS INTSECTG BDRY OVR MID MISAND LWR OHIO VLYL HELPING TO MAINTAIN TS ACT. SOME WKNGPSBL...HOWEVER...EXP NEW DVLPMNT IN THE 15Z TO 18Z HRS.RFM

Text Printout ofConvective SIGMET

Cockpit Weather Presentation

Weather Information Products Weather Information Products

Weather Information Products Weather Information Products

AWINAWIN

Volcanic AshVolcanic Ash

WindsWinds

TurbulenceTurbulence

IcingIcing

Ceiling &Ceiling &VisibilityVisibility

LightningLightning

Aviation Weather Information (AWIN) Aviation Weather Information (AWIN)

Accomplishments:• Established data center• Installed and tested multiple

datalinks• Developed pilot interface• Installed and tested multiple

data links between ground and aircraft

• Flight demonstrated complete end-to-end system on Cessna Citation

• Multiple products delivered to the flight deck:

• Turbulence Detection• Weather Radar (US Only)• Satellite• Convective Forecast• Convective Detection• METARs

Future Plans: • Installation of WINN system in

an airline transport aircraft flying normal revenue operations

Air Carrier Cockpit Display of Weather Information (AOS)

Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program

Initial operation capabilitySun ‘n Fun 2000

One year capabilityOshkosh AirVenture 2000

Full operation capabilityOshkosh AirVenture 2002

Planned Coverage (5000’ AGL)

Accomplishment:•Uplink high resolution weather radar using compact low-cost ground stations•Open standard digital protocol (VDL Mode 2)•Selected by FAA to implement/provide national weather in the cockpit capability to general aviation beginning early ‘00

Future Plans: •System will be expanded to 20 ground stations •Three geographically diverse areas• Tested in “real-world”conditions using 32 participating aircraft

Aviation Weather Information (AWIN)Aviation Weather Information (AWIN)

General Aviation Cockpit Display of Weather Information


Digital Radio Technology

WorldSpace Receivers

•Low cost receivers•Low cost bit rate•Satellite broadcast•Wide area coverage•Ground up coverage


“ “Look after the accident Look after the accident chain’s most frequent link” chain’s most frequent link”

The People The People


Human Factors Research ThrustsHuman Factors Research Thrusts

Maintenance Human FactorsMaintenance Human Factors

Training EffectivenessTraining Effectiveness

Human/Automation IntegrationHuman/Automation Integration

Human Error ModelingHuman Error Modeling

“ “Prevent and/or Manage Prevent and/or Manage Aircraft System Failures” Aircraft System Failures”

Health Management Health Management


Aircraft System Failure PreventionAircraft System Failure Prevention

Health Management - Propulsion System - Airframe Structure - Flight Systems

Flt Critical Sys Design - Design Correctness - Fault Tolerance - Functional Integrity

VHF Data Link

• Prognostics to Flight Crew

• Fault & Failure Diagnostics to Ground Crew

Satellite Link

• Fault & Failure Data to Manufacturer

• Fault & Failure Data to Control System

In-Flight Operation of Active Side-Stick/HUMS Sensorsin UH-60 RASCAL Aircraft

• Advanced Robust Digital Sensors Full-time High-Bandwidth

Component and System Monitoring

• On-Board Signal Processing Real-time fatigue monitoring and limit exceedance predictions

• Pilot Cueing to Reduce Workload Usage management Damage avoidance Maneuver envelope enhancement/safety

Right Tierod

-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

Time (ms)

Load (lbs)

Analog Right Tierod (lbs)

Digital Right Tierod (lbs)


““Quantifiably and continually assess Quantifiably and continually assess aviation system operations”aviation system operations”

• Narrative Data:Narrative Data: Aviation Safety Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS), NAOMS Reporting System (ASRS), NAOMS

• Operational Data:Operational Data: Aviation Aviation Performance Measurement System Performance Measurement System (APMS)(APMS)

• System Data:System Data: Performance Data Performance Data Analysis and Recording System Analysis and Recording System (PDARS), Aviation System Monitoring & (PDARS), Aviation System Monitoring & ModelingModeling


Aviation Operational Performance MonitoringAviation Operational Performance Monitoring

Example: Example: Targeted QueriesTargeted Queries

Search anySearch anyportion of the portion of the databasedatabase prescribed byprescribed bythe user the user

for any patternfor any patternof flight of flight parametersparameters defined by defined by the user.the user.

LAX Departures to SFO,OAK,SJC,SMF Colored by Climb/Descent Rate


Performance Data Analysis and Recording System (PDARS)

Example:

Simple SystemMeasures

LAX Arrivals – Colored by Runway


Example:

Simple LocalAirport Measures


Deviation From Direct-to-Distance > 5% (above FL200)

May 6, 1999


Example:

OperationalEfficiencyMeasures


SFO Arrival Tracks Colored By Closest Aircraft

Less Than:

2nm and 3000ft

3nm and 3000ft

5nm and 2000ft

10nm and 1000ft

Default


Example:

SafetyMeasures


• Proliferating SoftwareProliferating Software

• Digital SystemsDigital Systems

• Capacity GrowthCapacity Growth

• GA High FlyersGA High Flyers

• Aging AircraftAging Aircraft

“ “Plan for the Future”Plan for the Future”


SummarySummary

1) 1) Make every flight the equivalent of clear-day Make every flight the equivalent of clear-day operationsoperations

2)2) Accurately detect and provide sufficient alerts for Accurately detect and provide sufficient alerts for severe turbulencesevere turbulence

3)3) Bring real-time graphical weather into the cockpitBring real-time graphical weather into the cockpit

4)4) Improve the human/machine integration in Improve the human/machine integration in design, operations, and maintenancedesign, operations, and maintenance

5)5) Track the long-term and real-time health of on-Track the long-term and real-time health of on-board systemsboard systems

6)6) Continuously monitor and assess Continuously monitor and assess allall the data the data from from everyevery flight for both known and unknown flight for both known and unknown issuesissues

7)7) Prepare for future issuesPrepare for future issues

Seven Technology Strategies Seven Technology Strategies for Aviation Safetyfor Aviation Safety

Breakout SessionsBreakout Sessions

• Weather– Jai Shin, AvSP Deputy Program

Manager, Glenn Research Center

– Paul Stough, AWIN Element Manager

• Synthetic Vision– Dan Baize, Synthetic Vision

Systems Project Manager

• Aviation System Monitoring and Modeling

• System Wide Accident Preventon– Brian Smith, AvSP Deputy Program

Manager, Ames Research Center

• Single Aircraft Accident Prevention

• Accident Mitigation– George Finelli, AvSP Deputy

Program Manager, Langley Research Center

– John White, Single Aircraft Accident Prevention Project Manager

– Lisa Jones, Crashworthiness Element Manger

Session #1 Session #2


Thank YouThank You

AvSPAvSP OrganizationOrganization

Aviation Safety Program OfficeAviation Safety Program OfficeMichael Lewis, Director

George Finelli, Deputy Director Connie Smith, Secretary

Brian Smith, Dep Prog Mgr (ARC) Frank Jones, Asst Tech MgmtJaiwon Shin, Dep Prog Mgr (GRC) Glenn Bond, Senior Prog Analyst

Aviation Safety Program OfficeAviation Safety Program OfficeMichael Lewis, Director

George Finelli, Deputy Director Connie Smith, Secretary

Brian Smith, Dep Prog Mgr (ARC) Frank Jones, Asst Tech MgmtJaiwon Shin, Dep Prog Mgr (GRC) Glenn Bond, Senior Prog Analyst

Technical IntegrationTechnical IntegrationVincent Schultz (LaRC)

Technical IntegrationTechnical IntegrationVincent Schultz (LaRC)

Program

Projects









John White(LaRC)



John White(LaRC)






ModelingModeling

Yuri Gawdiak(ARC)


ModelingModeling

Yuri Gawdiak(ARC)


Douglas Rohn(GRC)


Douglas Rohn(GRC)

2.62.62.32.32.12.1 2.52.5

1.11.1Program IntegrationProgram IntegrationMichael Basehore (FAA)Carrie Walker (Hq)Michael Durham (LaRC)

Program IntegrationProgram IntegrationMichael Basehore (FAA)Carrie Walker (Hq)Michael Durham (LaRC)

1.21.2







2.42.4

• System Monitoring• Data Sharing• Data Analysis

• Human Error Modeling• Maintenance Human Factors• Training

• Health Management & Flt Crit Sys Design• Control Upset Mgmt• Engine Containment

• Wx Info Distribution & Presentation• Weather Information Communication• Turbulence Detection & Mitigation

• Systems Approach to Crashworthiness• Fire Prevention

Elements

2.22.2

• Commercial & Business Aircraft• GA & Rotorcraft• Enhanced Vision Sensors and Enabling Technologies


-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 50 100 150 200

Vertical Acceleration, G's

Time, msec

Floor-Level Acceleration Pulse

Crash Sequence Post-Crash Photo

• Full-scale crash test of Sikorsky Advance Composite Airframe Program (ACAP) helicopter at NASA-LaRC Impact Dynamics Research Facility

• Addressed issues with composite materials, landing gear, energy-absorbing subfloor and seating

• Test to provide data for validation of computer crash simulation.

0

15

30

45

60

75

90

105

120

135

150

165

180

195

TURB

EVACLDG

ERRO

RSCO

NT DRG

T/O

SYS/CO

MP F

AILFIR

E I/F-U

NK

CONT IN

TRFRNCE

IMPRPR M

AINT

APP&LDG C

ONFIG

RWY C

OND

T/O C

ONFIG

ICIN

G-G

ROUND

GRND H

ANDLING

Citings

Injuries

FAR Part 121 Scheduled - Non-Fatal FAR Part 121 Scheduled - Non-Fatal Accident Category Tall Poles: 1990-1996Accident Category Tall Poles: 1990-1996

Deviation From Direct-to-Distance > 20% (5000-FL200)

May 6, 1999

Selected LAX Departures Colored by Destination

Example: Standard assessments of key eventsExample: Standard assessments of key events

Vertical Speed (ft/min)

0

20

40

60

80

10

00

12

00

14

00

16

00

18

00

20

00

22

00

% flights

CAS (kt)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

13

5

14

5

15

5

16

5

17

5

% flights

Height above Runway (ft)

0

10

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30

40

0

50

10

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15

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20

0

25

0

30

0

% flights

Pitch Angle (degrees)

0

10

20

30

40

7.5 8

8.5 9

9.5 10

% flights

Aviation Operational Performance MonitoringAviation Operational Performance Monitoring

At Gear RetractionAt Gear Retraction

Documents

Technology Strategies for Aviation Safety Michael S. Lewis Director Aviation Safety Program Aviation Safety Program NASA Langley Research Center NASA/FAA/Industry