Tạp chí khoa học

PHT TRIN & HI NHP S 23(33) - Thng 07-08/2015

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1. t vn

Cc nhn t nh hng n chm tin v vt d ton rt a dng, ti cc nc khc nhau th nhm nhn t nh hng mnh nht cng khc nhau. C nhng nhn t ch tc ng n d n cng m khng nh hng n d n ti khu vc t v ngc li. Vt d ton v chm tin ca cc d n u t cng ti VN l vn c cc nh hoch nh chnh sch, nh qun l v gii nghin cu tha nhn. Nhng nhng nhn t no gy ra chm tin v vt d ton ti cc d n cng ca VN th cha c t ra v tm bin php khc phc. 1.1. Mc tiu nghin cu

T kt qu c cng b ca cc nh nghin cu trong v ngoi nc, tc gi xy dng m hnh cc nhn t nh hng n

vt d ton v chm tit cc d n u t cng ti VN nhm khm ph vai tr ca tng nhn t i vi chm tin v vt d ton cng ti VN v tc ng qua li (nu c) ca cc nhn t ny. 1.2. Phm vi nghin cu

Chuyn tp trung nghin cu cc nhn t nh hng n vt d ton v chm tin ca cc d n u t cng ti VN. Nghin cu ch xem xt n cc nguyn nhn chnh yu xut pht t cc bn trc tip tham gia qun l v thc hin d n nh ch u t, t vn, nh thu v mt s cc nguyn nhn n t bn ngoi nh lm pht hay chnh sch ca Chnh ph. D n trong nghin cu ny cng c xc nh l cc d n u t cng khng phn bit quy m.

1.3. Phng php nghin cuNghin cu ny s dng kt

hp phng php nghin cu nh tnh v nh lng tm ra nguyn nhn chnh yu dn n tnh trng chm tin v vt d ton ca cc d n u t cng ti VN. Nghin cu nh tnh c tc gi s dng l k thut tho lun nhm tp trung v phng vn su mt s nh qun l.

Nhm i tng ny c la chn tun t: Chuyn vin qun l u t cp S ca TP.HCM, Ph phng cp S, nh qun l nhiu kinh nghim ca mt cng ty t vn thc hin cc d n u t cng, trng phng qun l cp S. Mc ch nhm nh gi ni dung v hnh thc ca cc pht biu (cc cu hi) trong thang o nhp hon chnh thnh thang o chnh thc s dng trong

Cc yu t gy chm tin v vt d ton cc d n u t cng ti Vit Nam

V QuANg LM

Cng ty u t ti chnh nh nc TP.HCM

Vt d ton v chm tin ca cc d n u t cng ti VN l vn c cc nh hoch nh chnh sch, nh qun l v gii nghin cu tha nhn. Cc nhn t nh hng n chm tin v vt d ton rt a dng, c nhng nhn t ch tc ng n d n cng m khng nh hng n d n ti khu vc t v ngc li. Nghin cu ny s dng kt hp phng php nghin cu nh tnh v nh lng xc nh r trong bi cnh thc tin v mi trng php l hin nay, u l nguyn nhn chnh yu dn n tnh trng chm tin v vt d ton ca cc d n u t cng ti VN.

T kha: u t cng, vt d ton, chm tin , d n.

S 23 (33) - Thng 07-08/2015 PHT TRIN & HI NHP

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nghin cu nh lng. Kt qu cung cp bng cc bin quan st c cho l ph hp vi iu kin mi trng u t cng ti VN. Bng kho st ny s c gi n xin kin ca chuyn vin cp B.

Nghin cu nh lng c thc hin qua cc giai on: Thit k mu nghin cu, thu thp thng tin t mu kho st nhng nh qun l, t vn, thc hin cc d n u t cng khng ch trn a bn TP.HCM m cn cc B, ngnh c lin quan; phn tch d liu bng phn mm x l SPSS 22.0 nhm khng nh cc yu t cng nh cc gi tr v tin cy ca cc thang o cc nhn t gy chm tin v vt d ton; kim nh ph hp ca m hnh nghin cu.

2. C s l thuyt v khung phn tch

Xut pht t nhng quan im cho rng khu vc cng v khu vc t c nhng im tng ng, bi v cc nguyn l, quy lut p dng cho khu vc t c th c p dng cho khu vc cng v ngc li. Tc gi cho rng cc yu t gy ra s chm tr v vt d ton trong cc nghin cu trc y i vi cc d n u t ca khu vc t c th c p dng vo khu vc cng. Cc nghin cu trc cng ch ra im chung l vic chm tin v vt d ton l ri ro rt ph bin ca d n u t, bt k l d n khu vc cng hoc khu vc t.

Ramanathan & cng s (2012) tng hp cc nhm nguyn nhn dn n chm tin v vt d ton ca cc d n khng phn bit cng hoc t nh sau:

Nhm i tng Nguyn nhn nh hng Tham kho

1 Ti chnh4 Chm Long & cng s 2004

3 Chm

2 D n6 Chm Assaf and Hejji 2006

5 Chm Chan & Kumaraswamy 1997

3Cc yu t lin quan n d n

8 Chm v vt d ton Long & cng s 2004

4 Ch u t/ Khch hng

10 Chm v vt d ton Assaf and Hejji 2006


5 Chm Alaghbari & cng s. 2007

4 Chm Odeh & Battaineh 2002

4 Vt thi gian Chan & Kumaraswamy 1997

5 Nh thu




6 Chm v vt d ton Odeh & Battaineh 2002


6 n vt vn





7 Thit k8 Chm v vt d ton Assaf and Hejji 2006


8 Phi hp 7 Chm v vt d ton Long & cng s 2004

9 Vt liu




5 Chm v vt d ton Assaf & cng s. 1995

10 Nh my/Thit b





Bng 1: Bng tng hp cc nhm i tng, nguyn nhn nh hng n vic chm v vt d ton


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Tng kt cc nghin cu t trc n nay cho thy c tng cng hn 113 yu t dn n chm tin v vt d ton ca cc d n khng phn bit cng hoc t. Cc yu t ny c phn loi thnh 18 nhm khc nhau. Sau khi tho lun vi cc chuyn gia hng u trong lnh vc u t cng ca VN v nhn thy rng cc yu t tc ng n d n c th c t lc bt u ln k hoch (nhm lin quan n t vn), qun l d n (nhm yu t lin quan n ch u t) v thc hin d n (nhm lin quan n nh thu) cng vi cc tc ng

ngoi vi v php l. C th, c 37 yu t c la chn, phn thnh 05 nhm chnh sau:

- Nhm yu t lin quan n ch u t: 10 yu t.

- Nhm yu t lin quan n nh thu: 10 yu t.

- Nhm yu t lin quan n n v t vn: 08 yu t.

- Nhm yu t lin quan n tc ng ngoi vi: 04 yu t.

- Nhm yu t php l: 05 yu t.

Gi thit nghin cu: H1: Nhm yu t lin quan

n ch u t tng quan cng chiu vi tnh trng chm tin v vt d ton ca u t cng.

H2: Nhm yu t lin quan n nh thu tng quan cng chiu vi tnh trng chm tin v vt d ton ca u t cng.

H3: Nhm yu t lin quan n n v t vn tng quan cng chiu vi tnh trng chm tin v vt d ton ca u t cng.

H4: Nhm yu t tc ng ngoi vi tng quan cng chiu

11 Lao ng/Nhn lc





12 Mi trng9 Chm v vt d ton Long & cng s 2004

4Chm v vt d ton Assaf & cng s. 1995

13 Hp ng 2Vt thi gian v chi ph do tranh chp

Odeh & Battaineh 2002

14Cc bn ca hp ng

3 nh hng n thi gian v chi ph

Odeh & Battaineh, 2002

14 Chm Assaf & cng s. 1995

15 Ngoi tc





16 S thay i 7 Chm Assaf & cng s. 1995

17 K hoch v kim sot 11 Chm Assaf & cng s. 1995

18

Cc vn lin quan n Chnh ph

4 Chm Assaf & cng s. 1995

Bng 1: (tt)

D n u t cng ti Vit Nam

Vn lin quan n Ch u t

Vn lin quan n Nh thu

Vn lin quan n Nh t vn

Vn lin quan n Yu t ngoi vi

TNH TRNG

VT D TON V

CHM TIN

Vn lin quan n Php l

Hnh 1: M hnh nghin cu


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vi tnh trng chm tin v vt d ton ca u t cng.

H5: Yu t php l thiu n nh tng quan cng chiu vi tnh trng chm tin v vt d ton ca u t cng.

xc nh cc yu t nh hng n s chm tr v vt d ton, cc tho lun v bng cu hi s c gi n tt c cc bn lin quan trong mt s d n u t cng. Bng cu hi kho st s dng thang o Likert theo 5 im khc nhau. Cc gi tr s c nh gi bi ngi tr li bao gm: 0 = Khng nh hng n 4 = Lun lun nh hng v 0 = Khng c n 4 = Rt cao i vi mc nghim trng. C 240 phiu phng vn kho st c gi n cc chuyn gia, kt qu thu v c 214 phiu hp l. S dng phn mm SPSS 20, d liu sau khi c m ha v lm sch, s c phn tch thng k m t, nh gi tin cy ca cc thang o, phn tch yu t khm ph v phn tch hi quy.

3. Kt qu nghin cu

3.1. Thng k m tKim tra d liu cho thy

trong s 214 kt qu phng vn nhn c, khng c d liu b thiu st. Do , d liu thu thp m bo yu cu phn tch m t.

Hu ht nhng ngi tham gia phng vn u cho rng tnh trng vt d ton v chm tr tin ca cc d n u t cng ti VN l thng xuyn v rt thng xuyn xy ra (vi t l la chn l 83,6% ca tng s ngi c hi).

Bo co gim st u t ca B K hoch & u t cc nm 2010, 2011, 2012 v 2013 ng

Bng 2: Kt qu phn tch m t v tnh trng vt d ton v chm tr tin ca d n u t cng

Hng mc Tn s(ln)T l(%)

T l ring(%)

T l ly tin(%)

Gi tr

Rt t xy ra 5 2,3 2,3 2,3

t xy ra 30 14,0 14,0 16,4

Thng xuyn 69 32,2 32,2 48,6

Rt thng xuyn 110 51,4 51,4 100,0

Total 214 100,0 100,0

Bng 3: Cc yu t nh hng ln n vt chi ph v chm tin

Ch u t

Hng mc Mu

Khng nh

hng (%)

nh hng trung

bnh (%)

nh hng mnh (%)

CDT1_Kh khn v ngun vn u t cho d n 214 0,5 20,6 30,4

CDT2_Nng lc qun l ca b phn c giao qun l d n 214 2,3 22,4 31,3

CDT3_p t thi gian thc hin hp ng phi thc t 214 10,3 26,6 12,1

CDT4_Thay i kin trong qu trnh u t 214 11,7 30,4 10,7

CDT5_K qu nhiu hp ng v hp ng ph 214 11,7 25,7 29,0

CDT7_t gi mi thu theo hng thp 214 1,9 26,2 32,2

CDT8_Khng c thng khuyn khch hon thnh hp ng trc thi hn 214 7,9 19,6 34,6

CDT9_B my t chc qun l d n quan liu 214 19,6 13,6 4,2

CDT6_Ko di thi gian ph duyt d ton hoc d ton pht sinh 214 8,4 21,0 38,3

CDT10_Yu t khc 214 9,3 43,9 10,7

Nh thu

NT1_Kh khn v ti chnh ph thuc Ch u t 214 2,3 20,6 29,9

NT2_Cung cch qun l ti chnh thiu n nh 214 0,0 39,3 13,6

NT3_Bin php t chc thi cng khng ph hp 214 10,7 29,0 36,0

NT4_Thiu kinh nghim, khng quan tm n tin thi cng 214 9,8 25,7 38,3

NT5_Thiu lin h vi t vn v ch u t 214 22,4 33,6 2,8

NT6_Khng y thit b, phng tin thi cng 214 13,1 23,8 40,7

NT7_Gi cho thu theo xu hng thp 214 14,0 23,4 38,3

NT8_Thiu s phi hp gia cc nh thu 214 18,2 38,3 4,2

NT9_Thiu cng nhn c k thut, b my gim st thiu kinh nghim 214 13,1 24,3 37,9

NT10_Yu t khc 214 14,0 25,2 8,4

n v t vn


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h kin ny. Kt qu iu tra i vi cc d n cng thc hin ti TP.HCM cng khng nh kt lun ny.

C s tng ng kh ln gia cc yu t gy chm tr v vt d ton ca d n u t cng nhm nh thu v t vn: l yu t yu km nng lc trong t vn v thi cng (do thiu kinh nghim, khng y thit b, sai lm trong kho st, t chc thi cng khng ph hp) c a s cc chuyn gia nh gi l c nh hng mnh n vic chm tr v vt d ton ca cc d n u t cng. C th:

- i vi nh thu: Bin php t chc thi cng khng ph hp (36%), thiu kinh nghim v khng quan tm n tin thi cng (38,3%), khng y thit b thi cng (40,7%) v thiu nhn lc thi cng (37,9%) cng vi t gi cho thu theo hng qu thp (38,3%) l nhng yu t nh hng mnh n tnh trng chm tr v vt d ton ca d n u t cng ti VN.

- i vi t vn: Vn thiu kinh nghim trong thit k, thit k khng ph hp, thiu h tr cho ch u t v sai lm trong kho st a cht cng thuc v

yu t nng lc yu km cng ging nh bn nh thu. l nhng vn ct yu c nhiu chuyn gia nh gi l nh hng mnh n tnh trng chm tr v vt d ton ca d n u t cng ti VN.

i vi ch u t: Kh nng ti chnh ca ch u t; nng lc qun l d n, ko di thi gian ph duyt l nhng vn c cc chuyn gia nh gi l nh hng mnh n tnh trng chm tr v vt d ton ca d n u t cng ti VN. Trong , ng ch l c trn 30% cc chuyn gia cho rng vic k qu nhiu hp ng ph, t gi mi thu theo hng thp v c bit l khng c cc bin php thc y hon thnh hp ng trc thi hn nh hng ti vic chm tr tin v vt d ton.

T kt qu v phn tch trn, tc gi nhn thy cc yu t gy chm tin v vt chi ph cc d n u t cng ti VN hu ht u nm nng lc con ngi hay cng tc qun l.3.2. Kt qu phn tch tin cy Cronbachs Alpha ca cc thang o

c th tin hnh nh gi yu t khm ph EFA, trc ht tc gi tin hnh nh gi tin cy v gi tr ca thang o bng h s tin cy Cronbachs Alpha. Bn cnh h s Cronbachs Alpha, tc gi cn s dng h s tng quan bin tng (Item Total Correlation) v nhng bin no c tng quan bin tng < 0,3 s b loi b.

Kt qu phn tch cho thy ngoi tr bin Yu t khc c 4 nhm ch u t, nh thu, t vn, ngoi vi v php l v bin quan st Cung cch qun l ti

TV1_Thiu kinh nghim trong lnh vc c giao 214 4,2 15,4 49,5

TV2_Thiu k s kinh nghim trong xy dng, thm nh d ton cng trnh

214 4,7 16,8 19,2

TV3_Thiu thng tin gia Ch u t v T vn 214 5,6 38,3 10,7

TV4_Thit k chm, khng hng dn cho n v thi cng 214 4,2 27,6 17,3

TV5_n v t vn thiu h tr cho Ch u t 214 4,2 27,1 29,4

TV6_Sai lm trong kho st a cht 214 5,1 15,9 43,5

TV7_Thit k khng ph hp vi quy hoch 214 7,9 18,7 30,4

TV8_Yu t khc 214 7,9 41,6 3,3

Yu t ngoi vi

NV1_Lm pht 214 0,9 13,1 53,3

NV2_Gi c vt liu tng ngoi tm kim sot 214 0,9 11,7 58,4

NV3_iu kin a cht, thy vn khng lng trc 214 1,9 21,0 36,4

NV4_Yu t khc 214 6,1 37,9 8,4

Yu t chnh sch

PL1_Th tc php l phc tp 214 0,9 23,4 39,7

PL2_Sai lm v khc bit trong hp ng 214 4,7 24,8 36,9

PL3_C quan qun l chm ra quyt nh 214 1,9 27,1 29,0

PL4_Quy nh php lut hay thay i 214 1,9 24,3 30,4

PL5_Yu t khc 214 6,5 42,5 2,3

Bng 3 (tt)


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chnh thiu n nh ca nhm Nh thu l khng t yu cu v b loi b.3.3. Kt qu phn tch yu t khm ph EFA

Sau khi loi b cc bin km ngha, tin hnh phn tch yu t khm ph EFA. Tiu chun Bartlett v h s KMO dng nh gi s thch hp ca EFA. Tiu chun rt trch yu t gm ch s Eigenvalue v ch s Cumulative. Kt qu phn tch EFA cho thy c 5 nhm yu t c khm ph vi cc thng s kim nh nh sau:

H s Eigenvalues Cumulative % = 72,03%, nh vy c 72,03% bin thin ca d liu c gii thch bi 5 yu t.

Mc ngha kim nh Barlett = 0,000


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th tc php l phc tp.F5 (Yu t kh khn v ti

chnh) i din cho cc bin quan st: Ch u t gp kh khn v ngun vn u t cho d n, nh thu gp kh khn v ti chnh, ph thuc ch u t.

Ring cc yu t thiu kinh nghim trong lnh vc c giao, sai lm v khc bit trong hp ng, gi cho thu theo xu hng thp: H s component thp hn h s chun l 0,55 v tng t nhau cc nhm yu t khc nhau, do tc gi loi cc bin ny khi phn tch hi quy.Kim tra kch thc mu - Cng thc kinh nghim thng dng tnh kch thc mu cho hi quy tuyn tnh nh sau: n >= 50+ 8p (trong n l kch thc mu, p l s bin c lp trong m hnh). Ta thy trong m hnh ca chng ta c: n=214, p=5 => 50+8.5 = 90. Tha iu kin kch thc mu (v kch thc mu chng ta thu thp c l 214> kch thc mu yu cu l 90). - Phng trnh hi quy vi cc yu t mi tng qut F1 n F5

a. Bin c lp: yu t kh khn v ti chnh, yu t chnh

sch , yu t ngoi vi, yu t yu km ca ch u t, yu t yu km ca nh thu v t vn.

b. Bin ph thuc: Tnh trng chm tin v vt d ton.

Kim nh ANOVANhn xt:- M hnh hi quy c h s R2

hiu chnh l 0,627, ngha l c 62,8% tnh trng chm tr, vt d ton ca d n u t cng c gii thch bi 5 yu t nu trn.

- H s phng i phng sai VIF c quy tc l khi VIF vt qu 5, l du hiu ca a cng tuyn. Quan st bng h s hi quy ca m hnh, h s VIF ca cc bin 1 nn khng c hin tng t tng quan gia cc bin trong m hnh.

- Kim nh Anova cho h s thng k Sig. = 0,000 < 0,05, tng ng vi vic m hnh c ngha, cc yu t F1 n F5 thc s c tc ng n tnh trng chm tr, vt d ton ca d n u t cng. iu ny cng bc b gi thuyt Ho rng cc h s

hi quy ng thi bng 0.- Cc h s hi quy ny c

ngha thng k, v tc ng ca F1 v F2 l mnh nht, k ti l F5 v F3. ng ch l yu t F4 c tc ng ngc chiu n tnh trng chm tr v vt d ton ca u t cng, tuy nhin khng c ngha thng k.

- Gi nh phng sai ca sai s khng i c kim nh da trn biu phn tn scatterplot gia gi tr phn d c chun ha (ZRESID) v gi tr d on c chun ha (ZPRED). Kt qu cho thy cc gi tr nm trong khong -2 n 2 v phn tn ngu nhin qua ng thng qua im 0. iu ny cho thy kt qu hi quy khng b vi phm gi thuyt phng sai ca sai s thay i.

Kt lunNh vy m hnh hi quy

t c 05 gi thuyt quan trng trong hi quy OLS v c dng nh sau:

Tnh trng chm tin , vt d ton = 1,123 + 0,316 Yu t yu km ca nh thu hoc t vn + 0,344 Yu t yu km ca ch u t + 0,093 Yu t ngoi vi + 0,214 Yu t kh khn v ti chnh

4. Kt lun v khuyn ngh

4.1. Kt lun Bn nguyn nhn quan trng

nht ca tnh trng chm tr v vt d ton ca cc d n u t cng ti VN l Yu km trong qun l d n ca ch u t, Yu km ca nh thu hoc t vn, Yu t ngoi vi v yu t kh khn v ti chnh c tc gi nhn din v nh gi mc nh hng. Trn c s , tc gi gi mt s gii php,


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khuyn ngh chnh sch v qun l d n u t cng ti VN, gp phn gii quyt tnh tnh trng chm tr v vt d ton ca cc d n m VN phi i mt trn con ng pht trin.4.2. Khuyn ngh

Mt s gii php lin quan n khc phc yu km t cc ch u t:

Ch u t d n cng thng l th trng n v cng lp c giao vn v cng l n v tip nhn vn hnh cng trnh khi hon thnh. Th trng cc n v hnh chnh s nghip ny thng khng c chuyn mn v k thut v cha c o to bi bn v qun l d n. Gii php u tin l phi o to bi dng cho cc lnh o n v hnh chnh s nghip.

Ni dung mn qun l d n u t phi c a vo chng trnh o to kin thc qun l ca Hc vin Hnh chnh Quc gia. Mn qun l d n u t cn phi c o to bt buc trong chng trnh hc ca cc trng k thut v cc khoa qun l ngnh ca trng kinh t.

Mt s gii php lin quan n khc phc yu km ca n v t vn:

Qua kho st v so snh thy rng chi ph t vn theo quy nh ca B Xy dng thp hn so vi mc gi ca cc n v t vn nc ngoi. Tuy nhin, khi c s c xy ra lm chm tin hoc vt d ton th n v t vn rt t khi b ch u t pht. Nu c mc pht cng khng qu 12% gi tr hp ng vi phm. Mc pht ny qu thp khng ngn nga v khc phc vi phm sai st ca n v t vn. Do xut B Xy dng sa i quy

nh theo hng nng cao mc ph cho cng tc t vn (nht l chi ph thit k, chi ph gim st, chi ph qun l d n) ng thi c bin php ch ti nghim khc cc sai st: Pht tin hoc thm ch rt chng ch hnh ngh t vn. V lu di khi phc li ch tng cng trnh s ghi r kin trc s k s thit k gim st cng trnh. Khi tn tui danh d gn lin vi d n cng trnh kh nng sai st s t xy ra.

Gi v chnh sch:Chnh ph cn nhanh chng

trnh Quc hi thng qua Lut Qun l u t cng trn c s tng hp rt kinh nghim v sa i nhng bt cp ca cc quy nh hin nay. Trong xu th hi nhp, B lut Qun l u t cng cn tim cn vi cc chun mc ca Hip hi k s t vn quc t (FIDIC) c cc t chc ti chnh a phng (WB, ADB) p dng v pht huy hiu qu. iu ny cng trnh cho cc ch u t qun l d n s dng ngun vn ODA lng tng trong cng tc qun l khi va phi thc hin theo Hip nh ti tr va phi thc hin qun l theo php lut VN.

Bn cnh , cn xy dng B quy tc ng x o c chung cho ch u t v cc bn lin quan trong qun l d n. B quy tc ny phi c xy dng vi nhng quy nh c th r rng minh bch, d thc hin, d kim sot.

Gi v qun l tin , kim sot ri ro:

Ch u t phi lp k hoch tin cho tng d n, tng c nhn tham gia qun l d n phi lp tin cng vic cho tng phn vic c giao. Mi cng vic phi c lng c cc ri ro pht sinh v d phng hng x l.

xut chn phng php s gng CPM (Critical Path Method) cho nhng d n n gin ngn hn v chn phng php lp k hoch theo biu chu k LSM (Linear Scheduling Method) cho nhng d n ln phc tp v thi gian thc hin ko di. Lp bng tin phi c xem l yu cu bt buc v l ch bo kim sot ri rolTI LIU THAM KHO

Abd. Majid, M.Z. and McCaffer, R., (1998),

Factors of Non-excusable Delays that

Influence Contractors Performance,

Journal of Management in Engineering,

ASCE, May/June p.42-49

D.W.M. Chan, M.M. Kumaraswamy, (1995,

97), A study of causes of the factors

affecting construction durations in Hong

Kong, Construction Management and

Economics, Vol. 13, p.319-33

Long, D. N., Ogunlana, S.O., Quang

T. and Lam, K.C., (2004), Large

Construction Projects in Developing

Countries, a case study from Vietnam,

International Journal of Project

Management, Elsevier, 22, p.553-561.

L. Le-Hoai, Y. D. Lee and J. Y. Lee,

(2008), Delay and Cost Overruns in

Vietnam Large Construction Projects:

A Comparison with Other Selected

Countries, Journal of Civil Engineering,

Vol. 12, No. 6, p. 367-377.

Odeh, A. M. and Battaineh, H.T., (2002),

Causes of Construction Delay:

Traditional Contracts. International,

Journal of Project management,

Elsevier, 20 p.67-73

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Documents

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