Task 1Function of plasma protein in diagnosis of animal disease

What is plasma ?

• Blood plasma is the straw-colored liquid component of blood

• in which the blood cells in whole blood are normally suspended.

• It makes up about 55% of the total blood volume.

What is plasma protein?

• Plasma proteins are proteins found in the blood plasma

• protein-rich fluid which is left behind when platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells are removed from the blood.

• Blood proteins = serum proteins =plasma proteins

Definition

• Any of the various dissolved proteins of blood plasma, including antibodies and blood-clotting proteins, that act by holding fluid in blood vessels by osmosis.

Components of plasma protein

• Albumin• most abundant of the plasma proteins• about 60 percent of all the proteins. • manufactured by the liver• responsible for transporting various substances

in the blood, including drugs.• maintain water balance and contribute to

osmotic pressure

• Globulin• The globulin proteins include enzymes, protein

carriers, and gamma globulin, or antibodies,• gamma globulins are made by lymphocytes• Globulins fall into one of four groups based on

their size and electrical charge: • gamma, beta, alpha-1 and alpha-2.

• Fibrinogen• also called Factor I• another plasma protein produced by the liver• produce clots to help stop bleeding. • It is a sticky, fibrous coagulant found in the blood

that produces thrombin, that in turn converts to fibrin,

• the main protein in a blood clot.• Eg :hemophilia (the "bleeding disease")

Electrophoresis

• Description• Proteins are major components of muscle,

enzymes, hormones, hemoglobin, and other body tissues.

• Proteins are composed of elements that can be separated from one another by several different techniques:

• chemical methods, ultracentrifuge, or electrophoresis.

.

• There are two major types of electrophoresis:• (1)protein electrophoresis• (2)immunoelectrophoresis.• Immunoelectrophoresis is used to assess the

blood levels of specific types of proteins called immunoglobulins.

• An immunoelectrophoresis test is usually ordered if a SPEP test has a "spike," or rise, at the immunoglobulin level.

• Protein electrophoresis • is used to determine the total amount of

protein in the blood• and to establish the levels of other types of

proteins called albumin, alpha1 globulin, alpha2 globulin, and beta-globulin

Definition of electrophoresis

• A technique used to separate different elements (fractions) of a blood sample into individual components.

• Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) is a screening test that

• Measures the major blood proteins by separating them into five distinct fractions:

• albumin, alpha1, alpha2, beta, and gamma proteins.

• Protein electrophoresis can also be performed on urine.

Purpose

• To evaluate, diagnose, and monitor a variety of diseases and conditions.

• It can be used for these purposes because the levels of different blood proteins rise or fall in response to such disorders as cancer, intestinal or kidney protein-wasting syndromes, disorders of the immune system, liver dysfunction, impaired nutrition, and chronic fluid-retaining conditions.

References

• http://www.ehow.com/facts_6208286_function-protein-maintaining-blood-volume_.html

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophoresis

Function

Function

Diseases

Abnormal in albumin concentrationHyperalbuminaemia

in albumin concentration during dehydration and excessive stasis during venepuncture

Analbuminaemia in albumin concentration. It is rare disorder and does not shows any symptoms or sign due to compensatory increases in globulin

Diseases

Abnormal in α2 concentrationNephrotic syndrome, hepatic cirrhosis,

collagendisorder

Increasing in α2-macroglobulin

Diseases

Abnormal in β-Globulin concentrationHaemolytic anaemia, liver disease

Decrease in haptoglobulin

Nephrotic syndromeIncrease in haptoglobulin

Diseases

Abnormal in Gamma-Globulin concentrationHepatic cirrhosis, paraprotein

Increase in immunoglobulin

Nephrotic syndromeDecrease in immunoglobulin

References

• Clinical bichemistry e-book