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Taxonomy
Unity and DiversityChapter 5page 89 -125
Taxonomy
The natural curiositynatural curiosity of humanity has led us to attempt to name all the different living organisms.
COMMON NAMES
•"local" names given by the natives of an area.
•often leads to confusion when scientists want to talk about organisms on a global basis.
COMMON NAMES
• What is the name of this mammal?
Mountain Lion
•a.k.a. - puma, cougar, panther, and the Indian devil
•This confusion led scientists to use a more logical system.
systematic naming and classifying of organisms
makes identification and comparison easier.
TAXONOMY
based on:habitathabitat - location where organism was found
basic structurebasic structure similarity
Early classification
Aristotle’s Classification Scheme
AristotleAristotle - divided all organisms into two large groups he called kingdomskingdoms.
Aristotle’s Kingdoms
They were the animalanimal and plantplant kingdomskingdoms.
Each kingdom had three subdivisions.
Plant Kingdom
Stationary green thingstreestreesshrubsshrubsherbsherbs
- one wood stem-many wood stems- soft stems
animal Kingdom
mobile things
landland
waterwater
airair
- live on land- live in water- fly
Later Developments in Taxonomy
Immutability of SpeciesImmutability of Species - Genesis led to the belief that a fixed number of living things existed
In time all of these organisms will be found, named, and identified.
• speciesspecies - a group of similar individuals with a common ancestor.
• Modern ConceptModern Concept - added that species must mate in nature & produce fertile offspring
John Ray (1700) - concept of species
Linneaus (1707-1778)
Swedish botanist
BinomialBinomial NomenclaturNomenclaturee
Binomial nomenclature
ScientificScientific NamesNames consisting of two names– GenusGenus name – SpeciesSpecies name
LATINLATIN used for names
Binomial nomenclature
Each unique organism is given two Latin names:– GenusGenus - kind of animal– speciesspecies - “specific” type
Why Latin?
1.1. language of the educated in language of the educated in Europe Europe
2.2. most languages of Europe most languages of Europe evolved from Latinevolved from Latin
3. as a “dead languagedead language” it’s meanings would not changemeanings would not change
Binomial nomenclature
Genus: FelisFelis (cat)– species: tigristigris (tiger)– species: familiarisfamiliaris (of the family)– species: domesticusdomesticus (of the house)– species: leoleo (lion)– species: concolorconcolor (puma)
Modern System of taxonomy
TAXONTAXON - (pl. taxa) a group of related organisms
Taxa are arranged in a hierarchyhierarchy that moves from diversitydiversity to unityunity.
Modern System of Taxonomy
KingdomKingdom - taxon of the mostmost differentdifferent kinds of organisms
SpeciesSpecies - taxon of the organisms with the mostmost similaritysimilarity
Hierarchy of Taxa
Kingdom – Phylum (pl. phyla)
Class– Order
FamilyGenus (pl. genera)species
Kingdom Systems
The number of kingdoms changed as new discoveries were made
Classification systems vary and change:– depending on use or purpose– depending on viewpoint
Kingdom Systems
TwoTwo KingdomKingdom: Plant and Animal ThreeThree KingdomKingdom: Plant, Animal, and
Fungi FourFour KingdomKingdom: Plant, Animal, Fungi,
and Protist FiveFive KingdomKingdom: Plant, Animal, Fungi,
Protist, and Monera SixSix KingdomKingdom: Plant, Animal, Fungi,
Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protist
Fungi
Planta
Animalia
Protists
Eubacteria
Archaebacteriamethanogens
Six KingdomsSix Kingdoms
Plant Kingdom
nutrition - autotrophicautotrophiccells - multicellularmulticellular cell type - eukaryoticeukaryoticlocomotion - nonnon motilemotilecell walls - cellulosecellulose
Animal Kingdom
nutrition - heterotrophicheterotrophiccells - multicellularmulticellular cell type - eukaryoticeukaryoticlocomotion - motilemotilecell walls – not presentnot present
Fungi Kingdom
nutrition – saprophyticsaprophytic(absorbs nutrients from “dead things”)
cells - multicellularmulticellular cell type - eukaryoticeukaryoticlocomotion - nonnon motilemotilecell walls - chitinchitin
Protist Kingdom
nutrition – autotrophic autotrophic and heterotrophicheterotrophic
cells - unicellularunicellular cell type - eukaryoticeukaryoticlocomotion – most motile motilecell walls – cellulose cellulose or not not
presentpresent
Eubacteria Kingdom
nutrition - autotrophic autotrophic and heterotrophicheterotrophic
cells - unicellularunicellular cell type - prokaryoticprokaryoticlocomotion - motilemotilecell walls - peptidoglycanpeptidoglycan
Archaebacteria Kingdom
nutrition - autotrophic autotrophic and heterotrophicheterotrophic
cells - unicellularunicellular cell type - prokaryoticprokaryoticlocomotion - motilemotilecell walls – not peptidoglycanpeptidoglycan
Archaebacteria
• Simplest and most primitive organisms
• ProkaryoticProkaryotic - no membrane bound organelles• methanogens of swamps• thermophiles of ocean vents
Eubacteria
SchizophytaSchizophyta (heterotrophs) -bacteria
CyanophytaCyanophyta (autotrophs) cyanobacteria
VirusesViruses ?? - obligate intercellular parasites
PrionsPrions ?? – naked proteins – “Mad Cow” disease
Schizophyta - bacteria
•Basic shapesbacillusbacillus - rodscoccuscoccus - roundspirillusspirillus - spiral
Viruses
Also called “phagesphages” from Greek word to eat.
Consist of proteinprotein covercover surrounding nucleic acids of either DNADNA or RNARNA
Types of Viruses
BacteriophagesBacteriophages - reproduce in bacterial cells
ZoophagesZoophages - reproduce in animal cells
PhytophagesPhytophages - reproduce in plant cells
Viral Life
Cycle
Protists
Protist Groups
•Two types of protists:•ProtozoaProtozoa - animal-like
•AlgaeAlgae - plant-like
Protozoa
•CiliataCiliata - move by cilia
•SarcodinaSarcodina - move by pseudopodia
Protozoa
• ZoomastigophoZoomastigophorara - move by flagella
• SporozoaSporozoa - move by spores
Algae
•ChlorophytaChlorophyta - green pigment
•RhodophytaRhodophyta - red pigments
•PhaeophytaPhaeophyta - brown pigments
Algae
•ChrysophytaChrysophyta - silica shell
•PyrophytaPyrophyta - fluoresce
Plant Kingdom
Phyla of plant kingdom are called divisions.– BryophytaBryophyta– PterophytaPterophyta– CycadphytaCycadphyta– GinkophytaGinkophyta– ConiferophytaConiferophyta– AnthophytaAnthophyta
Alternation of Generations– GametophyteGametophyte (haploid - n) – produces gametes– SporophyteSporophyte (diploid - 2n) – makes spores to reproduce
Division: Bryophyta
Mosses, Liverworts– No vascular tissue– No true roots, stems,
leaves– Gametophyte dominant– Sperm must swim to
egg– Sporophyte dependent
on gametophyte
Division: Pterophyta
Ferns– Rhizoid - root like
structure– Fronds - finely divided
leaves– Gametophyte – rarely
seen– Sporophyte – spore
sacs (sori) under leaves
Division: Cycadophyta
Gymnosperms - naked seeds Cone protects seeds Stems underground
Division: Ginkophyta
Gymnosperm Fan leaf “extinct” One species found in
China
Division: Coniferophyta
Gymnosperm Cone bearing Needle-shaped
leaves Many evergreen
Division: Anthophyta
Flowering plants Angiosperms -
(hidden seed)– Vascular tissue– Stems, roots, leaves– Sporophyte dominant– Gametophyte
dependent on sporophyte
Class: Monocotyledonae
Grass, Orchid, Bamboo
Monocot – FlowerFlower – 3 parts– LeavesLeaves – parallel
veins– SeedSeed – 1
cotyledon– StemsStems – scattered
vascular tissue– RootsRoots - fibrous
Class: Dicotyledonae
Apple, Sunflower Dicot
– FlowerFlower – 4 or 5 parts– LeavesLeaves – netted veins– SeedSeed – 2 cotyledons– StemsStems –vascular tissue
in rings– RootRoot – Tap root
Animal PhylaPoriferaPorifera ( L: hole bearer) sponges
•most sessile•most marine•asymmetry•fibrous
skeleton•numerous
holes
Animal Phyla
CoelenterataCoelenterata (L: hollow gut) hydra, jellyfish
• mouth surrounded by tentaclestentacles
• twotwo wayway digestivedigestive cavity• two cell layer body
• endodermendoderm – inner layer• ectodermectoderm – outer layer
• radialradial symmetrysymmetry
Coelenterates
hydrahydra
sea anemonesea anemone
Animal Phyla
• PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthes - (L: flat worms) Planaria, tapeworms, flukes
• bilateralbilateral symmetry• three layers of cells
• endoderm-endoderm- inner layer• mesodermmesoderm – middle layer• ectodermectoderm – outer layer
• two way digestion• free living or parasitic
Platyhelminthes
tapewormtapeworm
flukefluke
Animal phyla
•NematodaNematoda - the round worms. Trichinella, Ascaris, filarial worms•Round body• oneone wayway digestiondigestion• tubetube inin a tubetube organization•free living and parasitic
ANIMAL PHYLA
• AnnelidaAnnelida (L: ring) segmented worms. leech, earthworm
• segmented bodies• one way digestion
Animal phyla
•ArthropodaArthropoda (L: jointed legs) insects, spiders, centipedes, lobsters• segmentedsegmented body• exoskeletonexoskeleton• jointedjointed appendagesappendages
Class: Crustacea
Two body regions
cephalothoraxabdomen
Two antennae
Class: Arachnoidea
Two body regions– Cephalothorax– Abdomen
Four pairs of legs
Class: Chilopoda
Multiple segmentsOne pair of legs
per segmentcarnivorous
Class: Diplopoda
multiple segments
two pairs of legs per segment
herbivorous & decomposers
Class: Insecta
three body regions– Head– Thorax– Abdomen
three pairs of legs two pairs of legs
Animal Phyla
•EchinodermataEchinodermata (L: spiny skinned) starfish, sea cucumbers• radial symmetry• internalinternal calcium
skeletonskeleton• water vascular
system
Animal Phyla
ChordataChordata (L: cord) fish, mammals, birds
•dorsaldorsal hollow nervenerve cordcord•gillgill slitsslits during development
•most vertebrates
Class: Agnatha
• (L: jawless fishes) hagfish, lamprey
Order: Chondrichthyes
•(Gr: cartilage fish) sharks, manta rays
white whalewhite whale
hammer headhammer head
Order: Osteichthyes
• (Gr: bony fish) bass, trout, barracuda, flounder
striped striped bassbass
barracudabarracuda
Class Amphibia
• (L & Gr: both lives) salamanders, newts, frogs, toads• moist skin
• larva aquatic with gills
• adult lungs but breathes through skin
• reproduce in water
Class Reptilia
•(L: to creep) Snakes, lizards, turtle, crocodile
• dry scaly skin• land dwelling• breathe with
lungs• amniotic egg with
leathery shell
cobracobra
crocadilecrocadile
iguanaiguana
box turtlebox turtle
Class Aves
•(L: birds) Avocet, barn owl, chaffinch•feathers•constant body temperature•amniotic egg with calcium
shell
avocetavocet barn owlbarn owl
chaffinchchaffinch
Class Mammalia
• (L: of the breast)
Order Monotremata
•(Gr: one hole) Spiny anteater, platypus
•lay eggs•feed young milk
spiny spiny anteateranteater
platypusplatypus
Order Protheria
•(Gr: early womb) kangaroo, opossum
• live youngyoung incompletelyincompletely developeddeveloped
• finish development in pouch (marsupiummarsupium)
Order Eutheria
•(Gr: true womb) Cats, dogs,
• bears, monkey, man•Bear live young from womb