Tech

nic

al s

ervi

ces

/ B

asic

kn

owle

dge

and

tech

nol

ogy

12

2

The information in this brochure is intended for general guidance only and is given without engagement. Additional information and advice on specific applications is available from our Technical Support Team. For this however, we require a precise description of your particular application. All the data in this brochure concerning work with our fixings must be adapted to suit local conditions and the type of materials in use. If no detailed performance specifications are given for certain articles and types, please contact out Technical Service Department for further advice.

Tech

nic

al s

ervi

ces

/ B

asic

kn

owle

dge

and

tech

nol

ogy

12

3

Tech

nical services / B

asic know

ledge and tech

nology

Technical advice

fischer Technical Sales Support

OUR SERVICE

▪ Technical advice and product recommendation.

▪ Support for engineers, consultants and craftsmen.

▪ Specialist fixing solutions and anchor technology.

▪ Tailored seminars dedicated to engineers, consultants, architects.

E-mail: technical@fischer.co.uk

Phone: 01491 827 920

Free Phone: 0800 328 2630

Fax: 01491 827 950

www.fischer.co.uk

SPECIFIC ADVICE SERVICE

▪ At fischer our aim is to provide the very best technical support to compliment our vast range of quality products. The fischer group currently lead the way in producing technically advanced products having gained many European Technical Approvals (ETA’s). ▪ The constant investment in Research & Development has resulted in more than 7000 patents awarded to date. This investment combined with a constant exchange of information between professional users, Universities and Technical Research Institutions ensures that fischer remains at the forefront of the very latest developments within the construction industry. ▪ All historical developments and subsequent knowledge is available to you via our highly trained Technical Services Team who can offer support, advice and specifications at all stages of the design and construction process.

ACT enquiries: act@fischer.co.uk

12

4

Tech

nic

al s

ervi

ces

/ B

asic

kn

owle

dge

and

tech

nol

ogy

12

SITE SERVICE

▪ With our dedicated team of Technical Field Engineers, fischer can offer a wide range of on-site testing services ranging from proof load testing, for suitability, or failure load testing in problematic materials. ▪ All on-site testing is carried out in accordance with the Construction Fixing Association guidelines. ▪ Our highly trained Technical Field Engineers are available to discuss your applications face to face. ▪ They are available to offer on- site assistance including testing, demonstrations and tool box talks. In addition, they can give assistance at design or planning stages to both architects and engineers.

Toolbox talks On-site assistance

Technical support and service

ONE DAY SEMINARS

▪ We offer a series of 1 day seminars designed to introduce the science of fixings to both distributors and end users alike. We aim to take the delegates through all types of fixings and provide them with a good working knowledge of products and applications, with a strong emphasis on safety and durability. ▪ The training covers aspects of both theoretical and practical hands-on training so that the delegates can put into practice all that is learnt in the classroom.

EXTERNAL SEMINARS

▪ We can offer seminars held at your company’s premises or at a location convenient to suit the needs of your staff or students. ▪ The training can provide valuable assistance in the choice of fixing products and highlight sales features and performance benefits provided by fischer products.

SITE DEMONSTRATIONS

▪ In order to fully support installers and tradesman on site, fischer offer a range of on-site training and services including tool box talks. This will allow the installer to be confident that they are using correct installation techniques.

SPECIFICATION ADVISORY SERVICE dvsory Service

▪ Calculations ▪ Method statements ▪ Health & Safety Data Sheets ▪ Technical data Sheets ▪ Full product support offering value engineering solutions.

Advisory service

5

Tech

nical services / B

asic know

ledge and tech

nology

12

TECHNICAL CATALOGUE

The catalogue provides general technical information on the range of fischer nylon, steel and resin anchors plus information on specialist product ranges such as sanitary, foams and sealants, scaffold, insulation fixings etc.

TECHNICAL HANDBOOK

The handbook provides useful information for Specification Engineers. It contains in depth information relating to the range of technically advanced steel and resin anchor calculation details, reduction factors and spacings etc. Topics like anchor performance in fire, corrosion and design methods are also included.

DESIGN SOFTWARE - COMPUFIX

Compufix Anchor Design ProgrammeA must for every Specification Engineer.

Additional features include: ▪ Baseplate design ▪ Approval details ▪ Installation details ▪ CAD database

SUBSTRATE REPORTS

Detailed substrate reports available indicating the performance of suitable fixings in specific building materials, including manufacturers such as:

Technical Literature + Design Software

11

fischer Substrate Report Summary 2012 / 01

For further information on the different substrates and fixings please contact the Technical Department - see back cover.

Hanson

THERMALITE

Acheson GLOVERTHE ACHESON &GLOVER GROUP

COBIAX DECK

Technical Handbook International

For additional information, please contact the fischer technical department on 01491 827920.

Fischer Fixings UK Limited Technical Department

Method Statement for installation of

fischer Threaded rod FIS A or RG M 12 with fischer Injection mortar FIS V into hollow core Block.

Accessories: fischer Threaded rod FIS A or RG M 12

Injection mortal FIS V 360 S with FIS DMS, FIS AM application gun: FISH 20x85 N – Anchor Sleeve

Highbond-brush FHB-B Blow-out pump ABG big Installation: • Drill 20mm diameter hole to a depth of 95mm on centreline of fixing position. (fig 1) • Remove any debris from the hole. This should be done by using ABP cleaning gun or

ABG dust pump and also metal brush. Blow-out Twice, Brush Twice. • Place the FISH 20x85 N in to the hole. (fig 2) • Place the cartridge in the injection gun and discharge resin until the colour becomes

evenly mixed. Not doing this could lead to the resin not curing • Fit special adaptor to the mixing nozzle ( included in the box of sleeves) Inject the resin

into the sleeve until resin backs out of the collar. (fig 3) • Immediately after resin is injected into the sleeve, twist M12 threaded rod into the resin

through the collar. • Leave resin to cure completely before applying any load. Curing time is dependant on the

temperature. The cure time table can be found on the side of the cartridge. • Using a calibrated torque wrench tighten nuts to recommended torque of 4 Nm. (fig 5)

fig 1 fig 2 fig 3 fig 4

fig 5

Anchor Base Temperature oC - 5 0 +5 +20 +30 +40 Curing Times Min 24 hrs 180 90 60 45 35 Cartridge Temperature oC +5 +20 +30 +40 Gelling Times Min 13 5 4 2

METHOD STATEMENTS

▪ MSDS data sheets available for a full range of chemical products. ▪ Method statements detailing

installation techniques available on request. ▪ Bison

▪ Knauf ▪ Thermalite ▪ Tarmac Topfloor ▪ Lafarge ▪ Forticrete ▪ Tarmac Topblock ▪ Finlay Concrete Products

fischer UK

12

6

Tech

nic

al s

ervi

ces

/ B

asic

kn

owle

dge

and

tech

nol

ogy

Continual Professional Development (CPD) Seminars

SEMINAR TOPICS

Current topics that can be covered during these seminars include:

▪ Design of anchors ▪ Hall of shame ▪ Introduction to European Technical

Approvals ▪ Advanced solutions for rainscreen

façades with undercut technology

CONTACT DETAILS

To arrange a presentation or to obtain further information please contact the Technical Services Department:

Phone: 01491 827 920Fax: 01491 827 953Email: technical@fischer.co.ukwww.fischer.co.uk

CFA ASSOCIATION

fischer (UK) Ltd. is a member of the Construction Fixings Association.

The mission of the CFA is to “Ensure Best Fixing Practice”

The CFA represents major manufacturers of fixing systems which are set in drilled holes in all construction materials including Concrete, Brickwork, Blockwork, Stonework and Plasterboard - many with European Technical Approvals (ETAs).

SEMINAR EXAMPLES

An opportunity to discover more about correct specification of anchors, types and systems from one of largest fixings manufacturer

▪ Basic Principles of Fixings. Fixing solutions for various building substrates, latest innovations in anchor technology, ETA approvals, bad practice examples.

▪ Hall of Shame: Bad practice and fixing failure examples, why they happened and how they could be avoided.

▪ Design of anchors to the latest regulations using Compufix - Are you ready?What influences the performance of anchors, design methodology, latest regulations, presentation of design software Compufix and project case studies demonstrating how to optimize anchor connections quickly and safely.

▪ Basic Principles of FireStop: The role of Firestop, building regulations, statistics, how FireStop products work, typical products and systems.

▪ Advanced Solutions for Rainscreen facades with Undercut Anchor Technology. Rainscreen principles, potential problems with traditional methods, advantages of advanced cladding systems, project examples including glass.

CPD SEMINARS

With separate seminars available for architects and engineers, combined with the flexibility to tailor the seminar to areas of specific interest, we can offer you the convenience of a 1-hour lunchtime seminar at your premises. A complimentary light lunch will be provided whilst you listen to and question the Technical Field Engineers on fischer’s 50+ years of fixing experience. CPD certificates are given to all who attend

12

7

Tech

nical services / B

asic know

ledge and tech

nology

8

Tech

nic

al s

ervi

ces

/ B

asic

kn

owle

dge

and

tech

nol

ogy

12

Basic knowledge of fastening technology

Country Specimen Dimensions1) [cm] Concrete strength class Unit Standard

China Cube 15 x 15 x 15 C15, C20, C25, C30, C35, C40, C45, C55, C60 N/mm2 GBJ 10-89

Denmark Cylinder 15 x 30 5, 10, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55 N/mm2 DS 411

Germany Cube 15 x 15 x 15C12/15, C16/20, C20/25, C25/30, C30/37, C40/50,

C45/55, C50/60N/mm2 DIN 1045-1

France Cylinder 16 x 32C20/25, C25/30, C30/37, C35/45, C40/50, C45/55,

C50/60 N/mm2

Great Britain Cube 15 x 15 x 15 C20/25 N/mm2 BS 1881:Part 116

Italy Cube15 x 15 x 1516 x 16 x 1620 x 20 x 20

C12/15, C20/25, C30/37, C40/50, C50/60 N/mm2 ENV 206

Japan Cylinder 10 x 20 ≧15 N/mm2 JIS A 1108

Korea Cylinder 10 x 20 C 180, C 210, C 240, C 270, C 300 kg/cm2 KS F 2405

The Netherlands Cube 15 x 15 x 15 B15, B25, B35, B45, B55, B65 N/mm2 NEN 6720

Austria Cube 20 x 20 x 20B5/B80, B10/B120, B15/B160,

B20/B225, B25/B300, B30/350,B40/B500, B50/B600, B60/B700

N/mm2 / kp/cm2 ÖN B 4200

Sweden Cube 15 x 15 x 15K8, K12, K16, K20, K25, K30, K35,K40, K45, K50, K55, K60, K70, K80

N/mm2 BBK 79

Switzerland Cube 20 x 20 x 20 B25/15, B30/20, B35/25, B40/30, B45/35, B50/40 N/mm2 SIA 162

Spain Cylinder 15 x 30

non-reinforced:HM-20, HM-25, HM-30, HM-35, HM-40, HM-45, HM-50 reinforced concrete:HA-25, HA-30, HA-35, HA-40, HA-45, HA-50 Prestressed concrete:HP-25, HP-30, HP-35, HP-40, HP-45, HP-50

N/mm2 EHE

USA Cylinder 15 x 30 2000, 3000, 4000, 6000 PSI ACI 318

Building materials

● Concrete

The substrate and its quality is decisive for selection of the fixing: A differentiation is made between concrete, masonry and panel building materials.Concrete is made from a mixture of cement, additives and water. The main properties of concrete are: ▪ High compressive strength, but only low tensile strength (≈ 10% of the compressive strength). ▪ Insertion of reinforcement steel (individual bars or mats) increases the tensile strength (steel + concrete = reinforced concrete) ▪ Easily reproduced and regulated by standards so it represents an ideal anchor base.

Concrete strength classes in different countries

Concrete is mainly divided into two categories:Standard concrete and lightweight concrete: While standard concrete contains gravel, lightweight concrete comprises additives like pumice, expanded clay or Styropore, usually with lower compressive strength. Among other things, this leads to unfavourable conditions for anchoring fixings.The performance of a heavy duty fixing depends, amongst other things, on the compressive and tensile strength of the concrete. This is indicated by the numbers in the abbreviations: e. g., the most frequently occurring concrete strength is C 20/25 for a cube compressive strength of 25 N/mm².

Essentials...

1) Conversion: fCylinder

= 0.85 x fCube, 20x20x20

; fCube, 15x15x15

= 1.05 x fCube, 20x20x20

9

Tech

nical services / B

asic know

ledge and tech

nology

12

▸ Expert tip

▪ Standard concrete qualities: C12/15 to C 50/60, even higher qualities are available for special applications. The anchors that are mainly approved for concrete may be used from a concrete quality of C 20/25 up to a max. of C 50/60.

▪ C 20/25 means: C = Concrete 20 = Compressive strength f

ck or f

ck,cyl of a concrete test cylinder

(Ø 150 mm, height 300 mm) in N/mm2 25 = Compressive strength f

ck, cube of a concrete test cube (edge length

150 mm) in N/mm2

▪ Normal concrete without accelerating additives reaches its nominal strength after 28 days. Only then can the fixing be applied, in compliance with the approval.

▪ Fresh concrete: still processible up to an hour after laying.

▪ Green concrete: up to 4 hours old, hardening, no longer processing.

▪ New concrete: 4 hours to 28 days old, hardening, minimum compressive strength not yet reached.

▪ Hard concrete: older than 28 days, hardened, nominal strength reached.

▪ Anchors used in new concrete can be installed only when the required minimum compressive strength is reached and can be loaded only after the specified compressive strength is reached.

▪ Concrete always shows cracks (shrinkage during hardening, burdening)

▪ In cracked concrete, crack-suitable anchors must be used, which must be able to expand for opening of cracks (expansion anchor, e.g. FAZ II), anchor via form lock (undercut anchor e.g. FZA) or the adhesive bond must be suitable for the tensile area (see chemical anchors for suitable systems).

▪ Cutting through reinforcement steel while making drill holes is not permitted. In special cases, non load-bearing steels can be cut after consultation with the responsible structural engineer (diamond coring).

▪ The concrete must be load-bearing along the entire length of the drill hole (no honeycombs or cavities).

Masonry shows a larger variety in contrast to the anchoring base concrete. The width of different bricks that are joined together using different mortars into a single masonry wall is varied.

Masonry can be divided as follows:

▪ Type of brick (e.g. natural stone, bricks, lime stone or cellular concrete masonry).

▪ The structure (e.g. single or double layer).

▪ The strength class and gross density of the brick.

Generally, four groups of masonry blocks are differentiated:

1. Solid blocks with dense structure are building materials that are very resistant to compressive loads without cavities or with only a low percentage of hole surfaces (up to max. 15%, e. g. as grip-hole). They are very well suited for anchoring fixings.

2. Perforated bricks with a dense structure (perforated and hollow checker bricks) These are mostly manufactured from the same compressive strength materials as the solid blocks but are provided with cavities. If higher loads are introduced into these building materials, special fixings should be used (e. g. injection anchorings), like those which bridge or fill out the cavities.

3. Solid blocks with porous structure usually have a very large number of pores and low compressive strength. Therefore, special fixings should be used for optimal fastening, e. g. fixings with long expansion zone and fixings that engage with the material.

4. Perforated bricks with porous structure (light perforated bricks) have many cavities and pores and thus usually low compressive strength. In this case, special care is needed in selection and installation of the correct fixing. Suitable fixings include those with a long expansion zone or injection anchors with a form locking anchorage especially with light concrete hollow blocks, with cavities that can be filled with polystyrene.Light concrete hollow blocks, e. g. of pumice or expanding

clay

1

1. Solid sand-lime brick2. Solid blocks, also known as brick or clinker brick

2

1. Horizontal coring brick and vertical perforated brick are often described as perforated bricks or honeycomb bricks.

2. Perforated sand-lime brick

3

1. Brick made of simple concrete, expanded clay,2. Aircrete

Building materials

● Masonry

Basic knowledge of fastening technology

4

10

Tech

nic

al s

ervi

ces

/ B

asic

kn

owle

dge

and

tech

nol

ogy

12

Panel building materials are thin-walled materials that are often only low strength e.g. plasterboard such as “British Gypsum”, “Knauf”, “LaGyp”, “Norgips”; Gypsum fibreboard like “Fermacell”, “Rigicell” or chip board, hard fibre boards, and plywood, amongst others.

Special fixings must be selected for maximum reinforcement; such as cavity fixings. These are fixings made of plastic or metal which expand on the reverse side of the panel in the cavity.

Pre-stressed hollow core concrete slabs are concrete slabs that contain standardised cavities and are reinforced with tensioning wires (steel wires) on the under side. The size of the cavities and the distance from one another, as well as the thickness of the concrete on the ceiling bottom and the floor are standardised. There are only a few anchors with building authority approval for this type of base (e.g. FHY).

Building materials

● Panel building materials

▸ Expert tip

▪ Only use anchors in simple materials, boards or pre-stressed concrete hollow slabs that are suitable for these substrates.

▪ Contact your fischer consultant before anchoring heavy or safety relevant loads in these substrates.

Direct installation without drilling ▪ The fixing is hammered or screwed directly into the substrate.

▪ This enables a quick installation.

▪ The metal expansion fixing FMD, for example, can be used in porous concrete of certain quality.

Types of drilling It is important to understand the type of building material you are drilling in to.

Four methods are available:

Rotary drilling: Drilling in rotary mode without impact, with a sharply ground carbide drill bit. For perforated bricks and materials with low strength, the drill hole does not become too large and the ribs in the perforated bricks do not break.

Carbide drill bits drill faster if they are ground sharp, similar to steel drill bits, There are also special masonry drill bits available.

Impact drilling: Rotation and a high number of light impacts with the impact drilling machine, for solid building materials with dense structure.

Hammer drilling: Rotation and a small number of minor impacts with high impact energy with the drilling hammer, also for solid building materials with dense structure.

Diamond or core drilling process: It is mainly used for larger drill hole diameters or for highly reinforced components and/or if the volume or the vibrations have to be adhered to while working.

Rotary drilling

Impact drilling

Hammer drilling

Basic knowledge of fastening technology

11

Tech

nical services / B

asic know

ledge and tech

nology

12

▸ Expert tip ▪ For almost all fixings, rotary drilling and hammer drilling are recommended in the approval or guidelines. ▪ Do not use drills with an excessively worn out cutting edge (see rules of approval). ▪ For certain fixtures, special drills (e.g. drill bits) are advised in the approval and therefore must be used. ▪ Drill holes must be cleaned carefully (brushing and blowing out). Adhere to the respective approval or manufacturer guidelines. ▪ The drill hole depth is always specified exactly and based on a definite thickness of the anchoring base. The following rule of thumb is followed for general applications without approval: Necessary thickness of the anchoring base = drill hole depth + 30 mm. ▪ For aborted holes (i.e. hitting reinforcement or a wrong position) the location of the new drill hole can be created based on certain criteria - check the relevent approval. The aborted drill hole must be filled with resin, for example FIS V. ▪ Diamond coring is permissible only in exceptional cases as the drill hole wall can be too smooth for a fixing to work correctly. ▪ Permanent moisture or dampness can effect the load-bearing capacity of certain chemical fixings and plastic anchors. ▪ The danger of cutting through the load-bearing reinforcement steel must be taken into consideration. ▪ To avoid tilting of the fixture, it is important that all holes are drilled perpendicular to the anchoring base. Exceptional cases are regulated in the anchor approvals and/or the manufacturer’s specifications (approx. 3 °- 5 ° is tolerable).

Installation Generally, the following aspects have to be considered during installation:

The edge distance and axial spacing, as well as the component thickness and width, must be complied with fully if the fixing is to hold the required load. Otherwise it may lead to damage of the construction material or cracks. For fixing without an approval, especially for plastic anchors, the usual required edge distance is 2 x h

ef

(hef = anchoring depth) and a necessary axial distance of 4 x h

ef is normal. If the

expansion direction of the fixing runs parallel to the component, the edge distance can be reduced to 1 x h

ef. (see the FUR frame fixing).

The drill hole depth must, other than a few exceptions like injection technology, be greater than the anchoring depth: that is because function safety is ensured only if the screw has enough room to project beyond the tip of a plastic fixing.

Drill hole cleaning: After drilling it is vital that the drill hole is thoroughly cleaned by blowing out and brushing. A hole that is not cleaned reduces the holding forces and the drilling dust has a negative effect on the load-bearing capacity of the fixing in the drill hole.

▸ Expert tip

▪ Specifications for the fixings edge and axis distances must be adhered to.

Non-adherence can lead to reduction in the load-bearing capacity or damage to

The fixings or substrate.

▪ Drill hole cleaning is essential. The specifications in the approvals and the manufacturer’s specifications must be adhered to.

Basic knowledge of fastening technology

12

Tech

nic

al s

ervi

ces

/ B

asic

kn

owle

dge

and

tech

nol

ogy

12

There are three different types of installation:

1. Push through installation: The item to be fixed can be positioned prior to the fixing being installed.

The holes in the fixture can be used as a drilling template if the hole diameters are at least as large as the drill diameter in the construction material.

▪ In addition to simplifying installation, a good fit of the fixing holes is achieved.

▪ The fixing is inserted into the drill hole through the item to be mounted and then expanded. E.g.: FAZ II, FBN II, FH II

2. Pre-positioned installation: The anchor is installed before the installation of the fixture. In this type of installation the anchor diameter and the drill hole diameter are not identical.

Installation sequence:

▪ Premark the hole positions

▪ Drill holes, clean the holes, fix anchors and then screw on the fixture. E.g.: plastic fixings: S, SX, UX; Metal: FZA, EA II

3. Stand-off installation: This makes it possible to attach fixtures at a particular distance from the anchoring base such as injection technology with threaded bolts.

Useful length and anchoring depth: Must be taken into consideration apart from the installation type of the respective fixing.

fischer universal frame fixing FUR

fischer aircrete anchor GB

fischer bolt FBN II fischer highbond anchor FHB II

Typical Installation types

▸ Expert tip

▪ The clearance holes of the attached item are specified for the respective anchor size in the approvals and in the manufacturer’s specifications.

▪ For a stand-off installation with a cross load V of the anchor, an additional bending moment occurs which must be taken into account.

▪ The attached item must lie flat on the base and may be lined with a compression-proof levelling mortar, max. 3 mm or half the diameter of the anchor. Otherwise, the anchoring must be assessed as a stand-off installation with a lever arm.

▪ The attached item must cover the clearance hole (= thickness of the attached item) at the anchor/threaded bolt. Otherwise, the anchoring must be assessed as a stand-off installation with a lever arm.

▪ Comply with the maximum fixing thickness tfix

in the manufacturer’s specifications. This dimension, also specified as the useful length, consists of: t

fix = thickness of the attached item + non load-bearing layers up to the load-bearing base.

▪ Many officially approved anchors must be tightened with a prescribed torque. A calibrated torque wrench must be used for this. The torque ensures the necessary preload force as well as the correct installation of the anchor. For chemical anchors, the prescribed hardening time must be allowed before a tightening torque or service load can be applied.

▪ Anchors must be mounted as delivered. The exchange or removal of parts is not permissible.

Loads For the selection of an anchor, it is necessary to know the load on the total construction and the resulting anchor loads for every individual anchor.

The loads can be distinguished according to:

▪ Dimension

▪ Direction

▪ Type of load

▪ Pickup point

There are various types of loads:

In the approvals, characteristic failure loads (characteristic resistance) are generally given. In documents with the manufacturer’s specifications, anchors with approvals, so-called permissible loads are given. For anchors without approval, a manufacturer’s recommendation is given as “recommended load”.

Basic knowledge of fastening technology

fischer anchorbolt FAZ II

fischer zykon anchor FZA

13

Tech

nical services / B

asic know

ledge and tech

nology

12

▸ Expert tip

▪ Decide the size, direction and the pickup point of the load. These parameters determine the utilisation of the anchoring.

▪ Characteristic failure loads (NRK

or VRK)

describe every load that is reached or exceeded in 95% of all failures (5% fractile).

▪ Permissible loads are working loads that already include an appropriate material and installation safety factor. These apply only, if the approval conditions are complied with (N

perm or V

perm).

▪ Recommended loads or maximum working loads include an adequate load safety factor. These apply only if the manufacturer’s specifications are complied with. (F

rec – valid for all load directions,

Nrec

or Vrec

)

▪ The calculation is carried out by dividing the respective failure load or characteristic loads by a safety factor*.

▪ Recommended safety factor compared to the average failure load*. Steel and bonded anchors 4 ≤ Plastic anchor 7 ≤

▪ Recommended safety factor compared to the characteristic failure loads*. Steel and bonded anchors 3 ≤ γ Plastic anchor 5 ≤ γ

▪ The specified loads loads apply to individual anchors that are placed away from the edge, i.e. there is no influence of edges, corners and other anchors nearby.

▪ The characteristic axis- and edge distances, labelled with Ccr,N

and C

cr,V, give the distances at which an anchor can have its max.

characteristic load in the material.

▪ The specified minimum axis- and edge distances, labelled with S

min and C

min, give the distances where there is no failure of the

building material during the installation of the anchor. The loads must be reduced in this case → Adhere to the design methods.

Type of loads

statically constant dynamically rising shock harmonic changing dynamic - periodic earthquake

Tension

Compression

Shear load

Combined tension and shear load

Combined tension and shear load at distance e

shear load at distance e

Basic knowledge of fastening technology

* Permissible loads for ETA approved products are based on partial safety factors and therefore may differ from the safety factors quoted above.

14

Tech

nic

al s

ervi

ces

/ B

asic

kn

owle

dge

and

tech

nol

ogy

12

Basic knowledge of fastening technology

▸ Expert tip

▪ For some anchors, the anchoring takes place via a combination of the active principles (e.g. friction locking and form lock in soft stone).

Principles of function There are various forces that act between the fixing and substrate to hold the fixture.

For friction locking, the expansion part of the anchor is pressed on the drill hole wall: the outer tensile loads are held through friction.

With form locking, the fixing profile matches the shape of the drill hole in the substrate.

With adhesive bond, a mortar bonds the fixing to the anchor base.

Through anchor Plastic fixings

Undercut anchor Injection fixing 1

Injection fixing 2 Rebar

With excess stress, incorrect installation or a substrate with inadequate load bearing capacity, the following failure modes can occur:

Fracture of the anchor base due to

▪ Tensile load “N” or shear load “V” too high

▪ Inadequate strength of anchor base

▪ Setting depth too low

Substrate splits due to

▪ Component dimensions too small

▪ Deviation from the specified edge and axial spacings

▪ Expansion pressure too high

Fixing pulls out due to

▪ Failure of the frictional and bonded connection due to high load or incorrect installation

Steel fracture due to

▪ Fixing and/or steel strength too low for the applied load

Failure modes

Steel failure tension Steel failure shearing

Pull-out Concete cone

Concrete edge Splitting

15

Tech

nical services / B

asic know

ledge and tech

nology

12

▸ Expert tip

▪ In most of the anchor approvals, the anchoring of mainly static loads is specified. However, even officially

approved systems are available for anchoring of non-static loads (dynamic, e.g. FHB dyn) as well as unusual effects in nuclear

power plant construction (FZA-K).

▪ There are no anchor approvals in Europe for shock or earthquake type of loads. The  anchoring of such loads is, however, possible due to existing guidelines or with guidence from test reports. At the moment earthquake loads are regulated in American documentation. Anchors like FAZ II, FH II and injection system FIS EM can be assessed on this basis even for earthquake loads.

▪ Main failure causes for anchors are overload, faulty installation or an insufficient load-bearing base.

Basic knowledge of fastening technology

▪ For safety reasons, always use anchor systems suitable for cracked concrete such as FAZ II, FH II, FAZ, FHB II, FIS EM or the new FIS SB + FIS PM.

Cracks can occur anywhere in concrete at any time: factors involved are loads like dead load, traffic or wind loads, shrinkage and creeping of the concrete or external influences like earthquakes or ground movement resulting in tension, deformation resulting in the formation of cracks.

Example: in a bridge, bending occurs due to pressure forces applied to the bridge deck. A compressive zone will occur at the top of the bridge deck, while tensile forces and strains will occur in the lower part of the bridge deck. Concrete is not able to support tensile loads. Steel bars, the so-called reinforcements take over this task. However, while steel bars are capable of bearing these tensile stresses, they are stretched so innumerable cracks are formed that are barely visible to the naked eye. This is called the cracked tensile zone.

Druck

V-shapedbending rack

TensionCrackedtensile zone

Pressurezone

Fixings suitable for cracked concrete When anchoring in concrete it is always assumed that cracks are present in the anchoring area that will influence the bearing capacity of the fixings. It is very complicated, if not impossible, to prove whether the concrete is cracked or non-cracked. For safety reasons, the use of fixings suitable for cracks is recommended to designers and tradesmen. Fixings with an approval according to ETAG 001 for cracked concrete have proved their suitability in cracks and may be used without restriction in the tensile and compressive zones of the concrete. Fixings for cracked concrete are also checked and approved on the basis of American standards. These “Evaluation reports” are prepared according to ACI 318.

FZA FAZ II FHB II SXS

16

Tech

nic

al s

ervi

ces

/ B

asic

kn

owle

dge

and

tech

nol

ogy

12

The procedure for construction and operational fire protection are specified by the Fire protection standard DIN 4102, the Model Building Ordinance (MBO), Regional Construction Ordinances (LBO) and various trade-specific regulations from professional associations.

Thus the following applies, according to Parts 1 and 2 of DIN 4102:

Building materials like concrete, wood, stone, metal, etc. are divided into flammable or non-flammable building material classes according to their behaviour.

In contrast, structural members consist of different combustible and non-combustible building materials. They are not divided into fire classes, rather they are evaluated as a whole according to their fire resistance duration.

The fire resistance duration F is indicated in minutes and classified according to two categories:

Components with a fire resistance duration of F30 and F60 are fire inhibiting.

Fire resistant, on the other hand, are all components with a fire resistance of F90, F120 and F180.

Tested systems like cable, ventilation or utility systems are tested not only for fire resistance, but also for function capability in the case of fire (e.g. supply lines to sprinkler systems). The fire resistance duration of these systems is specified with e. g. E30 to E120 for electrical cable systems and/or with L30 to L120 for ventilation lines. The fixings that are used to anchor these systems must have at least the same fire resistance duration.

The standard temperature-time curve (ETK) of DIN 4102 and ISO 834 is based on a simulation of actual fire conditions and forms the evaluation basis that is valid worldwide for determination of the fire resistance duration. Besides that, there are other temperature curves for special fire exposures, e. g. the hydrocarbon curve for fire causing with combustible liquids or the RAB/ZTV tunnel curve (Germany) and/or the Rijkswaterstaat tunnel curve (Netherlands), which describe tunnel fires.

In the UK certain product groups such as foam and sealants are tested in accordance with BS 476-Part 20, following test standards BS EN 1366.

Fire protection - Fundamentals

Duration of the fire [min.]

fire r

oom

tem

pera

ture

[°C]

Temperature Curves: ——— (ETK) ——— Hydrocarbon-curve ——— RABT/ZTV-Tunnelcurve ——— Rijkswaterstaat-Tunnelcurve

Fire protection in the fastening technology Fastening technology is of critical importance in fire protection: for example in order to secure the functionality and structural stability of railings, utility systems or ceiling elements. The assessment of the fixing in case of fire takes place according to the technical rule TR020.

The identification and classification of anchors and fixings consists of indication of the respective fire resistance duration e. g. R90. Before introduction of characteristic load values for fixings by the DIBt, the fire resistance duration was not regulated by the building authority approvals, but by fire expert opinions from tests.

The safety concepts measure the failure load in case of fire through assessment of a so-called γ factor. Different safety concepts were applied in the building authority approvals and the fire expert opinions. Because of this, it is possible that the loads in the fire expert opinions determined in tests are larger than the permissible loads given in the approvals. Naturally, in these cases, only the maximum loads according to the building authority approval are valid. In the mean time, a new evaluation document from the DIBt [German Institute of Construction Engineering] has been used for determining the characteristic load values and the corresponding fire resistance duration. These new building authority approvals represent a design basis that can be tracked. All old approvals will be converted to this new procedural method within a short time.

Tests have shown that approved frame fixings made of polyamide (nylon) with zinc plated and passivated screws for facade fastening are generally more fire-resistant than the ventilated facade and the sub-structure made of aluminium or wood: The expansion part of the plastic fixing sleeve that is anchored in the building material remains fire-resistant for at least 90 minutes in the façade fastening.

Basic knowledge of fastening technology

17

Tech

nical services / B

asic know

ledge and tech

nology

12

Corrosion is a chemical reaction in which metal is deteriorates. The less superior the metal (“electrochemical potential“), the more intense the material damage. In this process it is either converted into flaking rust or worn away in places.

Different appearance patterns are differentiated, the most frequent types of corrosion in fixings and anchors include:

Surface corrosion: In this case, the metal corrodes relatively uniformly over the entire surface or a part of the surface. An example of this is the invisible rusting due to condensation of a screw in the clearance area in the anchor plate hole. The result: a connection that appears completely intact from the outside fails abruptly.

Contact corrosion: If metals with a different ‘class’ contact each other in a conductive medium, the less superior metal always corrodes (the anode). What is decisive is the surface ratios of the two types of metal: the greater the surface area of the most superior metal in comparison to the less superior, the greater the corrosion becomes. For example, if large stainless steel sheets are screwed with galvanised screws, the screws will be ‘open to attack’ within a very short time. In contrast, using stainless steel screws for galvanised sheets is not a critical issue.

Stress corrosion cracking: If lasting internal or external tensile stresses occur, there can be a strain and corrosion of the metal. This process causes a crack to develop due to mechanical stresses which grows under increasing loads and consequently prepares a path for progressive corrosion. For example, it occurs with A4 steel in an atmosphere containing chlorine (indoor swimming pools, etc.). Generally stress corrosion cracking is not visible with fixings and usually leads to sudden failure of the anchoring.

Corrosion - Basics

Corrosion protection There are different methods for protecting fastenings from corrosion. The most important are:

The galvanised zinc coating (or even electrolytic zinc coating) with passivated coating is corrosion protected. Layer thicknesses between 3 µm and 10 µm. Since the zinc plating is worn off over time, it offers only adequate in dry interior rooms.

Hot-dip galvanising is the application of a metal zinc coating by dipping it in molten zinc (at approx. 450 °C). Zinc layer thicknesses of 45-80 µm offer an excellent corrosion protection for damp rooms and external applications.

Stainless steel fixings of the corrosion resistance class III e.g. A4 material no. 1.4401, 1.4362 are suitable for fastenings in damp rooms, in open air, in industrial atmospheres or near the sea (but not directly in sea water). These steels are alloys with a chrome content of at least 12% that forms a passive layer on the steel surface that protects against corrosion.

Stainless steel fixings of highly corrosion resistant steel of the corrosion resistance class IV e. g. material no.1.4529 are used in especially aggressive environments like atmospheres containing chlorine (indoor swimming pools), in road tunnels or with direct sea water contact. In this case, the chrome content of normal stainless steels drops below 12%. The protective passive layer disappears and the anchor becomes susceptible to corrosion. On the other hand, the special alloys are very corrosion resistant in these highly aggressive media, due to their relatively high percentage of molybdenum. With an alloy percentage of 50%, they clearly surpass the usual unalloyed, low alloyed or high alloyed steels with maximum 30% alloy percentages. This means the steel 1.4529 alloyed with chrome, molybdenum and nickel has an alloy percentage of 58%. The rest consists of iron and carbon. Because of this high percentage of expensive alloy additives, the manufacturing of these steel types are correspondingly costly.

In 1985, the suspended concrete ceiling of an indoor swimming pool collapsed in Uster, Switzerland. The ceiling attachments of stainless steel exhibited no external defects whatsoever, but the inside was completely destroyed, in some cases due to stress corrosion cracking.

Example of trans-crystalline stress corrosion cracking on stainless steel 1.4401 in the environment with high chloride concentration.

Basic knowledge of fastening technology

18

Tech

nic

al s

ervi

ces

/ B

asic

kn

owle

dge

and

tech

nol

ogy

12

The general building authority approvals by the German Institute of Construction Engineering in Berlin (DIBt) and the European Technical Approvals (ETA) are generally exclusively for anchoring of predominantly static loads. However, in contrast to these current permits, in practice a number of dynamic effects occur, e. g. increasing and alternating stresses in swinging cranes, crane rails, guide rails in elevator construction, machines, industrial robots and blast fans in tunnel construction. This also includes anchorings for components susceptible to vibration like antennas and masts.

It is generally true that the anchoring of components with more than 10.000 load cycles has to be carried out with fixings, which are tested and approved for this. The regular, sub-sequent anchoring of these dynamically loaded items to be mounted still caused the planning engineer big problems, even recently. Generally, the approvals for fixings only apply for anchoring of predominantly static loads. The path through expert opinions and “approvals for individual cases“ was difficult and tedious. Besides that, higher costs than necessary often occurred due to the general planning uncertainty, since the anchors were often oversized.

The bonded anchors fischer Highbond anchor FHB dyn and fischer UMV multicone dyn are approved for dynamic loads. The approvals apply to anchoring of dynamic loads with unlimited numbers of load cycles, for tension and for shear loads. In addition, the FHB dyn is manufactured in anchor size M16 of highly corrosion-resistant steel, material no. 1.4529. Tests have shown that this material - in contrast to the usual standard stainless steel types in the corrosion resistance class III, e.g. A4 - is suitable not only for use in humid internal conditions and outside, but also for holding dynamic loads.

Osci

llatin

g am

plitu

de

Number of cycles N

Wöhler curve

statical strength(statical capacity)

fatigue strength(capacity in case of fatigue)

durable oscillation strength(durable capacity in case of fatigue)

N = 2 ‰ 106

1 10 100 1.000 10.000 100.000 1.000.000 10.000.000 100.000.000

Dynamic effects

period T

period TD

harmonic

periodic

transient

impulsive

sinusoidal

optional,periodical

optional,nonperiodical

optional, with very short time of influence

Unbalances, tumbling machines

Regularly abutting parts(e.g. punching machines),rail- and road traffic

Earthquakes

Impact, explosion

Action Run of the oscillation Possible cause

Dynamics

- predominantly non-static loads in the fixing technology

Basic knowledge of fastening technology

19

Tech

nical services / B

asic know

ledge and tech

nology

12

Legal basis The European Union (EU) essentially determines the legal foundations for the approval of building products in Europe. It pursues the goal of making the European Common Market a reality for all products, thus also for building products.

For this purpose, the “Directive 89/106/EEC of the Council for Aligning the Legal and Administrative Specifications of the Member States Regarding Building Products” (CPR) was issued. This directive is implemented with the regulation regarding the marketing of and free trade with building products.

The important requirements of buildings in the sense of the CPR include:

1. Mechanical strength and stability

2. Fire Protection

3. Hygiene, health and environmental protection

4. Safety in use

5. Sound protection

6. Energy savings and heat protection

On the basis of the BPR, standards and guidelines will be issued as basic documents that regulate the approval of building products. The very first basic document that was developed in this context is the “Guidelines for European Technical Approval (ETAG)” for “Metal anchors for use in concrete,” ETAG 001.

European standards have no special importance in connection with the BPR. A building product can only be brought onto the market and freely traded if it is useful, i. e. have proven conformity with the important requirements and therefore the CE mark is applied. Usability and conformity will generally be proven by compliance with coordinated and/or recognized standards. If corresponding standards are not available, the proof will be given by a European Technical Approval (ETA). An important advantage is that products with an ETA and/or a CE mark can be freely traded in the EU (see data sheet for “Directive for Building Products” of the Bavarian State Ministry for Economy, Transport and Technology).

In addition, evidences with a national approval can be provided e. g. in Germany with a general building authority approval or in France with a so-called SOCOTECH.

The national approvals are however being increasingly replaced by European Technical Approvals (ETA) which are recognised in all EU member states. European approvals are issued by the members of the EOTA (European Organisation for Technical Approvals), e. g. the German Association of Construction Engineering (DIBt). The DIBt also issues the German approvals. In a coexistence phase, European and national approvals will remain valid.

Basic knowledge of fastening technology

Approval specifications for fixings Currently, according to the above-mentioned ETAG 001, Parts 1-6, approvals for metal fixings in concrete are possible for:

▪ Torque-controlled expansion anchors

▪ Undercut anchors

▪ Deformation-controlled expansion anchors

▪ Bonded anchors

▪ Anchors for multiple use for non-structural applications

The resulting approvals still contain only the characteristic values of the respective fixing type. Using the design resistance guidelines (ETAG 001, Annex C for steel anchors and TR029 for bonded anchors) and the characteristic values for the load bearing capacity of the respective fixing type, it is possible to design any anchoring. Three design methods (A, B and C) are available depending on the respective fixing type.

The ETAG 001 divides possible approvals of metal fixings in 12 options. Options 1-6 are for use in cracked and non-cracked concrete, options 7-12 are only for use in non-cracked concrete. Approvals according to Option 1 give the most flexibility of the fixing connections, those according to option 12 are most restricted. That means fixings with approvals according to option 1 are of the highest value and the value according to option 12 is the lowest. It is possible to optimally utilise anchorings because of the type and manner of design and the division of the approvals into different options.

Part 6 of the ETAG 001 regulates the use of metal fixings in cracked and uncracked concrete that are used as multiple fixings of non-load-bearing systems. Non-load-bearing systems include components that do not contribute to the stability of the construction. These are for instance simple suspended ceilings and underceilings, pipelines as well as facade claddings. These systems can be referred to as so-called redundant systems. In case of failure of a fixing point, the stability of the system is not affected.

For the use of anchors for multiple fixings, it is assumed that in case of excessive slip or failure of a fixing point, the load is transferred to a neighbouring fixing point (without essential deviation of the requirements regarding the serviceability and the limit state of the load bearing capacity at the component to be fixed). Here, a fixing point can consist of one or more anchors.

20

Tech

nic

al s

ervi

ces

/ B

asic

kn

owle

dge

and

tech

nol

ogy

12

Calculation of fastenings According to ETAG 001, the effort for designing of anchorings by designers and users is relatively high, since evidence has to be given of various failure modes.The design method in ETAG 001 is based on the CC method of the DIBt from the year 1993. It is based on the concept of partial safety factors. With the method A already mentioned above, the characteristic resistances depend on the load direction and take into consideration all possible failure modes (see Failure Modes chapter). With method B, a characteristic resistance is assumed to be independent of the load direction and the influence of reduced edge distances and spacings are taken into consideration with factors. In principle, this method corresponds to the κ-method in the older approvals..

With method C, a characteristic resistance is given. This characteristic resistance is valid for all load directions and predetermined edge distances and spacings which cannot be reduced. Method C corresponds to the older method for verifying the steel expansion anchors in non-cracked concrete.

For daily use and for evidence of fixings, fischer has developed a simple, fast and effective design software. The software makes it possible for designers and users to calculate fixing connections and fixing multiple dimensioning using a convenient input. An easy-to-read status line continuously shows the used capacity of the fixing, which significantly simplifies the selection of the technically and economically correct anchoring system.

The 12 different options of the guideline for the European Technical Approvals for “Metal fixing for anchoring in concrete”, ETAG 001

Approved option 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Concrete

Approved for cracked and non-cracked concrete • • • • • •

Approved only for the compression zone • • • • • •

Concrete qualities

Better concrete qualities result in load increases C 20/25

to C 50/60

C 20/25 to

C 50/60

C 20/25 to

C 50/60

C 20/25 to

C 50/60

C 20/25 to

C 50/60

C 20/25 to

C 50/60

No load increase due to better concrete quality only

C 20/25

only C 20/25

only

C 20/25

only C 20/25

only

C 20/25 only

C 20/25

Bearing capacity

Optimal utilization due to different loads for tensile and shear loads

• • • •

Only one load for all loading directions

• • • • • • • •

Axial spacing

Reduction of spacings possible • • • •

Reduction of the large base spacings1) possible (with simultaneous reduction in load)

• • • •

Fixed, large base spacing • • • •

Edge distance

Reduction of the edge distances possible (with simultaneous reduction in load)

• • • •

Reduction of the large base spacings2) possible (with simultaneous reduction in load)

• • • •

fixed, relatively large base- spacing • • • •

Dimensioning methods A1), B2), C2) A1), B2), C2) B2), C2) B2), C2) C2) C2) A1), B2), C2) A1), B2), C2) B2), C2) B2), C2) C2) C2)

1) Base spacing = 3 x anchoring base, base edge distance = 1.5 x anchoring depth 2) Base spacing = 4 x anchoring base, base edge distance = 2 x anchoring depth

Basic knowledge of fastening technology

21

Tech

nical services / B

asic know

ledge and tech

nology

12

Approvals, markings and their importance

In the following, excerpts of approvals that are currently issued in Europe and their symbols will be given with their corresponding importance:

Please check whether your application is safety relevant.

An application is safety relevant when failure of anchorages would cause risk to human life or serious injuries and/or lead to considerable economic consequences. In this case please use anchors with a European Technical (ETA) or with a German Approval. You may recognise these anchors by:

European Technical Approval Issued by a European approval authority (e.g. DIBt) on the basis of the guidelines for European technical approvals (ETAG)ETA: European Technical Approval/Options 1–12CE: European conformity mark confirms the compliance of the building product (e.g. fixing) with the guidelines for European Technical Approvals. Products with the CE mark can be freely traded in the European economic market.

See ICC-ESEvaluation Reportat www.ic-es.org

Inspection agency:IEA (AA-707)ESR-2948

ICC = International Code Council, formed from BOCA, ICBO and SBCCIICC Evaluation Service Inc. (ICC ES) issues evaluation reports, in this case for the above anchor based upon the Uniform Building CodeTM and related codes in the United States of America.

General building authority approvalGerman approval, issued by the DIBt, Berlin for anchorings in concrete to be dimensioned according to Method A (CC method).Proof of compliance of the building product with the general building authority approval, (confirmed by a material testing facility).

Z-21.2-1734

General building authority approvalGerman approval, issued by the DIBt, Berlin.Proof of compliance of the building product with the general building authority approval. confirmed by a material testing facility.

Fire-tested fixingThe fixing was subjected to a fire test. A “Examination report regarding testing for fire behaviour“ (with F class) is available.

Basic knowledge of fastening technology

FM CertificateRecognised for use in local water-based fire extinguisher systems (Factory Mutual Research Corporation for Property Conservation, American insurance company).

22

Tech

nic

al s

ervi

ces

/ B

asic

kn

owle

dge

and

tech

nol

ogy

12

Fixing of high-quality, durable, ageing-resistant nylon (polyamide)

Reference to fixing dimensioningThe fixing can be dimensioned with the fischer Compufix software on the basis of the CC-method.

For Sprinkler Systems.Meets the requirements according to VdS CEA 4001.

Fixing that can be dynamically loadedThe fixing is suitable and approved for anchoring of “not predominantly static“ (i.e. dynamic) loads.

Tested for flame resistance according to VDEloads.

Tested for flame resistance General building authority test certificateP-NDS04-137

Basic knowledge of fastening technology

23

Tech

nical services / B

asic know

ledge and tech

nology

12

Technical disclaimer / Decisive factors Due to the complexity of building materials, tools, fixing elements and installation techniques a comprehensive recommendation depends on full and detailed understanding of specific site conditions.

This document is a factual record of anchor performance obtained under specific conditions and does not constitute an endorsement of the suitability of the product for any specific application. This responsibility remains with the customer.The data given shall be used as a guide for assessment or anchor suitability. Even when our advice is given in good faith it cannot be binding for this reason and we cannot accept any liability for any anchor failure due to the wrong design, misuse or wrong installation.

For safety critical applications only anchors with an ETA or Zulassung German Approval shall be used.

For further product information please contact the fischer Technical Department:

Phone: 01491 827 920E-mail: technical@fischer.co.uk

fischer fixings (UK) Ltd.Whitely Road, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 9AT.

We cannot be responsible for any errors, and we reserve the right to make technical and range modifications without notice.No liability is accepted for printing errors and omissions.

Decisive factors

General NoticeThe information in this brochure is intended for general guidance only and is given without engagement. Additional information and advice on specific applications is available from our Technical Support Team. For this however, we require a precise description of your particular application.

All the data in this brochure concerning work with our fixings must be adapted to suit local conditions and the type of materials in use.

If no detailed performance specifications are given for certain articles and types, please contact our Technical Service Department for advice.

Phone: 01491 827 920E-mail: technical@fischer.co.uk

12

Contacts

fischer fixings UK Ltd.Whitely RoadOxon OX10 9AT WallingfordGreat BritainPhone (0044) 1491 827900Fax (0044) 1491 827953E-mail info@fischer.co.ukwww.fischer.co.uk

Your dealer:

01/2013

www.fischer.co.uk

Ser

vice

& K

now

led

ge /

12

of

12

sec

tion

s /

01

/20

13

· (V

1)

· Pri

nte

d in

th

e U

K

Technical Service If you need any assistance, simply contact your local fischer representative. For more specialised application problems please contact our Technical Services Team.

fischer fi xings UK Ltd. Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 9AT.

Phone 01491 827 920 e-mail: technical@fischer.co.uk

Technical TrainingWe also offer training seminars suited to your individual needs and requirements. Please call the number above to find out more