Tamil Final Material

STUDY CIRCLE STUDY CIRCLE STUDY CIRCLE STUDY CIRCLE

DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAMDISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAMDISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAMDISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM

ghlj;jpl;lk; nghJj; jkpo; (nfhs; Fwptifj; Njh;tpw;F)ghlj;jpl;lk; nghJj; jkpo; (nfhs; Fwptifj; Njh;tpw;F)ghlj;jpl;lk; nghJj; jkpo; (nfhs; Fwptifj; Njh;tpw;F)ghlj;jpl;lk; nghJj; jkpo; (nfhs; Fwptifj; Njh;tpw;F) gFjp gFjp gFjp gFjp – mmmm

,yf;fzk; ,yf;fzk; ,yf;fzk; ,yf;fzk;

1. nghUj;Jjy; - i) nghUj;jkhd nghUisj; Njh;T nra;jy; ii) Gfo; ngw;w E}yhrphpah; 2. njhlUk; njhlh;Gk; mwpjy; - i) ,j;njhluhy; Fwpf;fg;ngWk; rhd;Nwhh;.

ii) milnkhopahy; Fwpf;fg;ngWk; E}y;

3. gphpj;J vOJf. gphpj;J vOJf. gphpj;J vOJf. gphpj;J vOJf 4. vjph;r;nrhy;iyf; vLj;njOJjy; 5. nghUe;jhr; nrhy;iyf; fz;lwpjy; 6. gpio jpUj;jk; (i) re;jpg;gpioia ePf;Fjy; (ii) xUik gd;ik> gpiofis

ePf;Fjy; kuGg; gpiofs; tOTr; nrhw;fis ePf;Fjy; gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fis ePf;Fjy;

7. Mq;fpyr;nrhy;Yf;F Neuhd jkpo;r;nrhy;iy mwpjy; 8. xyp NtWghlwpe;J rhpahd nghUismwpjy;; 9. XnuOj;J xU nkhop chpanghUisf; fz;lwpjy; 10. Ntu;r;nrhy;iyj; Njh;T nra;jy; 11. Ntu;r;nrhy;iyf; nfhLj;J tpidKw;W> tpidnar;rk;> tpidahyidAk; ngau;> njhopw; ngaiu cUthf;fy; 12. mfu tupirg;gb nrhw;fis rPu; nra;jy; 13. nrhw;fis xOq;FgLj;jp nrhw;nwhluhf;Fjy; 14. ngah;r;nrhy;ypd; tifawpjy; 15. ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G mwpjy; 16. tpilf;Nfw;w tpdhitj; Nju;e;NjLj;jy; 17. vt;tif thf;fpak; vdf; fz;nlOJjy; 18. jd;tpid> gpwtpid> nra;tpid> nrag;ghl;Ltpid thf;fpaq;fisf; fz;nlOJjy;. 19. ctikahy; tpsf;fg;ngWk; nghUj;Jkhd nghUis Nju;e;njOJjy; 20. vJif> Nkhid> ,iaG ,tw;Ws; VNjDk; xd;iwj; Nju;e;njOJjy;.

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STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE , VILLUPURAM

PH – 04146 -226417

gFjp gFjp gFjp gFjp – MMMM

,yf;fpak;,yf;fpak;,yf;fpak;,yf;fpak;

1) jpUf;Fws; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;> Nkw;Nfhs;fs; njhliu epug;Gjy; (gj;njhd;gJ mjpfhuk; kl;Lk;) md;G – gz;G – fy;tp – Nfs;tp – mwpT – mlf;fk; - xOf;fk; - nghiw – el;G – tha;ik – fhyk; - typ –xg;gutwpjy;> nra; ed;wp> rhd;whz;ik> nghpahiuj;Jizf;Nfhly;> nghUs;nray;tif> tpidj;jplgk; ,dpait $wy;. 2. mwE}y; ehybahu;. ehd;kzpf;fbf;if> gonkhopehD}W> KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp> jpupfLfk;> ,d;dh ehw;gJ ,dpait ehw;gJ> rpWgQ;r%yk;> Vyhjp> xsitahu; ghly;fs; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;> gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fspy; gpwnra;jpfs;. 3. fk;guhkhazk; - njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs; Nkw;Nfhs;fs;> gh tif> rpwe;j njhlu;fs;. 4. GwehD}W – mfehDW – ew;wpiz – FWe;njhif – Iq;FWE}W – fypj;njhif – njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs; - Nkw;Nfhs;fs; mbtiuaiw> vl;Lnjhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fspy; cs;s gpwnra;jpfs;. 5. rpyg;gjpfhuk; - kzpNkfiy njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs; Nkw;Nfhs;fs; rpwe;j njhlu;fs; cl;gpupTfs; kw;Wk; Ik;ngUk; - IQ;rpWq; fhg;gpaq;fs; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;. 6. nghpaGuhzk; - ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag;gpuge;jk;> jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk; - Njk;ghtzp – rPwhg;Guhzk; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;. 7. rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; jpUf;Fw;whyf;FwtQ;rp> fypq;fj;Jg;guzp> Kj;njhs;shapuk;> jkpo;tpL J}J ee;jpf; fyk;gfk;. tpf;fpukNrhod; cyh> Kf;$lw;gs;S> fhtbr;rpe;J> jpUNtq;flj;je;jhjp> Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp gps;isj; jkpo; ngj;jyNfk; FwtQ;rp mofu;fpistpL J}J> ,uh[uh[d; Nrhod; cyh njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;. 8. kNdhd;kzpak; - ghQ;ryp rgjk; - Fapy;ghl;L - ,ul;Lw nkhopjy; (fhsNkfg; Gyth; nrhf;fehju; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;) 9. ehl;LGwghly;fs; - rpj;jh; ghly;fs; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;. 10. rka Kd;Ndhbfs; mg;gu;. rk;ge;ju;> Re;juu;> khzpf;fthrfu;> jpU%yh;> FyNrfuMo;thu;. Mz;lhs;> rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhu;. vr;.V.fpU~;zg; gps;is> ckWg;Gytu;> njhlh;ghd nra;jpfs;> Nkw;f;Nfhs;fs; rpwg;Gg; ngau;fs;.

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PH – 04146 -226417

gFjp gFjp gFjp gFjp ---- ,,,,

jkpo; mwpQu;fSk; jkpo;j; njhz;Lk;jkpo; mwpQu;fSk; jkpo;j; njhz;Lk;jkpo; mwpQu;fSk; jkpo;j; njhz;Lk;jkpo; mwpQu;fSk; jkpo;j; njhz;Lk; 1. ghujpahh;> ghujpjhrd;> ehkf;fy; ftpQh;> ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk; gps;is> njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs; rpwg;Gr; nra;jpfs;> rpwe;j njhlu;fs;> rpwg;Gg; ngau;fs;. 2. kuGf;ftpij – Kbaurd;> thzpjhrd;> Rujh> fz;zjhrd;> cLkiyehuhaz ftp> gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahzRe;juk>; kUjfhrp> njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;> milnkhopg; ngau;fs;. 3. GJf; ftpij – eh.gpr;r%h;j;jp> rp.R.nry;yg;gh> jUK rptuhK> gRta;ah> ,uh.kPdhl;rp> rp.kzp> rpw;gp> K.Nkj;jh><NuhL jkpod;gd;> mg;Jy; uFkhd;> fyhg;upah> fy;ahz;[p> Qhdf; $j;jh;> NjtNjtd;> rhiy ,se;jpiuad;> Mye;J}h;> Nkhfduq;fd; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;> Nkw;Nfhs;fs;> rpwg;Gj; njhlu;fs; kw;Wk; vOjpa E}y;fs; 4. jkpopy; fbj ,yf;fpak; - ehl;Fwpg;G> NeU – fhe;jp> K.t.mz;zh> Mde;juq;fk; gps;is ehl;Fwpg;G njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;. 5. ehlff;fiy - ,irf; fiy njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;. 6. jkpopy; rpW fijfs; jiyg;G – Mrphpau; - nghUj;Jjy;. 7. fiyfs; - rpw;gk; - Xtpak; - Ngr;R – jpiug;glf;fiy njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;. 8. jkpopd; njhz;ik – jkpo; nkhopapd; rpwg;G jpuhtpl nkhopfs; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;. 9. ciueil – kiwkiyabfs;> gupjpkhw;fiyQh;> e.K. Ntq;flrhkp ehlhu;> uh.gp. NrJg;gps;is> jpU.tp.f itahGhpgps;is – nkhop njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;. 10. c.Nt. rhkpehj Iau;> nj.ngh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhu;> rp.,yf;Ftdhu;> jkpo;g;gzp njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs; 11. NjtNeag;ghthzu; - mfuKjyp> ghtyNuW ngUQ; rpj;jpudhu;> jkpo;j;njhz;L njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs; 12. [p.A.Nghg; - tPukhKdptu; jkpo;j;njhz;L rpwg;G njhlu;fs;. 13. ngupahh; - mz;zh – Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njth; - mk;Ngj;fu; - fhkuhrh; - rKjhaj;njhz;L 14. jkpofk; - CUk;> NgUk;> Njhw;wk;> khw;wk;> gw;wpa nra;jpfs;. 15. cyfshtpa jkpou;fs; rpwg;Gk; - ngUikAk; - jkpo;g; gzpAk;. 16. jkpo;nkhopapy; mwptpay; rpe;jidfs; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;. 17. jkpo; kfspupd; rpwg;G md;dp ngrz;l; mk;ikahu; - %tY}u;> uhkhkpu;jj;jk;khs;> lhf;lu;. Kj;Jyl;Rkp nul;b> tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; kfspu; gq;F> (jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik> uhzp kq;fk;khs;). 18. jkpoh; tzpfk; - njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; - flw;gazq;fs; - njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;. 19. czNt kUe;J – Neha; jPu;f;Fk; %ypiffs; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;. 20. rkag; nghJik czu;j;jpa> jhAkhdth;> ,uhkypq;f mbfshu;> jpU.tp.fy;ahz Re;judhu;> njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs; - Nkw;Nfhs;fs;.

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jkpo; ,yf;fzk;jkpo; ,yf;fzk;jkpo; ,yf;fzk;jkpo; ,yf;fzk; ,yf;F + mzk;> mzk; vd;why; cah;e;jJ. nkhopapd; cah;e;j Fwpf;Nfhs;fisf; $WtJ ,yf;fzk; MFk;. ,yf;fzk; xU nkhopia gpioapd;wp NgrTk; vOjTk; gad;gLfpd;wJ. ,yf;fzj;ij Ie;J tifahf gphpg;gh;.

• vOj;jpyf;fzk;

• nrhy;ypf;fzk;

• nghUspyf;fzk;

• ahg;gpyf;fzk;

• mzpapyf;fzk; vd Ie;J tifahFk;.

njhy;fhg;gpah; %d;W mjpfhukhf gphpj;jhh;. mit vOj;J nrhy; nghUs;vOj;J nrhy; nghUs;vOj;J nrhy; nghUs;vOj;J nrhy; nghUs; vd;W %d;W tifaha; gphpj;jhh;.

vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs; vd;W %d;W mjpfhuKk;> mjpfhuj;jpw;F xd;gJ ,ayhf nkhj;jk; ,Ugj;jpVO ,ay;fs; nfhz;lJ njhy;fhg;gpak;. ,uz;L ,yf;fz E}y;fs,uz;L ,yf;fz E}y;fs,uz;L ,yf;fz E}y;fs,uz;L ,yf;fz E}y;fs; ; ; ;

1. ed;D}y; :ed;D}y; :ed;D}y; :ed;D}y; : vOj;J> nrhy; ,yf;fz E}y;fs;>gtze;jp Kdpth; ,aw;wpdhh;. ,d;W gs;sp khzhf;fh;fs; gapYk; ,yf;fz E}y; gtze;jp KdptUilaNj. nkhj;jk; 462 E}w;ghf;fs; cs;sd.

2. Nekpehjk; : Nekpehjk; : Nekpehjk; : Nekpehjk; : vOjpath; FztPu gz;bjh; 99 ntz;ghf;fs;. RUf;fkhd Kiwapy; ,yf;fzq;fis ,ak;Gtjhy; ,jw;F rpd;D}y; vd;Dk; ngaUk; cz;L.

nrhy; ,nrhy; ,nrhy; ,nrhy; ,yf;fz E}y;fsyf;fz E}y;fsyf;fz E}y;fsyf;fz E}y;fs; : ; : ; : ; :

nrhy; ,yf;fzj;ij kl;Lk; gpuNahf tpNtfk; kw;Wk; ,yf;fzf; nfhj;J vd;Dk; E}y;fs; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.

• gpuNahf tpNtfk; : gpuNahf tpNtfk; : gpuNahf tpNtfk; : gpuNahf tpNtfk; : Mrphpah; Rg;gpukzpa jPl;rpjh;.

• ,yf;fz nfhj;J : ,yf;fz nfhj;J : ,yf;fz nfhj;J : ,yf;fz nfhj;J : Mrphpah; Rthkpehj Njrpfh;. jkpof;F v>x>o>w>d vd;Dk; Ie;J vOj;Jf;fs; kl;LNk cs;sd. midj;J vOj;Jf;fSk; tlnkhopf;F chpadNt Ie;njOj;jhy; xU nkhop vd;gij fw;wwpe;Njhh; Xj;Jf;nfhs;shh; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

tlnkhopapd; cah;Tf;fhfj; jkpopy; vOjg;gl;l ,yf;fz E}y;. tlnkhopapd; cah;Tf;fhfj; jkpopy; vOjg;gl;l ,yf;fz E}y;. tlnkhopapd; cah;Tf;fhfj; jkpopy; vOjg;gl;l ,yf;fz E}y;. tlnkhopapd; cah;Tf;fhfj; jkpopy; vOjg;gl;l ,yf;fz E}y;.

nghUs; ,yf;fz E}y; nghUs; ,yf;fz E}y; nghUs; ,yf;fz E}y; nghUs; ,yf;fz E}y; : : : : tho;tpay; $Wfisf; $WtJ nghUspyf;fzk;. ,J mfg;nghUs; ,yf;fzk;> Gwg;nghUs; ,yf;fzk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

khwdyq;fhuk; : khwdyq;fhuk; : khwdyq;fhuk; : khwdyq;fhuk; : - Mrphpah; jpUf;FUifg; ngUkhs;

gpw mzp ,yf;fz E}y;fs;gpw mzp ,yf;fz E}y;fs;gpw mzp ,yf;fz E}y;fs;gpw mzp ,yf;fz E}y;fs; : Ftyahde;jk;> re;jpuNyhfk; vd;Dk; ,U mzp E}y;fs; cs;sd.

Ie;jpyf;fz E}y;fs; Ie;jpyf;fz E}y;fs; Ie;jpyf;fz E}y;fs; Ie;jpyf;fz E}y;fs;

vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs;> ahg;G> mzp vd;Dk; Ie;J ,yf;fzq;fisAk; $WtJ Ie;jpyf;fz E}y; vdg;gLk;.

• tPuNrhopak;tPuNrhopak;tPuNrhopak;tPuNrhopak; : (fpgp 10k; E}w;whz;L) : - Mrphpah; Gj;jkpj;jpuh; tPu uhNIe;jpud; vd;Dk; Nrho kd;ddd; ngauhy; E}Yf;F ,g;ngah;. Kjy; Ie;J ,yf;fz E}y;.

• ,yf;fz tpsf;fk,yf;fz tpsf;fk,yf;fz tpsf;fk,yf;fz tpsf;fk; : (fpgp 17k; E}w;whz;L) Mrphpah; itj;jpa ehj Njrpfh;. ,jw;F Fl;bj; njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;W ngau; cz;L.

• njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; : (fpgp 18k; E}w;whz;L) : Mrphpah; tPukhKdpth;. ,jw;F Fl;bj; njhy;fhg;gpakFl;bj; njhy;fhg;gpakFl;bj; njhy;fhg;gpakFl;bj; njhy;fhg;gpak ; vd;w kw;w ngaUk; cz;L.

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PH – 04146 -226417

• RthkpehjkRthkpehjkRthkpehjkRthkpehjk; : - Mrphpah; Rthkp ftpuhah;

• Kj;JtPhpakKj;JtPhpakKj;JtPhpakKj;JtPhpak; : Mrphpah; Kj;JtPu cghj;jpahah;. ghl;bay; E}y;fs; ghl;bay; E}y;fs; ghl;bay; E}y;fs; ghl;bay; E}y;fs;

,yf;fpa tiffisAk;> mtw;wpd; ahg;G tbtq;fs; gw;wpAk; tiuaWj;Jf; $Wtd ghl;bay; E}y;fs;> nkhj;jk; 13 ghl;bay; E}y;fs;. 1. gd;dpU ghl;bay; : - Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. 2. ntz;ghg;ghl;bay; : - (fpgp. 13k; E}w;whz;L)Mrphpah; FztPu gz;bjh; jd; Mrphpah; ngauhy; tr;rze;jpkhiy vd;Wk; ,e;j E}Yf;Fg; ngahpl;lhh;.

3. etePjg;ghl;bay; : (fp.gp.14k; E}w;whz;L)Mrphpah; etePj eldhh;.

4. rpjk;gug; ghl;bay; : - (fpgp 16k; E}w;whz;L)Mrphpah; guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth;. 5. njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; 6. ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; 7. gpuge;j kugpay; : (fpgp 18k; E}w;whz;L)Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. 8. Kj;J tPhpak; : - (fpgp 19Mk; E}w;whz;L)Mrphpah; Kj;JtPu cghj;jpahah;. 9. gpuge;j jPgpif : - (fpgp. 19k; E}w;whz;L) Mrphpah; ghg;Gitah; vd;Dk; Kj;J Ntq;fl Rg;igah;. 10. Rthkpehjk; : (fpgp 19k; E}w;whz;L)Mrphpah; Rthkp ehjftpuhah;. 11. gpuge;j jPgk; : (fpgp 19k; E}w;whz;L)Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. 12. gpuge;jj; jpul;L (fpgp 19k; E}w;whz;L)Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. 13. rk;ge;jg; ghl;bay; (fpgp 14k; E}w;whz;L)Mrphpah; rk;ge;j Kdpth; kq;fyg; nghUj;jk; kl;Lk; NgRfpwJ. ,jw;F tiuaWj;j ghl;bay; vd;Wk; ngah;.

jkpo; ,yf;fzk; jkpo; ,yf;fzk; jkpo; ,yf;fzk; jkpo; ,yf;fzk; ---- gpupT mgpupT mgpupT mgpupT m 1. (i) nghUj;jkhd nghUisj; Njh;T nra;jy; nghUs;. Mh;tyh; - md;Gilath;> Gz;fzPh; - Jd;gk; fz;L ngUFk; fz;zPh;> g+ry; jUk; - ntspg;gl;L epw;Fk; vd;G - vYk;G tof;F - tho;f;if newp> MUaph; - mUik caph;> <Dk; - jUk;> Mh;tk; - tpUg;gk;> ez;G -el;G itafk; - cyfk;> vd;g -vd;ghh;fs; kwk; - tPuk; vd;gpyJ -vYk;gpy;yhjJ (GO)> md;gpyJ - md;gpy;yhj caph;fs;

md;G+mfj;J+,y;yh- md;gfj;jpy;yh> md;G cs;sj;jpy; ,y;yhj>

td;ghw;fz; - td;ghy; + fz;> ghiy epyj;jpy;> jsph;j;jw;W - jsph;j;jJ Nghy> tw;wy; kuk; - thba kuk; Gwj;JWg;G -cly; cWg;Gfs;> vtd; nra;Ak; - vd;d gad;> mfj;JWg;G -kdj;jpd; cWg;G>

md;G> tof;F -ed;newp ez;G - el;G> eak;,y -jPq;F>,dpikaw;w> fil -gOJ efy;ty;yh; - rphpj;J kfpo;gth;> khapU Qhyk; -kpfg;nghpacyfk; frL - Fw;wk;> epw;f - fw;wthW elf;f ctg;g - kfpo> jiyf;$b - xd;W Nrh;e;J rhe;JizAk; - rhFk;tiu Vkhg;G - ghJfhg;G fhKWth; - tpUk;Gthh; tpOr;nry;tk; - rpwe;j nry;tk; khL - nry;tk; nrtpr;nry;tk; - Nfs;tpr; nry;tk; jiy - Kjd;ik Ngho;J - nghOJ> <ag;gLk; - mspf;fg;gLk; mtpczT - Njth;fSf;F Nts;tpapy; nfhLf;fg;gLk; czT> xg;gh; - epfuhth; xw;fk; - jsh;r;rp> Cw;W - Cd;Wf;Nfhy;

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PH – 04146 -226417

Cw;Wf;Nfhy; - Cd;WNfhy;> mw;Nw - Nghd;wNj vidj;jhDk; - vt;tsT rpwpjhapDk; midj;jhDk; - Nfl;l mj;Jiz mstpYk; Md;w- epiwe;j) gpioj;Jzh;e;Jk;-jtWfisnghOJk;> Ngijik -mwpahikapd;ghw;gl;l ,opnrhw;fs; ,ioj;Jzh;e;J - El;gkhf Muha;e;J> <z;ba - Ma;e;jwpe;j jifaNt – jd;ikaNj Njhl;fg;glhj – Jisf;fg;glhj Ezq;fpa – El;gkhfpa> tzq;fpa – gzpthd> thapduhjy; - nkhopapid cilath;> thAzh;tpd; khf;fs; - czTr;Rit mwpe;Njhh;> mtpapDk; - ,we;jhYk; mw;wk; - mopT> ,Wjp> nrWthh;f;F – gifth;f;F> muz; - Nfhl;il XhP, - ePf;fp> thlh – thlhky;> ca;g;gJ – nrYj;JtJ nka;g;nghUs; - cz;ikg;nghUs;> fhz;gJ –(fhZjy;) fhzty;yJ mwpT vz;nghUs; - vspa nghUs;> Ez;nghUs; - El;gkhd nghUs;> nryr;nrhy; - kdq;nfhs;sr;nrhy; joP,a – el;ghf;FtJ> Xl;gk; - mwpTlik> $k;gy; - Ftpjy;> Kfk; thLjy;> kyh;jy; - tphpjy;> Kfk; kyh;jy; ciwtJ – XOFtJ MtJ – gpd;dh; tuf;$baJ mwpfy;yhjth; - mwpakhl;lhh; Ngijik – mwpT ,d;ik mwpth; - mwpTilath; mQ;ry; - vz;zpg; ghh;j;J mjidr; nra;ahJ tpLjy; vjpuJ –vjph;fhyj;jpy; Neuf;$baJ mjpu – eLq;Fk;gb Neha; - Jd;gk; vd;DilaNuDk; -vy;yhk; cilatuhapDk; ,yh; - ,y;yhjth mlf;fk; -kzk;>nkhop,nka;fs; jPa topfspw;nry;yhJ mlq;Fjy;

mkuUs; -Njth; cyfk; (Rth;f;fk;)

ca;f;Fk; - nrYj;Jk; MhpUs; - eufk; nghUsh –cah;e;j nghUshff; fUjp fhf;f - filgpbj;J xOFf. mjdpd; Cq;F – mt; mlf;fj;ij tplTk; nrwpT – mlf;fk; rPh;ik – tpOg;gk;> rpwg;G Mw;wpd; - Neh;topapy; epiyapd; - ,y;yw newpahFk; epiyapd; epd;W jphpahJ – epiygpwohJ Njhw;wk; - cah;T khz – kpfTk; ed;W Mk; - ed;ik jUtNj Mk; gzpjy; - mlq;Fjy; nry;te;jifj;J – nry;tk; vdj;jFk; rpwg;gpidAilj;J Ie;J – Ik;nghwpfs; xUik – xU gpwg;G vOik – VO gpwg;G Vkhg;G – ghJfhg;G ah –vtw;iw (vy;yhtw;iwAk;) Nrhfhg;gh; - Jd;GWth; nrhy; ,Of;F – nrhy; Fw;wk; xd;whDk; - (vz; mstpy;) xd;whf ,Ug;gpDk; nghUl;gad; - nghUshy; tpistJ cz;lhapd; - cz;lhtJ Mapd; ed;whfhJ MfptpLk; - jPjhjptpLk; cs; MWk; - (clk;gpy; Gz;zhf epw;gpDk;)cs;sj;Nj MwptpLk; fjk; - rpdk;> fhj;J – mlf;fp nrt;tp – jFe;j fhyk; Mw;wpd; - milAk; topapy; tpOg;gk; - rpwg;G xk;gg;gLk; - fhj;jy; Ntz;Lk; ghpe;J – tpUk;gp> NjhpDk; - Muha;e;J ghh;j;jhYk; Fbik – cah;Fb mOf;fhW – nghwhik Mf;fk; - nry;tk; xy;fhh; - tpyfkhl;lhh;

7


PH – 04146 -226417

cuNthh; - kdtypikAilNahh; Vjk; - Fw;wk; va;Jth; - milth; ,Lk;ig – Jd;gk; xy;yhNt - ,ayhNt xl;l – nghUe;j xOFjy; - elj;jy;> tho;jy; mfo;thiu – Njhz;Lgtiu ,fo;thh; - ,opTg;gLj;JNthh; jiy – rpwe;j gz;G ,d;ik – tWik xuhy; - ePf;Fjy; klthh; - mwptpypfs; tpUe;J – tPl;Lf;Fg; Gjpatuha; te;jth; epiw – rhy;G xWj;jhiu – jz;bj;jtiu xd;whf – xU nghUl;lhf nghd;Wk; - cyfk; mopAk; tiu jpwdy;y – nra;aj;jfhj Nehnehj;J – Jd;gj;jpw;F tUj;jp kpFjpahd; - kdr;nrUf;fhy; kpf;fit – jPq;Ffs; jFjpahd; - nghWikahy; Jwe;jhh; - gw;ww;wth;; ,we;jhh; - newpiaf; fle;jth; ,d;dh – jPa Nehw;fpw;gth; - nghWg;gth; Nehw;ghh; - Nehd;G Nkw;nfhs;gth; ,d;dhr;nrhy; - ,dpikaw;w nrhy; tpid – nray;> fhg;G – fhty; ePuth; - mwpTilahh; Nfz;ik – el;G Ngijahh; - mwptyhh; etpy;NjhWk; - fw;ff; fw;f eak; - ,d;gk; eFjy; - rphpj;jy; ,bj;jy; - fbe;Jiuj;jy; fpoik – chpik. Kfef – Kfk;kyu

MW – ey;top; ca;j;J - nrYj;jp my;yy; - Jd;gk; cLf;if – Mil ,Lf;fz; - Jd;gk; fistJ – ePf;FtJ nfhl;gpd;wp – NtWghL ,y;yhky; Cd;Wk; - jhq;Fk;

Gidj;jy; - Gfo;jy; Giu – Fw;wk; : gaf;Fk; - jUk; RLk; - tUj;Jk;. md;d – mit Nghy;td va;ahik – tUe;jhky; <uk; - md;G : mis, - fye;J : gbW – tQ;rk; : nrk;nghUs; - rpwe;j nghUs;. mfd; - mfk;> cs;sk; mkh; - tpUg;gk; mkh;e;J – tpUk;gp Kfd; - Kfk; ,d;nrhy; - ,dpa nrhy; mkh;e;J – tpUk;gp mfj;jhd; Mk; - cs;sk; fye;J ,d;nrhypdNj - ,dpa nrhw;fisg; NgRjiy Jd;GW}ck; - Jd;gk; jUk; : ,d;GW}ck; - ,d;gk; jUk; : ahh; khl;Lk; - ahhplj;Jk; Jt;thik – tWik rpWik – Jd;gk;> kWik – kWgpwtp> ,k;ik - ,g;gpwtp

,dpjPd;wy; - ,dpJ+<d;wy;> <d;wy; - jUjy;> cz;lhf;Fjy; td;nrhy; - fLQ;nrhy;. vtd;nfhNyh –vd;d fhuzNkh? VNdh?. $if – Nfhl;lhd;> Me;ij> ,fy; - gif jpU – nry;tk;> jPuhik – ePq;fhik mUtpid – nraw;fhpa nray; Qhyk; - cyfk; xLf;fk; - mlq;fpapUg;gJ nghUjfh; - Ml;Lf;fplh NgUe;jifj;J-gpd;thq;Fk; jd;ikahdJ. nghs;nsd – clNd : xs;spth; - mwpTilahd; Gwk;Ntuhh; - ntspg;gLj;jkhl;lhh;. cs;Nth;g;gh; - kdj;jpDs; kiwe;J itj;jpUg;ghh;. nrWeh; - gifth; Rkf;f – gzpf ,Wtiu – KbTfhyk; fpof;fhe;jiy – jiyfPo; (khw;wk;) va;jw;F – fpilg;gjw;F

8


PH – 04146 -226417

,isae;jf;fhy; - fpilj;j nghOJ $k;Gk; - tha;g;gw;w : rPh;j;j ,lk; chpa fhyk; tpid typ – jhd; nra;af; fUjpNa nraypd; jd;ik khw;whd; - gifth; J}f;fp – rPh;J}f;fp xy;tJ – jk;khypad;wJ mwptJ – mwpa Ntz;ba typik cilj;jk; - jk;Kila ,ilf;fz; - eLtpNyNa Cf;fk; - kd vOr;rp Cf;fp – nraiyj; njhlq;fp Khpj;jhh; - mope;jth; (Njhw;wth;) Mq;F mike;J xOfhd; - may; Nte;jNuhL nghUe;jp xOfhJ mstwpahd; - jd; typikapd; msit mwpahJ jd;id tpae;jhd; - jhNd jd;id cah;thff; fUjpr; nrUf;FWtd gPyp – kapy; Njhif rhfhL – tz;b ,Wk; - KhpAk; ngapd; - Vw;wpdhy; nfhk;gh; - ,Wjpg;Nghyp Edpf;nfhk;gh; - fpisapd; Edp m/jpwe;J – mt;tstpidf; fle;J MW – newp Mw;wpd; - nfhLf;Fk; newpapy; MF MW – nghUs; tUk; top ,l;baJ – rpwpJ NghF – MW – nrytopAk; top mfyhf;fil –ngUfhjhapd; (ngUftpy;iy vd;why;) cs Nghy – cs;sJ Nghy cstiu –jdf;Fs;snghUspd; msT J}f;fhj – Muha;e;J ghh;f;fhj ty;iy – tpiutpy; tstiu – nry;tj;jpd; vy;iy ifk;khW – vjph;ghh;j;Jr; nra;Ak; cjtp flg;ghL – flikahaf; nfhz;L nray;gly; jhshw;wp – kpf;f Kaw;rp nra;J je;j - <l;ba jf;fhh;f;F – jFe;jth;f;F Ntshz;ik – cjtp. Gj;Njs;cyfk;- (,d;gr;

nropg;Gilajhff; fUjg;gLk;) Njth; cyfj;Jk; <z;Lk; - ,t;Tyfj;Jk; xg;Gutpd; - xg;Guitf; fhl;bYk; ey;ygpw –ey;yitNagpw nray;fs; xj;jJ – cyf eilawpe;J mjw;fpirar; nra;tJ nrj;jhUs; itf;fg;gLk; - ,we;jhUs; xUtdhff; fUjg;gLthd;. CUzp – Ch; kf;fs; cz;Zk; ePh;f;Fsk; cyF mthk; - cyf eilia tpUk;gpr; nra;Ak; jpU-nry;tk;> mw;W – NghYk; gad;kuk; - gad;gLk; kuk; cs;@h; - Ch; eLNt eaDilahd; - ey;y cs;sKilahd kUe;jhfp – kUe;jha; jg;gh - jg;ghj kuj;jw;W – kuj;ij xg;gJ ,lk; - nry;tk;> ,ldpy; gUtk; - tWikAw;w fhyk; xy;fhh; - jsuhh; fld; - Kiwik fhl;rpath; - mwpTilahh; Nfhs; jf;fJ – nfhs;sj;jf;fJ mk;gp – glF Mafhiy – me;jNeuj;jpy; ehafd; - jiytd; fhAk;tpy;ypdd;- gifth;fis mopf;Fk; tpy;yhw;wy; ngw;wtd;. itafk; - kz;Zyfk; thdfk; - tpz;Zyfk; Qhyk; - epyTyfk; rhy;G – epiw gz;G – jFjp : khrw;whh; - Fw;wkw;wth; Nfz;ik – el;G cs;Sth; - epidg;gh; tpOkk; - Jd;gk; ,d;dh – jPq;Ffs;. fld; - flik rhd;Nwhh; - ey;y Fzq;fs; epiwe;jth; ehz; - ehzk; : xg;guT – cjTjy; fz;Nzhl;lk; - caph;fsplj;J ,uf;fk; tha;ik – cz;ik fz;Nzhl;lk; - caph;fsplj;J ,uf;fk; khw;whh; - gifth; rhy;G – rhd;whz;ik

9


PH – 04146 -226417

Mw;Wthh; - nray;nra;gth; Jiyaay;yhh; - Mw;wypy; Fiwe;jth; ,d;ik – tWik jpz;ik – typik Mop – fly; ,U epyk; - nghpaepyk; nghiw – Rik jpl;gk; - typik> kw;wit – xope;J Xuhy; - nra;ahik xy;fhik – jsuhik

1. 1. 1. 1. ii) Gfo;ngw;w E}y; kw;Wk; E}yhrphpah;fs) Gfo;ngw;w E}y; kw;Wk; E}yhrphpah;fs) Gfo;ngw;w E}y; kw;Wk; E}yhrphpah;fs) Gfo;ngw;w E}y; kw;Wk; E}yhrphpah;fs;

,g;gFjp tpdhf;fs; ngUk;ghYk; nghUj;Jf tifapYk; Neub tpdhf;fshfTk; mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gFjpf;Nfw;w Gfo;ngw;w E}y; E}yhrphpah;fspd; ngah;fs; vspikahf thpirg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J gapy;tjw;F vspikahf epidT nfhs;sTk; cjTk;.

gjpndz; Nky;fzf;F E}y;fs; (8 gjpndz; Nky;fzf;F E}y;fs; (8 gjpndz; Nky;fzf;F E}y;fs; (8 gjpndz; Nky;fzf;F E}y;fs; (8 ++++ 10 10 10 10 ==== 18)18)18)18) vvvvl;Lj;njhifl;Lj;njhifl;Lj;njhifl;Lj;njhif :

E}y;E}y;E}y;E}y; njhFj;jth;njhFj;jth;njhFj;jth;njhFj;jth; ghly;fs;ghly;fs;ghly;fs;ghly;fs; njhFg;gpj;jth;njhFg;gpj;jth;njhFg;gpj;jth;njhFg;gpj;jth; 1. ew;wpid 400 ghz;bad; khwd; tOjp 2. FWe;njhif g+hpf;Nfh 400

3. Ie;FE}W $lY}h;fpohh; 500 khjuQ;Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw

4. mfehD}W cUj;jpurd;kd; 400 ghz;bad; cf;fpungUtOjp

5. fypj;njhif ey;ye;Jtdhh; 150 6. GwehD}W 400 7. gjpw;Wg;gj;J 100 8. ghpghly; 22

gj;Jg;ghl;Lgj;Jg;ghl;Lgj;Jg;ghl;Lgj;Jg;ghl;L jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil - ef;fPuh; nghUeuhw;Wg;gil - Klj;jhkf; fz;zpahh; ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil - cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh; rpWghzhw;Wg;gil - ey;Y}h; ej;jj;jdhh; kiygLflhk; (m) $j;juhw;Wg;gil - ngUq;nfsrpfdhh; FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L - fgpyh; Ky;iyg;ghl;L - eg;g+jdhh; gl;bdg;ghiy - cUj;jpuq;fz;zhh; neLey;thil - ef;fPuh; kJiuf;fhQ;rp - khq;Fb kUjdhh;

10


PH – 04146 -226417

gjpndd;fPogjpndd;fPogjpndd;fPogjpndd;fPof; fzf;F E}y;fs; ; fzf;F E}y;fs; ; fzf;F E}y;fs; ; fzf;F E}y;fs; mwE}y; mwE}y; mwE}y; mwE}y; ---- 11 11 11 11 1. ehybahh; - rkzKdpth;fs; 2. ehz;kzpf;fbif - tpsk;gp ehfdhh; 3. ,d;dh ehw;gJ - fgpyh; 4. ,dpait ehw;gJ - g+je;Nre;jdhh; 5. jphpfLfk; - ey;yhjdhh; 6. Mrhuf;Nfhit - ngUthapd; Ks;spahh; 7. gonkhop (400) - Kd;Wiuaiuadhh; 8. rpWgQ;r%yk; - fhhpahrd; 9. Vyhjp - fzpNkjhtpahh; 10. jpUf;Fws; (1330) - jpUts;Sth; 11. KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp - $lY}h; fpohh; mfE}y; mfE}y; mfE}y; mfE}y; ---- 6666 : : : : 1. Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ - khwd; nghiwadhh; 2. Ie;jpiz vOgJ - %thjpahh; 3. jpiznkhop Ik;gJ - fz;zd; Nre;jdhh; 4. jpiz khiy E}w;iwk;gJ - fzpj Nkjhtpahh; 5. fhh; ehw;gJ - fz;zd; $j;jdhh; 6. ife;epiy (v) Ie;jpiz - Gy;yq;fhldhh; mWgJ GwE}y; GwE}y; GwE}y; GwE}y; ---- 1111: 1. fstop ehw;gJ - ngha;ifahh; jpUf;Fws; jpUf;Fws; jpUf;Fws; jpUf;Fws; ---- ghly;fs; ghly;fs; ghly;fs; ghly;fs; ---- 1330133013301330

mjpfhuq;fs; (38 + 70+26) = 133 - mwj;Jj;Jg;ghy; (38) - nghUl;ghy; (38) - fhkj;Jg;ghh; (25)

ciufs; : ghpNkyofh;> kzf;Flth;> fypg;ngUkhs;> fhspq;fh;> jUkh;> ghpjpahh;> jpUkiyahh;> jhkj;jh;> er;rh;> ky;yh;. Mo;thh;fs; Mo;thh;fs; Mo;thh;fs; Mo;thh;fs; ---- 12 : 12 : 12 : 12 : ghly;njhFg;G : ehyhapuj;jpt;tpa gpuge;jkehyhapuj;jpt;tpa gpuge;jkehyhapuj;jpt;tpa gpuge;jkehyhapuj;jpt;tpa gpuge;jk; , njhFj;jth; - ehjKdpfsehjKdpfsehjKdpfsehjKdpfs; 1. ngha;ifaho;thh; 2. g+jj;jho;thh; 3. Ngaho;thh; 4. jpUkopiraho;thh; 5. ek;kho;thh; 6. kJuftpaho;thh; 7. nghpaho;thh; 8. Mz;lhs; 9. jpUg;ghzho;thh; 10. jpUkq;ifaho;thh; 11. njhz;lubg; nghbaho;thh; 12. FyNrfu Mo;thh;

ehad;khh;fs; ehad;khh;fs; ehad;khh;fs; ehad;khh;fs; ---- 63 :63 :63 :63 :

11


PH – 04146 -226417

irtj;jpUKiwfs; irtj;jpUKiwfs; irtj;jpUKiwfs; irtj;jpUKiwfs; ---- 12 njhFj;jth; 12 njhFj;jth; 12 njhFj;jth; 12 njhFj;jth; ---- ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp nghpaGuhzk; - Nrf;fpohh; rk;ge;jh; - jpUf;filf;fhg;G mg;gh; - Njthuk; Re;juh; - jpUg;ghl;L khzpf;fthrfh; - jpUthrfk; jpU%yh; - jpUke;jpuk; Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fsIk;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fsIk;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fsIk;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; 1. rpyg;gjpfhuk; - ,sq;Nfhtbfs; 2. kzpNkfiy - rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdh; 3. rPtd rpe;jhkzp - jpUj;jf;fj;Njth; 4. tisahgjp - 5. Fz;lyNfrp - IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs; IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs; IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs; IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs; : : : : 1. #shkzp - Njhyh nkhopj; Njth; 2. ePyNfrp - thkd Kdpth; (ciu vOjpath;) 3. cjaz Fkhu fhtpak; - 4. aNrhNju fhtpak; - ntd;dhtY}&ilahh; Nts;. 5. ehf Fkhu fhtpak; ,yf;fz E}y;fs,yf;fz E}y;fs,yf;fz E}y;fs,yf;fz E}y;fs; :; :; :; : E}y;E}y;E}y;E}y; MrphpahMrphpahMrphpahMrphpah;;;; mfj;jpak; - mfj;jpah; njhy;fhg;gpak; - njhy;fhg;gpah; tPuNrhopak; - Gj;jkpj;jpuh; Nekpehjk; - FztPu gz;bjh; ahgn;gUq;fyk; - mkpjrhfuh; ahg;gUq;fyf;fhhpif - mkpjrhfhu; jz;bayq;fhuk; - jz;b ed;D}y; - gtze;jp Kdpth; ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; - itj;jpaehj Njrpfh; ,yf;fz nfhj;J - Rthkpehj Njrpfh; etePjg;ghl;bay; - etePjd; Kj;JtPhpak; - Kj;JtPu cghj;jpahah; rhkpehjk; - rhkpf;ftpuhrh; Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy - Iadhhpjdhh; gpuge;j jPgpif - Kj;J Ntq;fl Rg;igah; mfg;nghUs; tpsf;fk; - ehw;ftpuhr ek;gp khwdyq;fhuk; - jpUf;FUifg; ngUkhs; ftpuhah; gpuNahf tpNtfk; - Rg;gpkzpa jPl;rpjh;. epfz;Lfsepfz;Lfsepfz;Lfsepfz;Lfs;;;; (rkzu;fs;) Mrphpah;fs; Mrphpah;fs; Mrphpah;fs; Mrphpah;fs;

12


PH – 04146 -226417

jkpOf;F mspj;j nfhil) ; gpq;fy epfz;L - gpq;fy Kdpth; rpe;jhkzp epfz;L - itj;jpaypq;fh; xU nrhw;fy nghUs; epfz;L - fdfrigg; Gyth; nghjpif epfz;L - rhkpehj ftp ghujp epfz;L - gukhde;j ghujp mUk;nghUs; tpsf;f epfz;L - mUkUj;J Njrpfh; jpthfuepfz;L(jkpod;(jkpod;(jkpod;(jkpod;Kjy; epfz;L)Kjy; epfz;L)Kjy; epfz;L)Kjy; epfz;L) - jpthfuu; chpr;nrhy; epfz;L - fhq;Nfah; $lkiy epfz;L - <Rtuftp Mrphpa epfz;L - Mz;bg;Gyth; gplt epfz;L - xsitahh; #lhkzp epfz;L (Gfo; ngw;w epfz;L) - kz;ly GUlu; Gfo;ngw;w E}yhrphpah; E}y;fsGfo;ngw;w E}yhrphpah; E}y;fsGfo;ngw;w E}yhrphpah; E}y;fsGfo;ngw;w E}yhrphpah; E}y;fs; xsitahh;xsitahh;xsitahh;xsitahh;

- Mj;jpr;#b - %Jiu - nfhd;iw Nte;jd; - ey;top

guQ;Nrhjp KdpthguQ;Nrhjp KdpthguQ;Nrhjp KdpthguQ;Nrhjp Kdpth ;

- jpUtpisahlw;Guhzk; - Ntjhuzpa Guhzk; - jpUtpisahly; Nghw;wp - fypntz;gh - kJiug; gjpw;Wg;gj;je;jhjp

,uhkypq;f mbfs,uhkypq;f mbfs,uhkypq;f mbfs,uhkypq;f mbfs;

- jpUtUl;gh - [Pt fhUz;a xOf;fk; - kDKiw fz;l thrfk;

fk;gh; fk;gh; fk;gh; fk;gh; - rlNfhgh; me;jhjp - jpUf;if tof;fk; - rpiy VOgJ - Vh; vOgJ - fk;guhkhazk; - சர�வதி அதாதி

Xl;lf;$j;jh; Xl;lf;$j;jh; Xl;lf;$j;jh; Xl;lf;$j;jh; - %tUyh - jf;fahfg;guzp - FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; - gps;isj;jkpo; - <l;bvOgJ

nraq;nfhz;lhhnraq;nfhz;lhhnraq;nfhz;lhhnraq;nfhz;lhh ;

- fypq;fj;Jg;guzp jphp$l uhrg;gf; ftpuhahjphp$l uhrg;gf; ftpuhahjphp$l uhrg;gf; ftpuhahjphp$l uhrg;gf; ftpuhah ;

13


PH – 04146 -226417

- jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp - jpUf;Fw;why khiy - jpUf;Fw;why cyh - jpUf;Fw;whyg; gps;isj; jkpo;

Fku FUgu RthkpfsFku FUgu RthkpfsFku FUgu RthkpfsFku FUgu Rthkpfs;

- Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp gps;isj;jkpo; - kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj; jkpo; - kPdhl;rpak;ik Fwk; (FwtQ;rpapd; Kd;Ndhb) - fhrpf; fyk;gk; - rfyfyh ty;yp khiy - rpjk;gur; nra;Al; Nfhit - ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;

ckWg;GythckWg;GythckWg;GythckWg;Gyth ;

- rPwhg;Guhzk; - KJnkhopkhiy - jpUkz tho;j;J - rPjf;fhjp nehz;b ehlfk;

kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;iskPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;iskPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;iskPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is

- Nrf;fpohh; gps;isj; jkpo; - mfpyhz;l ehafp gps;isj;jkpo; jyGuhz Nte;jh;

fr;rpag;ghfr;rpag;ghfr;rpag;ghfr;rpag;gh ; - fe;jGuhzk;

Nrf;fpohhNrf;fpohhNrf;fpohhNrf;fpohh ; - nghpaGuhzk;

GfNoe;jp GfNoe;jp GfNoe;jp GfNoe;jp ---- esntz;gh tpy;ypg;Gj;tpy;ypg;Gj;tpy;ypg;Gj;tpy;ypg;Gj;J}uH; -åÊyÊypghujk Ê

Mz;lhs;Mz;lhs;Mz;lhs;Mz;lhs; - jpUg;ghit> ehr;rpahu; jpUnkhop mUzfphpehjh;mUzfphpehjh;mUzfphpehjh;mUzfphpehjh; - kapy;tpUj;jk;>

- jpUg;Gfo;> - fe;jdyq;fhuk;> - fe;juDg+jp> - Nty;tpUj;jk;

nfhq;FNtsphnfhq;FNtsphnfhq;FNtsphnfhq;FNtsph ; - ngUq;fij

cyfehjh;cyfehjh;cyfehjh;cyfehjh; - cyf ePjp mjptPuuhkg; ghz;bahmjptPuuhkg; ghz;bahmjptPuuhkg; ghz;bahmjptPuuhkg; ghz;bah ;

- ntw;wpNtw;if> - ieljk;

tPukhKdpth;tPukhKdpth;tPukhKdpth;tPukhKdpth; - ciueil E}y;fsciueil E}y;fsciueil E}y;fsciueil E}y;fs; QhdcgNjrk;> thkd; fij gukhh;j;j FUfij (jkpopd; Kjy; vs;sy; E}y;)

- gh;tj fhz;lk;

14


PH – 04146 -226417

- Njk;ghtzp nra;As; E}y;fsnra;As; E}y;fsnra;As; E}y;fsnra;As; E}y;fs;

- jpUf;fhtY}h;f; fyk;gfk; - fypntz;gh - milf;fy khiy - md;id mOq;fy; me;jhjp - ,yf;fz E}y;fs; - njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; - nfhLe;jkpo; ,yf;fzk; - mfuhjp - rJu mfuhjp - Mq;fpy jkpo; mfuhjp

Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahhRg;gpukzpa ghujpahhRg;gpukzpa ghujpahhRg;gpukzpa ghujpahh ;

- fz;zd; ghl;L - Fapy;ghl;L - ghQ;rhyp rgjk; - ghg;gh ghl;L - tpehafh; ehz;kzpkhiy - Ntjhe;j ghly;fs; - Qhdujk; - re;jphpifapd; fij - juhR - jpz;ba rh];jphp nrhh;z Fkhhp

ghujpjhrd; ghujpjhrd; ghujpjhrd; ghujpjhrd;

- ghz;bad; ghpR - FLk;g tpsf;F - ,isQh; ,yf;fpak; - mofpd; rphpg;G - jkpo; ,af;fk; kzpNkfiy ntz;gh - ,iraKJ - fz;zfp Gul;rp fhg;gpak; - gprpuhe;ijahh; - jkpor;rpapd; fj;jp - FwpQ;rp jpul;L - ,Uz;l tPL - vjph;ghuhj Kj;jk; - nrskpad; - fiy $j;jhbapd; fhjy;

H.A. fpU~;zgps;isfpU~;zgps;isfpU~;zgps;isfpU~;zgps;is - ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; - ,ul;rzpakNdhfuk; (fpwpj;jt Njthuk;) Re;juk; gps;is Re;juk; gps;is Re;juk; gps;is Re;juk; gps;is - kNdhd;kzpak; Gyth; Foe;ij Gyth; Foe;ij Gyth; Foe;ij Gyth; Foe;ij

- Foe;ij ghly;fs; - cyf nghpNahh; nfd;db - ,uhtz fhtpak; - murpay; myq;fhuk;

15


PH – 04146 -226417

- fhkQ;rhp - nfhq;FehL

ftpkzpa Njrpa tpehafk; gps;isftpkzpa Njrpa tpehafk; gps;isftpkzpa Njrpa tpehafk; gps;isftpkzpa Njrpa tpehafk; gps;is:

- kyUk; khiyAk; - ,se;njd;wy; - czwkzpfs; - gRTk; fd;Wk; - Foe;ijr; nry;tk; - kUkf;fs; top khd;kpak; - ckh; fa;ahk; ghly;fs; - Mrpa N[hjp

jpU.tp.fy;ahz Re;judhh; jpU.tp.fy;ahz Re;judhh; jpU.tp.fy;ahz Re;judhh; jpU.tp.fy;ahz Re;judhh;

- kdpj tho;f;ifAk;> fhe;jpabfSk; - KUfd; my;yJ moF - ngz;zpd; ngUik - jkpo;j;njd;wy; - GJik Ntl;ly; - tho;f;if Jiz eyk; - rPh;j;jpUj;jk; (m) ,sik tpUj;J - fpUj;Jtpd; mUs; Ntl;ly; - Njrgf;jd; (ehspjo;) - etrf;jp (fpoikapjo;)

ehkf;fy; ftpQh; Nt.,uhkypq;fk; gps;isehkf;fy; ftpQh; Nt.,uhkypq;fk; gps;isehkf;fy; ftpQh; Nt.,uhkypq;fk; gps;isehkf;fy; ftpQh; Nt.,uhkypq;fk; gps;is

- vd;fij (jd;tho;f;if tuyhW) - NjkJuj;jkpNo - rq;nfhyp - jkpo;j;Njd; - kiyf;fs;sd; - ftpjhQ;ryp - jkpod; ,jak; - mtDk; mtSk;

fffftpQh; Kbaurd; tpQh; Kbaurd; tpQh; Kbaurd; tpQh; Kbaurd;

- g+q;nfhb - tPufhtpak; - kdpjid NjLfpNwd; - fhtphpg; ghit - neQ;R nghWf;Fjpy;iyNa - Cd;WNfhy; - Kbaurd; ftpijfs;

thzpjhrd; thzpjhrd; thzpjhrd; thzpjhrd;

- jkpor;rp - nfhbKy;iy - njhLthdk; - vopNyhtpak; - Foe;ij ,yf;fpak; - nghq;fy; ghpR - ,d;g ,yf;fpak; - jPh;j;j ahj;jpiu

16


PH – 04146 -226417

- RujhRujhRujhRujh

- Njd;kio - JiwKfk;

fz;zjhrd; fz;zjhrd; fz;zjhrd; fz;zjhrd;

- mh;j;jKs;s ,e;Jkjk; - Ml;lzj;jp Mjpke;jp - khq;fdp - ijg;ghit - Nrukhd; fhjyp

eh.fhkuhrdeh.fhkuhrdeh.fhkuhrdeh.fhkuhrd;

- fy;yiwj; njhl;bfs; - fUg;G kyh;fs; - #hpa fhe;jp - rfhuhitj; jhz;lhj Xl;lfq;fs;

ituKj;J ituKj;J ituKj;J ituKj;J

- jpUj;jp vOjpa jPh;g;Gfs; - ftpaurd; fij - vd; gioa Xiyfs; - jz;zPh; Njrk; - itfiw Nkfq;fs;

mwpQh; mz;zh mwpQh; mz;zh mwpQh; mz;zh mwpQh; mz;zh

- ghh;tjp>B.A - uq;Nfhd; uhjh - jrhtjhuk; - Xh; ,uT - ePjpNjtd; kaf;fk; - Ntiyf;fhhp - gpuhh;j;jid - Fw;wthspNah - fd;dpg;ngz; ifk;ngz; Md fij

jp.[hdfpuhkdjp.[hdfpuhkdjp.[hdfpuhkdjp.[hdfpuhkd;

- mk;kh te;jhs; - NkhfKs; - kug;gR - rptg;G hpf;~h - nfhl;L Nksk; - rpyph;g;G rhj;jpah - rf;jp itj;jpak; - ehYNtyp epyk; - tbNtY thj;jpahh;

kiwkiy mbfskiwkiy mbfskiwkiy mbfskiwkiy mbfs;

- FKjts;sp - Nfhfpyhk;ghs; fbjq;fs;

,u,u,u,uFehjdFehjdFehjdFehjd;

17


PH – 04146 -226417

- gQ;Rk; grpAk; ,uh[k; Iah,uh[k; Iah,uh[k; Iah,uh[k; Iah ;

- fkyhk;ghs; rhpj;jpuk; ,uh[k; fpU~;zd,uh[k; fpU~;zd,uh[k; fpU~;zd,uh[k; fpU~;zd;

- FwpQ;rpj;Njd; - tisfuk; - NtUf;F ePh; - fhpg;G kzpfs;

mU. ,uhkehjd;mU. ,uhkehjd;mU. ,uhkehjd;mU. ,uhkehjd;

- tPughz;bad; kidtp - mNrhfd; fhjyp

rhz;bay;adrhz;bay;adrhz;bay;adrhz;bay;ad;

- kiythry; - fly;Gwh - atd uhzp - ,uhr jpyfk; - fd;dp khlk;

n[fr;rpw;gp n[fr;rpw;gp n[fr;rpw;gp n[fr;rpw;gp

- gj;jpdpf;Nfhl;lk; - ee;jpth;kd; fhjyp - kJuaho; kq;if - jpUr;rpw;wk;gyk;

mfpyd; mfpyd; mfpyd; mfpyd;

- fay;tpop - ghit tpsf;F - GJnts;sk; - ngz;kyh; - tho;T vq;Nf? - neQ;rpd; miyfs; - rpj;jpug;ghit (Qhd gPl tpUJ) - Ntq;ifapd; ike;jd; - ,jar;rpiwapy; - epytpdpNy - Fwj;jp - Foe;ij rphpj;jJ - fq;fh ];ehdk; - vhpkiy

fy;fp fy;fp fy;fp fy;fp

- rptfhkpapd; rgjk; - nghd;dpapd; nry;td; - ghh;j;jpgd; fdT - ngha;khd; fhL - fs;tdpd; fhjyp - miyNahir - kFlgjp - fhjhuf;fs;td;

18


PH – 04146 -226417

- iky;tpop khd; - xw;iw Nuhrh - jpUld; kfd; jpUld; - Nfjhhpapd; jhahh; - tPiz thzp - tPiz gthdp

fp.M.ng.tp];tehjdfp.M.ng.tp];tehjdfp.M.ng.tp];tehjdfp.M.ng.tp];tehjd;

- jkpo;r; nry;tk; gz;bjkzp K. fjpNurdgz;bjkzp K. fjpNurdgz;bjkzp K. fjpNurdgz;bjkzp K. fjpNurd;

- kz;zpayrpWNjh; - rpWNjh; (#j;ufh;) - vOjpa kpUr;r (fbjj;jpd; jOty;)

lhf;lh; K.tujuhrdhhlhf;lh; K.tujuhrdhhlhf;lh; K.tujuhrdhhlhf;lh; K.tujuhrdhh ; - mfy;tpsf;F - ngw;w kdk; - lhf;lh; my;yp - gpr;irag;gh; - kdr;rhd;W - fhjy; vq;Nf? - fhpj;Jz;L - nre;jhkiu - fy;Nyh fhtpaNkh? - Fwl;il xyp

vd;dapdhg;Gythvd;dapdhg;Gythvd;dapdhg;Gythvd;dapdhg;Gyth ;

- Kf;$lw;gs;Stpd; - ehlf tbtk;

#hpa ehuhaz rh];jphp #hpa ehuhaz rh];jphp #hpa ehuhaz rh];jphp #hpa ehuhaz rh];jphp

- &ghtjp - fyhtjp - khdtp[ak; - ehlftpay;

gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahh; gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahh; gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahh; gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahh;

- kNdhfuh> rghgjp> - Nkfgjp> thzpGuj;Jtzpfd;> - mkyhjpj;jd;

rq;fujh]; Rthkpfsrq;fujh]; Rthkpfsrq;fujh]; Rthkpfsrq;fujh]; Rthkpfs; - mgpkd;A - Re;jhp - gtsf;nfhb - rjp mD#dpah - gpufyhjd; - rpWnjhz;lh; Guhzk; - ts;sp jpUkzk;

gp.v];.,uhikah gp.v];.,uhikah gp.v];.,uhikah gp.v];.,uhikah

- lhf;lUf;F kUe ;J - NjNuhl;bapd; kfd; - jOk;G

19


PH – 04146 -226417

- kyUk; kzKk; - ghh;fly;

Nf.ghyr;re;jhNf.ghyr;re;jhNf.ghyr;re;jhNf.ghyr;re;jh ;

- ePh;f;Fkpop - nkOFth;j;jp - ehzy; - vjph; ePr;ry; - rh;th; Re;juk; - Nk[h; re;jpu fhe;j; - etfpufk;

Nrh. ,uhkrhkpNrh. ,uhkrhkpNrh. ,uhkrhkpNrh. ,uhkrhkp

- ahUf;Fk; ntl;fkpy;iy - cz;ikNa cd; tpiy vd;d? - ,utpy; nrd;id - KfkJgpd; Jf;sf; - kdk; xU Fuq;F

n[afhe;jd; n[afhe;jd; n[afhe;jd; n[afhe;jd;

- rpy Neuq;fspy; rpy - kdpjh;fs; - cjak; - xU gpbr;NrhW - ,dpg;Gk; frg;Gk;

Nf.Re;juk; Nf.Re;juk; Nf.Re;juk; Nf.Re;juk;

- tpal;ehk; tPL eh.ghh;j;jrhujp eh.ghh;j;jrhujp eh.ghh;j;jrhujp eh.ghh;j;jrhujp

- tyk;Ghpr; rq;F - neUg;Gf; fdpfs; - FwpQ;rp kyh; - ghz;bad; Njtp - rKjha tPjp - rj;jpa nts;sk; - Jsrp khlk; -

khzpf;ftkhzpf;ftkhzpf;ftkhzpf;fthrfh; hrfh; hrfh; hrfh;

- jpUntk;ghit - jpUthrfk; - jpUr;rpww;k;gyf; Nfhit (vd;w) - jpUf;Nfhitahh; - rptd; jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp -

rptg;gpufhr Rthkpfsrptg;gpufhr Rthkpfsrptg;gpufhr Rthkpfsrptg;gpufhr Rthkpfs;

- ehy;th; - ehd;kzpkhiy - ed;ndwp - jpUntq;iff;fyk;gfk;

20


PH – 04146 -226417

- jpUntq;iff; Nfhit - gpuGypq;f yPiy - jpUntq;if cyh

,uh[h[,uh[h[,uh[h[,uh[h[p

- tpahrh; tpUe;J - rf;futh;j;jp jpUkfd;

F.g.,uh[Nfhghyd; F.g.,uh[Nfhghyd; F.g.,uh[Nfhghyd; F.g.,uh[Nfhghyd; - fhzhkNy fhjy; - Gdh; n[d;kk; - fdfhk;guk; - tpbAkh? GJikgpj;jd; GJikgpj;jd; GJikgpj;jd; GJikgpj;jd;

- mfy;ia> - rhgtpNkhrdk; - md;W ,uT - flTSk; fe;jrhkp gps;isAk; - rhg tpNkhrdk; - fhyDk; fpotpAk; - fapw;wuT - Jd;gf;Nfzp - top - epidTg;ghij - nghd;dfuk; - Mz;ik

fp.th.Ife;ehjd;fp.th.Ife;ehjd;fp.th.Ife;ehjd;fp.th.Ife;ehjd; - gtsky;ypif

jp.[.u.jp.[.u.jp.[.u.jp.[.u. - kuj;jbf; flTs; - re;jhdf; fhtb

gz;bj eNlr rh];jpgz;bj eNlr rh];jpgz;bj eNlr rh];jpgz;bj eNlr rh];jphphphphp; - jpuhtpl ehl;Lf; fijfs;

kyh;kd;ddkyh;kd;ddkyh;kd;ddkyh;kd;dd; - mw;g [Ptpfs;

khahtp khahtp khahtp khahtp - mfjp

K.K. ,];khapyK.K. ,];khapyK.K. ,];khapyK.K. ,];khapy; - ,yf;fpa kyh;fs; - rKj;jpuk; - Nthpy; gOj;j gyh t.Nt. Rg;gpukzpa ma;aht.Nt. Rg;gpukzpa ma;aht.Nt. Rg;gpukzpa ma;aht.Nt. Rg;gpukzpa ma;ah; - Fsj;jq;fiu murkuk; jkpo;xsp (tp[auq;fk;)jkpo;xsp (tp[auq;fk;)jkpo;xsp (tp[auq;fk;)jkpo;xsp (tp[auq;fk;)

- khjtp fhtpak; - Gj;jh; fhtpak;

gl;Lf;Nfhl;il gpughfh; gl;Lf;Nfhl;il gpughfh; gl;Lf;Nfhl;il gpughfh; gl;Lf;Nfhl;il gpughfh;

- fhjy; xj;jpif - %d;whk; if

K.Nkj;jh K.Nkj;jh K.Nkj;jh K.Nkj;jh

21


PH – 04146 -226417

- Nrhoepyh> fz;zPu;g+f;fs;> tpbay;nghOJfs;> #hpag;gwitfs;>Mfhrj;Jf;F mLj;j tPL (rhfpj;a mfhlkp tpUJ-2006) mo.ts;spag;gh mo.ts;spag;gh mo.ts;spag;gh mo.ts;spag;gh

- rphpf;Fk; g+f;fs; - ntw;wpf;F top - NeUTk; Foe;ijfSk;

n[fr;rpw;gp n[fr;rpw;gp n[fr;rpw;gp n[fr;rpw;gp

- nrhh;f;fj;jpd; epoy; - Qhdf;Fapy;

kzpad; kzpad; kzpad; kzpad;

- nrhy;yj;jhd; epidf;fpNwd;. tpe;jd; tpe;jd; tpe;jd; tpe;jd;

- Ky;iyf; nfhbad;

2. njhlUk;> njhlh;Gk; mwpjy2. njhlUk;> njhlh;Gk; mwpjy2. njhlUk;> njhlh;Gk; mwpjy2. njhlUk;> njhlh;Gk; mwpjy;

2. (1) rpwg;Gj; 2. (1) rpwg;Gj; 2. (1) rpwg;Gj; 2. (1) rpwg;Gj; njhlh;fshy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; rhd;Nwhh;fsnjhlh;fshy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; rhd;Nwhh;fsnjhlh;fshy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; rhd;Nwhh;fsnjhlh;fshy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; rhd;Nwhh;fs; ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gilj;Njhh;fisr; rpy rpwg;Gg; ngah;fshy; miog;gJ jkpo; kuG. jkpoQh;fspd; rpwg;Gg; ngah;fs; mth;fsJ nray; kw;Wk; gilg;Gfshy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. jpUts;SthjpUts;SthjpUts;SthjpUts;Sth;

• nja;tg;Gyth;

• ehd;Kfdhh;

• khjhDgq;fp

• nre;ehg;Nghjfh;

• ngUehtyh;

• ngha;apy; Gyth;

• ehadhh;

• Njth;

• Kjw;ghtyh;

,uhkypq;f mbfs,uhkypq;f mbfs,uhkypq;f mbfs,uhkypq;f mbfs;

• ts;syhh;

• mbfshh;

jpUehTf;fuR jpUehTf;fuR jpUehTf;fuR jpUehTf;fuR

• MSikAuR>

• kUs; ePf;fpahh;

• mg;gh; jpUQhdrk;ge;jhjpUQhdrk;ge;jhjpUQhdrk;ge;jhjpUQhdrk;ge;jh;

• MSila ek;gp fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahhfhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahhfhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahhfhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh;

• Ngahh;

• Gdpjtjp fgpyh; fgpyh; fgpyh; fgpyh;

• FwpQ;rpf; Nfhkhd; fk;gd;fk;gd;fk;gd;fk;gd;

• ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp

• fy;tpapy; nghpath; Nrf;fpohhNrf;fpohhNrf;fpohhNrf;fpohh;

• njhz;lh; rPh; guTth;

• Mz;lhs;Mz;lhs;Mz;lhs;Mz;lhs;

• #bf;nfhLj;j Rlh;nfhb

• itztk; je;j nry;tp gz;bif mryhk;gpifgz;bif mryhk;gpifgz;bif mryhk;gpifgz;bif mryhk;gpif

• 20-k; E}w;whz;bd; mt;itahh; er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;

• cr;rpNkw;; Gyth;nfhs; ngUQ;rpj;jpngUQ;rpj;jpngUQ;rpj;jpngUQ;rpj;jpuuuudhhdhhdhhdhh;

• ghtyh; VW NjtNeag; ghtzhNjtNeag; ghtzhNjtNeag; ghtzhNjtNeag; ghtzh;

• nkhopQhapW tPuftpuhah; tPuftpuhah; tPuftpuhah; tPuftpuhah;

22


PH – 04146 -226417

• MRftp jpU.tp.f.jpU.tp.f.jpU.tp.f.jpU.tp.f.

• jkpo;j;njd;wy;

• uhag;Ngl;il jkpo; Kdpth;

• jkpo; nghpahh;

• njhopyhsh;fspd; je;ij rp.Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh; rp.Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh; rp.Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh; rp.Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh;

• Njrpa ftp

• tpLjiyf; ftp

• kfhftp

• ghl;Lf;nfhU Gytd;

• GJf;ftpij Kd;Ndhb

• rpe;Jf;F je;ij Rg;G ,uj;jpd ghujpjhrdRg;G ,uj;jpd ghujpjhrdRg;G ,uj;jpd ghujpjhrdRg;G ,uj;jpd ghujpjhrd;

• ghNte;jh;

• ghujpjhrdhh;

• Gul;rpf; ftpQh;

• ,aw;iff; ftpQh;

• GJikf; ftpQh; c.Nt.rhkpehijac.Nt.rhkpehijac.Nt.rhkpehijac.Nt.rhkpehijahhhh;

• jkpo; jhj;jh kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;iskPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;iskPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;iskPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is

• jyGuhzNte;jh; GJikg;gpj;jdGJikg;gpj;jdGJikg;gpj;jdGJikg;gpj;jd;

• rpWfijkd;dd;>

• jkpo; ehl;L khg;grhd; fy;fp ,uh. fpU~;z%h;j;jp fy;fp ,uh. fpU~;z%h;j;jp fy;fp ,uh. fpU~;z%h;j;jp fy;fp ,uh. fpU~;z%h;j;jp

• tuyhw;Wehtypd; je;ij>

• jkpo;ehl;bd; thy;lu;];fhl;; K. fjpNur nrl;bahhK. fjpNur nrl;bahhK. fjpNur nrl;bahhK. fjpNur nrl;bahh;

• gz;bjkzp mwpQh; mz;zh mwpQh; mz;zh mwpQh; mz;zh mwpQh; mz;zh

• NguwpQh;>

• njd;dhl;L ngh;dhl;~h

• njd;dhl;L fhe;jp K.tujuhrdK.tujuhrdK.tujuhrdK.tujuhrd; ; ; ;

• jkpo;ehl;L ngh;zhl;~h gk;ky; rk;ge;jgk;ky; rk;ge;jgk;ky; rk;ge;jgk;ky; rk;ge;j KjypahhKjypahhKjypahhKjypahh;

• ehlf je;ij rq;fujh]; rq;fujh]; rq;fujh]; rq;fujh]; RthkpfsRthkpfsRthkpfsRthkpfs; ; ; ;

• ehlfj; jiyikahrphpah;

• ehlf ,kakiy ,uhrh mz;zhkiy nrl;bahh,uhrh mz;zhkiy nrl;bahh,uhrh mz;zhkiy nrl;bahh,uhrh mz;zhkiy nrl;bahh;

• jdpj;jkpo; ,irf;fhtyh thzpjhrd;thzpjhrd;thzpjhrd;thzpjhrd;

• jkpo;ehl;bd; Nth;l;];nth;j;>

• ftpQNuW>

• ghtyh;kzp Njrpa tpehafk; gps;isNjrpa tpehafk; gps;isNjrpa tpehafk; gps;isNjrpa tpehafk; gps;is

• ftpkzp mo.ts;spag;gh mo.ts;spag;gh mo.ts;spag;gh mo.ts;spag;gh

• Foe;ij ftpQh; n[afhe;jd; n[afhe;jd; n[afhe;jd; n[afhe;jd;

• njd; ,e;jpahtpd; khg;g]hd; thy;l;lh; ];fhlthy;l;lh; ];fhlthy;l;lh; ];fhlthy;l;lh; ];fhl;

• cyf rpWfijapd; je;ij Nltpl; tph;j; fpubj; Nltpl; tph;j; fpubj; Nltpl; tph;j; fpubj; Nltpl; tph;j; fpubj;

• cyf rpdpkhtpd; je;ij jhNj rhfpg; ghy;Nf jhNj rhfpg; ghy;Nf jhNj rhfpg; ghy;Nf jhNj rhfpg; ghy;Nf

• ,e;jpa rpdpkhtpd; je;ij fp.M.ng. tp];tehjd; fp.M.ng. tp];tehjd; fp.M.ng. tp];tehjd; fp.M.ng. tp];tehjd;

• Kj;jkpo;f; fhtyh; mz;zhkiy mz;zhkiy mz;zhkiy mz;zhkiy nul;bahh;nul;bahh;nul;bahh;nul;bahh;

• rpe;J ftpij ghbath; H.A. fpUl;bzgfpUl;bzgfpUl;bzgfpUl;bzg;gps;is;gps;is;gps;is;gps;is

• fpwpj;Jtf; fk;gh; ehkf;fy; ftpQh;ehkf;fy; ftpQh;ehkf;fy; ftpQh;ehkf;fy; ftpQh; uhkypq;fk; gps;isuhkypq;fk; gps;isuhkypq;fk; gps;isuhkypq;fk; gps;is

• M];jhd ftpQh;

• fhe;jpaf; ftpQh; kPdhl;rp Re;juk;kPdhl;rp Re;juk;kPdhl;rp Re;juk;kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;isgps;isgps;isgps;is

• kfhtpj;Jthd; ,uh.gp. NrJgps;is,uh.gp. NrJgps;is,uh.gp. NrJgps;is,uh.gp. NrJgps;is

• nrhy;ypd; nry;th; (,yf;fpak;) <.nt.fp.rk;gj;<.nt.fp.rk;gj;<.nt.fp.rk;gj;<.nt.fp.rk;gj;

• nrhy;ypd; nry;th; (murpay;) <.nt.uhkrhkp<.nt.uhkrhkp<.nt.uhkrhkp<.nt.uhkrhkp

• nghpahh;

• gFj;jwpT gfytd;

• Rakhpahijr; Rlh; ,uh[h[p ,uh[h[p ,uh[h[p ,uh[h[p

• %jwpQh; t.c.rpjk;gudhh; t.c.rpjk;gudhh; t.c.rpjk;gudhh; t.c.rpjk;gudhh;

• nrf;fpOj;j nrk;ky;

• fg;gNyhl;ba jkpod;

• njd;dhl;Lj; jpyfh; f.Rg;gpukzpag;f.Rg;gpukzpag;f.Rg;gpukzpag;f.Rg;gpukzpag; gps;isgps;isgps;isgps;is

• f.R.gps;is ntq;flhryk; gps;isntq;flhryk; gps;isntq;flhryk; gps;isntq;flhryk; gps;is

• fue;ij ftpauR M.S.Rg;Gyl;Rkp.Rg;Gyl;Rkp.Rg;Gyl;Rkp.Rg;Gyl;Rkp

• ,irf;Fapy; tp.KDrhkptp.KDrhkptp.KDrhkptp.KDrhkp

• rh;jhh;

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PH – 04146 -226417

nra;Fnra;Fnra;Fnra;Fj;jk;gpahh; j;jk;gpahh; j;jk;gpahh; j;jk;gpahh;

• jrhtjhdp mg;Jy; ,uFkhdmg;Jy; ,uFkhdmg;Jy; ,uFkhdmg;Jy; ,uFkhd;

• ftpf;Nfh k.ngh.rptQhdkk.ngh.rptQhdkk.ngh.rptQhdkk.ngh.rptQhdk;

• rpyk;Gr; nry;th; nj.ngh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;nj.ngh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;nj.ngh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;nj.ngh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;

• gz;nkhopg;Gyth;

• fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf; fof Kjy; Jiz Nte;jh;

Ry;jhd; mg;Jy; fhjhRy;jhd; mg;Jy; fhjhRy;jhd; mg;Jy; fhjhRy;jhd; mg;Jy; fhjh;

• Fzq;Fb k];jhd; Kj;ijahKj;ijahKj;ijahKj;ijah

• fz;zjhrd; fhd;];lhd;bd; N[hfhd;];lhd;bd; N[hfhd;];lhd;bd; N[hfhd;];lhd;bd; N[hrg;ng];fprg;ng];fprg;ng];fprg;ng];fp

• tPukhKdpth; ,uhgh;l;,uhgh;l;,uhgh;l;,uhgh;l;----bbbb----nehgpypnehgpypnehgpypnehgpyp

• jj;JtNghjfh;

Nkw;Nfhs;fs;Nkw;Nfhs;fs;Nkw;Nfhs;fs;Nkw;Nfhs;fs; Xsitahh; Xsitahh; Xsitahh; Xsitahh; ‘vt;top ey;yth; Mlth; mt;top ey;iy thopa epyNd’ ‘kdk;Nghd Nghf;nfy;yhk; Nghf Ntz;lhk;’ ‘CUld; $b tho;’ ‘cz;gJ ehop cLg;gJ ehY Kok;’ ‘vj;jpirf; nry;ypDk; mj;jpirr; NrhNw’ ‘grpj;Jg;Grp’ ‘rhjp ,uz;nlhopa Ntwpy;iy’ ‘,sikapy; fy;’ ‘Myak; njhOtJ rhyTk; ed;W’ ‘mwk; nra;a tpUk;G’ ‘Mwpy;yh CUf;F moF gho;’ ‘rPiuj; Njbd; Viuj;NjL’ ‘mhpJ mhpJ khdpluha;g; gpwj;jy; mhpJ’ fzpad; g+q;Fd;wdhhfzpad; g+q;Fd;wdhhfzpad; g+q;Fd;wdhhfzpad; g+q;Fd;wdhh; ‘jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwh; ju thuh’ ‘ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph;’

ef;fPuh; ef;fPuh; ef;fPuh; ef;fPuh; ‘cz;gJ ehop cLg;gJ ,uz;Nl’ ‘nry;tj;Jg; gaNd <jy;’

Nfht+h;f; fpohh; Nfht+h;f; fpohh; Nfht+h;f; fpohh; Nfht+h;f; fpohh; ‘xUtPh; Njhw;gpDk; Njhw;gJq;fbNa’ ‘,UtPh; NtwYk; ,aw;ifAd;Nw’

ehpntU cj;jiyahh; ehpntU cj;jiyahh; ehpntU cj;jiyahh; ehpntU cj;jiyahh; ‘ey;yJ nra;jy; Mw;wPh; uhapDk;’ ‘my;yJ nra;jy; Xk;Gkpd;’ FlGy tpadhh; FlGy tpadhh; FlGy tpadhh; FlGy tpadhh;

‘cz;b nfhLj;Njhh; caph; nfhLj;NjhNu’ ‘cz;b Kjw;Nw cztpd; gpz;lk;’ nghd;Kbahh; nghd;Kbahh; nghd;Kbahh; nghd;Kbahh;

‘fspW vwpe;J ngah;jy; fhisf;Ff; flNd’

fiojpd; ahidahhfiojpd; ahidahhfiojpd; ahidahhfiojpd; ahidahh;

<nad cuj;jy; ,ope;jd;W mjd; vjph; <nad; vd;wy; mjdpDk; ,ope;jd;W

neLQ;nropadneLQ;nropadneLQ;nropadneLQ;nropad; cw;WopAjtpAk;cWnghUs; nfhLj;Jk; gpw;iw epiy KdpahJ fw;wy; ed;Nw

jhAkhdth; jhAkhdth; jhAkhdth; jhAkhdth; vy;yhUk; ,d;Gw;W ,Uf;f epidg;gJNt my;yhky; NtW xd;Wk; mwpNad; guhguNk

jpUehTf;furh; jpUehTf;furh; jpUehTf;furh; jpUehTf;furh; ‘vd; fld; gzp nra;J fplg;gNj’ ‘ehkh;f;Fk; Fb my;Nyhk; ekid mQ;Nrhk;’ ‘khrpy; tPizAk; khiy kjpaKk;’ ‘,d;gNk ve;ehSk; Jz;gNk ,y;iy’ ‘<rd; ve;ij ,izab epoNy’ ‘Fwpf;NfhspyhJ nfl;Nld;’ jpUQhd rk;ge;jhjpUQhd rk;ge;jhjpUQhd rk;ge;jhjpUQhd rk;ge;jh; ‘NjhLila nrtpapd; Nghw;wp’ Re;juh; Re;juh; Re;juh; Re;juh; ‘gpj;jhgpiw #b ngUkhNy mUshyh’ ‘nghd;dhh; NkdpaNd Gypf;nfhbia miuf;firj;J’

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PH – 04146 -226417

khzpf;fthrfh; khzpf;fthrfh; khzpf;fthrfh; khzpf;fthrfh; ‘cw;whiu ahd; Ntz;Nld; Ch; Ntz;Nld; Ngh; Ntz;Nld; fw;whiu ahd; Ntz;Nld;’

,uhkypq;f mbfs; ,uhkypq;f mbfs; ,uhkypq;f mbfs; ,uhkypq;f mbfs; ‘thba gapiuf; fz;l Nghnjy;yhk; csk; thbNdd;’. ‘vy;NyhUk; tho;f ,ire;J’

‘grpj;jpU> jdpj;jpU> tpopj;jpU’

‘fz;%b tof;fnky;yhk; kz;%bg;Nghf’ mUl;ngUQ;Nrhjp jdpg;ngUq;fUiz’

jpU%yh; jpU%yh; jpU%yh; jpU%yh; ‘xd;Nw Fyk; xUtNd Njtd;’ ‘NjDf;Fs; ,d;gk; fUg;Ngh rptg;Ngh’ ‘clk;ig tsh;j;Njd; capiu tsh;j;NjNd’ ‘md;Ng rptk;’ ‘thDf;Fs; <ridj; NjLk; kjpapyPh;’ ‘clk;ghy; mopapd; capuhy; mopth;’

fgpyh; fgpyh; fgpyh; fgpyh; ‘ed;Nw nra;jy; Ntz;Lk; - ed;Wk; ,d;Nw nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;’ ‘ciog;gpd; thuh cWjpfs; csNth’

Gj;jhGj;jhGj;jhGj;jh; ‘MirNa Jd;gj;jpw;F fhuzk;’

ghujpahh; ghujpahh; ghujpahh; ghujpahh; ‘ts;Std; jd;id cyfpDf;F je;J thd;Gfh; je;j jkpo;ehL’ ‘ey;yNjhh; tPiz nra;Nj – mij eyq;nflg; GOjpapy; vwptJz;Nlh’ ‘ahkwpe;j nkhopfspy; jkpo; nkhopNghy; ,dpjhdJ vq;Fk; fhNzhk;’ ‘khjh; jk;ik ,opT nra;Ak; klikiaf; nfhSj;JNthk;’ ‘jdpnahUtDf; Fztpy;iynadpy; Ifj;jpid mopj;jpLNthk;’ “neQ;R nghWf;F jpiyNa” “mr;rkpy;iy mr;rkpy;iy mr;rnkd;gjpy;iy” “vy;NyhUk; ,e;ehl;L kd;dh;fs;” “fhf;if rpwfpdpNy ee;jyhyh”

“fhf;if FUtp vq;fs; [hjp” ‘fhjy;> fhjy; fhjy;’ ‘xd;W gl;lhy; cz;L tho;T’ ‘gl;lq;fs; Ms;tJk; rl;lq;fs; nra;tJk;’ ‘nfhl;L KuNr nfhl;L KuR’ ‘vz;zpa Kbjy; Ntz;Lk;’ ‘ey;yNt vz;zy; Ntz;Lk;’ ‘vd;W jzpAk; ,e;j Rje;jpu jhfk;’ ‘ngz; tpLjiy Ntz;Lk;’ ‘fy;tp rpwe;j jkpo; ehL’ ‘coTf;Fk; njhopf;Fk; te;jid nra;Nthk;’ ‘ghuj g+kp gok;ngUk; g+kp ePujd;’ ‘Gjy;th; ,e;epidT mfw;whjPh;’ ‘nja;tk; gyg;gy nrhy;ypg; gifj;’ ‘jPia tsh;g;gth; %lh;’ ‘ehLk; nkhopAk; ekjpU fz;fs;’

ghujpjhrdghujpjhrdghujpjhrdghujpjhrd; “GjpaNjhh; cyfk; nra;Nthk;” “xlg;gh; cayg;gh; vy;yhk;” “xg;gg;gh; Ma;tpLthh; czug;gh eP” “,Ul;liwapy; cs;sjlh cyfk;” “ey;yNjhh; FLk;gk; gy;fiyf; fofk;” “kjq;fs; kf;fspd; khw;W rl;ilfs;” “jkpio vd;Daph; vd;Ngd; fz;Bh;” “jkpOf;Fk; mKnjd;W Ngh; - me;j” “jkpo; ,d;gj; jkpo; vq;fs; capUf;F Neh;” “nfhiy thspid vllh” “ntF nfhbNahh; nray; mwNt” “ghulh cd; khdpl rKj;jpuj;ij” “capiu czh;it tsh;g;gJ jkpNo” “ngz;zbik jPUkl;Lk; NgRk; jpUehl;bd;” “kz;zbik jPe;jy; Kaw;nfhk;Ng” ftpkzp Njrpatpehafk; gps;isftpkzp Njrpatpehafk; gps;isftpkzp Njrpatpehafk; gps;isftpkzp Njrpatpehafk; gps;is “kq;ifauha;g; gpwg;gjw;Nf – ey;y khjtk; nra;jpl Ntz;Lkk;kh” “Njhl;lj;jpNy NkAJ nts;isg; gR” “cs;sj;jpYs;s ftpij - ,d;g cUntLg;gJ ftpij”

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PH – 04146 -226417

ehkf;fy; nt.,uhkypq;fk; ehkf;fy; nt.,uhkypq;fk; ehkf;fy; nt.,uhkypq;fk; ehkf;fy; nt.,uhkypq;fk; gps;isgps;isgps;isgps;is “jkpondd;W nrhy;yhl jiyepkph;e;J epy;ylh” “Gul;rp Ntz;Lk; Gul;rp Ntz;Lk; Gul;rp Ntz;Lklh” “jkpod; vd;Nwhh; ,dKz;L jdpNa mjw;Nfhh; Fzkz;L” “ifj;njhopy; xd;iwf; fw;Wf; nfhs; ftiy cdf;fpy;iy xj;Jf;nfhs;”

“fj;jpapd;wp ,uj;jkpd;wp Aj;jnkhd;W tUFJ” “rj;jpak; ek;kpw; Fiwe;jhy; - gy rq;flk; te;J epiwe;jNj” “$l;Lwtpy; NrUq;fs; $btho goFq;fs;”

gl;bgl;bgl;bgl;bddddj;jbfsj;jbfsj;jbfsj;jbfs; ; ; ; “xd;nwd;wpU nja;tk; cz;nld;wpU”

((((ii). milnkhopfshy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; E}y;fs;). milnkhopfshy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; E}y;fs;). milnkhopfshy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; E}y;fs;). milnkhopfshy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; E}y;fs; nghJthf jkpo; E}y;fspy; mtw;wpd; rpwg;gpw;Nfw;g milnkhop toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. me;j milnkhopfisf; nfhz;Nl ,g;gFjp tpdhf;fs; mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. rpy tpdhf;fs; E}y;fspy; cs;s rpwg;ghd thpfisf; nfhLj;Jk; tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fg;gLfpd;wd. mfehD}W - neLe;njhif GwehD}W - Gwg;ghl;L

- Gwk;

fypj;njhif - fw;wwpe;Njhh; Vj;Jk; njhif gl;bdg;ghiy - tQ;rpneLk;ghl;L ntw;wpNtw;if - eWj;njhif %Jiu - thf;Fz;lhk; ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil - ghzhW kiygLflhk; - $j;juhw;Wg;gil FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L - ngUq;FwpQ;rp

- fhg;gpag;ghl;L

Ky;iyg;ghl;L - neQ;rhw;Wg;gil jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil - Gythw;Wg;gil jpUf;Fws; - jkpo;kiw - nja;tE}y; - cj;jpuNtjk; - cyfg;nghJkiw - thAiw tho;j;J - Kg;ghy; - ts;Stg;gad; - ngha;ahnkhop

26


PH – 04146 -226417

gonkhop - KJnkhop fk;guhkhazk; - ,uhktjhuk; - fk;gehlfk; - fk;g rpj;jpuk; rpyg;gjpfhuk; kzpNkfiy - ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaq;fs; rpyg;gjpfhuk; - %Nte;jh; fhg;gpak; - ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lil nra;As;

- rpyk;G> Kjy;fhg;gpak; - Fbkf;fs; fhg;gpak;

- xw;Wikf; fhg;gpak; - Njrpa fhg;gpak; - rKjhaf; fhg;gpak;

- nra;As; - Gul;rpf; fhg;gpak;

- rkarhh;gw;w fhg;gpak; kzpNkfiy - kzpNkfiy JwT rPtf rpe;jhkzp - kzpE}y; ngUq;fij - mftw;fhg;gpak; kzpNkfiy> - ngsj;j fhg;gpaq;fs; Fz;lyNfrp ePyNfrp - ePyNfrpj; jpul;L jpUthrfk; - mofpa tha;nkhop “nja;tj;jd;ik nghUe;jpa jpUthrfj;jpw;FcUfhh; xUthrfj;jpw;Fk; cUfhh;” - [p.A.Nghg; - tha;nkhop jpUke;jpuk; - jkpoh;Ntjk; nghpaGuhzk; - jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk; - Nrf;fpohh; Guhzk; - topE}y; mWgj;J %th; Guhzk; Nekpehjk; - rpd;D}y; ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; - Fl;bj;njhy;fhg;gpak; gps;isj;jkpo; - Foe;ij ,yf;fpak; FwtQ;rp - Fwj;jpg;ghl;L

E}y;fspy; cs;s Nkw;Nfhs;fsE}y;fspy; cs;s Nkw;Nfhs;fsE}y;fspy; cs;s Nkw;Nfhs;fsE}y;fspy; cs;s Nkw;Nfhs;fs ;; ;;

njhy;fhg;gpak; njhy;fhg;gpak; njhy;fhg;gpak; njhy;fhg;gpak;

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PH – 04146 -226417

“fw;ngdg;gLtJ gpwd;neQ;R Gfhik”

ew;wpidew;wpidew;wpidew;wpid “Ke;ij ,Ue;J el;Nlhh; nfhLg;gpd; eQ;Rk; cz;gh; edpehfhPfh;”

FWe;njhifFWe;njhifFWe;njhifFWe;njhif “ahAk; QhAk; ahuhfpaNuh? ve;ijAk; Ee;ijAk; vk;Kiuf;NfsPh;”

“tpidNa Mlth;f;F capNu thy;Ejy; kid ciw kfspUf;F Mlth; caph;”

“tpUe;J tu fiue;jJ fhf;if” “nfhq;FNjh; tho;f;if mQ;riuj; Jk;gp”

“epyj;jpDk; nghpNj thdpDk; cah;e;jd;W ePhpDk; Mustpd;Nw”

ghpghly;ghpghly;ghpghly;ghpghly; “jPapDs;njd;wy; eP G+tpDs; ehw;wk; eP fy;ypDs; kzpAk; eP nrhy;ypDs; tha;ik eP”

“ahd; ,ug;git nghd;Dk; nghUSk; NghfTk; my;y”

mfehD}WmfehD}WmfehD}WmfehD}W “caph; ,iae;jd;d el;gpd; mt;caph; tho;jy; md;d fhjy; rhjy; md;d gphpT mhpahNs”

GwehD}WGwehD}WGwehD}WGwehD}W “cz;gJ ehop cLg;gJ ,uz;Nl” “nry;tj;J gaNd <jy;”

“ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph;”

“jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwh; juthuh” “nghpNahiu ,fo;jy; mjdpDk; ,yNk”

“ney;Yk; capud;Nw ePUk; capud;Nw kd;dd; caph;j;j kyh;jiy cyfk;”

“cz;b nfhLj;Njhh; caph; nfhLj;NjhNu cz;b Kjw;Nw cztpd; gpz;lk;”

“ey;yJ nra;jy; Mw;wPh; uhapDk; my;yJ nra;jy; Xk;Gkpd;”

“xUtPh; Njhw;gpDk; Njhw;gJq;FbNa ,Uth; NtwYk; ,aw;ifA kd;Nw”

“ed;dil ey;fy; Nte;jw;Ff; flNd xspUths; mUQ;rkk; KUf;fpf; fapW vwpe;j ngah;jy; fhisf;F flNd”

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PH – 04146 -226417

“vt;top ey;yth; Mlth; mt;top ey;iy thopa epyNd”

“vj;jpirr; nrypDk; mj;jpirr; NrhNw”

“ntapnyd KdpNad; gdpnad kbNad;”

“<nad ,uj;jy; ,ope;jd;W mjd; vjph; <Nad; vd;wy; mjdpDk; ,ope;jd;W”

jpUKUfhw;Wg;giljpUKUfhw;Wg;giljpUKUfhw;Wg;giljpUKUfhw;Wg;gil “mWgh; gae;j Mwkh; nry;y My; nfO flTs; Gjy;tkhy;tiu kiykfs; kfNd kw;Nwhh; $w;Nw ntw;wpnty; Nghh;f; nfhw;wit rpWt”

nghUeuhw;Wg;gilnghUeuhw;Wg;gilnghUeuhw;Wg;gilnghUeuhw;Wg;gil “Mwiy fs;th; gil tpl mUspd; khWjiy ngah;Fk; kUtpd; ghiy”

rpWghzhw;Wg;gilrpWghzhw;Wg;gilrpWghzhw;Wg;gilrpWghzhw;Wg;gil “jkpo; epiy ngw;w jhq;f kugpd; kfpo;eid kUfpd; kJiu”

gopnkhopgopnkhopgopnkhopgopnkhop “epiwFlk; ePh;jSk;gspy;” “Mapuk; Ngiuf; nfhd;wtd; miu itj;jpad;” “Mik GFe;j tPLk; mkPdh GFe;j tPLk; cUg;glhJ” “fz;lijf; fw;f gz;bjd; Mthd;”

Njthuk;Njthuk;Njthuk;Njthuk; “ehkh;f;Fk; Fb my;Nyhh; ekid mQ;Nrhk;” “,d;gNk vd;dhSk; Jd;gNk ,y;iy” “Fdpe;j GUtKk; nfht;itr; nrt;thapy; Fkpo; rphpg;Gk;”

“Fwpf;NfhspyhJ nfl;Nld;”

Mj;jpr;R+bMj;jpr;R+bMj;jpr;R+bMj;jpr;R+b “kdk;Nghd Nghf;nfy;yhk Nghf Ntz;lhk;” “mwk; nra;a tpUk;G” “ehybAk; ,uz;lbAk; gbj;jtdplk; thabAk; nrhy;ybAk; nry;yhJ”

“mwpQh;f;foF fw;Wzh;e;J mlq;fy;”

“vOj;J mwptpj;jtd; ,iwtd; Mthd;”

fk;guhkhazk;fk;guhkhazk;fk;guhkhazk;fk;guhkhazk; “cilahUk; ,y;iy> ,y;yhUk; ,y;iy khNjh” “G+kpntk; fhdk; ez;zp Vopuz;L Mz;bd; th”

jkpo;tpL J}Jjkpo;tpL J}Jjkpo;tpL J}Jjkpo;tpL J}J “,Ue;jkpNo cd;dhy; ,Ue;Njd; - ,ikNahh; tpUe;jkpo;jk; vd;whYk; Ntz;Nld;”

29


PH – 04146 -226417

rpyg;gjpfhukrpyg;gjpfhukrpyg;gjpfhukrpyg;gjpfhuk; “khrWnghd;Nd tyk;Ghp Kj;Nj fhrWtpiuNa fUk;Ng NjNd”

“<d;w Foe;ij vLj;J tsh;f;FJ}ck; rhd;NwhUk; cz;L nfhy; rhd;NwhUk; nfhy;” “G+k;Gfhh; Nghw;WJk; G+k;Gfhh; Nghw;WJk; khkiy Nghw;WJk; khkiy Nghw;WJk;” “QhapW Nghw;WJk;> QhapW Nghw;WJk; jpq;fis Nghw;WJk;> jpq;fis Nghw;WJk;” “ciurhy; gj;jpdpia cah;e;Njhh; ciurhy; gj;jpdpia cah;e;Njhh; ciurhy; gj;jpdpia cah;e;Njhh; ciurhy; gj;jpdpia cah;e;Njhh; ஏ��வ� ;; ;;”

“Co;tpid cUj;J te;J Cl;LtJk;Co;tpid cUj;J te;J Cl;LtJk;Co;tpid cUj;J te;J Cl;LtJk;Co;tpid cUj;J te;J Cl;LtJk;” “murpay; gpioj;Njhh;f;F mmurpay; gpioj;Njhh;f;F mmurpay; gpioj;Njhh;f;F mmurpay; gpioj;Njhh;f;F mwk;wk;wk;wk; $w;whk;$w;whk;$w;whk;$w;whk;” “fs;tidf; Nfhwy; fLq;Nfhyd;W” “Njuh kd;dh nrg;Gt JilNad;” “vOnfd ntOe;jha; vd;nra;jid” “ahNdh murd; ahNd fs;td;”

“gj;jpd flTis gury; Ntz;Lk;” kzpNkfiykzpNkfiykzpNkfiykzpNkfiy “vt;Taph;f; fhapDk; ,uq;fy; Ntz;Lk; kz;bdp Qhyj;J tho;Nthh;f;nfy;yhk; cz;b nfhLj;Njhh; caph; nfhLj;NjhNu” “,sikAk; epy;yh ahf;ifAk; epy;yh tstpa thd;ngU nry;tJk; epy;yh” “cs;sk; ngUq;Nfhapy; Cd; clk;G Myak;” “mwnkdg;gLtJ ahnjdf; Nfl;gpd; kwth jpJNfs; kd;Daph;f; nfy;yhk; cz;b cilAk; ciuAL ky;yJ fz;ljpy;iy.” “grpg;gpzp vd;Dk; ghtpaJ jPh;j;Njhh; ,irr;nrhy; msitf;F vd; eh epkpuhJ” 3. gphpj;njOJf3. gphpj;njOJf3. gphpj;njOJf3. gphpj;njOJf

neLehtha; neLik + ehtha;

neLePh; neLik + ePh;

mq;fz; mk; + fz;

gw;gy gy + gy

Gd;fz; Gd;ik + fz;

nkd; fz; nkd;ik + fz;

mUtpia mUik + tpiy

ed;fyk; ed;ik + fyk;

nrynthopah nryT + xopah

topf;fiu top + fiu

te;jize;j te;J + mize;j

vk;kUq;Fk; v + kUq;Fk;

vq;FiwtPh; vq;F + ciwtPh;

fz;zUtp fz; + mUtp

clk;ngy;yhk; clk;G + vyhk;

jpUtKJ jpU + mKJ

kde;jiog;g kdk; + jiog;g

ew;fwpfs; ed;ik + fw;fs;

,d;dKJ ,dpik + mKJ

thsuh ths; + muh

mq;if mk; + if

ehd;kiw erhd;F + kiw

ghtpiy gh + ,ir

ehw;fuzk; ehd;F + fuzk;

fuzj;Njh; fuzj;J + Vh;

ehw;nghUs; ehd;F + nghUs;

nrtpaWj;J nrtp + mWj;J

,sq;fdp ,sik + fdp

30


PH – 04146 -226417

gpzpawpNahk; gpzp + mwpNahk;

ve;ehSk; v +ehSk;

ehnkd;Wk; ehk; + vd;Wk;

njz;biu njd;ik + jpiu

ngUf;nfLj;J ngUf;F + vLj;J

cs;Siw cs; + ciw

neLePh; neLik + ePh;

mt;top m + top

,Utpop ,uz;L + tpop

ntd;idapW ntz;ik + vapW

fhpf;NfhL fhp + NfhL

ngUq;fphp ngUik + fphp

ngUk;fpuk; ngUik + fpuk;

jpz;bwy; jpz;ik + jpwy;

gjpzpe;jpth; gzpe;J + ,th;

ahuth; ahh; + mth;

ruzhq;fNs ruz; + Mq;fNs

myfpyh myF + ,yh

MusT mUik + msT

fUq;Nfhy; fUik + Nfhy;

ngUe;Njd; ngUik + Njd;

nrtpf;FzT nrtpf;F + czT

RitAzuh Rit + czuh

thAzh;T tha; + czh;T

je;Ja;kpd; je;J + ca;k;kpd;

tpy;nyOjp tpy; + vOjp

G+l;Lkpd; G+l;L + kpd;

kUg;G+rp kUg;G + G+rp

khh;Nghiy khh;G + Xiy

vknjd;W vkJ + vd;W

nkha;apiy nkha; + ,iy

thapdPh; thapd; + ePh;

nte;Jyh;e;J nte;J + cyh;e;J

fhbjid fhL + ,jid

fUKfpy; fUik + Kfpy;

ntz;kjp ntz;ik + kjp

vOe;njjph; vOe;J + vjph;

mwpTz;lhf mwpT + cz;lhf

,sptd;W ,spT + md;W

rhy;ngd;Dk; rhy;G + vd;Dk;

nraw;fhpa nraw;F + mhpa

nghUl;ld;W nghUl;L + md;W

el;gd;W el;G + md;W

nre;jkpo; nrk;ik + jkpo;

Gj;Jap&l;b GJik + caph; + Cl;b

rJufuhjp rJh; + mfuhjp

gpzpapd;wp gpzp + ,d;wp

mitapQ;rhd; mit + mQ;rhd;

khz;Gilahh; khz;G + cilahh;

Gfnodf;F Gfo; + vdf;F

Fitnadf;FFit + vdf;F

jkpo;g;grp jkpo; + grp

jpidasT jpid + msT

gidasT gid + msT

gRe;jiy gRik + jiy

khrpyh khR + ,yh

<hpUth; ,U + ,Uth;

igq;Ftis gRik + Ftis

nre;jhkiu nrk;ik + jhkiu

,Ugjhz;L ,UgJ + Mz;L

kpd;dDtpay; kpd;dD + ,ay;

cs;sq;if cs; + mk; + if

Nkk;ghlila Nkk;ghL + mila

kpd;dQ;ry; kpd; + mQ;ry;

kyh;f;fuk; kyh; + fuk;

FtpAnkd;W FtpAk; + vd;W nrq;fjp

utd; nrk;ik + fjputd;

jha;ikad;G jha;ik + md;G

Iahapuk; Ie;J + Mapuk;

Ntlkzpe;J Ntlk; + mzpe;J

njd;dhL njw;F + ehL

nka;Q;Qhdk; nka; + Qhdk;

xd;Ww xd;W + cw

Nfhykpl;L Nfhyk; + ,l;L

rz;gff;fhL rz;gfk; + fhL

capnud caph; + vd

mUe;jpwy; mUik + jpwy;

xw;iwf;fhy; xd;W + I + fhy;

fhl;Laph;fs; fhL + caph;fs;

rpw;whW rpWik + MW

Gfyplk; Gfy; + ,lk;

tpyq;fpdk; tpyq;F + ,dk;

Ik;G+jq;fs; Ie;J + G+jq;fs;

thoplk; tho; + ,lk;

grpawhJ grp + mwhJ

fz;Lsk; fz;L + csk;

njd;jpir njw;F + jpir

31


PH – 04146 -226417

Ik;G+jk; Ie;J + G+jk;

thD}h;jp thd; + Ch;jp

jpUTsk; jpU + csk;

jpUg;Gak; jpU + Gak;

,Uepyk; ,uz;L + epyk;

ngUe;jtk; ngUik + jtk;

jkpod;id jkpo; + md;id

mKjfpuzk; mKjk; + fpuzk;

gps;isj;jkpo; gps;is + jkpo;

cs;nshJq;fpcs; + xJq;fp

vd;gzpe;j vd;G + mzpe;j

G+q;Nfhapy; G+ + Nfhapy;

Gilj;njd;dhh; Gilj;J + vd;dhh;

vd;WUFthh; vd;W + cUFthh;

mof;fpy;yh moF + ,y;yh

nrt;tpjo; nrk;ik + ,jo;

mwpTz;lhk; mwpT + cz;lhk;

clw;Fz;lhk; clw;F + cz;lhk;

Nehpq;Nf Neh; + ,q;Nf

NrkKw Nrkk; + cw

Njrnky;yhk; Njrk; + vy;yhk;

gUtg; ngz; gUtk; + ngz;

frlw frL + mw

vOj;njd;g vOj;J + vd;g

kzw;Nfzp kzy; + Nfzp

vOj;njd;g vOj;J + vd;g

fw;wwpe;jhh; fw;W + mwpe;jhh;

GwehD}W Gwk; + ehd;F + E}W

kf;fl;nfy;yhk; kf;fl;F + vy;yhk;

tpjph;g;Gw;wQ;rp tpjph;g;G + cw;W + mQ;rp

tpz;zg;gKz;L tpz;zg;gk; + cz;L

jz;lsph;g;gjk; jd;ik + fsph; + gjk;

md;ngdg;gLtJ md;G + vdg;gLtJ

gz;ngdg;gLtJ gz;G + vdg;gLtJ

ehj;njhiytpy;iy eh + njhiyT + ,y;iy

gpzpNehAw;Nwhh; gpzp + Neha; + cw;Nwhh;

,ay;gPuhW ,ay;G + ,uz;L + MW

Ntz;bajpy;iy Ntz;baJ + ,y;iy

rpiwapyilj;j rpiwapy; + milj;j

fz;lNghnjy;yhk; fz;L + NghJ + vy;yhk;

tPLNjhwpue;Jk; tPL + NjhWk; + ,ue;Jk;

nre;jkpo;r;nry;tp nrk;ik + jkpo; + nry;tp

mzptjhyy;yth mzptjhy; + my;yNth

4. vjph;r;nrhy;iy vLj;njOJjy;4. vjph;r;nrhy;iy vLj;njOJjy;4. vjph;r;nrhy;iy vLj;njOJjy;4. vjph;r;nrhy;iy vLj;njOJjy; jkpopy; xU nrhy;Yf;Fhpa ,izahd vjph;r;nrhy;iyf; fz;lwpjNy ,g;gFjp tpdhthf mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gFjp vspjpy; kjpg;ngz; ngwf;$bait. mtw;iw NkYk; vspikg;gLj;j xt;nthU nrhy;Yf;Fk; ,izahd vjph;r;nrhy;iy njhFj;Js;Nshk;. Kd;G ,J vspjhf ,J nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ xU ghly; nfhLf;fg;gl;L mjpy; cs;s xU thh;j;ijf;F vjph; nrhy; Nfl;fg;gLfpwJ. me;j nrhw;fspy; ngUk;ghz;ikahd nrhw;fs; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;ltw;Ws; xd;whf ,Uf;Fk;.

,aw;if × nraw;if

vl;lh × vl;ba

Kjd;ik × ,Wjp

Xq;fpa × jho;e;j

,ize;jJ × gphpe;jJ> jdpj;J

kfpo;r;rp × Jf;fk;

32


PH – 04146 -226417

ed;ik × jPik

,d;nrhy; ×fLQ;nrhy;>td;nrhy;

ntg;gk; × jl;gk;> Fsph;e;j

eQ;R × mKjk;> kUe;J

,dpa × ,d;dh

ntz;ik × fUik

Nkij × Ngij

mhpaJ × vspaJ

ntw;wp × Njhy;tp

,Wjp × njhlf;fk;

vjph;j;jhh; × tuNtw;whh;

el;G × gif

Jd;gk; × ,d;gk;

,d;dh × ,dpa

kwg;gJ × epidg;gJ

ed;ik × jPik

njhd;ik × GJik

Njhd;w × kiwa

tsh;r;rp × Njf;fk;

FbauR × KbauR

kfpo;r;rp × tUj;jk;

,ize;J × jzpe;J

tWik × tsik

GJik × goik

cah;e;Njhh; × jho;e;Njhh;

ngUik × rpWik

kfpo;r;rp × Jf;fk;

Fop × NkL

tPuk; × Nfhio

Gfo; × ,fo;

,oe;jik × ngw;wik

jz;ik × ntk;ik

chpik × mbik

kyh;jy; × Ftpjy;

tpioe;jhh; × ntWj;jhh;

ngUfp × mUfp> RUq;fp

,opT × cah;T

ghtk; × Gz;zpak;

kd;dpg;G × xWg;G (jz;bg;G)

mfyy; × fpl;Ljy;

mq;F × ,q;F

mry; × efy;

mlf;fk; × mlq;fhik

mb × Kb

milg;G × jpwg;G

mz;ik × Nra;ik

mikjp × Fog;gk;

mus; × kus;

myh;jy; × Ftpjy;

mt;tplk; × ,t;tplk;

mwk; × kwk;

Mf;fk; × NfL

Mq;F × <q;F

Mir × epuhir

Mjp × me;jk;

Mz;lhs; × mbik

Mz;L × <z;L

,ir × tir

,zq;F × gpzq;F

,k;ik × kWik

,d;dhh; × ,dpahh;

,dpaJ × ,d;dhjJ

<jy; × Vw;wy;

<uk; × twl;rp

<thh; × <ahh;

cl;gif × Gwg;gif

cz;ik × ,d;ik> ngha;

cj;jkd; × mjkd;

cgfhuk; × cgfhuk;

cUtk; × mUtk;

ctj;jy; × fha;jy;

cs;sJ × ,y;yJ

cwT × may;

Cly; × $ly;

vhpjy; × mhpJ

Vw;wk; × jho;T

VW × ,wq;F

xUik × gd;ik

xhpf × jsph;f

xsp × ,Us;

xd;Wf × tpyFf

Xq;Fjy; × xLq;Ff

fQ;rk ; × jhuhsk;

fyf;fk; × njspT

fw;wy; × fy;yhik

fdT × edT

fhf;f × tpLf

fhg;ghw;W × iftpL

33


PH – 04146 -226417

fhuzk; × mfhuzk;

fhyk; × mfhyk;

Fzk; × Fw;wk;

FiwT × epiwT

$ly; × gphpjy;

nfhL × thq;F

nfhLik × nrk;ik

nfhs; × nfhL

rQ;ryk; × JzpT

rj;jk; × mikjp

re;J × epre;J

ruk; × mruk;

rhf;fpuij × mrhf;fpuij

rhe;jk; × cf;fpuk;

rhuk; × rf;if

Rgk; × mRgk;

Ruh; × mRuh;

Rth;f;fk; × eufk;

nrq;Nfhy; × nfhLq;Nfhy;

Nrh;f × gphpf

jf;f × jfhjd

jf;fhh ; × jftpyhh;

jl;gk; × ntg;gk;

jz;zPh; × nte;ePh;

jkh; × gpwh;

jtk; × mtk;

jOT × js;S

J}uk; × rkPgk;

njspT × kf;fk;

njhif × tphp

ey;top × my;top

ew;Fzk; × jPf;Fzk;

Nerk; × gif

gUj;jy; × rpWj;jy;

gs;sk; × NkL

ghl;lhsp × Kjyhsp

ghtk; × Gz;zpak;

jf;fhh ; × jftpyhh;

gpbj;jy; × tpLj;jy;

gpzf;fk; × ,zf;fk;

Gfo; × ,fo;

ngWik × rpWik

Ngjk; × mNgjk;

ngha; × nka;

Nghw;W × J}w;W

kq;fyk; × mkq;fyk;

kq;fyk; × mkq;fyk;

kq;fyp × mkq;fyp

kq;Fjy; × xsph;jy;

klik × Gyik

kbj;jy; × tphpj;jy;

kUs; × njUs;

kyh;r;rp × Rspg;G

kyh;jy; × $k;Gjy;

kiwjy; × ntspg;gly;

KdpT × fdpT

nkd;ik × td;ik

Nkd;ik × fPo;ik

tsh;jy; × Nja;jy;

tisjy; × epkph;jy;

tho;f × tPo;f

tpUg;G × ntWg;G

gz;gpyhd; × gz;Gilahd;

Xa;T × ciog;G

gifth; × ez;gh;

Nehjy; × jzpjy;

te;jhd; × te;jpyd;

epiw × Fiw

itjy; × Gfo;jy;

Kw;gfy; × gpw;gfy;

ez;gfy; × es;spuT

fspg;G × vhpr;ry;> Jauk;

jpd;ik × neha;ik

cilik × tWik

Gyik × klik

ntl;fp × fue;ij

tQ;rp × fhQ;rp

copiQ × nehr;rp

Jk;ig × thif

mUF × ngUF

ey;twpT × jPawpT

,ir × ,fo;

md;Gilahh;× md;gpyhh;

mUshsh; × mUspyhh;

,Uk;ik × ,d;gk;

goik × GJik

tPud; × Nfhio

,fo;e;J × Gfo;e;J

34


PH – 04146 -226417

,sik × KJik

,fo;r;rp × Gfo;r;rp

xsp × ,Us;

Xq;Fk ; × jhOk;

kyh;jy; × $k;gy;

,dpa × ,d;dhj

,ir × tir

,uj;jy; × <jy;

%Njtp × rPNjtp

Xq;fpaJ × jho;e;jJ

MLc × kf^c

5. nghUe;jhr; nrhy;iyf; fz;lwpj5. nghUe;jhr; nrhy;iyf; fz;lwpj5. nghUe;jhr; nrhy;iyf; fz;lwpj5. nghUe;jhr; nrhy;iyf; fz;lwpjy;y;y;y;;: ;: ;: ;: ,ij nghUj;jtiu E}y; E}yhrpupah; Nghd;wtw;iw ehk; njhpe;J itg;gjpy; ,Ue;Jk; ,yf;fzj;jpy; ekf;F ,Uf;Fk; njspit itj;Jk; tpil mspf;fyhk;. ,tw;Ws; Mw;Wg;gil E}y; vJ ,y;iy?

m.jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil M.kiygLflhk; ,.rpWghzhw;Wg;gil <. neQ;rhw;Wg;gil

,jpy; neQ;rhw;Wg;neQ;rhw;Wg;neQ;rhw;Wg;neQ;rhw;Wg;gil vd;gJ Ky;iyg;ghl;bd; NtW ngaugil vd;gJ Ky;iyg;ghl;bd; NtW ngaugil vd;gJ Ky;iyg;ghl;bd; NtW ngaugil vd;gJ Ky;iyg;ghl;bd; NtW ngau;. kiygLflhk; vd;gJ kiygLflhk; vd;gJ kiygLflhk; vd;gJ kiygLflhk; vd;gJ $j;juhw;Wg;gil$j;juhw;Wg;gil$j;juhw;Wg;gil$j;juhw;Wg;gil.vdNt neQ;rhw;Wg;gil ,jd; tpilneQ;rhw;Wg;gil ,jd; tpilneQ;rhw;Wg;gil ,jd; tpilneQ;rhw;Wg;gil ,jd; tpil. ,J Nghd;Nw Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;fg;gLk;. 6. gpio ePf;fk6. gpio ePf;fk6. gpio ePf;fk6. gpio ePf;fk;:

thf;fpaq;fisg; gpioapd;wp vOj ifahs Ntz;baitthf;fpaq;fisg; gpioapd;wp vOj ifahs Ntz;baitthf;fpaq;fisg; gpioapd;wp vOj ifahs Ntz;baitthf;fpaq;fisg; gpioapd;wp vOj ifahs Ntz;bait ::::---- 1. cah;jpiz vOtha; cah;jpiz gadpiyiag; ngw;W tUk;. mJNghd;W m/wpid vOtha; m/wpid gadpiy ngw;W tUk;. 2. ghy; mwpe;J mjw;Nfw;w tpidKw;iwg;gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. 3. vOtha; xUikahfNth> gz;ikahfNth te;jhy; tpidKw;Wk; mt;thW mika Ntz;Lk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; 1.mz;zd; tUfpwJ – gpio mz;zd; tUfpwhd;mz;zd; tUfpwhd;mz;zd; tUfpwhd;mz;zd; tUfpwhd; - jpUj;jk;. 2. Fapy;fs; ghbaJ - gpio Fapy;fs; ghbdFapy;fs; ghbdFapy;fs; ghbdFapy;fs; ghbd– rhp. 3. mYtyh;fs; gyh; te;jhh;fs; - gpio mYtyh;fs; gyh; te;jdh;mYtyh;fs; gyh; te;jdh;mYtyh;fs; gyh; te;jdh;mYtyh;fs; gyh; te;jdh; - jpUj;jk;. 4. jpyftjpah; te;jhd; - gpio jpyftjpahh; te;jhhjpyftjpahh; te;jhhjpyftjpahh; te;jhhjpyftjpahh; te;jhh; - jpUj;jk;. 5. vd; Gj;jfk; ,Jty;y – gpio vd; Gj;jfk; ,Jtd;Wvd; Gj;jfk; ,Jtd;Wvd; Gj;jfk; ,Jtd;Wvd; Gj;jfk; ,Jtd;W– jpUj;jk;. 6. mtd; khztd; my;y – gpio mtd; khztd; md;Wmtd; khztd; md;Wmtd; khztd; md;Wmtd; khztd; md;W– jpUj;jk;. 7. fe;jd; ,d;W xU Gjpa E}y; xd;W thq;fpdhd; - gpio fe;jd; ,d;W GjpaE}y; xd;W thq;fpdhd;fe;jd; ,d;W GjpaE}y; xd;W thq;fpdhd;fe;jd; ,d;W GjpaE}y; xd;W thq;fpdhd;fe;jd; ,d;W GjpaE}y; xd;W thq;fpdhd; - jpUj;jk;. 8. jiyth; ehis te;jhh; - gpio jiyth; ehis tUthhjiyth; ehis tUthhjiyth; ehis tUthhjiyth; ehis tUthh; - jpUj;jk;. 9. Mikfs; Ntfkhf XlhJ – gpio Mikfs; Ntfkhf Mikfs; Ntfkhf Mikfs; Ntfkhf Mikfs; Ntfkhf XlhXlhXlhXlh - jpUj;jk; 10. ejpfs; Njhd;Wkplj;jpy; rpwpajhf ,Uf;Fk; - gpio ejpfs; Njhd;Wkplj;jpy; rpwpadthf ,Uf;Fkejpfs; Njhd;Wkplj;jpy; rpwpadthf ,Uf;Fkejpfs; Njhd;Wkplj;jpy; rpwpadthf ,Uf;Fkejpfs; Njhd;Wkplj;jpy; rpwpadthf ,Uf;Fk; - jpUj;jk;. gpio gpio gpio gpio jpUj;jk;jpUj;jk;jpUj;jk;jpUj;jk;

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jd; jk; xt;nthU xt;Nthh; vd;w vDk; xUik xUik xUik xUik – gd;ik gpiofis ePf;Fjy; gd;ik gpiofis ePf;Fjy; gd;ik gpiofis ePf;Fjy; gd;ik gpiofis ePf;Fjy;

xUik : xUik vd;gJ xd;iw kl;Lk; Fwpg;gJ xUikaha; vOtha; mikAk; NghJ gadpiy xUikahf mika Ntz;Lk;. (v.fh) kuq;fs; rha;e;jd> khztd; te;jhd;. khzth;fs; te;jdh;. jd;ikg;ngah; : jd;ikg;ngah; : jd;ikg;ngah; : jd;ikg;ngah; : xUik gd;ik ahd; ahk;> ahq;fs; ehd; ehk;> ehq;fs; Kd;dpiyg; ngah; Kd;dpiyg; ngah; Kd;dpiyg; ngah; Kd;dpiyg; ngah; xUik gd;ik eP ePh;> ePq;fs; glh;f;ifg; ngah; glh;f;ifg; ngah; glh;f;ifg; ngah; glh;f;ifg; ngah; xUikxUikxUikxUik gd;ik gd;ik gd;ik gd;ik mtd;>mts; mth;fs; mJ mit jk;gp jk;gpkhh; jq;if jq;ifkhh; fz; fz;fs; ehp ehpfs; gpiogpiogpiogpio jpUj;jk;jpUj;jk;jpUj;jk;jpUj;jk; mitfs; mit mJfs; mJ vdJ kfd; vd; kfd; xU Ch; Xh; Ch; ehl;fs; ehs;fs; rpy mwpQh; mwpQh; rpyh; mtd; my;y mtd; my;yd; mts; my;y mts; my;yd; gpiogpiogpiogpio jpUj;jk;jpUj;jk;jpUj;jk;jpUj;jk; nghJtop my;y nghJ top md;W rpy mwpQh; mwpQh; rpyh; mth;fs; my;y mth;fs; my;yh; mit md;W mJ md;W mJ m/J chpikahdJ chpikahdJ ahd; jhk;te;Njd; ahd; jhd; te;Njd; ehd; jhk; nrd;Nwd; ehd; jhd; nrd;Nwd; ePh; jhd; nfhLj;jPh; ePh; jhk; nfhLj;jPh; mit jhd; xbd mit jhk; xbd xUik xUik xUik xUik gd;ik gd;ik gd;ik gd;ik md;W my;y jhd; jhk;

� xU> mJ vd;w nrhy;iyaLj;J KjnyOj;J caph; xU> mJ vd;w nrhy;iyaLj;J KjnyOj;J caph; xU> mJ vd;w nrhy;iyaLj;J KjnyOj;J caph; xU> mJ vd;w nrhy;iyaLj;J KjnyOj;J caph; vOj;jhf cs;s nrhy; te;jhy; xU xvOj;jhf cs;s nrhy; te;jhy; xU xvOj;jhf cs;s nrhy; te;jhy; xU xvOj;jhf cs;s nrhy; te;jhy; xU xh; vd;Wk; mJm/J vd;Wk; tUk;. h; vd;Wk; mJm/J vd;Wk; tUk;. h; vd;Wk; mJm/J vd;Wk; tUk;. h; vd;Wk; mJm/J vd;Wk; tUk;.

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� xt;nthU vd;Dk; nrhy;iyaLj;J xUikr;nrhw;fNs tu Ntz;Lk;.xt;nthU vd;Dk; nrhy;iyaLj;J xUikr;nrhw;fNs tu Ntz;Lk;.xt;nthU vd;Dk; nrhy;iyaLj;J xUikr;nrhw;fNs tu Ntz;Lk;.xt;nthU vd;Dk; nrhy;iyaLj;J xUikr;nrhw;fNs tu Ntz;Lk;. t*cr; nrhw;fs; ePf;fkt*cr; nrhw;fs; ePf;fkt*cr; nrhw;fs; ePf;fkt*cr; nrhw;fs; ePf;fk ;; ;; mlkio milkio mJfs; mit mUthkid mhpths;kid mUfhikapy; mUfpy; mtuf;fha; mtiuf;fha; mfz;l mfd;w mz;zhf;fapW miuQhd; fapW mj;jpdp mj;jid mWtWg;G mUtUg;G ,lJgf;fk; ,lg;gf;fk; tyJg;gf;fk; tyg;gf;fk;

,Uk;gy; ,Uky; ,wr;rp ,iwr;rp xl;liu xl;lil vfid>nkhid vJif>Nkhid flg;ghiw flg;ghiu fhf;fh fhf;if fUNtw;gpy;iy fUNtg;gpiy Nfhlhyp Nfhlhhp ifkhW ifk;khW jhg;ghs; jho;g;ghs; jhthuk; jho;thuk;

kuGj; njhlh;fis thf;fpaj;jpy; mikj;jy;kuGj; njhlh;fis thf;fpaj;jpy; mikj;jy;kuGj; njhlh;fis thf;fpaj;jpy; mikj;jy;kuGj; njhlh;fis thf;fpaj;jpy; mikj;jy; 1. mtiy epidj;J cuiy ,bj;jy; - xd;iw vz;zp kw;nwhd;iwr; nra;jy;. 2. vLg;ghh; ifg;gpis – ahh; nrhd;dhYk; mijf; Nfl;L elg;gtd;. 3. Vl;Lr;Riuf;fha; fwpf;FjthJ – gbj;jJ mg;gbNa tho;Tf;Fk; gad;ghlhJ. 4. Xiyte;J tpl;lJ - Miz fpilj;jJ tpl;lJ. 5. rPl;L fpoe;J tpl;lJ – Ntiy Ngha; tpl;lJ. 6. fapW jphpf;fpwhd; - ,y;yhjijr; nrhy;fpwhd;. 7. jhsk; NghLfpwhd; - Jd;gg; gLfpwhd;. 8. gQ;rhfg; gwf;fpwhd; - nghUspd;wp miyfpwhd;. 9. fq;F fiuapy;iy – vy;iy ,y;iy. 10. nfhb fl;bg;gwj;jy; - jdpg;GfNohL tho;jy;. 11. Nfhapy; ngUr;rhsp– nghJ nrhj;ijj; jpUbj; jpd;gtd;. 12. rq;fg; gyif – tphpe;J midtUf;Fk; ,lk; nfhLg;gJ. 13. Gj;jfg; g+r;rp – cyf mwptpd;wp E}ywpT kl;LNk cs;std;. 14. kjpy; Nky; g+id – epr;rak; ,y;yhj epiy. 15. kiyNawptpl;lJ – gioa gof;fk; kiwe;J tpl;lJ. 16. kdg;ghy; Fbj;jy; - fw;gid nra;jy; 17. Kjiyf; fz;zPh; - ngha; mOif Vkhw;Wjy; 18. Mfhaj; jhkiu - ,y;yhj xd;W. 19. mbahj khL gbahJ. 20. Mw;wpy; Nghl;lhYk; mse;J NghL. 21. cg;gpl;ltiu cs;sdTk; epid. 22. vhpfpw tPl;by; gpLq;fpdJ kpr;rk;. 23. xU ghid Nrhw;Wf;F xU NrhW gjk;. 24. Js;�fpw khL nghjp Rkf;fhJ. 25. ke;jpuk; fhy; kjp Kf;fhy;. 26. kpd;Dtnjy;yhk; nghd;dy;y. 27. tpijnad;Wk; Nghlr; Riunahd;W Ki;sf;fhJ. gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fis ePf;fp vOJf. gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fis ePf;fp vOJf. gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fis ePf;fp vOJf. gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fis ePf;fp vOJf.

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PH – 04146 -226417

gpwnkhop jkpo; gpwnkhop jkpo; gpwnkhop jkpo; gpwnkhop jkpo; gpwnkhop jkpo; gpwnkhop jkpo; gpwnkhop jkpo; gpwnkhop jkpo; cj;juT fl;lis [hkPd; gpiz mq;fj;jpdh; cWg;gpdh; cgNahfk; gad; mjpfhhp mYtyh; cw;rhfk; Cf;fk; mjpgh; jiyth; ftdk; fUj;J me;jpah; mayhh; Fkhud; Gjy;td; mgpN~fk; FlKOf;F Nfhgk; rpdk; Mg+h;tk; GJik tpQ;Qhdk; mwptpay; mh;j;jk; nghUs; tpujk; Nehd;G myq;fhuk; xg;gid rhtp jpwTNfhy; mtruk; tpiuT re;jh fl;lzk; mDkjp ,irT [hjp ,dk; Mgj;J ,lh; rq;fk; kd;wk; Muk;gk; njhlf;fk; re;Njfk; Iak; Muhjid topghL rgjk; #Siu ,Ujak; neQ;R rhpj;jpuk; tuyhW rpfpr;ir kUj;Jtk; gak; mr;rk; rpj;jpuk; Xtpak; ghPl;ir Njh;T rpd;dk; milahsk; gpur;rid rpf;fy; jpdrhp ehs;NjhWk; Gj;jp mwpT jPgk; tpsf;F Nghjid fw;gpj;jy; e~;lk; ,og;G ke;jphp mikr;rh; ehafd; jiytd; Kf;fpak; Kjd;ik epGzh; ty;Yeh; ikjhdk; jply; fhfpjk; jhsp rpghhpR ghpe;Jiu kuGr; nrhw;fs;kuGr; nrhw;fs;kuGr; nrhw;fs;kuGr; nrhw;fs;::::---- tpyq;Ffspd; ,sikg; gaph;fs; tpyq;Ffspd; ,sikg; gaph;fs; tpyq;Ffspd; ,sikg; gaph;fs; tpyq;Ffspd; ,sikg; gaph;fs; mzpw;gps;is ahidf;fd;W eha;f;Fl;b fOijf;Fl;b fPhpg;gps;is khd;fd;W g+idf;Fl;b gd;wpf;Fl;b rpq;ff;FUis vUikf;fd;W Ml;Lf;Fl;b vypf;Fl;b Gypg;gwo; Fjpiuf;Fl;b Fuq;Ff;Fl;b tpyq;Ffspd; thoplq;fs; tpyq;Ffspd; thoplq;fs; tpyq;Ffspd; thoplq;fs; tpyq;Ffspd; thoplq;fs; Ml;Lg;gl;b Nfhopg;gz;iz ahidf;$l;lk; Fjpiuf;nfhl;by; khl;Lj;njhOtk; thj;Jg;gz;iz tpyq;F gwit ,dq;fspd; xypkuG tpyq;F gwit ,dq;fspd; xypkuG tpyq;F gwit ,dq;fspd; xypkuG tpyq;F gwit ,dq;fspd; xypkuG Me;ij myWk; Fjpiu fidf;Fk; ehpCisapLk; fOij fj;Jk; Fapy; $Tk; Gyp cWKk; fhf;if fiuAk; Nfhop nfhf;fhpf;Fk; kapy; mfTk; fpsp; NgRk; rpq;fk; Koq;Fk; ahid gpspWk; ML fj;Jk; g+id rPWk; Nrty; $Tk; vUJ vf;fhskpLk; vyp fPr;rpLk; Gwh FDFk; Fuq;F myg;Gk; $if FoWk; tz;L KuYk; jhtu cWg;Gg; ngah;fs; jhtu cWg;Gg; ngah;fs; jhtu cWg;Gg; ngah;fs; jhtu cWg;Gg; ngah;fs; <r;r Xiy jhio kly; gidNahiy

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PH – 04146 -226417

Nrhsj;jl;il njd;idNahiy gyh ,iy khtpiy %q;fpy; ,iy thio ,iy Ntg;ge;jio fKfq;$e;jy; fha;fspd; ,sepiy fha;fspd; ,sepiy fha;fspd; ,sepiy fha;fspd; ,sepiy mtiug;gpQ;R khtL KUq;ifgpQ;R njd;dq;FUk;ig thiof;fr;ry; nts;shpg;gpQ;R nrb nfhb kuq;fspd; njhFg;gplk; nrb nfhb kuq;fspd; njhFg;gplk; nrb nfhb kuq;fspd; njhFg;gplk; nrb nfhb kuq;fspd; njhFg;gplk; Myq;fhL rTf;Fj;Njhg;G njd;de;Njhg;G fk;gq;nfhy;iy Nrhsf;nfhy;iy Njapiyj;Njhl;lk; gde;Njhg;G gyhj;Njhg;G g+e;Njhl;lk; nghUs;fspd; njhFg;GnghUs;fspd; njhFg;GnghUs;fspd; njhFg;GnghUs;fspd; njhFg;G Ml;Lke;ij fw;Ftpay; rhtpf;nfhj;J jpuhl;irf; Fiy Ntyq;fhL gRepiy khl;Lke;ij ahidf;$l;lk; itf;Nfhw;Nghh; nghUSf;Nfw;w tpidkuGnghUSf;Nfw;w tpidkuGnghUSf;Nfw;w tpidkuGnghUSf;Nfw;w tpidkuG NrhWcz; ePh;f;Fb ghy;gUF Xtpak; Gid gok; jpz; ghl;Lg;ghL ftif ,aw;W $il Kil Nfhyk; ,L japh; fil $iu Nta; g+g;gwp jP %l;L glk; tiu ckpfUf;fpdhd;> kuk; ntl;L mk;G va;jhh; Mil nea;jhh; khj;jpiutpOq;F KWf;F jpd; ,yf;fz tof;F,yf;fz tof;F,yf;fz tof;F,yf;fz tof;F::::---- ek; Kd;Ndhh; ve;jg; nghUis ve;jr; nrhy;yhy; toq;fp te;jdNuh> mjid mg;gbNa ehKk; toq;fp tUtjw;F,yf;fz tof;F,yf;fz tof;F,yf;fz tof;F,yf;fz tof;F vd;W ngah;. ,/J ,ay;G tof;F> jFjp tof;F vd ,Utifg;gLk;. ,ay;G tof;F ,ay;G tof;F ,ay;G tof;F ,ay;G tof;F

xU nghUisr; Rl;Ltjw;F> ve;jr; nrhy; ,ay;ghf tUfpwNjh> me;jr; nrhy;yhNyNa toq;Ftij ,ay;G tof;F vd;gh;. ,jid ,yf;fzKilaJ. ,yf;fzKilaJ. ,yf;fzKilaJ. ,yf;fzKilaJ. ,yf;fzg; Nghyp k&c,yf;fzg; Nghyp k&c,yf;fzg; Nghyp k&c,yf;fzg; Nghyp k&c vd %tifahff; $Wth;. ,yf;fzKilaJ. ,yf;fzKilaJ. ,yf;fzKilaJ. ,yf;fzKilaJ. ,yf;fzg; gpio ,y;yhky; toq;fp tUtjid ,yf;fzKilaJ vd;gh;. (v.fh) ahopdp ghlk; gbj;jhs;. ,yf;fzg;Nghyp ,yf;fzg;Nghyp ,yf;fzg;Nghyp ,yf;fzg;Nghyp efh;g;Gwk;> fhy;tha; nfhk;G Edp Nghd;w ,yf;fzKila nrhw;fisg; Gwefh;> tha;f;fhy;> Edpf; nfhk;G vd khw;wp> ek; Kd;Ndhh; ,yf;fzKilaJ Nghy toq;fp tUtij ,yf;fzg;Nghyp vd;fpNwhk;. k&ck&ck&ck&c : -

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PH – 04146 -226417

jQ;rht+h; Nfhak;Kj;J}h; Nghd;w Ch;fs; jQ;ir> Nfhit vd rpije;J tUtij k&c vd miof;fpNwhk;. jFjp tof;FjFjp tof;FjFjp tof;FjFjp tof;F jFjpahd nrhw;fisg; NgRtJ jFjp tof;F vd;gh;. ,/J ,lf;fulf;fy;> ,lf;fulf;fy;> ,lf;fulf;fy;> ,lf;fulf;fy;> kq;fyk;> F*cf;Fwpkq;fyk;> F*cf;Fwpkq;fyk;> F*cf;Fwpkq;fyk;> F*cf;Fwp vd %tifg;gLk;. ,lf;fulf;fy; ,lf;fulf;fy; ,lf;fulf;fy; ,lf;fulf;fy; gyh; Kd;Nd $Wtjw;F ,lh;g;ghlhfj; Njhd;Wk; nrhw;fis ePf;fpj; jFe;j nrhw;fshy; mg;nghUisj; njhptpg;gJ ,lf;fulf;fy; vd;gh;. rhd;whf ‘tha; fOtp te;Njd;’ vd;Dk; ,j;njhliu ePf;fp>‘tha;g+rp te;Njd;’ vdf;$Wth;’.

kq;fykkq;fykkq;fykkq;fyk; : mkq;fykhd nrhy;iy ePf;fp kq;fyk; nrhy;yhy; mg;nghUis toq;FtJ

‘kq;fyk;’ vd;gh;. (v.fh) ,we;jtiu ,iwtdb Nrh;e;jhh; vd;W Fwpg;gpLjy;. F*cf;Fwp F*cf;Fwp F*cf;Fwp F*cf;Fwp xU FOtpdh; jkf;F kl;Lk; GhpAk; tifapy;> xU nghUSf;Ff; Fwpg;ghf toq;Fk; ngaiuf; F*cf;Fwp vd;gh;. (v.fh) nghw;nrhy;yh; nghd;idg; ‘gwp’ vd;gh;. Gzh;r;rpGzh;r;rpGzh;r;rpGzh;r;rp KUfd; te;jhd; ,j;njhlhpy; te;Js;s ,uz;L nrhw;fs; Nrh;e;J xU nghUis czh;j;Jfpd;wd.

,tw;wpy; Kjypy; epw;Fk; nrhy; ‘epiynkhop’ vd;Dk; mjNdhL te;J NrUk; nrhy; ‘tUnkhop’ vd;Wk; toq;fg;gLk;.

,t;thW epiynkhopAk; tUnkhopAk; Nrh;tij my;yJ ,iztijg; Gzh;r;rp vd;fpNwhk;.

nghd; + kiy = nghd;kiy

thio + kuk; = thiokuk; Gzh;r;rpia gy tifahff; $wyhk;. - ,ay;Gg; Gzh;r;rp - tpfhug; Gzh;r;rp - nka; <w;Wg; Gzh;r;rp - Fw;wpaypfug; Gzh;r;rp - Fw;wpaYfug; Gzh;r;rp - ,ay;> gPW> tpjpaPW – Gzh;r;rp - gz;Gg; ngah;g; Gzh;r;rp vdf;$wyhk;. ,jid tphpthff; fhzyhk;. ,ay;Gg; Gzh;r;rp ,ay;Gg; Gzh;r;rp ,ay;Gg; Gzh;r;rp ,ay;Gg; Gzh;r;rp

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PH – 04146 -226417

kyh; + khiy = kyh; khiy

gid + kuk; = gidkuk; ,tw;wpy; epiy nkhopNah> tUnkhopNah vt;tpj khw;wKk; ,d;wpg;

Gzh;e;Js;sd. vdNt ,ay;G Gzh;r;rp vd;fpNwhk;.

fly; +miy = flyiy ,jpy; epiynkhop ,Wjpapy; cs;s ‘y;’ vd;Dk; nka;naOj;NjhL> tUnkhop Kjypy; cs;s ‘m’ vd;Dk; caph; vOj;J Nrh;e;J ‘y’ vd;Dk; caph;nka;naOj;jhfpg;Gzh;e;Js;sJ. nka;naOj;Jld; caph; vOj;J Nrh;e;J caph; nka; naOj;jhdJ ,ay;ghd

epfo;T. mJ Nghy y;+m = y vd;W caph; nka;ahfpr; Nrh;e;jjhy; ,JTk; ,ay;Gg; Gzh;r;rpNa vd;W njhpe;J nfhs;syhk;. tpfhug; Gzh;r;rp tpfhug; Gzh;r;rp tpfhug; Gzh;r;rp tpfhug; Gzh;r;rp epiynkhopAk; tUnkhopAkhfpa ,U nrhw;fs; GzUk; NghJ ,ilapy; rpy khw;wq;fs; epfoyhk;. me;j khw;wq;fis tpfhuk; vd;gh; epiynkhopf;Fk; tUnkhopf;Fk; ,ilapy; xU Gjpa vOj;J Njhd;wyhk;. epiynkhop <w;wpy; XnuOj;J kw;Nwhh; vOj;jhfj; jphpayhk;. epiynkhopapd; <w;wpYk; tUnkhopapd; KjypYk; cs;s ,U vOj;Jf;fSNk NtWgl;Lj; jphpe;J tplyhk;. XnuOj;J nflyhk;. ,t;thW rpytif khw;wq;fSld; GzUk; Gzh;r;rpia tpfhug; Gzh;r;rp vd;gth;. Njhd;wy; tpfhuk; Njhd;wy; tpfhuk; Njhd;wy; tpfhuk; Njhd;wy; tpfhuk;

kh + fha; = khq;fha; (‘q;’ Njhd;wpaJ)

thio + gok; = thiog;gok; (‘g;’ Njhd;wpaJ) jphpjy; tpfhuk; jphpjy; tpfhuk; jphpjy; tpfhuk; jphpjy; tpfhuk;

gy; +nghb = gw;nghb (epiynkhop <w;W ‘y;’‘w’ MdJ)

fy; + J}z; = fw;W}z; (epiynkhop <w;W ‘y;’‘w;w’ MdJ) tUnkhoP ‘J}>’‘E}’ MdJ) nfLjy; tpfhuk; nfLjy; tpfhuk; nfLjy; tpfhuk; nfLjy; tpfhuk;

kuk; + Nth; = kuNth; (epiynkhop <w;W ‘k;’ nfl;lJ) epiynkhopahfTk;> tUnkhopahfTk; mikAk; nrhw;fspd; KjypYk; ,WjpapYk; mikAk; vOj;Jf;fis mwpjy; Njit. ,t;ntOj;Jf;fis ‘caph;’ vdTk; ‘nka;’ vdTk; Fwpg;gpLthh; (1) miy> Mil> ,iy> Ch;> xsp> Xiy(1) miy> Mil> ,iy> Ch;> xsp> Xiy(1) miy> Mil> ,iy> Ch;> xsp> Xiy(1) miy> Mil> ,iy> Ch;> xsp> Xiy ,it caph; vOj;ij Kjyhff; nfhz;l nrhw;fs;. ,t;thW mikAk; nrhw;fis caph; Kjy; nrhw;fs; vd;gh;. 2) fpsp> gid> gy> miy> xsp : 2) fpsp> gid> gy> miy> xsp : 2) fpsp> gid> gy> miy> xsp : 2) fpsp> gid> gy> miy> xsp :

,r;nrhw;fspd; <w;wpy; (,Wjpapy;) cs;s vOj;Jf;fs; sp (s;+,)> id

(d;+I)> y(y;+m)> iy (y;+I)> sp(s;+,) ,it caph;nka; vOj;Jf;fs;. capUk; nka;Ak; Nrh;e;jjdhy; cUthd. vOj;Jf;fs; ,it caph;nka; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhYk;. Kjypy; nka;Ak; mjd;gpd; capUk; epw;gijf; fhzyhk;. vdNt fpsp> gid> gy> miy> xsp vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; <w;wpy; caph; xypfNs epw;fpd;wd. vdNt ,tw;iw caph; <w;Wr; nrhw;fs; vd;gh;. 3) ffffly;> Nth;> ghy;> jkpo;> kz;> gyly;> Nth;> ghy;> jkpo;> kz;> gyly;> Nth;> ghy;> jkpo;> kz;> gyly;> Nth;> ghy;> jkpo;> kz;> gy;

41


PH – 04146 -226417

,r; nrhw;fspd; ,Wjpapy; nka; vOj;Jf;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jid nka; <w;Wr; nrhw;fs; vdyhk;. 4) fly;> Nty;> ghy;> jkpo;> kz;> gyfly;> Nty;> ghy;> jkpo;> kz;> gyfly;> Nty;> ghy;> jkpo;> kz;> gyfly;> Nty;> ghy;> jkpo;> kz;> gy;

,tw;wpd; Kjypy; vOj;Jf;fs; f(f;+m)> Nt(t;>V) gh (g;+M)> j(j;+m)>

k(k;+m) g(g;+m) ,t;thW epw;fpd;wd. ,jid ‘nka; Kjy;’ nrhw;fs; vd;gh;. nka; <w;Wg; Gzh;r;rp nka; <w;Wg; Gzh;r;rp nka; <w;Wg; Gzh;r;rp nka; <w;Wg; Gzh;r;rp

,ay;G Gzh;r;rpapy; ‘fly;+miy’ vd;w nrhy; flyiy vd;W Gzh;e;jJ. epiynkhop <w;wpy; cs;s ‘y;’ vd;Dk; nka;NahL ‘m’ vd;Dk; tUnkhop Kjy; caph; Nrh;e;J ‘y’ vd;Dk; caph;nka; Njhd;wpg; Gzh;e;jJ.

‘cly; Nky; caph; te;J Gzh;tJ ,ay;Ng’ vd;gJ ed;D}y; tpjp

kz; + moF = kz;zoF

gy; + moF = gy;yoF

cs; + Ch; = cs;@h; ,tw;wpy; epiynkhopfspd; <w;wpy; nka;naOj;Jf;fs; te;Js;sd. tUnkhop Kjypy; caph; vOj;Jf;fs; te;Js;sd. Mdhy; GzUk; NghJ epiynkhopapd;

<w;wpy; cs;s nka; vOj;J ,ul;bf;fpd;wJ (kz;z; + moF> gy;y + moF>

cs;s + Ch;) gpd;dh; me;j nka;Ald; tUnkhop Kjy; caph; Nrh;fpwJ (kz;z;

+ moF – kz;zoF> gy;+ moF gy;yoF> cs;s + Ch; - cs;@h;) ,t;thW jdpf;Fwpiy mLj;J tUk; nka;naOj;ij <w;wpy; nfhz;l nrhw;fளி ;d;> Kd;> tUnkhop Kjypy; cs;s caph; te;J GzUk; NghJ> epiynkhop <w;Wnka; ,ul;bj;J> ,ul;bj;jme;j nka;Ald; caph; Nrh;e;J caph; nka;ahfpg; Gzh;e;J xypf;Fk;. ‘jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W caph; thpd; ,ul;Lk;’ vd;gJ ed;D}y; tpjp (xw;W – nka;) clk;gLnka; Gzh;r;rp (caph; Kd; caph;)

fpsp+moF = fpspaoF

jP + mize;jJ = jPaize;jJ

gid + Xiy = gidNahiy NkNy cs;s vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfspd; epiy nkhopfspd; <w;wpy; caph; vOj;Jf;fs; epw;f> tUnkhop KjypYk; caph; vOj;Jf;fNs tUfpd;wd. ,uz;L caph; vOj;Jf;fs; xd;Wld; xd;W Nruh. ,t;thW epiynkhopapd; <w;wpYk; tUnkhopapd; KjypYk; caph; vOj;Jf;fs; tUk; NghJ mtw;iw xd;WgLj;jj; Njhd;Wk; nka;naOj;jpw;F ‘clk;gL nka;’ vd;W ngah;

fpsp + moF – fpsp + a; + moF – fpspaoF

jP + mize;J + jP+a; + mize;jJ – jPaize;J

gid+Xiy – gid+a; +Xiy – gidNahiy ,q;F epiynkhop <w;wpy; ,><> I> vd;Dk; caph; vOj;Jf;fspy; xd;W epw;f> tUnkhop Kjypy; caph; te;jjhy; ,ilapy; afu cLk;gLnka; (a;) Njhd;wp tUnkhop Kjy; capUld; Nrh;e;jJ.

gy+MW = gy+t;+MW – gythW

gyh+moF - gyh+t; +moF = gyhtoF

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PH – 04146 -226417

jpU+M&h; - jpU+t; +m&h; - jpUth&h;

g+ + moF – g++t; +moF – g+toF

Nj+Muk; - Nj+t; +Muk; - Njthuk; NkNy cs;s nrhw;fspd; epiynkhopaPw;wy; m>M>c>C>V.X vd;Dk; caph; vOj;Jf;fs; epw;f> tUnkhop Kjypy; caph; vOj;Jf;fs; te;jjhy; ,ilapy; tfu clk;gL nka;(t;) Njhd;wp tUnkhop Kjy; capUld; Nrh;e;jJ

Nr+mb-Nr+t; +mb – Nrtb

Nr+mb - Nr+a; +mb – Nrab epiynkhop <w;wpy; ‘V’ vd;Dk; vOj;J epd;W tUnkhop Kjypy; ve;j caph; te;jhYk;> epiynkhop <w;wpy; ‘,><>I vd;Dk; caph; vOj;Jf;fs; ,Ue;jhy; ‘afu’ clk;gLnka; (a;) Njhd;wpg; GzUk; epiynkhop <w;wpy; ,><> I jtpu kw;w capnuOj;Jf;fs; Njhd;wpdhy; ‘t’ ,u clk;gLnka; Njhd;Wk;. epiynkhop <w;wy; ‘V’ vd;Dk; caph; vOj;J ,Ue;jhy; ‘a;>’‘t;’ vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk; Njhd;wp GzUk;. Fw;wpaYfug; Gzh;r;rpFw;wpaYfug; Gzh;r;rpFw;wpaYfug; Gzh;r;rpFw;wpaYfug; Gzh;r;rp

ML> ghf;F> gq;F> gapW> rhy;G> v/F ,it Fw;wpaYfuj;ij ,Wjpapy;

ngw;w nrhw;fs; vd;W mwpNthk;. ,it Nghd;w Fw;wpaYfur; nrhw;fspd; Kd; caph; vOj;ij cila nrhy; te;J GzUtJ gw;wpg; ghh;g;Nghk;. tUnkhop Kjypy; capnuOj;J te;jhy;> epiynkhop <w;Wf; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpy; cs;s cfuk; jhd; Vwp epw;Fk; nka;naOj;ij tpl;Ltpl;L XbtpLk;. kpFe;J epw;Fk; nka;Ald; tUnkhop Kjy; caph; Nrh;e;J GzUk;.

khL + ,y;iy – khl; + ,y;iy khby;iy

nfhf;F + ,y;iy – nfhf;f + ,y;iy – nfhf;fpy;iy ,JNt Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; Kd; caph; te;J GzUk; KiwahFk;. ,t;thNw Fw;wpaYfuj;ij ,Wjpapy; ngw;w nrhy;yhf ,Ue;jhYk;><w;wpy; cs;s cfu vOj;J jhd; Vwp epw;Fk; nka;naOj;ij tpl;L tpl;L XbtpLk;. vQ;rp epw;Fk; nka;Ald; tUnkhop Kjy; caph; Nrh;e;J GzUk;.

fjT + ,y;iy – fjt; +,y;iy – fjtpy;iy

mJ + MtJ – mj; + MtJ -- mjthJ caph;thpd; vf;Fws; nka;tpl;L XLk;> Kw;Wk; mw;W vd;gJ tpjp (cf;Fws; - Fw;wpaYfuk; Kw;W – Kw;wpaYfuk; Fw;wpaypfug; Gzh;r;rp)

nfhf;F + ahJ – nfhf;fpahJ

fjT + ahJ – fjtpahJ epiynkhop <w;wpy; Fw;wpaYfuNkh> Kw;wpaYfuNkh epw;f> tUnkhop ‘ah’ vd;Dk; vOj;ij Kjyhf cila nrhy; te;J GzUk; NghJ>‘cfuk;’ ,fukhfj; jphpe;J GzUk;. caph;thpd; cf;Fws; nka;tpl;L XLk;. at;thpd; ,a;ahk; Kw;Wk; mw;W xNuh top vd;Dk; ed;D}y;; tFj;Js;s tpjpahFk;.

,ay;gPW> tpjpaPW ,ay;gPW> tpjpaPW ,ay;gPW> tpjpaPW ,ay;gPW> tpjpaPW – Gzh;r;rp : Gzh;r;rp : Gzh;r;rp : Gzh;r;rp : ,iy + ed;W - ,iyed;W

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PH – 04146 -226417

kiy + nghpJ - kiynghpJ ,tw;wpy; epiynkhopfshd ‘,iy> kiy’ vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; <w;wpy; epw;Fk; caph; xyp ‘,ay;G <W’ vdg;gLk;. ,it tUnkhopNahL vt;tif khWghLk; ,d;wpg; Gzh;e;jd.

Gyp + gy; - Gypg;gy;

gok; + Rit – gor;Rit Gyp> gok; vd;Dk; epiynkhopr; nrhw;fs; ty;ypd nka;ia KjhnyOj;jhf cila nrhw;fSld; Gzh;e;Js;sd. ‘Gyp’ vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; <w;wpy; caph; ,ay;ghf epw;f tUnkhop Kjy; ty;ypdj;Jld; Nru ,ilapy; ‘g;’ nka; Njhd;wpg; Gzh;e;jJ. ,jpy; ,ay;gha; epd;w caph;Kd; te;j ty;ypdk; kpFe;J Gzh;e;Js;sJ. tUnkhop Kjypy; ty;ypdk; te;jjdhy; epiynkhopahf mike;j ‘gok;’ vd;gjd; <w;W kfu nka; (k;) nfl;L ‘go’ vd MdJ. ,g;NghJ ‘go’ vd;gJ caph; <w;W epiy nkhop Mfptpl;lJ. vdNt tUnkhop Kjypd; (Rit) nka; ‘r;’ kpf;Fg; Gzh;e;jJ. ,q;F Gzh;tjw;fhf tUnkhop Nehf;fp> epiy nkhop ,Wjp vOj;J nfl;L> caph; <whf khwp epd;wJ. ,JNt ‘tpjpaPW’ vdg;gLk;. epiynkhop <w;wpy; ,ay;gPwhfNth> tPjpaPwhfNth epw;Fk; capnuOj;jpd; Kd; tUnkhopapy; f;> r;j;g; vd;Dk; ty;ypd nka;ia Kjy; vOj;jhf nfhz;l nrhy; te;J GzUk;NghJ> ,ilapy; me;j nka;naOj;J kpf;Fg; GzUk; vd;gJ ,jdhy; tpsq;FfpwJ. ,t;thW caph; <w;W epiy nkhopapd; Kd;> tUnkhop Kjy; ty;ypdk; kpFe;J GzUk; vd;gjidNa> ed;D}y; ‘,ay;gpYk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph; Kd; frjg kpFk;’ vd;Dk; tpjpahy; Rl;LfpwJ. gz;Gg; ngah;g; Gzh;r;rp gz;Gg; ngah;g; Gzh;r;rp gz;Gg; ngah;g; Gzh;r;rp gz;Gg; ngah;g; Gzh;r;rp ehk; M�tifg; ngah;r; nrhw;fis mwpNthk;. mtw;Ws; Fzg;ngah;

vd;gJk; ‘gz;Gg; ngah;’ vd;gJk; xd;Nw vd mwpayhk;. ed;ik> nrk;ik> rpWik> fUik> Kjd;ik Nghd;W ,Wjpapy; ‘ik’ vd;Dk; tpFjp ngw;w gz;Gg; ngah;fs;. tUnkhopAld; Gzh;tijNa gz;Gg; ngah;g; Gzh;r;rp vd;fpNwhk;.

$h;ik + tha; - $h;tha;

ed;id + kzp – ed;kzp

rpWik + nghjp – rpWnghjp ,tw;wpy; epiynkhopahd gz;Gg;ngahpd; <w;W vOj;J (<W) nfl;Lg; Gzh;e;jJ.

Kjd;ik + ciu - %Jiu

gRik + mil – ghril ,tw;wpy; epiynkhopahd gz;Gg; ngahpd; <W nfl;lJld;> Kjy; vOj;J nebyhfpg; (Mjp ePz;L) Gzh;e;jJ.

gRik + jkpo; - ige;jkpo;

gRik + njhb – ige;njhb ,tw;wpy; epiynkhopahd gz;Gg; ngahpd; <W nfl;lJld;> Kjypy; epd;w mfuk; (g)> Ifhukhfpg; (ig) (mb mfuk; I Mfpg;) Gzh;e;jJ.

rpWik + Ch; - rpw;W}h;

rpWik + czT – rpw;WzT

,tw;wpy; epiynkhopahd gz;Gg; ngahpd; <W nfl;lJld;> vQ;rpa nrhy;ypd; ,ilNa mjd; nka; ,ul;bj;J (jd; xd;W ,ul;bj;Jg;) Gzh;e;jJ.

44


PH – 04146 -226417

nrk;ik + fhy; - nrq;fhy; ,sik + Fotp - ,sq;Fotp

nrk;ik + nrhy; - nrQ;nrhy; mUik + nrhy; - mUQ;nrhy;

ntk;ik + ePh; - nte;ePh;

eWik + Njd; - eWe;Njd;

nrk;ik + jkpo; - nre;jkpo;

gRik + nghd; - gRk;nghd; ,tw;wpy; epiynkhopahd gz;Gg; ngahpd; <W nfl;lJld; vQ;rpa epiynkhopapd; nka; vOj;J jphpe;J (Kd; epd;w nka; jphpe;J) Gzh;e;jJ kw;Wk; tUnkhop Kjypd; ,dkhd nka;naOj;J Gjpjha; Njhd;wpg; (,dk; kpFe;J) Gzh;e;jJ. rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;J vOJf. 1)kuNth; vd;gJ m) Njhd;wy; tpfhuk; M) jphpjy; tpfhuk; ,) nfLjy; tpfhuk; <) ,ay;Gg; Gzh;r;rp

tpil : nfLjy; tpfhuk; 2) fpspaoF vd;Dk; ,j;njhlhpy; m) caph;Kd; nka;te;jJ M) caph; Kd; caph; te;jJ ,) nka; Kd; nka; te;jJ <) nka; Kd; caph; te;jJ

tpil : caph; Kd; caph; te;jJ 3) gonkhop vd;Dk; njhlh; vt;tif Gzh;r;rpiar; Nrh;e;j m) ,ay;Gg; Gzh;r;rp M) clk;gLnka; Gzh;r;rp ,) ,ay;Gg; Gzh;r;rp <) gz;Gg;ngah; Gzh;r;rp

tpil : gz;Gg; ngah;g; Gzh;r;rp

4) fjtpy;iy - ,j;njhlhpy; mike;j Gzh;r;rp m) Fw;wpaYfug; Gzh;r;rp M) Kw;wpaYfug; Gzh;r;rp ,) gz;Gg;ngah; Gzh;r;rp <) Fw;wpaypfug; Gzh;r;rp

tpil : Kw;wpaYfug; Gzh;r;rp 5) mUQ;nrhy; - ,r;nrhw;fs; Gzh;e;j tpjk; m) <Wnfl;Lg; Gzh;e;jJ M) <Wnfl;L KjnyOj;J nebyhfpg; Gzh;e;jJ ,) <J nfl;L epiynkhopapd; nka;naOj;J tUnkhopf;F ,dkhfj; jphpe;J

Gzh;e;jJ. <) <W nfl;LtUnkhopapd; ,dk; kpf;Fg; Gzh;e;jJ. tpil : <W nfl;LtUnkhopapd; ,dk; kpf;Fg; Gzh;e;jJ. Gzh;r;rp tifNahL vLj;Jf;fhl;ilg; nghUj;Jf Gzh;r;rp tif vLj;Jf;fhl;L 1. ,ay;Gg; Gzh;r;rp (m) gilnaLj;jdh; (3) 2. Njhd;wy; tpfhuk; (M) cynfyhk; (4) 3. clk;gLnka; Gzh;r;rp (,) ed;kzp (5) 4. Fw;wpaYfug; Gzh;r;rp (<) kz;zLg;G 5. gz;Gg; ngah;g; Gzh;r;rp (c) kyh;khiy 1 (C) md;dhrpg;gok; (2) NtNtNtNtw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rp w;Wikg; Gzh;r;rp w;Wikg; Gzh;r;rp w;Wikg; Gzh;r;rp

fly; + fle;jhd; - fly; fle;jhd;

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PH – 04146 -226417

,j;njhlhpy; I vd;Dk; Ntw;Wik cUG kiwe;J te;J nghUSzh;j;JfpwJ. ,t;thW Ntw;Wik cUG kiwe;J epw;f Gzh;tJ Ntw;Wik Gzh;r;rp vdg;gLk;.

fly; + I + fle;jhd; = fliyf;fle;jhd;. ,JTk; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpNa MFk;. Mdhy; ,jpy; I vd;Dk; cUG ntspg;gl;L epw;fpwJ. ,t;thW Ntw;Wik cUG ntspg;gl;L epw;gJ ‘Ntw;Wik tphp’ my;yJ Ntw;Wik njhfh njhlh; vdg;gLk;. ,t;thW Ntw;Wik cUGfs; kiwe;jhapDk; ntspg;gl;lhapDk; nrhw;fs; Gzh;tJ ‘Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rp’ vdg;gLk;. Ntw;Wikj; njhif Ntw;Wikj; njhif Ntw;Wikj; njhif Ntw;Wikj; njhif Nfhapy; fl;bdhd; (I) Nfhapiyf; fl;bdhd; Ntnywpe;jhd; (My;) Ntyhnywpe;jhd; Nrhod;kfd; (F) NrhoDf;F kfd; kiytPoUtp (,d;) kiyapd; tPoUtp kd;dd; if (mJ) kd;ddJ if kjpw;g+id (fz;) kjpypd; fz; g+id

,t;ntLj;Jf; fhl;LfSs;> Ntw;Wikj; njhifAk; Ntw;Wik tphpAkhf ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik Kjy; Vohk; Ntw;Wik <whf te;Js;sik fhzyhk;. vdNt Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rp MWtifg;gLk; vd mwpayhk;. my;topg; Gzh;r;rp my;topg; Gzh;r;rp my;topg; Gzh;r;rp my;topg; Gzh;r;rp Ntw;Wik cUG kiwe;jNjh> ntspg;gl;Nlh tUjypd;wp m/jy;yhj topapy; epiynkhopAk; tUnkhopAk; Gzh;tJ my;topg; Gzh;r;rp vdg;gLk;. (my;top – Ntw;Wik my;yhtop) my;topg; Gzh;r;rp njhlh;fs; njhifepiyj;njhlh;> njhfh epiyj; njhlh; vd ,Utifg;gLk;. njhifepiyj; njhlh; njhifepiyj; njhlh; njhifepiyj; njhlh; njhifepiyj; njhlh;

1. RL+NrhW = RLNrhW - tpidj;njhif

2. nrk;ik+fUk;G = nrq;fUk;G –gz;Gj;njhif

3. gtsk; + tha; = gtstha; - ctikj;njhif

4. ,uT + gfy; = ,uhg; gfy; - ck;ikj;njhif

5. nghd; + njhb = nghw;nwhb te;jhs; - md;nkhopj;njhif. njhfhepiyj; njhlh; : njhfhepiyj; njhlh; : njhfhepiyj; njhlh; : njhfhepiyj; njhlh; :

1. ,skjp + ghbdhs; = ,skjpghbdhs; - vOtha;j;njhlh;

2. Ntyh + th = Ntyh th = tpspj;njhlh;

3. te;j + kfd; = te;j kfd; - nganur;rj; njhlh;

4. gbj;J + Kbj;jhd; = gbj;J Kbj;jhd;.-tpidnar;rj;njhlh;

5. te;jhd; + fe;jd; = te;jhd; fe;jd; - njhpepiy tpid Kw;Wj;njhlh;

6. nghpad; + Nrud; = nghpad; Nrud; - Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wj; njhlh;

7. kw;W + xd;W = kw;nwhd;W - ,ilr;nrhw;nwhlh;

8. edp + Ngij = edpNgij – chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;

9. tUf + tUf = tUf tUf – mLf;Fj;njhlh; ,t;thW njhif epiyj;njhlh; Ie;Jk; njhfh epiyj;njhlh; xd;gJk; Ntw;Wik my;yhj topapy; Gzh;e;jikahy; my;topg; Gzh;r;rp Gzh;r;rpahjiy mwpayhk;. caphPw;Wg; Gzh;r;rp caphPw;Wg; Gzh;r;rp caphPw;Wg; Gzh;r;rp caphPw;Wg; Gzh;r;rp

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PH – 04146 -226417

capnuOj;Jf;fs; gd;dpnuz;Lk;> ,ilapd nka; MWk; qfuk; xope;j nky;ypd nka; Ie;Jk; Fw;wpaYfuk; xd;Wkhf ,Ugj;J ehd;F vOj;Jf;fs; nrhy;ypd; <w;wpy; epw;gdthFk;. ,ay;gPW> tPjpaPW ,ay;gPW> tPjpaPW ,ay;gPW> tPjpaPW ,ay;gPW> tPjpaPW

gyh+ Ris = gyhr;Ris

g+ + njhil = g+j;njhil

Gyp+ gy; =Gypg;gy; gyh> g+> Gyp vd;Dk; epiynkhopfspd; <w;nwOj;Jf;fs; ,ay;ghf

epw;gdthFk;. vdNt ,it ,ay;gPW vdg;gLk;. ,ay;gPw;wpd; Kd; f>r>j>g vd;Dk; ty;ypd; nka;fisf; nfhz;l nrhw;fs; te;J GzUk;NghJ kpFe;J Gzh;e;Js;sd.

ku(k;) + fpis = kuf;fpis

Fy(k;) + rpwg;G = Fyr;rpwg;G

ku(k;) + J}z; = kuj;J}z; kuk;> Fyk; vd;Dk; epiynkhopfs; Gzh;r;rpf;fhf <w;nwOj;J nfl;L ku>

Fy vd epw;fpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; <w;wpYs;s m vd;Dk; vOj;J ,ay;ghdjd;W> Gzh;r;rpf;fhf khWgl;Ls;sJ. ,jid tpjpaPW vd;gth;. tpjpaPw;wpd; Kd; f>r>j>g vd;Dk; ty;ypd nka;naOj;Jf;fs; te;jhy; kpFe;J Gzh;e;Js;sd. ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd; frjg kpFk; tpj thjd kd;Nd - ed;D}y; 165 ccccaphPaphPaphPaphPw;W kug;ngah; Kd; ty;ypdk; : w;W kug;ngah; Kd; ty;ypdk; : w;W kug;ngah; Kd; ty;ypdk; : w;W kug;ngah; Kd; ty;ypdk; :

fs + fdp = fsq;fdp

kh + nrb = khQ;nrb

fs + gok; = fsk;gok;

kh + jsph; = khe;jsph; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapy;> capnuOj;ij <w;wpy; nfhz;Ls;s kug;ngah;fspd;

Kd;dh; tUk; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ> nky;ypd nka; Njhd;wg; GzUk;.

thio + fha; = thiof;fha;

gyh + Ris = gyhr;Ris

nfhd;iw + jsph; = nfhd;iwj;jsph;

nfha;ah+ gok; = nfha;ahg;gok; ,t;thW caphPw;W kug;ngah; Kd; te;j ty;ypdk; kpFe;j czUk;. ,J

Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapd; nghJ tpjpahFk;. (,ay;tpDk; tpjpapDk; frjg kpFk;) caph; Kd; Q>e>k>a>t Gzh;r;rp :

tps + Qhw;rp = tpsQhw;rp

rpy + ez;Lfs; = rpyez;Lfs;

gyh + kuk; = gyhkuk;

g+ + ahJ = g+ahJ

Nfh + tPo;e;jJ = NfhtPo;e;jJ capnuOj;ij <w;wpy; nfhz;l epiy nkhopfspd; Kd; tUnkhopapy; Q> e> k>a>t vDk; vOj;Jf;fs; Kjyhf te;jhy; ,ay;ghfg; GzUk;. tpdhr;Rl;bd; Kd; ehw;fzk; Gzh;jy; : tpdhr;Rl;bd; Kd; ehw;fzk; Gzh;jy; : tpdhr;Rl;bd; Kd; ehw;fzk; Gzh;jy; : tpdhr;Rl;bd; Kd; ehw;fzk; Gzh;jy; :

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PH – 04146 -226417

v-tpdh vOj;J> m>,-Rl;nlOj;Jf;fs; ehw;fzk; - capnuOj;J> ty;ypd> nky;ypd ,ilapd vOj;Jf;fs;) capnuOj;J Gzh;jy; capnuOj;J Gzh;jy; capnuOj;J Gzh;jy; capnuOj;J Gzh;jy;

v + mzp = vt;tzp

m + Mil = mt;thil

, + ,iy = ,t;tpiy

vfu tpdh> m>,> vDk; Rl;L vOj;Jfspd; Kd; tUnkhop Kjypy; capnuOj;J tu tfuk; Njhd;wpg; Gzh;e;jJ. ty;ypdk; Gzh;jy; ty;ypdk; Gzh;jy; ty;ypdk; Gzh;jy; ty;ypdk; Gzh;jy;

v + fly; = vf;fly;

v + rl;il = vr;rl;il ty;ypdk; kpFe;J Gzh;e;jJ

, +njU = ,j;njU nkynkynkynky;ypdk; Gzh;jy; ;ypdk; Gzh;jy; ;ypdk; Gzh;jy; ;ypdk; Gzh;jy;

v + kiy = vk;kiy

m + ehL =me;ehL nky;ypdk; kpFe;J Gzh;e;jJ

, + Qhyk; = ,Q;Qhyk; tpdh> Rl;nlOj;Jf;fspd;Kd; ty;ypdk;> nky;ypdk; te;J GzUk;NghJ

mtw;wpd; nka;fNs kpf;F te;Js;sd. ,ilapdk; Gzh;jy; ,ilapdk; Gzh;jy; ,ilapdk; Gzh;jy; ,ilapdk; Gzh;jy;

v + ahf;if = vt;tif

m + ahid = mt;ahid ‘t’ fu nka; Njhd;wpaJ

, + ahid = ,t;ahid

v + tPL = vt;tPL

m + top = mt;top ‘t’ fuk; kpFe;J Gzh;e;jJ

, + tz;b = ,t;tz;b

tpdh> Rl;nlOj;Jf;fspd; Kd; afuk; te;jhy; ,ilapy; tfu nka; Njhd;Wk; tfuk; te;jhy; mjd;nka;naOj;J kpFe;jJ tUk;.

gyrpy vd;gtw;wpy; Gzh;r;rp gyrpy vd;gtw;wpy; Gzh;r;rp gyrpy vd;gtw;wpy; Gzh;r;rp gyrpy vd;gtw;wpy; Gzh;r;rp

gy + gy = gygy

rpy + rpy = rpy rpy ,ay;ghfg; Gzh;e;Js;sd.

gy + gy = gyg;gy

rpy + rpy = rpyr;rpy tUnkhop Kjypy; cs;s ty;ypdk; kpf;fJ.

gy + gy = gw;gy

rpy + rpy = rpw;rpy epiynkhopaPw;wpy; cs;s mfuk; nfl;L> yfunka; wfu nka;ahdJ. ,t;thW> gy> rpy vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; jk;Kld; jhk; tUkhapd> ,ay;ghfTk;> ty;ntOj;Jfs; yfunka; wfu nka;ahfj; jphpe;Jk; GzUk;.

gy + fiy – gyfiy> gy;fiy

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PH – 04146 -226417

gy + rhiy - gyrhiy> gy;rhiy

gy + njhil – gynjhil> g/nwhil

gy + kyh; - gykyh;> gd;kyh;

gy + ehL – gyehL> gd;dhL

gy + tz;b – gytz;b> gy;tz;b

rpy + tis – rpytis> rpy;tis

rpy + mzp - rpytzp> rpy;tzp

,t;thW gy> rpy vd;dk; nrhw;fspd; Kd; gpw nrhw;fs; te;jhy;> epiynkhopapd; mfuk; nfl;L GzUk;> nflhkYk; GzUk;. g+g;ngah; Kd; ty;ypdk; Gzh;jy; g+g;ngah; Kd; ty;ypdk; Gzh;jy; g+g;ngah; Kd; ty;ypdk; Gzh;jy; g+g;ngah; Kd; ty;ypdk; Gzh;jy;

g+ + nfhb – g+q;nfhb

g+ + Nrhiy – g+Q;Nrhiy> g+r;Nrhiy

g+ + jlk; - g+j;jlk;> g+e;jlk;

g+ + giz – g+g;giz> g+k;giz ,t;thW ‘g+’ vd;Dk; XuOj;njhL nrhy;ypd; Kd; ty;ypdk; kpFe;J GzUk; mj;Jld; tUnkhop Kjypd; ,dkhfpa nky;ypdk; kpFe;Jk; GzUk;. nka;aPw;Wg; Gzh;rnka;aPw;Wg; Gzh;rnka;aPw;Wg; Gzh;rnka;aPw;Wg; Gzh;r;rp ;rp ;rp ;rp nka;aPw;wpd; Kd; caphnka;aPw;wpd; Kd; caphnka;aPw;wpd; Kd; caphnka;aPw;wpd; Kd; caph;

Njhd;wy; + mofd; - Njhd;wyofd;

Njh; + XLk; - NjNuhLk; my;top

Nty; + vwpe;jhd; - Ntnywpe;jhd;

Gfy; + ,lk; - Gfyplk;

Ch; + mfd;whd; - Cufd;whd; Ntw;Wik

kzy; + Cw;W – kzY}w;W ,t;thW epiynkhopaPw;W nka;Ak; tUnkhop Kjypy; cs;s capUk; xd;wpg; Gzh;e;jJ. jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; Xw;W jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; Xw;W jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; Xw;W jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; Xw;W

fz; + ,uz;L – fz; + z; + ,uz;L – fz;zpuz;L

nghz; + cz;L – nghd; +d; +cz;L – nghd;Dz;L

tpz; + mfk; - tpz; +z; +mfk; - tpz;zfk;

kpd; +xsp – kpd; +d; +xsp – kpd;ndhsp fz;> nghd;> tpz;> kpd; vd;Dk; epiynkhopfspy; jdpf;FwpNyhL xw;wike;j nrhw;fshFk;. ,k;nka;aPw;W nkhopfspd; Kd; caph; te;jhy;> epiynkhopapd; <w;Wnka; ,ul;bj;Jg; GzUk;. “jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;(W) caph;thpd; ,ul;Lk;”

- ed;D}y; 20

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PH – 04146 -226417

Nts; + ahtd; - Ntspahtd;

kz; + ahJ – kz;zpahJ my;top

Nts; + ahid - Ntspahid

kz; + ahid – kz;zpahid Ntw;Wik

my;topapYk; Ntw;WikapYk; epiynkhopaPw;wpy; afuk; my;yhj gpwnka;fs; epd;W> tUnkhop Kjypy; afuk; tu ,ilapy; Njhd;wpg; GzUk;. zfu dfu <W zfu dfu <W zfu dfu <W zfu dfu <W

kz; + ghz;lk; - kl;ghz;lk;

nghd; + rpyk;G – nghw;rpyk;G tUnkhop Kjy; ty;ypdk;

nghd; + kjpy; - nghd;kjpy;

kz; + tsk; - kz;tsk; tUnkhop Kjy; nky;ypdk;

nghd; + tisay; - nghd;tisay;-tUnkhop Kjy; ,ilapdk;

,t;thW Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapy; zfu> dfu <Wfs; tUnkhop Kjypy; ty;ypdk; te;J GzUk; NghJ ‘z’ fuk; lfukhfTk;>‘d’fuk; wfukhfTk; jphpe;jd. nky;ypdKk; ,ilapdKk; te;J GzUk;NghJ ,ay;ghapd.

kz; + fbJ – kz;fbJ nghd; rpwpJ – nghd;rpwpJ

kz; + khz;lJ – kz;khd;lJ

kz; + typJ – kz;typJ my;topg; Gzh;r;rpapy; zfu> dfu <Wfs; tUnkhop Kjypy; ty;ypdk;> nky;ypdk;> ,ilapdk; tu ,ay;ghapd. afu wfu ofu <Wafu wfu ofu <Wafu wfu ofu <Wafu wfu ofu <W

Nta; + fbJ – Nta;fbJ

Nth; + rpwpJ – Nth;rpwpJ my;top

aho; + jPJ – aho;jPJ

nka; + fPh;j;jp – nka;f;fPh;j;jp

fhh; + gUtk; - fhh;g;gUtk; my;top

aho; + fUtp – aho;f;fUtp epiynkhopaPw;wpy; tUk; afu> ufu> ofu nka;fspd; Kd;> tUnkhop Kjypy; tUk; f>r>j>g my;topapy; ,ay;ghfTk; kpf;F Gzh;e;Js;sd.

eha; + fhy; - eha;f;fhy;

Njh; + jl;L – Njh;j;jl;L Ntw;Wik

aho; + NfhL – aho;f;NfhL

Nta; + Foy; - Nta;f;Foy;> Nta;q;Foy;

Mh; + NfhL – Mh;f;NfhL> Mh;q;NfhL Ntw;Wik

kfpo; + NfhL – kfpo;f;NfhL> kfpo;q;NfhL

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PH – 04146 -226417

epiynkhopaPw;wpy; tUk; a>u>o nka;apd; Kd; ty;ypdk; tu Ntw;Wikapy;

kpf;Fk;. ,d vOj;NjhL capnuOj;Jk; GzUk;. yfu sfu nka;Kd; ty;ypdk; yfu sfu nka;Kd; ty;ypdk; yfu sfu nka;Kd; ty;ypdk; yfu sfu nka;Kd; ty;ypdk;

fy; + Fif – fw;Fif

Ks; + nrb – Ks;nrb

nrhy; + nghpJ – nrhy;nghpJ> nrhw;nghpJ my;top

vs; +rpwpJ – vs;rpwpJ> vl;rpwpJ yfu> sfu nka;fspd; Kd; ty;ypdk; tu Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapy; yfuk; wfukhfTk;> sfuk; lfukhfTk; jphpe;jd. my;topapy; xU fhy; ,ay;ghfTk; xU fhy; jphpe;Jk; Co;e;jd. yfu sfu nka;Kd; nky;ypdkyfu sfu nka;Kd; nky;ypdkyfu sfu nka;Kd; nky;ypdkyfu sfu nka;Kd; nky;ypdk;

nrhy; + khz;lJ – nrhd;khz;lJ

vs; + khz;lJ – vz;khz;lJ my;top

nrhy; + khl;rp – nrhd;khl;rp

vs; + khl;rp – vz;khl;rp Ntw;Wik

yfu> sfu nka;fspd; Kd; nky;ypdk; tu ,UtopAk; yfuk; dfukhfTk; sfuk; zfukhfTk; jphpe;jd. yfu sfu nka;k;Kd; ,ilapdkyfu sfu nka;k;Kd; ,ilapdkyfu sfu nka;k;Kd; ,ilapdkyfu sfu nka;k;Kd; ,ilapdk;

nrhy; + ahJ – nrhy;ahJ

vs; + ahJ – vs;ahJ my;top

nrhy; + ahg;G – nrhy;ahg;G

vs; + ahg;G – vs;ahg;G Ntw;Wik yfu> sfu nka;k;Kd; afuk; tu ,UtopAk; ,ay;ghapw;W jpirg;ngah;g; Gzh;r;rp jpirg;ngah;g; Gzh;r;rp jpirg;ngah;g; Gzh;r;rp jpirg;ngah;g; Gzh;r;rp jpirg;ngah;fNshL jpirg;ngah;fNsh> gpw nrhw;fNsh te;J GzUk; NghJ epiynkhopapd; ,WjpapYs;s cahpnka;naOj;Jk; ffu xw;Wk; (f;) ePq;fpg; GzUk;.

epiynkhopapw;W caph;nka; ePq;fpa gpd; wfuk; (w;) dfukhfNth(d;) yfukhfNth (y;) jphpe;Jk; GzUk;.

njw;F + Nkw;F – njd;Nkw;F

Nkw;F + ehL – Nky; + ehL – Nky;ehL kfu <w;Wg;kfu <w;Wg;kfu <w;Wg;kfu <w;Wg; Gzh;r;rpGzh;r;rpGzh;r;rpGzh;r;rp 1. kfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs; tUnkhopNahL GzUk; NghJ ,Wjp kfuk; nfl;L cahPW Nghy epd;W caph; Kjy; nkhopNahL clk;gLngw;W GzUk;.

(v.fh.) kuk; + mb – (kfuk; nfl;L) ku + mb vd;whfp clk;gLnka; ngw;W kut;

+ mb>cly;Nky;caph;te;J xd;whtJ ,ay;Ng tpjpg;gb ku(t; +m) b-kutb vd;W GzUk;.

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PH – 04146 -226417

2. kfu <W nfl;L tUnkhop Kjypy; cs;s ty;nyOj;J kpf;Fk; GzUk;.

(v-fh.) kuk; + fhy; - <W nfl;L ku + fhy; vd;whfpg; gpd; tUnkhop Kjypy; cs;s ‘f’ fu xw;W “,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph; Kd; frjg kpFk;”

vd;Dk; tpjpg;gb ku + fhy; - kuf;fhy; vd;w GzUk;. 3. kfu <W tUnkhop KjypYs;s ty;ypdj;jpw;F ,dkhf nky;ypdkhfj; jphpe;jJ

GzUk;. (v.fh.) fhyk; + fle;jJ – fhyq;fle;jJ. 8. xyp NtWghlwpe;J rhpahd nghUisawpjy8. xyp NtWghlwpe;J rhpahd nghUisawpjy8. xyp NtWghlwpe;J rhpahd nghUisawpjy8. xyp NtWghlwpe;J rhpahd nghUisawpjy ; ; ; ; Xyp NtWghLfis mwpe;J rhpahd nghUis fz;Lgpbj;jNy ,g;gFjp tpdhf;fshfTk; mikfpd;wJ. jkpopy; cr;rhpg;gpy; nky;ypa khWghLila vOj;Jf;fshd (e> d> z)> (y> s> o) (u>W) Mfpa vOj;Jf;fis ikak; nfhz;Nl tpdhf;fs; mikfpd;wd. vdNt mit xt;nthd;iwAk; gphpj;J tifg;gLj;jpAs;Nshk;. jd;ik - ,ay;G jz;ik - Fsph;r;rp typ - Jd;gk; tsp - fhw;W top - ghij xyp - rj;jk; xsp - ntspr;rk; xop - ePq;F ,iy - Xh; cWg;G ,is - ,isj;jy;> nkypjy; ,io - E}y; ,io kiu - khd; kiw - Ntjk; Gfo; - ew;ngah; Gfs; - $W my;yp - kyh; ms;sp - thhpnaLj;J kzk; - ey;ythrid kdk; - cs;sk; tpiy - gzk; tpis - cw;gj;jpnra; tpio - tpUk;G fid - Fuy;xyp fiz - mk;G muz; - rptngUkhd; jiy - rpuk; jis - fl;L jio - ,iy mspg;gJ - nfhLg;gJ mopg;gJ - ,y;yhkw;nra;tJ fiy - mwpTg;gFjp> fiyj;JtpL fis - ePf;F fio - %q;fpy; gzp - Ntiy gdp - Fsph;

,Uj;jy; - mkh;e;jpUj;jy; ,Wj;jy; - jq;fpapUj;jy; khpj;jy; - rhjy; kwpj;jy; - jOtjy; miy - ePuiy mis - tis mio - $g;gpLjy; cyT - elkhL csT - NtT coT - gaph;j;njhopy; thy; - cWg;G ths; - fUtp tho; - tho;jy; xyp - Xir xsp - ntspr;rk; xop - ePf;F fyk; - fg;gy; fsk; - ,lk; nfhy; - nfhzUjy; nfhs; - ngw;Wf;nfhs; jhy; - ehf;F jhs; - ghjk; jho; - gzpe;JNgh typ - typik tsp - fhw;W top - ghij> rhiy nty;yk; - ,dpg;Gf;fl;b nts;sk; - ePh; Ntiy - gzp Ntis - nghOJ fsp - kfpo;r;rp fop - jb fop - cg;gq;fop this - kPd;tif thio - jhtuk; myF - gwit%f;F

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PH – 04146 -226417

msF - ngz;kapy;> moF -ftpd; myk; - fyg;ig> msk; - cg;gsk; My; - Mykuk; Ms; - MSjy; Mo; - KOF Myp - kioj;Jsp> Msp - tpyq;F Mop - fly; csp - fUtp cop - ,lk; ciy - ciyf;fsk;> cis - gplhpkaph; cio - khd; cy;F - Rq;fk;> csF - epid vy; - gfy;>#hpad; vs; - jhdpak; fyq;F - fyf;fkiljy;> foq;F - kfsph; tpisahl;Lg; nghUs; fhyp - gRf;$l;lk;> fhsp - nja;tk; fhop - kyk; fpstp - nrhy;> fpotp - KJikailjy; Fsk;G - tpyq;F cWg;G Fok;G - Nkhh;f;Fog;G $yp - rk;gsk; nfhiy - nfhy;Yjy; Nfhy; - Cd;WNfhy; fyp - Xir $yp - rk;gsk;> $sp - Nga; nfhiy - nfhy;Yjy; nfhis - ghl;L Nfhy; - Cd;WNfhy;> Nfhs; - Gwq;$wy;> #iy - Neha;> #is - nrq;fy;#is #y; - fUg;gk;> #s; - rgjk; #o; - Rw;W jtiy - ghj;jpuk; jtis - tpyq;F Jiy - juhR> Jis - Jthuk; Njhy; - rUkk;> Njhs; - Gak; eyp - tUe;J> esp - eLf;fk; ey;yhh; - ey;yth;

es;shu; - gifth; griy - kfsph; epwNtWghL> gris - xU nfhb ghy; - gRk;ghy; ghs; - jho;g;ghs; gho; - ghohjy; muk; - fUtp mwk; - jUkk; mhp - jpUkhy; mwp - njhpe;Jnfhs;> eWf;F myhp - myhpg;g+ mywp - mOJ miu - ghjp miw - tPl;bd;gFjp Mu - epuk;g Mw - #L jzpa ,uj;jy; - ahrpj;jy; ,wj;jy; - rhjy; Muy; - xUtifkPd; Mwy; - jzpjy; ,iu - jPdp ,iw - ,iwtd;> murd; cuT - typik cwT -njhlh;G> cwtpdh; cuy; - ,bf;Fk; cuy; cwy; - nghUe;Jjy; cU - tbtk; cW - kpFjp ciu - Ngr;R ciw - %b vhp - jP vwp - tPR fhp - ahid> mLg;Gf;fhp fwp - fha;fwp> fiu - Vhpf;fiu fiw - mOf;F Fiwj;jy; - RUf;Fjy; Fuq;F - thduk;> Fwq;F - njhil $iu - tPl;Lf;$iu> $iw - Jzp rPhpa - rpwe;j rPwpa - rpde;j nrhpjy; - rPuikjy; nrwpjy; - jpzpj;jy; jhp - mzpe;Jnfhs;> jwp - ntl;L, nerT jpiu - miy jpiw -epiwe;J itj;jy; fg;gk;

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PH – 04146 -226417

epiu - thpir epiw - gwit gue;j - gutpa gwe;j - gwit guit - fly; gwit - gwf;Fk; gwit ghp - Fjpiu gwp - gwpj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; kU - kzk;> kW - Fw;wk;> jL kiu - khd;>jhkiu kiw - Ntjk; tUj;jy; - Jd;GWj;jy; tWj;jy; -fha;fwp tWj;jy; tpuy; - iftpuy; tpwy; - ntw;wp>typik tpuF - je;jpuk; tpwF - fl;il mUF - rkPgk; mwF - mWfk;Gy; ,Uk;G - Xh;cNyhfk; ,Wk;G - FWq;fhL Cu - efh;e;J nry;y Cw - Ruf;f XUj;jy; - ahid XWj;jy; - jz;bj;jy; Futh; - nghpNahh; Fwth; - xU rhjpah; kwk; - tPuk; kuk; - tpUl;rk; khp - ,we;JNgh KUfp - kUkfs; kiu - jhkiu mzy; - jhb mdy; - neUg;G Mzp - ,Uk;GMzp Mdp - jkpo;khjk; Cd; - ,iwr;rp fzk; - $l;lk; fdk; - ghuk; mz;zk; - (Nky;tha;) md;dk; - (gwit) Miz - fl;lis Miz - ahid muz; - Nfhl;il mud; - rptd; miz - jOT md;id - jha; Mz; - Mz;ghy; Md; - gR ,iz - xg;G ,id - tUe;J cz;zp - rpWcaphp cd;dp - epidj;J

cz; - rhg;gpL> cd; - cd;Dila vz;z - epidf;f vd;d - vd;Wnrhy;y vtd; - vt;tplk; vtd; - ahtd; Viz - njhl;by; Vid - kw;iw fz;zd; - fpU~;zd; fd;dd; - fh;zd; fzp - Nrhjplh; fdp - gok; Gwk; - gf;fk; GwT - Gwh nghwp - milahsk; nghW -nghWj;Jf; nfhs; nghWg;G - flik fd;dp - Fkhp fz;zp - mUk;G> g+khiy gd;dp - kidtp gz;zp - nra;J ghdk; - Fbahik ghzk; - mk;G Gid - myq;fhp Giz - njg;gk; gdp - Fsph; gzp - njhopy; Ngd; - jiyg;Ngd; Ngz; - fhg;ghw;W kd; - murd; kz; - g+kp kdk; - cs;sk; kzk; - eWkzk;> thrid kid - tPL kiz - cl;fhUk; gyif khd; - Gs;spkhd; khz; - ngUik td;ik - typik tz;ik - nfhil fid - xyp fiz - mk;G fhd; - fhL fhz; - ghh; Fdp - tis Fzp - Fzj;ij cilaJ Nrhid - tplhkio Nrhiz - xUkiy jdp - jdpikahd jzp - Fiw jd;ik - ,ay;G

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PH – 04146 -226417

jz;ik - Fsph;r;rp jpd;ik - jPik jpz;ik - typik jpid - jhdpak; jpiz - rhjp jpd - jpd;D jpz; - typa Jdp - ntWg;G Jzp - Mil Jiz - tpiuT Jiz - cjtp NjePh; - B NjdPh; - Njd;Nghd;w ,dpaePh; ehd; - ahd; ehz; - ntl;fk; gd;d - nrhy;y gz;z - nra;a gdpf;f - eLq;f gzpf;f - fl;ilapl gid - xUkuk; giz - gUj;j td;ik - Mw;wy; tz;ik - nfhil me;ehs; - me;jehs; md;dhs; - mg;ngz; ,d;dhs; - ,j;jifats; ,e;ehs; - ,e;jehs; vd;dhy; - vd;dhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ ve;ehs; - ve;jehs; vd;dhL - vdJ ehL ve;ehL - ve;j ehL vd;dpiy - vdJ epiy

ve;epiy - ve;j epiy Kd;dhs; - Kw;fhyk; Ke;ehs; - %d;Wehs; Kd;E}y; - Kjy;E}y; Ke;E}y; - %d;W E}y; Kd;D}W - Kd;G E}W> Ke;E}W - %d;W E}Wfs; ez;Z}y; - ey;yE}y; ee;E}y;> ekJ E}y; NjdPh; - Njd;fye;j ePh; NjePh; - Njapiy ePh; fuj;jy; - kiwj;jy;; fhp - ahid fwp - fha;fwp jpiu - miy jpiw - fg;gk; md;dk; - NrhW mz;zk; - tha;cl;Gwk; vhp - jP vwp - fy;vwpjy; nrU - Nghh; nrW - tay; fiu - Mw;wq;fiu fiw - mOf;F nghwp - ,ae;jpuk; nghhp - new;nghhp ,iu - czT ,iw - flTs; ciw - jq;F ciu - $W chp - Row;W cwp - J}f;F

9. xnuOj;J xU nkhopf;F 9. xnuOj;J xU nkhopf;F 9. xnuOj;J xU nkhopf;F 9. xnuOj;J xU nkhopf;F chpa nghUisf; fz;lwpjy;chpa nghUisf; fz;lwpjy;chpa nghUisf; fz;lwpjy;chpa nghUisf; fz;lwpjy; jkpopy; cs;s 246 vOj;Jf;fspy; 42 vOj;Jf;fSf;F kl;Lk; jdpg;nghUs; cz;L. ,e;j 42 vOj;Jf;fSf;fhd nghUis fz;Lgpbj;jNy ,g;gFjp tpdhthf mikfpwJ. M - gR < - gwf;Fk; g+r;rp C - ,iwr;rp V - mk;G I - moF> jiytd; X - tpdh> kjF (ePh; jq;Fk; gytif) kh - nghpa tpyq;F kP - NkNy

% - %g;G Nk - md;G> Nkd;ik ik - fd;ik (mQ;Qdk;) Nkh - Kfh;jy;> Nkhj;jy; jh - nfhL jP - neUg;G J} - ntz;ik Nj - nja;tk; ij - ijj;jpq;fs; gh - ghl;L> epoy;> moF g+ - kyh; Ng - Eiu> moF ig - gRik> ifg;ig Ngh - nry;> Nghjy; eh - ehf;F eP - eP Ne - md;G> Neak; ie - tUe;J> iejy; Neh - Neha;> tUj;jk; fh - Nrhiy

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PH – 04146 -226417

$ - g+kp if - fuk; Nfh - murd; th - tUf tP - g+ it - $h;ik> itj;jy; nts - tt;Tjy;(m) nfsTjy; rh - kuzk;> Nga; rP - ,fo;r;rp> rPj;jy; Nr - vUJ Nrh - kjpy; ah - xU kuk; neh - Jd;gk; J - nfL> cz;> gphpT 10 Nth;r; nrhy;iyj; Njh;T 10 Nth;r; nrhy;iyj; Njh;T 10 Nth;r; nrhy;iyj; Njh;T 10 Nth;r; nrhy;iyj; Njh;T nra;fnra;fnra;fnra;f

,g;gFjp tpdhf;fis vspjpy; vjph;nfhs;s thf;fpaq;fis gphpj;njOtjpy; Njh;r;rp ngw;wpUj;jy; mtrpak;. xU thh;j;ijapy; Nth;r;nrhy;iy gphpf;f KbahJ. Nth;nrhy; vd;gJ nghJthf fl;lisahfNth> VtyhfNth ,Uf;Fk ;. nrhy;nrhy;nrhy;nrhy; Nth;r;nrhy; Nth;r;nrhy; Nth;r;nrhy; Nth;r;nrhy; mfo;e;jhd; - mfo; mfd;W - mfy; mile;Njhk; - mil mzpe;jhd; - mzp mhpe;J - mhp mwpe;jhd; - mwp mbj;jhs; - mb myws; - myW mUspdh; - mUs; mWe;jJ - mW mWtil - mW mtpo;e;jJ - mtpo; mwpahJ - mwp Mz;lhs; - Ms; Mbdhs; - ML Mo;e;jhh; - Mo; ,dpJ - ,dpik ,dpg;G - ,dpik ,Ug;G - ,U ,ak;gpaJ - ,ak;G

<e;jJ - < <d;whs; - <d;W <l;bdhd; - <l;b cz;ghh; - cz; cOjhd; - cO Ch;e;jJ - Ch; cUf;Fk; - cUf;F cOtpj;jhd; - cO cs;sk; - cs; cs;sPL - cs; vQ;rpa - vQ;R vLf;Fk; - vL vz;zpa - vz; vz;zpdhd; - vz; va;jhd; - va; vLj;jhd; - vL vOe;jhd; - vO Vj;Jjy; - Vj;J Xl;Ljy; - Xl;L xope;jhd; - xop Xl;Ltpg;G - xl;L xl;baJ - xl;L XlhJ - xL Xbdhd; - xb Xjpath; - xjp fw;f - fy; filay; - fil fw;Nwd; - fy; fhl;rpapy; - fhz; fhl;baJ - fhl;L fz;L> fz;ldd; - fhz; fw;whd; - fy; fbj;jhd; - fb fhzhik - fhz; fhl;Lthd; - fhl;L fhj;jhd; - fh fhj;jtd; - fh fhz;ghh; - fhz; fhg;ghw;wpdhd; - fhg;G fps;spdhd;d - fps;sp $ty; - $ Nfl;f> Nfl;ly; - Nfs; nfhz;lhd; - nfhs; nfhzh;e;jhd; - nfhzh; nfhd;wij - nfhy; nfhlhik - nfhs; Fiuj;jJ - Fiu Fbj;jhd; - Fb Fspj;jhd; - Fsp $wpdhd; - $wp nfhs;Sjy; - nfhs; nfhd;whd; - nfhy; Nfhjpdhd; - Nfhjp nfha;jhd; - nfha;

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PH – 04146 -226417

rha;e;jJ - rha; rhw;wpdhs; - rhw;W rphpg;G - rphp rhpe;jhd; - rhp rpjwpa - rpjW rPhpa - rPh;ik rPj;jhs; - rP Rl;lJ - RL RUl;bdhd; - RUl;L #bdhd; - #b nrd;whd; - nry; nry;thd; - nry; Nrh;e;jhd; - Nrh; nrhd;dhd; - nrhy; nrj;jtd; - rh nra;fpwhs; - nra; nrd;wtd; - nry; Nrhh;T - Nrhh; je;jhd; - jh jUthd; - jh jl;Lthd; - jl;L jhz;bdhd; - jhz;L jl;gk; - jz;ik jhtpaJ - jhT jho;T - jho; jpwe;jJ - jpw jpUe;jpdhd; - jpwj;J jPa;e;jJ - jPa; J}q;fpd - J}q;F Jwe;jhd; - Japy; Jwe;jhd; - Jw J}q;fpdhh; - J}q;F njhpe;jdh; - njhp njspe;jhd; - njsp Njbdhd; - NjL Njw;wpdhd; - Njw;W Njly; - NjL njhohJ - njhO ijj;jhd; - ij njhLths; - njhL njhq;fpdhd; - njhq;F njhlh;e;jhd; - njhlh; Njhz;bdhd; - Njhz;L Njhd;wpdhd; - Njhd;W Njhw;whd; - Njhy;tp ef;fhh; - eF el;lhd; - eL ebj;jhd; - eb ele;jhd; - el ehl;Lk; - ehl;L epd;whh; - epy; epd;Nwhd; - epy; epfo;j;jpdhd; - epfo;j;J ePq;fpdhd; - ePq;F

ePz;l - ePs; Efh;e;jJ - Efh; Neh;e;jJ - Neh; Nehf;fk; - Nehf;F Nehf;fpdhd; - Nehf;F ehba - ehL ePq;fp - ePq;F gl;lhd; - gL gbj;jy; - gb gUFthd; - gUF gOj;jJ - gO gha;r;ry; - gha; ghh;j;jy; - ghh; gLj;jhd; - gL gwpj;jhd; - gwp gw;wpdhd; - gw;W gpzq;fpdhd; - gpzq;F gphpj;jhh; - gphp Gf;fk; - GF Gfo;e;jhd; - Gfo; g+z;lhd; - g+z; g+Rjy; - g+R nghWik - nghW ngw;whs; - ngW nghUj;jpdhd; - nghUe;J Nghdhd; - Ngh kz;baJ - kz;L kz;bahd; - kz;L kfpo;e;jhd; - kfpo; khwpdhd; - khW khw;wpdhs; - khw;W khz;lhd; - khs; kpFe;jJ - kpF kpsph;e;jJ - kpsph; kPz;ldh; - kPs; kPshjpUj;jy; - kPs; Kjph;e;J - Kjph; Kad;whh; - Kay; nkr;rpdh; - nkr;R nkype;jhd; - nkyp kz;baJ - kz;L Nka;e;jJ - Nka; NkNyOe;j - NknyO nkhz;lJ - nkhs; %o;fpaJ - %o;F te;jJ - th toq;fpaJ - toq;F tUthd; - th te;jJ - tiu toq;fpaJ - toq;F tUthd; - th tiue;J - tiu thq;fpdh; - thq;F tho;j;jpdh; - tho;j;J

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PH – 04146 -226417

tpw;wdh; - tpy; tpOq;fpdh; - tpOf;F tpQ;Rjy; - tpQ;R tPo;j;jpdh; - tPo;j;J ntWj;jdh; - ntW ntd;wdh; - nty;

ntd;whh; - nty; nte;jhd; - Nt Ntz;bdhd; - Ntz;L fz;lhh; - fhz; cz;fpwhd; - cz; ghLjy; - ghL

11. Nth;r;nrhy;iyf; nfhLj;J tpidKw;W tpidnar;rk; Nth;r;nrhy;iyf; nfhLj;J tpidKw;W tpidnar;rk; Nth;r;nrhy;iyf; nfhLj;J tpidKw;W tpidnar;rk; Nth;r;nrhy;iyf; nfhLj;J tpidKw;W tpidnar;rk; tpidahyizAk; ngau; njhopw;ngaiu cUthf;FjytpidahyizAk; ngau; njhopw;ngaiu cUthf;FjytpidahyizAk; ngau; njhopw;ngaiu cUthf;FjytpidahyizAk; ngau; njhopw;ngaiu cUthf;Fjy;.

tpidKw;W :tpidKw;W :tpidKw;W :tpidKw;W : xU nghUs; nra;j njhopiyf; Fwpj;J te;j Kw;Wg; ngw;w nrhy; tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;. ,J jpiz> ghy;> ,lk; Mfpatw;Wld; fhyj;ijAk; fhl;Lk;. rf;jp gbf;fpd;whd;. fz;zd; vOJfpwhd;

khzth;fs; tpisahLfpwhh;fs;. khL Nka;fpwJ gwitfs; gwf;fpd;wd. NkNy fhZk; nrhw;nwhlh;fspy; njhopy; nra;tijf; fhl;Lk;. mjthJ

tpidiaf; fhl;Lk; nrhw;fs; ahit?

gbf;fpwhd;> vOJfpwhd;> tpisahLfpwhd;> Nka;fpwJ> gwf;fpd;wJ Nghd;wit jhNd. ,t;thW nghUl;fspd; nraiy> ,af;fj;ij njhopiy (tpidia) czh;j;Jk; nrhw;fs;“tpidr;nrhy;tpidr;nrhy;tpidr;nrhy;tpidr;nrhy;” vdg;gLk;. - tpidr;nrhy; xU nghUspd; ,af;fj;ijf; fhl;Lk; - tpidr;nrhy; fhyj;ij czh;j;Jk;. - tpidr;nrhy; Ntw;Wik cUig Vw;fhJ. tpidKw;wpid njhpepiy tpidKw;W kw;Wk; Fwpg;G tpidKw;W vd ,uz;lha; gphpf;fyhk; njhpepiy tpidKw;W fz;zd; fbjk; vOjpdhd; cotd; taiy cOfpwhd; ,j;njhlh;fspy; ‘vOjpdhd;’> cOfpwhd;> vd;w tpidr; nrhw;fs; nray; Kw;Wg; ngw;wij czh;j;Jk; mjdhy; mit tpidKw;Wfs; vdg;gLk;. vOjpdhd;> cOfpwhd; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; nra;gtd;> fUtp> epyk;> nray;> fhyk; nra;nghUs; vd;Dk; MwpidAk; ntspg;gilahf czh;j;Jfpd;wd.

vOjpdhd; cOfpwhd; nra;gtd; fz;zd; cotd; fUtp vOJNfhy; Vh;. cotd; epyk; miw tay; nray; vOJjy; cOjy; fhyk; ,we;jfhyk; epfo;fhyk; nra;nghUs; fbjk; GOjpahjy;

,t;thW njhopYk; gpwTk; ntspg;glj; njhpAkhW tUk; tpidKw;W njhpepiy tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;. Fwpg;G tpidKw;WFwpg;G tpidKw;WFwpg;G tpidKw;WFwpg;G tpidKw;W : ,uhkd; ,dpad;

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PH – 04146 -226417

,j;njhlhpy; ,dpad; vd;Dk; nrhy;> tpidr; nrhy;yhFk;. ,J njhopiyAk;> fhyj;ijAk; ntspg;gilahff; fhl;ltpy;iy. vdpDk; ,dpa gz;ig cilatdhf. ,t;thW vdf; Fwpg;ghy; fhyj;ij czh;j;JfpwJ. ,t;thW nra;gtid kl;Lk; ntspg;gilahf czh;j;jp gpwtw;iwf; Fwpg;ghf czh;j;Jk; tpidKw;W Fwpg;G tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;. (v.fh) GfNoe;jp nghd;dd; (nghUs;) Ntyd; kJiuahd; (,lk;) eluhrd; jpUthjpiuahd; (fhyk;) ,uhkd; ,dpad; (gz;G) ts;sy; nrq;fz;zd; (rpid) rutzd; ebfd; (njhopy;) vr;rtpidvr;rtpidvr;rtpidvr;rtpid “te;jhd;> ghLfpwhd;> NgRNthh;> te;j> ghLfpw NgRk; te;J vOjp> ghb” Nkw;fz;l gl;baypy; te;jhd;> ghLfpwhd; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; nray; Kw;Wg; ngw;wijAk; fhyj;ijAk; fhl;Ltjdhy; tpidKw;W nrhw;fs; MFk;. te;j ghLfpw> NgRk;> te;J> vOjp> ghb Mfpa nrhw;fs; nray;Kw;Wg; ngwhJ vQ;rp epw;fpd;wd. ,it vr;rtpid vdg;gLk;. nganur;rk; nganur;rk; nganur;rk; nganur;rk; te;j khztd;> ghLfpw ngz;> NgRk; fpsp Nkw;fz;l njhlh;fspy; cs;s te;j> ghLfpw> NgRk; Nkw;fz;l njhlh;fspy; cs;s ghLfpw> NgRk; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; vr;rtpid vd mwpayhk;. ,r;nrhw;fs; khztd;> ngz;> fpsp vd;Dk; ngah;r; nrhw;fisj; jOtp epd;W nghUs; Kbitj; jUtjhdy; mJ nganur;rk; vdg;gLk;. ,g;nganur;rj; njhlh;fs; nraiyAk; fhyj;ijAk; njspthf czh;j;Jfpd;wd. vdNt njhpepiyg; nganur;rk; vdg;gLk;. nghpa tPL> Gjpa rl;il> mofpa Foe;ij ,j;njhlh;fspy; nghpa> Gjpa> mofpa vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; vr;rtpidr; nrhw;fs; ,it tPL> rl;il> Foe;ij vd;Dk; ngah;r; nrhw;fisr; rhh;e;jJ. te;J nghUs; Kbitj; jUfpd;wd. Mdhy; nghpa Gjpa> mofpa Mfpait fhyj;ij njspthff; fhl;ltpy;iy. ,t;thW fhyj;ij ntspg;gilahff; fhl;lhLJ. gz;G mbahfg; gpwe;j nganur;rk; Fwpg;G nganur;rk; vdg;gLk;. tpidnar;rk; tpidnar;rk; tpidnar;rk; tpidnar;rk; te;J ghh;> tu vOJfpwhd;> te;jhy; kfpo;Ntd;. Nkw;fz;l njhlh;fspy; cs;s te;J tu te;jhy; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; vr;rtpidfNs ,it ghh;> vOJfpwhd;> kfpo;thd; vd;Dk; tpid Kw;Wfisj; jOtp epd;W nghUs; Kbitj; jUfpd;wd. tpidnar;r tha;ghLfstpidnar;r tha;ghLfstpidnar;r tha;ghLfstpidnar;r tha;ghLfs; vr;rtpid kw;nwhU tpidia jOtp epd;W nghUs; jUkhdhy; mJ tpidnar;rk; vdg;gLk;. ,t;tpidnar;rr; nrhw;fs; nraiyAk; fhyj;ijAk; njspthf czh;j;Jtjhy; njhpepiy tpidnar;rk; vdg;gLk;. nghUs; ,d;wp thbdhd; cz;ik my;yhky; $whd; ,j;njhlhpYs;s ,d;wp> my;yhky; vd;Dk; vr;r tpidfs; thbdhd; $wpdhd; vd;Dk; tpidKw;Wfisj; jOtp epw;gjhy; tpidnar;rkhFk;.

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PH – 04146 -226417

,it fhyj;ij ntspg;gilahf czh;j;jtpy;iy. ,t;thW fhyj;ij ntspg;gilahf czh;j;jhky; gz;gpd; mbg;gilapy; gpwe;j tpidnar;rk; Fwpg;G tpidnar;rk; vdg;gLk;. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;gwpjy;,yf;fzf; Fwpg;gwpjy;,yf;fzf; Fwpg;gwpjy;,yf;fzf; Fwpg;gwpjy; tpidKw;WtpidKw;WtpidKw;WtpidKw;W xU nghUs; nra;j njhopiyf; Fwpj;J te;j Kw;Wg;ngw;w nrhy; tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;. mJ jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk;> fhl;Lk;> fhyk; fhl;Lk; gadpiyahf tUk;> Ntw;Wik cUig Vw;fhJ.

gbj;j khztd; = ngnur;rk;

gbj;Jr; nrd;whd; = tpidnar;rk;

khztd; gbj;jhd; = tpidKw;W NkNy fhZk; nrhw;fspy; gbj;J> gbj;J vd;gtw;wpy; nray;Kbe;J tpltpy;iy. mjyhy; mit vr;rq;fs; vdg;gLk;. Mdhy; mjd; gpd; cs;s gbj;jhd; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypy; nray; KbT ngw;wpUg;gjhy; mJ tpid Kw;W vdg;gLk;. 1.1.1.1. njhpepiy tpidKw;W : njhpepiy tpidKw;W : njhpepiy tpidKw;W : njhpepiy tpidKw;W : nra;gtd;> fUtp> epyk;> nray;> fhyk; nra;nghUs; vd;Dk; MwpidAk; ntspg;gilahfTk; njhptpf;Fk; tpidKw;W njhpepiy tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;. v.fh : nry;tk; ghlk; vOjpdhd;. nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> Fzk;> njhopy; vd;Dk; tifg;gl;l ngah;r;nrhw;fisr; rhh;e;J tUk;.

Ntyd; nea;fpwhd; nghUl;ngah; rhh;e;j njhpepiy tpidKw;W

muq;fk; epiwe;jJ ,lg;ngaiur; rhh;e;j njhpepiy tpidKw;W

fhiy mUk;gpaJ fhyg;ngaiur; rhh;e;j njhpepiy tpidKw;W

nts;is mbj;jhd; gz;Gg; ngaiur; rhh;e;j njhpepiy tpidKw;W

Ml;lk; Kbe;jJ njhopw;ngaiur; rhh;e;j njhpepiy tpidKw;W

fUtp> nra;nghUs; vd xd;wpuz;L FiwapYk; mJTk; njhpepiy tpid Kw;NwahFk;. njhpepiy tpidKw;Wnjhpepiy tpidKw;Wnjhpepiy tpidKw;Wnjhpepiy tpidKw;W : mKjh Xtpak; tiufpd;whd;. 2. Fwpg;G tpidKw;W 2. Fwpg;G tpidKw;W 2. Fwpg;G tpidKw;W 2. Fwpg;G tpidKw;W nra;gtidAk;> jpiz ghy;fisAk; ntspg;gilahff; fhl;bf; fhyj;ijf; Fwpg;ghf czh;j;Jk; tpidKw;W Fwpg;G tpidKw;W tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;. ,t;tpidKw;W nghUs;> ,lk; fhyk; Kjyhd Mwd; mbg;gilapy; Njhd;Wk;. v.fh Fioapds;> nghd;dpdd; - nghUs; Cud;> Gwj;jpdd; - ,lk; Mjpiuahd; - fhyk; nrq;fz;zd; - rpid ey;yd;> fhpad; - Fzk;

60


PH – 04146 -226417

,d;nrhy;yd; - njhopy; fhh;Nkfk; nry;td; - nghUl;ngah; nropad; (kJiuahd;) - ,lk; ,uhkd; etkpahd; - fhyg;ngah; Nrhod; nrq;fz;zd; - rpidg;ngah; jiyth; vspah; - Fzg;ngah; jhkiu nkd; eilahs; - njhopw;ngah; 3. cld;ghl;L tpidKw;W3. cld;ghl;L tpidKw;W3. cld;ghl;L tpidKw;W3. cld;ghl;L tpidKw;W nray; epfo;itf; Fwpf;Fk; tpidKw;W cld;ghl;L tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;. v.fh. Jwg;ghh;> Nrh;kpd;. 4. vjph;kiw tpidKw;W vjph;kiw tpidKw;W vjph;kiw tpidKw;W vjph;kiw tpidKw;W nray; epfohikiaf; Fwpf;Fk; tpidKw;W v.fh. Jwthh;> tpUk;ghd;> thohjth; 5. Vty; tpidKw;WVty; tpidKw;WVty; tpidKw;WVty; tpidKw;W Kd;dpiy ,lj;jpy; fl;lisg; nghUspy; vjph;fhyk; fhl;b tUk; tpidKw;W Vty; tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;. ,J xUik> gd;ik czh;j;Jk;. v.fh.: thuha;> ghhPh; Vty;gd;ik tpidKw;Wfs; ,h;><h;> kpd;> ck; vd;Dk; tpFjpfisg; ngWk;. v.fh: fhzPh; - Vty;gd;ik tpidKw;W tUjp> nrt;tha; - Vty; xUik tUtPh;> tUkpd;> thUk; - Vty; gd;ik 6. tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;Wtpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;Wtpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;Wtpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W : f> ,a> ,ah; Ntz;ly;> tpjpj;jy;> tho;j;Jjy;> itjy; Kjypa nghUl;fspy; %tplq;fspYk; Ik;ghy;fspYk; tUk; tpidKw;W tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;. ,J xUikf;Fk;> gd;ikf;Fk; nghJthf tUk;. f> ,a> ,ah; vd;Dk; tpFjpfisg; ngWk;. v.fh. : tho;f> thopa> thopah;

Vty; tpidKw;W Vty; tpidKw;W Vty; tpidKw;W Vty; tpidKw;W tpaq;Nfhtpaq;Nfhtpaq;Nfhtpaq;Nfhssss;;;; tpidKw;WtpidKw;WtpidKw;WtpidKw;W 1. fl;lisg; nghUspy; tUk; tho;j;Jjy;> itjy;> Ntz;ly;>

tpjpj;jy;> nghUspy; tUk;. 2. Kd;dpiy ,lj;jpy; kl;Lk; tUk;

%d;W ,lq;fspy; tUk;.

3. xUik> gd;ik cz;L xUik> gd;ik vd;w gFg;G ,y;iy.

njhpepiy tpidKw;W : kyh;e;jd> miyfpd;whh;> cz;ghd;> ghLfpd;whh;> nra;jhd;> mwpe;jPh; Fwpg;G tpidKw;W : ed;W> jPJ> cilahh;> fhad; cld;ghl;L tpidKw;Wcld;ghl;L tpidKw;Wcld;ghl;L tpidKw;Wcld;ghl;L tpidKw;W vjph;kiw tpidKw;Wvjph;kiw tpidKw;Wvjph;kiw tpidKw;Wvjph;kiw tpidKw;W tho;thh; - thohjhh; nra;jhh; - nra;ahh; ehZthh; - ehzhh; Jwg;ghh; - Jwthh; nfhiy jPJ - Fwpg;G tpidKw;W Nrh;kpd; - Vty; tpidKw;W nrhy;thh; - cld;ghl;L tpidKw;W fhzhh; - vjph;kiw tpidKw;W tho;f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W

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njhopw;njhopw;njhopw;njhopw;ngahngahngahngah; xU njhopiy czh;j;Jk; ngah;. njhopy; vd;gJ <z;L> xU nghUspd; Gilngah;r;rpiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,it nrhw;fspy; jy;> my;> mk;> I> if> F> G> c> jp> rp> tp> cs; Mfpa tpFjpfis (filrp vOj;Jf;fis nfhz;bUf;Fk;)

njhopw;ngah; tpFjpfs; 1. elj;jy; - jy; 2. ghly;> Mly; - my; 3. Ml;lk;> tl;lk; - mk; 4. nfhiy - I 5. njhOif> nraw;if - I 6. ghh;it - it 7. elg;G - G 8. tuT - T> c 9. kwjp - jp 10. tsh;r;rp> czh;r;rp - rp 11. cjtp>Gytp - tp 12. flTs;> tpf;Fs; - cs; 13. rhf;fhL - fhL 14. Nfhl;ghL - ghL 15. Njhw;wuT - muT 16. thuhid - Miz 17. nfhy;yhik> elthik - ik 18. gha;e;J - J 19. Nghf;F - F 20. jhohy; - My; v.fh. ghh;j;jy;> ePq;fy;> miwjy;> Nehw;wy;> ehl;ly;> eypjk;> fhl;rp> tho;f;if> Nrh;f;if> ,d;nrhy;> ,wf;Fkjp> nfhiy> Mw;wy;> kwjp> tuT> elg;G. Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah;Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah;Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah;Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah; : njhopw;ngahpd; tpFjp ,y;yhky; gFjp kl;Lk; tUtJ Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah; MFk;. njhopw;ngah; njhopw;ngah; njhopw;ngah; njhopw;ngah; Kjdpiyj;njhopw;ngah; Kjdpiyj;njhopw;ngah; Kjdpiyj;njhopw;ngah; Kjdpiyj;njhopw;ngah; RLjy; - RL nfLjy; - nfb gpbj;jy; - gpb tpopj;jy; - tpop Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngahKjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngahKjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngahKjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;

njhopw;ngah; tpFjp nfl;L gFjp jpupe;J tUtJ Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah; MFk;.

njhopw;ngah;njhopw;ngah;njhopw;ngah;njhopw;ngah; Kjdpiy Kjdpiy Kjdpiy Kjdpiy njhopw;ngah;njhopw;ngah;njhopw;ngah;njhopw;ngah;

Kjdpiy jphpe;j Kjdpiy jphpe;j Kjdpiy jphpe;j Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah; njhopw;ngah; njhopw;ngah; njhopw;ngah;

gLjy; gL ghL ngWjy; ngW NgW tpLjy; tpL tPL RLjy; RL #L nfLjy; nfL NfL

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PH – 04146 -226417

tpidahyizAk; ngahtpidahyizAk; ngahtpidahyizAk; ngahtpidahyizAk; ngah; xU tpidKw;W ngahpd; jd;ik mile;J Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;Wk; Vw;fhkYk; NtnwhU gadpiyiaf; nfhz;L KbtJ tpidahyizAk; ngah; vdg;gLk;. mJ jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glh;f;fif vd;Dk; %d;W ,lq;fspy; %d;W fhyq;fspYk; czh;j;jp tUk; (tpidKw;W tpidiaf; Fwpf;fhky; tpidnar;rg; nghUSf;Fg; ngauha; tUtJ tpidahyizAk; ngah;) v.fh. mfo;thiu> ,fo;thiu jd;ik - ghbNdid (ghba vd;id) cz;Nlid cz;fpd;Nwid> cz;Nlid Kd;dpiy – ghLfpd;whid (ghLfpd;w cd;id) te;jhia> tUthia> tUfpd;whia glh;f;if – ghLthid (ghLgtid) ele;jhid> elg;ghid> elf;fpd;whid. njhopw;ngah; tpidahyizAk; ngah; 1. njhopiy kl;Lk; czh;j;Jk; 1. njhopiyAk;> njhopy; nra;Ak;

nghUisAk; czh;j;Jk; 2. glh;f;if ,lj;jpy; kl;Lk; tUk; %d;W ,lq;fspy; tUk; 3. ngUk;ghYk; fhyk; fhl;lhJ 3. fhyk; fhl;Lk; njhopw;ngah; njhopw;ngah; njhopw;ngah; njhopw;ngah; tpidahyizAk; ngah;tpidahyizAk; ngah;tpidahyizAk; ngah;tpidahyizAk; ngah; ebj;jy; ebj;jtd; vOJjy; vOjpdtd; cz;ly; cz;ltd; gbj;jy; gbj;jtd; Nehd;G Nehw;ghh; Nrh;jy; Nrh;e;jhh; tho;jy; tho;thh; nghWj;jy; nghWj;jhh;

63


PH – 04146 -226417

mfu thpirg;gb nrhw;fis rPuikj;jy;mfu thpirg;gb nrhw;fis rPuikj;jy;mfu thpirg;gb nrhw;fis rPuikj;jy;mfu thpirg;gb nrhw;fis rPuikj;jy;

m M , < c C v V I x X xs / f fh fp fP F $ nf Nf i

f nfh Nfh nfs f;

q qh qp qP q+ nq Nq iq

nqh Nqh nqs

q;

r rh rp rP R R+ nr Nr ir

nrh Nrh nrs r;

Q Qh Qp QP nQ

NQ iQ

nQh NQh nQs

Q;

l lh b B L ^ nl Nl il

nlh Nlh nls l;

z zh zp zP Z Z} nz

Nz

iz

nzh

Nzh nzs

z;

j jh jp jP J J} nj Nj ij

njh Njh njs j;

e eh ep eP E E} ne Ne ie

neh Neh nes e;

g gh gp gP G G+ ng Ng ig ngh Ngh ngs g; k kh kp kP K % nk Nk i

k nkh Nkh nks k;

a ah ap aP A A+ na Na ia

nah Nah nas

a;

u uh up uP U & nu Nu iu nuh Nuh nus u; y yh yp yP Y Y} ny Ny i

y nyh Nyh ny

s y;

t th tp tP T T+ nt Nt it

nth Nth nts

t;

o oh op oP O * no No io

noh Noh nos o;

s sh sp sP S s+ ns Ns is

nsh Nsh nss

s;

w wh wp wP W W} nw Nw iw

nwh Nwh nws w;

d dh dp dP D D} nd Nd id

ndh Ndh nds

d;

mfu thpirg;gb mikf;Fk; ,e;j tpdhtpw;F tpil mspf;Fk; NghJ Kjypy; caph; vOj;J> gpd; MAjk;> mjd; gpd; caph; nka;naOj;J> mjd; gpd; nka;naOj;J vd;W xt;nthU vOj;Jf;fisAk; thpirg;gLj;jp vOjpdhy; kjpg;ngz; fpilf;Fk;.

cjhuzkha; m>M>,><>c>C>v>V>I>x>X>xs>/

mjd; gpd; f th;f;fj;ij Nrh;e;j caph; nka;naOj;Jf;fs; thpir ,Wjpaha; f; vOj;J. ,ij Nghd;Nw xt;nthU caph;nka; mjd; nka;naOj;J vd;W thpiraha; fzf;fpl;lhy; ,jpy; KO kjpg;ngz; ngw KbAk;.

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PH – 04146 -226417

13. nrhw;fis xOq;FgLj;jp nrhw;nwhlh; Mf;Fjy;13. nrhw;fis xOq;FgLj;jp nrhw;nwhlh; Mf;Fjy;13. nrhw;fis xOq;FgLj;jp nrhw;nwhlh; Mf;Fjy;13. nrhw;fis xOq;FgLj;jp nrhw;nwhlh; Mf;Fjy; xU nrhw;nwhlh; vOtha; nrag;gLnghUs;+gadpiy vd;w tifapy; mika Ntz;Lk;. ,r;nrhw;nwhlh; xOq;F gLj;Jjypy; ctikfs; kw;Wk; gonkhopfs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. rpy rpy rpy rpy gonkhopfs;gonkhopfs;gonkhopfs;gonkhopfs; cLf;if ,oe;jhd; if Nghy

EzYk; jd; thahy; nfLk;

gRitg; gphpe;j fd;W Nghy

,iy kiw fha; Nghy

,Ujiyf; nfhs;sp vWk;G Nghy

rpWJsp ngUnts;sk;

filkil jpwe;jJ Nghy

Fuq;F ifg;gl;l G+khiy Nghy

Myak; njhOtJ rhyTk; ed;W

MYk; NtYk; gy;Yf;F cWjp

ehYk; ,uz;Lk; nrhy;Yf;F cWjp

Fd;wpd; Nky; vhpAk; tpsf;F

Co;tpid cWj;J te;J Cl;Lk;

kpd;DtJ vy;yhk; nghd; my;y

ngah;r;nrhy;ypd; tif mwpjyngah;r;nrhy;ypd; tif mwpjyngah;r;nrhy;ypd; tif mwpjyngah;r;nrhy;ypd; tif mwpjy;;;;

ngah;r;nrhy;ngah;r;nrhy;ngah;r;nrhy;ngah;r;nrhy;

xd;wpd; ngaiuf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; ngah;r;nrhy; vdg;gLk;. mJ nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> Fzk;> njhopy; vd;Dk; Mwpd; mbg;gilapy; Njhd;Wk;.

nghUl;ngah;nghUl;ngah;nghUl;ngah;nghUl;ngah;

KUfd;> ahid> fpsp> ehw;fhyp> kfs;> kuk;> Gj;jfk;> ge;J ,it caph; cs;s caph; ,y;yhj nghUl;fis Fwpg;gjhy; nghUl;ngah; vdg;gLk;.

,lg;ngah;,lg;ngah;,lg;ngah;,lg;ngah;

Fsk;> Nfhtpy;> tPjp> kJiu> nrd;id> tPL> gs;sp> ,it Xh; ,lj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhy; ,lg;ngah; vdg;gLk;. fhyg;ngah;fhyg;ngah;fhyg;ngah;fhyg;ngah;

jpq;fs; Nfhilf;fhyk;> Qhapw;Wf;fpoik> Mz;L> khh;fop> Gjd;> fhiy> khiy ,it fhyj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhy; fhyg; ngah; vdg;gLk;.

rpidg;ngah;rpidg;ngah;rpidg;ngah;rpidg;ngah;

jiy> fha;> fz;> if> ,iy> G+ ,it cWg;igf; Fwpg;gjhy; rpidg;ngah; vdg;gLk; (rpid-cWg;G). gz;Gg; ngah;gz;Gg; ngah;gz;Gg; ngah;gz;Gg; ngah;

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gz;gpidf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah; gz;Gg; ngah; vdg;gLk;. ,J gz;G> epwk;> tbtk;> msT> Rit ,tw;wpd; topahfj; Njhd;Wk;. gz;Gg; ngah;gz;Gg; ngah;gz;Gg; ngah;gz;Gg; ngah; tpFjpfs;tpFjpfs;tpFjpfs;tpFjpfs; ed;ik - ik njhy;iy - I khl;rp - rp khz;G - G koT - c ed;F - F ed;wp - wp ed;W - W eyk; - mk; ed;dh; - mh; (m) eh; (ik - tpFjp ngUk;ghd;ikahf tUk;)

(v.fh) nrk;ikf;Nfhy;> %Nte;jh;> Kk;khhp> rJutay;> fUq;fy;> tl;lf;fpzW> Nfhgk;> frg;G> Jth;g;G> Kf;Nfhzk;> rJuk;> Fl;il> nrt;tfk;> cauk;> cUz;il> nrk;ik> tl;lepyh> ePs;efh;> Kf;fzk;> mfyk;> Gspg;G.

njhopw;ngah;njhopw;ngah;njhopw;ngah;njhopw;ngah;

xU njhopiy czh;j;Jk; ngah;> njhopy; vd;gJ <z;L> xU nghUspd; Gilngah;r;rpiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,it nrhw;fshy; jy;> my;> mk;> I> if> F> G> c> jp> rp> tp> cs; Mfpa tpFjpfis (filrp vOj;Jf;fis nfhz;bUf;Fk;).

njhopw;ngah;njhopw;ngah;njhopw;ngah;njhopw;ngah; tpFjpfs;tpFjpfs;tpFjpfs;tpFjpfs;

1. elj;jy; - jy; 2. ghly;> Mly; - my; 3. Ml;lk;> tl;lk; - mk; 4. nfhiy - I 5. njhOif> nraw;if - I 6. ghh;it - it 7. elg;G - G 8. tuT - T> c 9. kwjp - jp 10. tsh;r;rp> czh;r;rp - rp 11. cjtp> Gytp - tp 12. flTs;> tpf;Fs; - cs; 13. rhf;fhL - fhL 14. Nfhl;ghL - ghL 15. Njhw;wuT - muT 16. thuhid - Miz 17. nfhy;yhik> elthik - ik 18. gha;e;J - J 19. Nghf;F - F 20. jhohy; - My;

(v.fh) ghh;j;jy;> ePq;fy;> miwjy;> Nehw;wy;> ehl;ly;> tho;f;if> eypjy;> fhl;rp> tho;f;if> Nrh;f;if> ,d;nrhy;> ,wf;Fkjp> nfhiy> Mw;wy;> kwjp> tuT elg;G.

Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah;Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah;Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah;Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah;

njhopw;ngahpd; tpFjp ,y;yhky; gFjp kl;Lk; tUtJ Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah; MFk;. njhopw;ngahnjhopw;ngahnjhopw;ngahnjhopw;ngah;;;;Kjdpiyj;njhopw;ngah;Kjdpiyj;njhopw;ngah;Kjdpiyj;njhopw;ngah;Kjdpiyj;njhopw;ngah;

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PH – 04146 -226417

RLjy; - RL nfLjy; - nfL gpbj;jy; - gpb tpopj;jy; - tpop

Kjdpiy Kjdpiy Kjdpiy Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;

njhopw;ngahpd; tpFjp nfl;L gFjp jphpe;J tUtJ Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah; MFk;.

njhopw;ngah;njhopw;ngah;njhopw;ngah;njhopw;ngah; Kjdpiy njhopw;ngah;Kjdpiy njhopw;ngah;Kjdpiy njhopw;ngah;Kjdpiy njhopw;ngah; Kjdpiy jphpe;j Kjdpiy jphpe;j Kjdpiy jphpe;j Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;njhopw;ngah;njhopw;ngah;njhopw;ngah;

gLjy; gL ghL ngWjy; ngW NgW tpLjy; tpL tPL RLjy; RL R+L nfLjy; nfL NfL

tpidahyizAk;tpidahyizAk;tpidahyizAk;tpidahyizAk; ngah;ngah;ngah;ngah;

xU tpidKw;W ngahpd; jd;ik mile;J Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;Wk; Vw;fhkYk; NtnwhU gadpiyiaf; nfhz;L KbtJ tpidahyizAk; ngah; vdg;gLk;. mJ jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glh;f;if vd;Dk; %d;W ,lq;fspy; %d;W fhyq;fspYk; czh;j;jp tUk; (tpid Kw;W tpidiaf; Fwpf;fhky; tpidnar;rk; nghUSf;Fg; ngauha; tUtJ tpidahyizAk; ngah;). v.fh. mfo;thiu> ,fo;thiu jd;ikjd;ikjd;ikjd;ik- ghbNdid (ghba vd;id) cz;Nlid cz;fpd;Nwid> cz;Nlid Kd;dpiyKd;dpiyKd;dpiyKd;dpiy- ghLfpd;whia (ghLfpd;w cd;id) te;jhiaia> tUthia> tUfpd;whia glh;f;ifglh;f;ifglh;f;ifglh;f;if- ghLthid (ghLtid) ele;jhid> elg;ghid> elf;fpd;whid

njhopw;ngah;njhopw;ngah;njhopw;ngah;njhopw;ngah; tpidahyizAk; ngah;tpidahyizAk; ngah;tpidahyizAk; ngah;tpidahyizAk; ngah; 1. njhopiy kl;Lk; czh;j;Jk; 1. njhopiyAk;> njhopy; nra;a

nghUisAk; czh;j;Jk; 2. glh;f;if ,lj;jpy; kl;Lk; tUk; 2. %d;W ,lq;fspy; tUk; 3. ngUk;ghYk; fhyk; fhl;lhJ 3. fhyk; fhl;Lk; njhopw;ngah;njhopw;ngah;njhopw;ngah;njhopw;ngah; tpidahyizAk; ngah;tpidahyizAk; ngah;tpidahyizAk; ngah;tpidahyizAk; ngah; ebj;jy; ebj;jtd; vOJjy; vOjpdtd; cz;ly; cz;ltd; gbj;jy; gbj;jtd; Nehd;G Nehw;ghh; Nrh;jy; Nrh;e;jhh; tho;jy; tho;thh; nghWj;jy; nghWj;jhh; nghJg;ngah; (jhd;> jhk;> vy;yhk;)nghJg;ngah; (jhd;> jhk;> vy;yhk;)nghJg;ngah; (jhd;> jhk;> vy;yhk;)nghJg;ngah; (jhd;> jhk;> vy;yhk;)

jhd; vd;Dk; nghJg;ngah; ,Ujpid> %tplq;fspYk; xUik czh;j;jp tUk;.

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PH – 04146 -226417

jhk;> vy;yhk; vd;Dk; nghJg;ngah;fs; ,Ujpid %tplq;fspYk; gd;ik czh;j;jptUk;. ehd; jhd; NgrpNdd; jhd; eP jhd; mioj;jha; jd;ik> Kd;dpiy mtd; jhd; mbj;jhd; glh;f;if Mfpa 3 ,lq;fs; kapy; jhd; MbaJ ,UjpizapYk; nghJthf nry;td; jhd; vOjpdhd; xUikapy; te;jJ Fapy; jhd; $tpaJ ehk; jhk; $wpNdhk; ehk; vy;yhk; $wpNdd;

ePtph; jhk; ghh;j;jPh;; nrd;wPh; kf;fs; jk; Nghuhbdh; Fjpiufs; vy;yhk; Xbd

(jhk;> vy;yhk; vd;gd ,Ujpid %tplq;fspYk; gd;ik czh;j;jpd). Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;Fk;NghJ jphpAk; Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;Fk;NghJ jphpAk; Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;Fk;NghJ jphpAk; Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;Fk;NghJ jphpAk; ngah;fs;:ngah;fs;:ngah;fs;:ngah;fs;:

,yf;fzk; Ntw;Wik cUGfNshL NrUk;nghOJ. 1. ehd; vd;Dk; jd;ik xUikg; ngah; vd; vd;W jphpAk;. 2. ehk; vd;Dk; jd;ik gd;ikg; ngah; vk;> ek; vd;W jphpAk;. 3. eP vd;Dk; Kd;dpiy xUikg; ngah; epd;> cd; vd;W jphpAk;. 4. ePh; vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyg; gd;ikg; ngah;> Ek;> ck; vd;Wk; jphpAk;. 5. jhd; vd;Dk; nghJg;ngah; jd; vd;W jphpAk;. 6. jhk; vd;Dk; nghJg;ngah; jk; vd;W jphpAk;. v.fh.:v.fh.:v.fh.:v.fh.:

ehd; + I - vd;id

ehk; + I - ek;ik> vk;ik

eP + I - cd;id> epd;id

ePh; + I - ck;ik> Ek;ik

jhd; + I - jd;id

jhk; + I - jk;ik

ehd; + My; - vd;dhy;

ehk; + F - ekf;F jd;ikg; ngah;jd;ikg; ngah;jd;ikg; ngah;jd;ikg; ngah;

NgRNthiuAk; mtd; rhh;e;NjhiuAk; Fwpf;Fk; jd;ikg; ngah;. ahd; vd;gJ vd; vd;Wk; ahk; vd;gJ vk; vd;Wk; ehk; vd;gJ ek; vd;Wk; jphpe;j Ntw;Wik cUGfis Vw;Fk;. Ntw;Wikg; Ntw;Wikg; Ntw;Wikg; Ntw;Wikg; ngah;ngah;ngah;ngah;

2 2 2 2 IIII

3333 My;> XLMy;> XLMy;> XLMy;> XL

4444 FFFF

5555 ,d;,d;,d;,d;

6666 mJmJmJmJ

7777 fz;fz;fz;fz;

ahd; vd;id

vd;NdhL vd;dhy; vk;NkhL vk;khy;

vdf;F vd;dpd; vdJ vd;dplk;

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PH – 04146 -226417

ehd;> ahd; - jd;ik ngah; ehq;fs;> ahq;fs; - jd;ik gd;ik ngah; 10. Kd;dpiy ngah;10. Kd;dpiy ngah;10. Kd;dpiy ngah;10. Kd;dpiy ngah;

NgRNthhpd; nrhy;iyAk; Kd;dpd;W Nfl;NghiuAk; mtd; rhh;e;NjhiuAk; czh;j;jp tUk; ngah; Kd;dpiyg; ngah;. eP - Kd;dpiy xUikg;ngah; ePq;fs;> ePah;> vy;yh> ePtph; Kd;dpiyg; gz;ikg; ngah;fs; eP vd;gJ epd; vd;Wk; ePh; vd;gJ Ek; vd;Wk; ePq;fs; vd;gJ Eq;fs; vd;Wk; jphpe;J Ntw;Wik cUGfis Vw;Fk;. Ntw;Wikg; Ntw;Wikg; Ntw;Wikg; Ntw;Wikg; ngah;ngah;ngah;ngah;

2222 3333 4444 5555 6666 7777

eP epd;id epd;ndhL epd;dhy;

epidf;F

epd;dpd; epdJ epd;dplk;

eP cd;id cd;ndhL cd;dhy;

cdf;F cd;dpd; cdJ

cd;dplk;

ePh; Ek;ik Ek;nkhL Ek;khy;

Ekf;F Ek;kpd; EkJ Ek;kplk;

glh;f;if ngah;glh;f;if ngah;glh;f;if ngah;glh;f;if ngah;

jd;ik> Kd;dpiy xope;j ngah;fs; vy;yhk; glh;f;ifg; ngah;fs;. ,JTk; xUik gd;ik vd 2 tifg;gLk;. uhrd; ,y;yk; - glh;f;if xUikg; ngah; gRf;fs;> kdpjh;fs; - glh;f;ifg; gd;ikg; ngah; jhd; vd;gJ jd; vd;Wk; jhk; vd;gJ jk; vd;Wk; jphpe;J Ntw;Wik cUGfis Vw;Fk;. Ntw;Wikg; Ntw;Wikg; Ntw;Wikg; Ntw;Wikg; ngah;ngah;ngah;ngah;

2222 3333 4444 5555 6666 7777

jhd; jd;id jdf;F jd;dpd; jdJ jd;dplk; jd;dhy; jhk; jk;ik jk;nkhL jkf;F jk;kpd; jkJ jk;kplk;

ngah;r;nrhyngah;r;nrhyngah;r;nrhyngah;r;nrhy;

,jpy; ,uz;L ngah;fs; cz;L. ,jid ,LFwpg;ngah; kw;Wk; fhuzg;ngah; vd;gh;. ,LFwpg;ngah;,LFwpg;ngah;,LFwpg;ngah;,LFwpg;ngah;

,LFwpg;ngah; vd;gJ fhuzkpd;wp Kd;Ndhh; toq;fpa ngah;. ,jid ,LFwpg;nghJg;ngah; kw;Wk; ,LFwp rpwg;G ngah;,LFwp rpwg;G ngah;,LFwp rpwg;G ngah;,LFwp rpwg;G ngah; vd;gh;. ,LFwpg;

nghJg;ngah;. Kd;Ndhh; fhuzkpd;wp toq;fpa ngah;. (v.fh.) kz;> kiy> kL> fy;. ,LFwp rpwg;Gg; ngah;. kz;zpy;> nrk;kz;> tz;ly;> fspkz; vd tifg;gLk; ,LFwp rpwg;Gg; ngah;,LFwp rpwg;Gg; ngah;,LFwp rpwg;Gg; ngah;,LFwp rpwg;Gg; ngah;

vd;gh;.

kuk; ,LFwpg; nghJg;ngah;kuk; ,LFwpg; nghJg;ngah;kuk; ,LFwpg; nghJg;ngah;kuk; ,LFwpg; nghJg;ngah;

njd;id kuk; mtw;wpy; rpwg;Gg; ngw;wJ. xU tif kuj;jpw;F kl;LNk itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid ,LFwp rpwg;Gg; ngah; vd;gh;. v.fh.:v.fh.:v.fh.:v.fh.: njd;id> tapW> gy;> fhy;> if fhuzg; ngah;fhuzg; ngah;fhuzg; ngah;fhuzg; ngah;

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xU nghUSf;F ngah; itf;f rpwg;ghd fhuzk; ,Ue;jhy; mjid fhuzg; ngah; vd;gh;. v.fh.:v.fh.:v.fh.:v.fh.: gwit gwf;fpd;w fhuzj;jhy; mJ gwit vd;W ngah;. fhuzg;fhuzg;fhuzg;fhuzg; nghJg;ngah;:nghJg;ngah;:nghJg;ngah;:nghJg;ngah;: fhfk;> Fapy;> ehw;fhyp. fhuz rpwg;Gg; ngah;: fhuz rpwg;Gg; ngah;: fhuz rpwg;Gg; ngah;: fhuz rpwg;Gg; ngah;: tisay; vd;gJ rpwg;ghd xd;iwf; Fwpg;gpLk; (tisak; vd;gJ nghJthdJ) tisay; vd;gJ fhuzr; rpwg;G ngaUf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L. fpisg;ngah;fpisg;ngah;fpisg;ngah;fpisg;ngah; cwTfisg; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLtJ fpisg;ngah;. mz;zd;> mz;zp> jq;if Nghd;w cwTfspidf; Fwpg;gpLtd. Fbg;ngah;Fbg;ngah;Fbg;ngah;Fbg;ngah;

,dk; rhjp gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLtd Fbngah; vdg;gLk;. Fwtd;> Mad;> kwtd;> cotd;> me;jzd;> tzpfd;> Ntshsd;. MFngah;MFngah;MFngah;MFngah;

xd;wd; ,aw;ngah; mjid czh;j;jhky; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila kw;nwhU nghUSf;F njhd;W njhl;L ngauhf tUtJ MFngah; vdg;gLk;. ‘ghhpKidf;F vjpy; te;jha;?’ vd;W Nfl;lhy;> 66y; te;Njd; vd;W nrhd;dhy;> me;j 66 vd;gJ vz;iz Fwpf;fhJ. me;j vz;iz cila NgUe;ij Fwpf;Fk;. ,JNt MFngauhFk;. ,J nghUs;> fhyk;> ,lk;> rpid> fUtp> gz;G> njhopy; fUj;jh> fhhpak;> ctif vd gytifg;gLk;. nts;isr; rl;il mzpe;jhd; tPl;bw;F nts;is mbj;jdh;. Kjy; njhlhpYs;s ‘nts;is’ vd;Dk; nrhy; epwj;ijf; Fwpj;j gz;Gg; ngauhFk;. mLj;j njhlhpYs;s ‘nts;is vd;Dk; nrhy; nts;is epwj;jpy; mike;j Rz;zhk;G ePiuf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,t;thW njhd;Wnjhl;L xd;wpw;F toq;fpte;j ,LFwpg;ngah; mjid czh;j;jhky; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila NtnwhU nghUSf;F MfptUkhapd;> mJ ‘MFngah;’ vdg;gLk;. nghUshFngah;nghUshFngah;nghUshFngah;nghUshFngah;

Kjw;nghUspd; ngah; me;j nghUspd; rpidf;F Mfp te;jhy; mJ nghUshF ngah; vdg;gLk;.

jhkiu fz;zh! vd;W mioj;jhy; ,jpy; jhkiu vd;gJ G+itf; Fwpf;Fk;. rhjhuzkhf jhkiu vd;w nrhy; jhkiuapd; ,iy> jz;L> G+> Nth; ,tw;iw Nrh;j;Jj;jhd; Fwpf;Fk;. Mdhy; ,q;F jhkiuf; fz;zd; vd;gJ jhkiu G+itg; Nghd;w fz;fis cilatd; vd;W G+it czh;j;jpajhy; ,J nghUshFngauhapw;W. ,e;j nghUshFngaUf;F NtW ngah; ‘KjyhFngah;’ vd;gjhFk;. g+rzpr; rhk;ghh; Ritahf ,Ue;jJ. “g+rzp” vd;Dk; nrhy; Nth;> nfhb> ,iy> g+> gpQ;R> fha; Mfpatw;Wld; mike;j g+rzpr; nrbahfpa KOg; nghUisf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. Mdhy;> ,j;njhlhpy; ‘rhk;ghh; Ritahf ,Ue;jJ’ vd;Dk; Fwpg;ghy; ‘G+rzp’ vd;Dk; nrhy; KOg; nghUisf; Fwpf;fhJ. mjd; Xh; cWg;ghfpa g+rdpf;fha; czh;j;JfpwJ. ,t;thW xU KOg; nghUspd; ngah;> mjidr; Rl;lhJ> mjd; cWg;Gf;F Mfp tUtJ ‘nghUshF ngah;’ vdg;gLk;. ,jid ‘KjyhF ngah;’ vdTk; $Wth;. (v.fh.) ky;ypif R+bdhs;. ,lthF ngah;,lthF ngah;,lthF ngah;,lthF ngah;

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PH – 04146 -226417

Xh; ,lj;jpd; ngah; me;j ,lj;jpy; cs;s nghUSf;F ngauhfp tUtJ ,lthF ngauhFk;. (v.fh.) jkpofk; ntd;wJ. cyfk; tpopj;jJ. Ch; $baJ. Ch; rphpj;jJ> itak; vOe;jJ. fhQ;rpGuk; vd;d tpiy? ‘fhQ;rpGuk;’ vd;gJ ,lg;ngauhFk;. Mdhy;> ,j;njhlhpYs;s Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fshy;>‘fhQ;rpGuk;’ vd;Dk; ,lg;ngah;> me;j ,lj;ijf; Fwpf;fhky; mt;tplj;jpy; nea;njLf;fg;gLk; gl;lhiliaf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,t;thW Xh; ,lj;jpd; ngah; me;j ,lj;NjhL njhlh;Gila NtW nghUSf;F MfptUtJ ‘,lthFngah;’ vdg;gLk;. fhythF ngah;fhythF ngah;fhythF ngah;fhythF ngah;

xU fhyj;jpd; ngah; me;jf; fhyj;NjhL njhlh;Gila nghUSf;F ngauhfp tUtJ fhythF ngah; vdg;gLk;. (v.fh.) fhh; mWtilahapw;Wbrk;gh; R+bdhs; Nfhil ed;whf tpise;Js;sJ. ‘Nfhil’ vd;gJ fhyg; ngauhFk;. Mdhy;> ,j;njhlhpYs; ‘tpise;Js;sJ’ vd;Dk; Fwpg;ghy;> Nfhilf;fhyj;jpy; tpisAk; ney;iyf; (Nfhil ney;) Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,t;thW fhyg;ngah; mf;fhyj;NjhL njhlh;Gila NtnwhU nghUSf;fhfp tUtJ ‘fhythF ngah;’ vdg;gLk;. rpidahF ngah;rpidahF ngah;rpidahF ngah;rpidahF ngah;

xU rpid nghUspd; ngah; mjd; Kjw;nghUSf;F ngauhfp tUtJ rpidahF ngah; vdg;gLk;. (v.fh.) jiyf;F xU gb ney; nfhL jiyf;F gj;J &gha; Ntz;Lk; jiyf;F xU goq;nfhL ntw;wpiy el;lhd; ‘jiy’ vd;gJ kdpjdpd; Xh; cWg;ghFk;. Mdhy;> ,j;njhlhpy; ‘jiy’ vd;gij mLj;Js;s Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fshy; xU kdpjidf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,t;thW xU rpidapd; (cWg;gpd;) ngah; mijg; ngw;Ws;s Kjw; nghUisf; Fwpg;gJ ‘rpidahF ngah;’ vdg;gLk;. rpidapd; ngah; Kjw;nghUSf;F MfptUtJ rpidahF ngah;. Kjw; nghUspd; ngah; mjd; rpidf;F (cWg;Gf;F) Mfp tUtJ nghUshF ngah; vd;Dk; NtWghl;il mwpf. gz;ghF ngah;gz;ghF ngah;gz;ghF ngah;gz;ghF ngah;

xU gz;gpd; ngah; mg;gz;Gila gz;Gf;Fg; (nghUSf;F) ngauhfp tUtJ gz;ghF ngah; MFk;. ,J FzthF ngah; vd;Wk; toq;fg;ngWk;. ,dpg;G cz;lhd;> fhuk; ntWj;jhd; ,dpg;G> fhuk; vd;Dk; gz;Gg; ngah;fs; mr;Ritiaf; nfhz;l nghUSf;F MfptUk;. nrtiyia tz;bapy; g+l;L. ‘nrtiy’ vd;gJ rptg;G epwj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; gz;Gg; ngauhFk;. ‘tz;bapy; g+l;L’ vd;Dk; Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fshy;>‘nrtiy’ vd;gJ epwj;ijf; Fwpf;fhky;> me;epwj;jpy; mike;j vUjpidf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,t;thW xU gz;Gg; ngah;> mg;gz;igf; nfhz;l nghUSf;F MfptUtJ>‘gz;ghF ngah;’ vdg;gLk;. njhopyhF ngah;njhopyhF ngah;njhopyhF ngah;njhopyhF ngah;

xU njhopypd; ngah; mj;njhopiy cila nghUSf;F ngauhfp tUtJ njhopyhF ngah; vdg;gLk;. ‘KWf;F jpd;whd;’ vd;gjpy; KWf;Fjy; vd;gJ njhopiyf; Fwpf;Fk;. Mdhy;> mj;njhopypd; ngah; mj;njhopiyf; Fwpf;fhky; mj;njhopyhy; nra;ag;gl;l nghUisf; Fwpg;gjhy; ‘njhopyhFngah;’ vdg;gLk;. (v.fh.) KWf;Fj; jpd;whd;> Rz;ly; rhg;gpl;lhd;> nghq;fy; cz;lhd;.

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nghhpay; Ritahf ,Ue;jJ. ‘nghhpay;’ vd;gJ njhopiyf; Fwpg;gjhy; njhopw;ngauhFk;. Mdhy;> ,j;njhlupy; ‘Ritahf ,Ue;jJ> vd;Dk; Fwpg;ghy; nghhpj;njLf;Fk; nrayhy; cz;lhd czTg; nghUisf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

,t;thW xU njhopypd; ngah; mj;njhopyhy; ngwg;gLk; nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ ‘njhopyhF ngah;’ vdg;gLk;.

nrhy;yhF nganrhy;yhF nganrhy;yhF nganrhy;yhF ngah;h;h;h;

xU nrhy;ypd; ngah; mr;nrhy;Yila nghUSf;Fg; ngauhfp tUtJ nrhy;yhF ngauhFk;. ‘ehd; Kjy;tiug; ghh;j;Njd;’ vd;gJ gs;spf; $lkhf ,Ue;jhy; mq;F cs;s jiyik MrphpaiuAk;> rl;lkd;wkhf ,Ue;jhy; mq;Fs;s Kjy; ke;jphpiaAk; Fwpf;Fk;. vdNt> Kjy;th; vd;gJ me;j gjtpapid tfpf;ff;$ba eghpidf; Fwpf;Fk;. vdNt> Kjy;th; vd;gJ xU nrhy;yhFk;. vdNt ,J nrhy;yhF ngah; vdg;gLk;. jhdpathF ngah;jhdpathF ngah;jhdpathF ngah;jhdpathF ngah;

fpuhkq;fspy; fwpfha; tpw;gth;fis mf;fwpfha;fis itj;J $g;gplhky; ‘mf;$ilia $g;gpL’ vd;W $g;gpLthh;fs;. vdNt> xU ,lj;jpy; cs;s nghUspd; ngah;. mJ rhh;e;jpUf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;F ngauhfp tUtJ jhdpathF ngauhFk;. (v.fh.) foy; gzpe;jhd; - ghiy ,wf;F

,lk; nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ ,lthF ngah;> nghUs; ,lj;jpw;F MfptUtJ jhdpathF ngah;. fUtpahF ngah;fUtpahF ngah;fUtpahF ngah;fUtpahF ngah;

fUtp vd;gJ xU nghUs; nra;ag; gad;glf;$ba nghUs;> gl;L vd;gJ E}y;. ,J Mil nea;tjw;F gad;gLfpwJ. ehk; ‘gl;L rl;il mzpe;Njhk;’ vd;W nrhy;tjw;Fg; gjpyhf ‘gl;L mzpe;Njhk;’ vd;W nrhy;fpNwhk;. ,JNt fUtpahF ngauhFk;. xU fUtpapd; ngah; mf;fUtpahyhFk; nghUSf;Fk; (fhhpaj;Jf;F) ngauhfp te;jhy; ‘fUtpahF ngah;’ vd;W miof;fg;gLk;. (v.fh.) ehd; Fws; gbj;Njd;. fhhpathF ngah;fhhpathF ngah;fhhpathF ngah;fhhpathF ngah;

xU fhhpaj;jpd; ngah; mjd; fhuzj;jpw;F ngauhfp tUtJ fhhpathF ngah; vdg;gLk;. rikay; vd;gJ fhhpak;. Mdhy; ‘rikay; gbj;Njd;’ vd;W nrhy;tJ rikaiyf; Fwpf;fhky; Gj;jfj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;. vdNt ,J ‘fhhpathF ngah;’ vdg;gLk;. fUj;jhthF ngah;fUj;jhthF ngah;fUj;jhthF ngah;fUj;jhthF ngah;

‘fUj;jh’ vd;why; ‘nra;jtd;’ vd;W nghUs;. fUj;jhitf; nfhz;L fUj;jh nra;j nraiyf; Fwpj;jhy; mJ fUj;jhthF ngah;. (v.fh.) ts;Stiu gbj;Njd;> fk;gid fw;Nwd;> vd;W nrhd;dhy; mth;fs;

vOjpa E}y;fis Fwpf;Fk;. ctikahF ngah;ctikahF ngah;ctikahF ngah;ctikahF ngah;

Xh; ctkhdk; mjdhy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; ctNkaj;jpw;F Mfp tUtJ ctikahF ngah; vdg;gLk;. (v.fh.) fhis te;jhd;> ghit rphpj;jhs; ,q;F fhis> ghit vd;gd fhis

Nghd;w tPuDf;Fk;> ghit Nghd;w ngz;Zf;Fk; Mfp te;jpUf;fpwJ. fhis> ghit - ctik ,isQd;> ngz; - nghUs;

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vz;zy; msit MFngah;vz;zy; msit MFngah;vz;zy; msit MFngah;vz;zy; msit MFngah;

xd;W ngw;why; xspkak; xd;W vd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngah; mt;ntz; Fwpf;fhky; Foe;ijiaf; Fwpf;Fk; ngauhfp te;jJ. vLj;jy; msit MFg;ngah;vLj;jy; msit MFg;ngah;vLj;jy; msit MFg;ngah;vLj;jy; msit MFg;ngah;

Ie;J fpNyh vd;d tpiy? ,q;F fpNyh vd;Dk; vLj;jy; msitg; ngah;. msitf; Fwpf;fhky; mstsTila nghUSf;F (mhprp> gUg;G) Mfp te;jJ. vdNt ,/J vLj;jy; msit MFg; ngah;. Kfj;jy; msit MFg;ngah;Kfj;jy; msit MFg;ngah;Kfj;jy; msit MFg;ngah;Kfj;jy; msit MFg;ngah;

ehd;F ypl;lh; Njit. ,tw;Ws; ypl;lh; vd;Dk; Kfj;jy; msitg; ngah;> msitf; Fwpf;fhky; mt;tsTila nea;> vz;nza; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F Mfp te;jJ. ePl;ly; msit MFg;ngah;ePl;ly; msit MFg;ngah;ePl;ly; msit MFg;ngah;ePl;ly; msit MFg;ngah;

%d;W kPl;lh; nfhL ,q;F kPl;lh; vd;gJ msitf; Fwpf;fhky; Jzpf;F Mfp tUk;.

15. ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;gwpjy; vOj;jpyf;fzk15. ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;gwpjy; vOj;jpyf;fzk15. ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;gwpjy; vOj;jpyf;fzk15. ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;gwpjy; vOj;jpyf;fzk;;;;

vOj;Jf;fis KjnyOj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; rhh;ngOj;Jf;fs; vd;W ,uz;lha; gphpg;gh;. KjnyOj;Jf;fs;KjnyOj;Jf;fs;KjnyOj;Jf;fs;KjnyOj;Jf;fs;

nkhopapy; Kjyhtjhf tuf;$baJk; jdpj;J ,aq;f $ba Mw;wy; cilaJkhfpa vOj;Jfis KjnyOj;J vd;fpNwhk;. caph; 12k; nka; 18k; Mfpa vOj;Jf;fis KjnyOj;J vd;fpNwhk;. ,J gpw vOj;Jf;fs; Njhd;wf; fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. � rhh;ngOj;Jf;fs;:rhh;ngOj;Jf;fs;:rhh;ngOj;Jf;fs;:rhh;ngOj;Jf;fs;: KjnyOj;Jf;fisr; rhh;e;J tuf;$baJk; jdpj;J ,aq;f Mw;wy; ,y;yhj vOj;Jf;fisAk; rhh;ngOj;J vd;fpd;Nwhk;.

� capnuOj;Jf;fs;:capnuOj;Jf;fs;:capnuOj;Jf;fs;:capnuOj;Jf;fs;: jkpo; nkhopf;F capuha; ,Uf;ff; $ba vOj;Jf;fis capnuOj;Jf;fs; vd;fpNwhk;. m> M> ,><> c> C> v> V> I> x> X> xs

� nka;naOj;Jf;fs;:nka;naOj;Jf;fs;:nka;naOj;Jf;fs;:nka;naOj;Jf;fs;: jkpo; nkhopf;F clyha; ,Uf;ff; $ba vOj;Jf;fis nka;naOj;Jf;fs; vd;fpNwhk;. f;> q;> r;> Q;> l;> z;> j;> e;> g;> k;> a;> u;> y;> t;> o;> s;> w;> d;.

� jk;Kila gpwg;gpw;Fk; xypg;gpw;Fk; KjnyOj;Jf;fisr; rhh;e;J te;J jdpj;J ,aq;Fk; Mw;wypd;wp tUtJ rhh;ngOj;Jf;fshFk;. rhh;ngOj;J gj;J tifg;gLk;. mit> 1. caph; nka; 2. Ma;jk; 3. capusngil 4. xw;wsngil 5. Fw;wpaYfuk; 6. Fw;wpaypfuk; 7. Ifhuf;FWf;fk; 8. xsfhuf;FWf;fk; 9. kfuf;FWf;fk; 10. Ma;jf;FWf;fk;;;;

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� caph; nka;naOj;Jf;fs;:caph; nka;naOj;Jf;fs;:caph; nka;naOj;Jf;fs;:caph; nka;naOj;Jf;fs;: clNyhL caph; te;J ,ize;jhy; caph; nka;naOj;J vdg;gLk;. caph; vOj;Jk; nka;naOjh;Jk; Nrh;j;J tUtJ caph; nka; vOj;J vdg;gLk;.

f; + m = f f; + M = fh

f; + , = fp f; +< = fP

f; + c = F f; + C = $

f; + v = nf f; + V = Nf

f; + x = nfh f; + X = Nfh

f; + I = if f; + xs = nfs

� caph; 12> nka; 18> vdNt 12 × 18 = 216 caph;nka; vOj;Jf;fshFk;. caph; vOj;J 12 nka; vOj;J 18

caph; nka; vOj;J 12 × 18 216 Ma;j vOj;J 1 nkhj;jk; 247 Ma;jk; Ma;jk; Ma;jk; Ma;jk;

capnuOj;jpYk;> nka;naOj;jpYk; tuhj Xh; vOj;J ‘Ma;j vOj;jhFk;’. ,e;j Ma;j vOj;J %d;W Gs;spfis ,l;lJ Nghd;W ,Uf;Fk;. mjdhy; ‘Kg;ghw;Gs;sp’ vdTk; miog;ghh;. cjhuzk;cjhuzk;cjhuzk;cjhuzk; : v/F> ,UgJ.

� ,t; Ma;j vOj;Jf;F xyp msT miu khj;jpiuahFk;. me;j mstpypUe;J Fiwahky; xypj;jhy; Kw;wha;jk; vd;fpNwhk;. ,J jdpj;J tuf;$ba Mw;wy; cilajhf ,Ug;gjhy; ,jw;F jdpepiy vd;w ngaUk; ngw;wJ.

msngil msngil msngil msngil � msngil vd;why; ‘ePl;bj;J xypj;jy;’ vd;W nghUs;. msngLj;jy; ePl;bj;J xypj;jy; vd;W nghUs;.

� mUfpy; ,Ug;gtiu $g;gpl;lhy; ‘KUfd;’ vd;Nghk;. mtNd J}uj;jpy; ,Ue;jhy; KUfhh..... vd;W xypia ePl;bj;Jf; nfhz;Nl NghfpNwhk; my;yth> mjw;F msngLj;jy; vdg;gLk;.

� caph; vOj;Jf;fs; msngLj;jy; capusngil vdg;gLk;. xw;nwOj;Jf;fs; msngLj;jhy; xw;wsngil vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

nra;Aspir msngil: nra;Aspir msngil: nra;Aspir msngil: nra;Aspir msngil: nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk; ,lj;jpy; me;j Xir epiwT nra;a nkhopapd; KjypYk;> ,ilapYk;> ,WjpapYk; epd;w caph;neby; vOj;Jf;fs; VOk; jdf;F ,dkhd Fwpy; vOj;Jf;fisg; ngw;W chpa khj;jpiuapypUe;J kpFe;njhypf;Fk;. - ,jw;F ,ir epiw msngil vd;w ngaUk; cz;L. neby; M < C V I X xs Fwpy;; m , c v , x c (v.fh) nflhm topte;j Nfz;ikahh; Nfz;ik tplhmh; tpioAk; cyF. ,jpy; M jdJ ,d vOj;jhd Fwpy; m tPidg; ngw;W nra;Aspy; Xiria epiwT nra;fpwJ. mt;thW msngil Mf tutpy;iybadpy; mJ xuir nfhz;l nrhy;yhf ,Uf;Fk; (xd;W Neh; my;yJ epiu)

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Fwpg;G : nghJthf <uirr;rPh; ,d;dpir msngil ,d;dpir msngil ,d;dpir msngil ,d;dpir msngil nra;Aspy; xir Fiwahj ,lj;Jk; ,dpa xir jUtjw;fhf Fwpy; nebyhf khwp msngLg;gJ ,d;dpir msngil. %tir nfhz;l rPh;fspy; tUk; - nfhLg;gJ}ck;> vLg;gJ}ck; nrhy;ypir msngil nrhy;ypir msngil nrhy;ypir msngil nrhy;ypir msngil nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwahj ,lj;jpYk; ngah;r;nrhy; tpidnar;rg; nghUs; jUk; nghUl;L msntLg;gJ nrhy;ypir msngilahFk;. (v.fh) FbjoP,> mbjoP, xw;wsngil xw;wsngil xw;wsngil xw;wsngil Xir FiwAk; NghJ nkhopapy; ,ilapy; tUk; xw;nwOj;J ,ul;bf;Fk; (v.fh.) ,yq;q;ntz;gpiw Fw;wpaYfuk;Fw;wpaYfuk;Fw;wpaYfuk;Fw;wpaYfuk; jdpf;Fw;nwOj;ijr; rhuhJ nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; cs;s ty;ypd nka;apd; kPJ Vwpa cfuk; jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiu mstpypUe;J miu khj;jpiu mstpy; Fiwe;jhy; mJ Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;. ty;ypd nka;fs; vd;why; vd;d vd;gijg; gw;wp mtrpak; njhpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. nka;naOj;Jf;fs; 18-y; %d;W tpjkhd vOj;Jf;fs; cs;sd. mit

ty;ypdk;-6> nky;ypdk; -6> ,ilapdk; -6> nkhj;jk; = 18. typikahd vOj;Jf;fs; ty;ypdk; vd;Wk; nkd;ikahf cr;rhpf;ff; $ba vOj;Jf;fSf;F nky;ypdk; vd;Wk; ,tw;Wf;F ,ilg;gl;L cr;rhpf;ff; $ba vOj;Jf;fSf;F ,ilapdk; vd;Wk; ngah;. ty;ypdk; - frljgw ntd MNw nky;ypdk; - qQzekd ntd MNw ,ilapdk; - auytos ntd MNw ,e;j MW ty;ypd vOj;Jf;fs; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; te;J mjd; kPJ cfuk; Vwpdhy;> mJ jdf;Fhpa miu khj;jpiu mstpy; ghjpahf xypf;Fk;. vLj;Jfhl;L : ehL> tuF

,jpy; ehL (l;+ c)= l; vd;gJ ty;ypdk;. ,jd; kPJ cfuk; te;jhjjhy; jd; mstpypUe;J ghjpahf xypf;Fk;. mJ

Nghd;wNj tuF – tuf; + c = tuF Fw;wpaYfuk; MW tifg;gLk; 1. neby; njhlh;> 2. caph;j;njhlh;> 3. td; njhlh;> 4. nkd; njhlh;> 5. ,ilj; njhlh;> 6. Ma;jj; njhlh;. neby; njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; : xU nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; mjthJ cfuj;jpw;F Kd;ghf cs;s vOj;Jf;fs; nel;nlOj;jhf ,Ue;jhy; mJ neby; njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ehL> thF ,tw;wpy; L f;F Kd;ghf eh vd;w nel;nlOj;J te;Js;sjhy; neby; njhlh; Fw;waYfukhapw;W.

� td; njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; : mJ Nghd;Nw cfuk; Vwpa ty;ypd vOj;jpd; Kd;ghf ty;ypd vOj;Jf;fshf f;>r;>l;>j;>g;>w; te;jhy; mJ td;njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : gj;J> ghl;L

� caph;j; njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; : <w;W vd;why; ,Wjp vd;W nghUs;. ,Wjp vOj;Jf;F Kd;ghf caph; vOj;J te;jhy; mJ caph;j;njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : gfL> goF

� nkd;njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; : Fw;wpaYfu nrhy;ypd; <w;W vOj;Jf;F Kd;ghf nky;ypd vOj;Jf;fshd q>Q>z>e>k>d te;jhy; nkd; njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L> ge;J> gq;F.

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� ,ilj;njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; : mNj Nghd;W <w;nwOj;Jf;F Kd;ghf ,ilapdkhfpa a;>h;>y;>t;>o;>s; te;jhy; mJ ,ilj;njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ey;F> rhy;G

� Ma;jj;njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; : Fw;wpaYfu nrhy;ypd; Kd;Nd cs;s vOj;J Ma;j vOj;jhapd; mJ Ma;jj; njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : v/F> m/J.

Kw;wpaYfuk; : Kw;wpaYfuk; : Kw;wpaYfuk; : Kw;wpaYfuk; : ‘cfuk;cfuk;cfuk;cfuk;’ jdJ khj;jpiu mstpy; ,Ue;J Fiwahky; xypj;jy; Kw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;. (v.fh) jdpf;Fwpy;> vOj;ij mLj;J tUk; cfuk; jdJ KO Xirapy; xypf;Fk;. (v.fh) gR> gF> gL> mJ. F>R>L>J>G>W jtph;j;J kw;w vOj;Jf;fis ,Wjpaha; ngw;W xypf;Fk; cfuk; jdJ KO khj;jpiu mstpy; xypf;Fk;. (v.fh) fhZ> cz;Z> vO> js;S> fjT.

Nkw;nrhd;d vLj;Jf;fhl;by; - ‘Z’– z; + c Nghd;W midj;jpYk; ‘c’ tUfpd;wjy;yth. ,it F>R>L>J>G>W vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jhjy; KO mstpy; xypf;Fk;. Fw;wpaypfuk; Fw;wpaypfuk; Fw;wpaypfuk; Fw;wpaypfuk; Fw;wpaypfur; nrhw;fspd; gpd; afuk; te;jhy; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpy; cs;s ‘c’ fuk; ‘,’ fukhfj; jphpAk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ehL vd;gJ Fw;wpaYfur; nrhy; ,e;j nrhy;Yf;Fg; gpd; afuk; te;jhy; ,fukhf jphpAk;.

ehL + ahJ

ehl; + c + ahJ

ehl; + , + ahJ

ehb + ahJ = ehbahJ

ed;W + ahJ

ed;w; + c + ahJ

ed;w; + , + ahJ

ed;wp + ahJ = ed;wpahJ

� FWf;fk; : msngLj;jYf;F Neh; vjph;g;gjk; FWf;fkhFk;. Xh; vOj;J VNjh xU fhuzj;jhy; FWfp xypf;Fkhdhy; mjw;F FWf;fk; vd;W ngah;. ,J

� Ifhhuf;FWf;fk; 2. xsfhuf; FWf;fk;> 3. kfuf;FWf;fk;> 4. Ma;jf;FWf;fk;

‘I’ fhuf; FWf;fk; : caph; vOj;Jf;fSs; xd;whd ‘I’ vOj;Jf;F ,uz;L khj;jpiu xyp msT cilaJ. Mdhy;> ,J kw;w vOj;Jf;fSld; $b tUk;nghOJ jd; ,uz;L khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;. ,jw;F ‘I’ fhuf;FWf;fk; vd;W ngah;. Kjypy; 1½ khj;jpiu> ,il> fil 1 khj;jpiu mstpYk; xypf;Fk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : Ig;grp> jiyfs;> Ftis

� xsfhuf;FWf;fk; : xs vOj;Jk; jdpj;J tUk;nghOJ ,uz;L khj;jpiu mstpYk;> gpw vOj;Jf;fSld; tUk;nghOJ jd; khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;Jk; xypf;Fk;. mjw;F xsfhuf;FWf;fk; vd;W ngah;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : xsitahh;.

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� kfuf;FWf;fk; : z> fu> d> fu nka;fspd; gpd;Dk; t fuj;jpw;F Kd;Dk; tUk; k; jdf;Fhpa miu khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;J fhy; khj;jpiuahf xypf;Fk;. ,jw;F kfuf;FWf;fk; vd;W ngah;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : Nghd;k> nrd;k;> kUz;k;> tUk; tz;b.

� Ma;jf;FWf;fk; : ,uz;L nrhw;fs; NrUk;NghJ Kjy; thh;j;ijia epiynkhop vd;Wk; NrUk; nrhy;iy tUnkhop vd;Wk; $WNthk;. mt;thW epiy nkhop filrpapy; y s;> te;J tUnkhop Kjypy; j fuk;te;jhy;> ,uz;Lk; NrUk;nghOJ MAjk; Njhd;Wk;. mt;thW Njhd;Wk; Ma;jk; jd; khj;jpiuapypUe;J fhy; khj;jpiuahf Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;. mjw;F Ma;jf; FWf;fk; vd;W ngah;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : fy; + jPJ = f/wPJ.

Ks; + jPJ – K /BJ ‘fy;’ vd;gjpy; ‘y’ Kd; jPJ vd;gjpy; ‘j’ tUtjhy; MAjk; Njhd;WfpwJ. me;j Ma;jk; jd; khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;. nrhy;yjpfhuk; nrhy;yjpfhuk; nrhy;yjpfhuk; nrhy;yjpfhuk; : : : : nrhw;fis ,yf;fpa tifahf ehd;fhff; $Wth;. mjid - ,aw;nrhy; - jphpnrhy; - jpirr;nrhy; - tlr;nrhy; vd;W 4 tifahff; $Wth;. ,aw;nrhy; : ,aw;nrhy; : ,aw;nrhy; : ,aw;nrhy; : mjpfkhff; fy;tp ngwhjth;fshYk; Ghpe;J nfhs;sf;$ba nrhw;fs; ,aw;nrhy; vdg;gLk;. ,jid ngah; ,aw;nrhy; vd;Wk; tpid ,aw;nrhy; vd;Wk; ,uz;lha; gphpg;gh;. ngah; ,aw;nrhy; : jP> fhL> kuk;> kiy ,jid rhjhuzkhfth;fshYk; czu KbAk;. tpid ,aw;nrhy; : tpid ,aw;nrhy; : tpid ,aw;nrhy; : tpid ,aw;nrhy; : vspjhf Ghpe;J nfhs;sf;$ba tpidr;nrhw;fis tpid ,aw;nrhy; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;. (v.fh) gbj;jhd;> J}q;fpdhd;. jphpr;nrhyjphpr;nrhyjphpr;nrhyjphpr;nrhy; jkpopy; XnuOj;J xU nkhop> xU nrhy;Yf;F gy nghUs;> gy nrhy;Yf;F xU nghUs; vd;W fhzg;gLtdtw;iw fw;wwpe;Njhuhy; kl;LNk Ghpe;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;. (v.fh.) gPyp (kapw;Njhif> cfph; (efk;)> Mop (fly; rf;fuk;) ,jid ngah;jphpr;nrhy; vd;Wk; tpidj;jphpr;nrhy; vd;Wk; ,uz;L tif jphpnry;fisg; ghh;f;fyhk;. ngah; jphpr;nrhy; : ngah; jphpr;nrhy; : ngah; jphpr;nrhy; : ngah; jphpr;nrhy; : vapW (gy;)> Nta; (%q;fpy;)> kb>(Nrhk;gy;) ey;FuT (tWik) tpidj;jphpr; nrhy; tpidj;jphpr; nrhy; tpidj;jphpr; nrhy; tpidj;jphpr; nrhy; tpdtpdhd;> tpspj;jhd;> Nehf;fpdhh;. jpirr;nrhy; jpirr;nrhy; jpirr;nrhy; jpirr;nrhy; tlnkhop jtpu kw;w tl;lhu nkhopfspy; ,Ue;J jkpopy; ,lk; ngw;w nrhw;fs; jpirr;nrhy; vdg;gLk;. (v.fh) Nfzp> (fpzW)> ngw;wk; (gR) tlnrhy; : tlnkhopapy; ,Ue;J jkpopy; Njhd;wpa nrhw;fis tlnrhy; vd;gth;. (v.fh) fkyk; (jhkiu)> tp~k; (er;R)> G~;gk; (g+)

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nrhy;ypd; tiffs; : ,yf;fz hPjpahf nrhy; ngah;r;nrhy;> tpidr;nrhy;> ,ilr;nrhy;> chpr;nrhy; vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;. ngah;r;nrhy;. ngah;r;nrhy;. ngah;r;nrhy;. ngah;r;nrhy;. xd;wpd; ngaiuf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; ngah;r;nrhy; vdg;gLk;. mJ nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> Fzk;> njhopy; vd;Dk; Mwpd; mbg;gilapy; Njhd;Wk;. nghUl;ngahnghUl;ngahnghUl;ngahnghUl;ngah; : KUfd;> ahid> fpsp> ehw;fhyp> kfs;> kuk;> Gj;jfk;> ge;J ,it caph; cs;s caph; ,y;yhj nghUlfis Fwpg;gjhy; nghUl;ngah; vdg;gLk;. ,lg;ngah; ,lg;ngah; ,lg;ngah; ,lg;ngah; : Fsk;> Nfhtpy;> tPjp> kJiu> nrd;id> tPL> gs;sp> ,it Xh; ,lj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhy; ,lg;ngah; vdg;gLk;. fhyg;ngahfhyg;ngahfhyg;ngahfhyg;ngah; : jpq;fs; Nfhilf;fhyk;> Qhapw;Wf;fpoik> Mz;L> khh;fop> Gjd;> fhiy> khiy ,it fhyj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhy; fhyg;ngah; vdg;gLk;. rpidg;ngah;rpidg;ngah;rpidg;ngah;rpidg;ngah; : jiy> fha;> fz;> if> ,iy> g+ ,it cWg;igf; Fwpg;gjhy; rpidg;ngah; vdg;gLk; (rpid – cWg;G) gz;Gg; ngahgz;Gg; ngahgz;Gg; ngahgz;Gg; ngah;

gz;gpidf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah; gz;Gg; ngah; vdg;gLk;. ,J gz;G> epwk;> tbtk;> msT Rit ,tw;wpd; topahfj; Njhd;Wk;. gz;Gg; ngah; tpFjpfs; ed;ik - ik njhy;iy - I khl;rp - rp khz;G - G koT - c ed;F - F ed;wp - wp ed;W - W eyk; - mk; ed;dh; - mh; (m) eh; (ik – tpFjp ngUk;ghd;ikahf tUk;) (v.fh) nrk;ikf;Nfhy;> %Nte;jh;> Kk;khhp> rJutay;> fUq;fy;> tl;lf;fpzW> Nfhgk;> frg;G> Jth;g;G> Kf;Nfhzk;> rJuk;> Fl;il> nrt;tfk;> cauk;> cUz;il> nrk;ik> tl;lepyh> ePs;efh;> Kf;fzk;> mfyk;> Gspg;G. nghJg;ngah;nghJg;ngah;nghJg;ngah;nghJg;ngah; (jhd;> jhk;> vy;yhk;) : jhd; vd;Dk; nghJg;ngah; ,Ujpiz> %tplq;fspYk; xUik czh;j;jp tUk;. jhk;> vy;yhk; vd;Dk; nghJg; ngah;fs; ,Ujpiz %tplq;fspYk; gd;ik czh;j;jptUk;. ehd; jhd; NgrpNdd; jhd; eP jhd; mioj;jha; jd;ik> Kd;dpiy mtd; jhd; mbj;jhd; glh;f;if Mfpa 3 ,lq;fs; kapy; jhd; MbaJ

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,UjpizapYk; nghJthf nry;td; jhd; vOjpdhd; xUikapy; te;jJ Fapy; jhd; $tpaJ ehk; jhk; $wpNdhk; ehk; vy;yhk; $wpNdhk;; ePtph; jhk; ghh;j;jPh; ePtph; vy;yhk; nrd;wPh; kf;fs; jhk; Nghuhbdh; Fjpiufs; vy;yhk; Xbd (jhk;> vy;yhk; vd;gd ,Ujpid %tplq;fspYk; gd;ik czh;j;jpd). Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;Fk;NghJ jphpAk; ngah;fsNtw;Wik cUG Vw;Fk;NghJ jphpAk; ngah;fsNtw;Wik cUG Vw;Fk;NghJ jphpAk; ngah;fsNtw;Wik cUG Vw;Fk;NghJ jphpAk; ngah;fs; : ,yf;fzk;: Ntw;Wik cUGfNshL NrUk;nghOJ. 1. ehd; vd;Dk; jd;ik xUikg; ngah; vd; vd;W jphpAk;. 2. ehk; vd;Dk; jd;ik gd;ikg; ngah; vk;> ek; vd;W jphpAk;. 3. eP vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyg; xUikg; ngah; epd;> cd; vd;W jphpAk;. 4. ePh;> vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyg; gd;ikg; ngah;> Ek;> ck; vd;Wk; jphpAk;. 5. jhd; vd;Dk; nghJg;ngah; jd; vd;W jphpAk;. 6. jhk; vd;Dk; nghJg;ngah; jk; vd;W jphpAk;.

v.fh.

ehd; + I - vd;id

ehk; + I - ek;ik> vk;ik

eP + I - cd;id> epd;id

ePh; + I - ck;ik> Ek;ik

jhd; + I - jd;id

jhk; + I - jk;ik

ehd; + My; - vd;dhy;

ehk; + F - ekf;F jk;ikg; ngahjk;ikg; ngahjk;ikg; ngahjk;ikg; ngah; NgRNthiuAk; mtd; rhh;e;NjhiuAk; Fwpf;Fk; jd;ikg; ngah;. ahd; vd;gJ vd; vd;Wk; ahk; vd;gJ vk; vd;Wk; ehk; vd;gJ ek; vd;Wk; jphpe;j Ntw;Wik cUGfis Vw;Fk;.

Ntw;Wikg; Ntw;Wikg; Ntw;Wikg; Ntw;Wikg; ngah;ngah;ngah;ngah;

2 I2 I2 I2 I 3333 My;> My;> My;> My;> XLXLXLXL

4444 FFFF

5555 ,d;,d;,d;,d;

6666 mJmJmJmJ

7777 fz;fz;fz;fz;

ahd; vd;id

vd;NdhL vd;dhy; vk;nkhL vk;khy;

vdf;F

vd;dpd; vdJ

vd;dplk;

ehd;> ahd; - jd;ik ngah; ehq;fs;> ahfq;fs; - jd;ik gd;ik ngah; 10. Kd;dpiy ngahKd;dpiy ngahKd;dpiy ngahKd;dpiy ngah; :

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PH – 04146 -226417

NgRNthhpd; nrhy;iyAk; Kd;dpd;W Nfl;NghiuAk; mtd; rhh;e;NjhiuAk; czh;j;jp tUk; ngah; Kd;dpiyg; ngah;. eP Kd;dpiy xUikg;ngah; ePq;fs;> ePah;> vy;yh;> ePtph; Kd;dpiyg; gz;ikg; ngah;fs; eP vd;gJ epd; vd;Wk; ePh; vd;gJ Ek; vd;Wk; ePq;fs; vd;gJ Eqfs; vd;Wk; jphpe;J Ntw;Wik cUGfis Vw;Fk;.

Ntw;Wikg; Ntw;Wikg; Ntw;Wikg; Ntw;Wikg; ngah;ngah;ngah;ngah;

2222 3333 4444 5555 6666 7777

eP epd;id

epd;NdhL epd;dhy;

epidf;F

epd;dpd; epdJ

epd;dplk;

eP cd;id

cd;ndhL cd;dhy;

cdf;F

cd;dpd; cdJ

cd;dplk;

eP Ek;ik

Ek;nkhU Ek;khy;

Ekf;F Ek;kpd; EkJ Ek;kplk;

glh;f;if ngahglh;f;if ngahglh;f;if ngahglh;f;if ngah; jk;ik> Kd;diy xope;j ngah;fs; vy;yhk; glh;f;ifg; ngah;fs;. ,JTk; xUik gd;id vd 2 tifg;gLk;. uhrd; ,y;yk; - glh;f;if xUikg; ngah; gRf;fs;> kdpjh;fs; - glh;f;ifg; gd;ikg; ngah; jhd; vd;gJ jk; vd;Wk; jhk; vd;gJ jk; vd;Wk; jphpe;J Ntw;Wik cUGfis Vw;Fk;.

Ntw;Wikg; ngah; 2 3 4 5 6 7 jhd; jd;

id jdf;F jd;dp

d; jdJ jd;dpl

k; jd;dhy;

jhd; jk;ik

jk;nkhL

jkf;F jk;kpd; jkJ jk;kplk;

ngah;nrhngah;nrhngah;nrhngah;nrhy;y;y;y; ,jpy; ,uz;L ngah;fs; cz;L. ,jid ,LFwpg;ngah; kw;Wk; fhuzg;ngah; vd;gh;. ,LFwpg;ngah,LFwpg;ngah,LFwpg;ngah,LFwpg;ngah; : ,LFwpg;ngah; vd;gJ fhuzkpd;wp Kd;Ndhh; toq;fpa ngah;. ,jid ,LFwpg;nghJg;ngah; kw;Wk; ,LFwp rpwg;G ngah; vd;gth;. ,LFwpg; nghJg; ngah;. Kd;Ndhh; fhuzkpd;wp toq;fpa ngah;. (v.fh.) kz;> kiy> kL> fy; ,LFwp rpwg;Gg; ngah;. kz;zpy;> nrk;kz;> tz;ly;> fspkz; vd tifg;gLk; ,LFwp rpwg;Gg; ngah; vd;gh;. kuk;- ,LFwp rpwg;G ngah; vd;gh;. njd;id kuk; mtw;wpy; rpwg;Gg; ngw;wJ. xU tif kuj;jpw;F kl;LNk itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid ,LFwp rpwg;Gg; ngah; vd;gh;. (v.fh) njd;id> tapW> gy;> fhy;> if fhuzg; ngahfhuzg; ngahfhuzg; ngahfhuzg; ngah;: xU nghUSf;F ngah; itf;f rpwg;ghd fhuzk; ,Ue;jhy; mjid fhuzg; ngah; vd;gh;. (v.fh) gwit gwf;fpd;w fhuzj;jhy; mJ gwit vd;W ngah;. fhuzg; nghJg; ngahfhuzg; nghJg; ngahfhuzg; nghJg; ngahfhuzg; nghJg; ngah; : fhfk;> Fapy;> ehw;fhyp. fhuzg; rpwg;Gg; ngahfhuzg; rpwg;Gg; ngahfhuzg; rpwg;Gg; ngahfhuzg; rpwg;Gg; ngah; : tpidapy; vd;gJ rpwg;ghd xd;iwf; Fwpg;gpLk; (tisak; vd;gJ nghJthdJ) tisay; vd;gJ fhuzr; rpwg;G ngaUf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L. tpidr;nrhy;tpidr;nrhy;tpidr;nrhy;tpidr;nrhy; :

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PH – 04146 -226417

xU njhopy; epfo;tijf; Fwpg;gJ tpidr;nrhy; vdg;gLk;. tpidr;nrhy; fhyj;ijf; fhl;Lk;. (v.fh) ML> gb> el> ghL ,ilr;nrhy,ilr;nrhy,ilr;nrhy,ilr;nrhy; E}iyg; gbj;jhd; - I (Ntw;Wik cUG) kf;fs; kfpo;e;jdh; - mh; (tpFjp) Njd; Nghd;w nkhop - Nghd;w (ctk cUG) mt;tPL> ,J - m>,> (Rl;nlOj;Jf;fs;) czTk;> cilAk; - ck; (ck;ik) gbj;jhah? - M (tpdh vOj;J) FwNs rpwe;jJ - V (Vfhuk;) NkNy cs;s nrhw;nwhlh;fis kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gbj;Jg; ghh;j;jhy;. I> mh; Nghd;w m>,> ck;> M> V vd;git jdpj;J tuhky; ngah;r; nrhw;fisAk; tpidr; nrhw;fisAk; jkf;F ,lkhff; nfhz;L te;Js;sd. ,jid ,ilr;nrhy; vd;W toq;fyhk;. ,ilr;nrhw;fshf tUtd : ,ilr;nrhw;fshf tUtd : ,ilr;nrhw;fshf tUtd : ,ilr;nrhw;fshf tUtd : Ntw;Wik cUGfs;> ctk cUGfs;> Rl;L vOj;Jf;fs;> tpdh vOj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; Vfhuk;> xfhuk; ck;ik Nghd;wit ,ilr; nrhw;fshf tUk;. chpr;nrhychpr;nrhychpr;nrhychpr;nrhy; rhyg; nghpJ (kpfg; nghpaJ) - rhy cW nghUs; (kpFe;j nghUs;) - cW jtr;rpwpJ (kpfTk; rpwpJ) - jt edp Ngrpdhd; (kpFjpahfg; Ngrpdhd;) - edp ,Lk;ig $h; tapW (Jd;gk; kpf;f tapW) - $h; fop ctif (kpFe;j kfpo;r;rp) - fop Nkw;fz;l nrhw;nwhlh;fspy; cs;s rhy> cW> jt> edp> $h;> fop vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; kpFjp> vd;Dk; Fzj;ij czh;j;jp ngah;> tpidfSf;F chpik gz;L te;Js;sd. ,t;thW ngah;> tpidr; nrhw;fisr; rhh;e;J> mtw;wpd; Fzj;ij czh;j;jp tUk; nrhw;fs; chpr;nrhw;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,it xU Fzk; jOtpa chpr; nrhy; gyFzk; jOtpa chpr;nrhy; vd ,Utifg;gLk;. rhy> cW> jt> edp> $h;> fop vd;gd kpFjp vd;Dk; xU nghUisNa czh;j;Jtd. vdNt ,it xU Fzk; jOtpa gy chpr;nrhw;fs; MFk;. fb efh; - fhty; cila efuk; fb Nty; - $h;ikahd Nty; fb tpLtJk; - tpiuthf tpLjk; fb KuR - Mh;f;Fk; KuR fb fhw;W - kpFjpahd fhw;W fb kyh; - kzk; cs;s kyh;

81


PH – 04146 -226417

Nkw;fz;l njhlh;fspy; cs;s fb vd;Dk; chpr;nrhy; fhty;> $h;ik> tpiuT> Mh;j;jy;> kpFjp> kzk; vd;Dk; gy nghUl;fis czh;j;Jfpd;wJ. vdNt fb vd;gJ gy Fzk; jOtpa Xh; chpr;nrhy; MFk;. njhifepiyj; njhlh; njhifepiyj; njhlh; njhifepiyj; njhlh; njhifepiyj; njhlh; ngah;r;nrhy;NyhL tpidr;nrhy;Yk;> ngah;r;nrhy;Yk; NrUk; njhlhpy; ,ilapy; Ntw;Wik cUGfNsh> tpid gz;G Kjypatw;wpd; cUGfNsh njhf;fp (kiwe;j) epw;Fkhdhdy; mjid njhif epiyj; njhlh; vd;gh;. ,jid RUf;fkhfj; njhif vd;gh;. ,it MW tifg;gLk;. tpidr; nrhy;NyhL tpidr; nrhy; Nrh;e;J njhifepiy njhlh; miktjpy;iy. 1. Ntw;Wikj; njhif : I> My;> F> ,d;> mJ> fz; 1. Ntw;Wikj; njhif : I> My;> F> ,d;> mJ> fz; 1. Ntw;Wikj; njhif : I> My;> F> ,d;> mJ> fz; 1. Ntw;Wikj; njhif : I> My;> F> ,d;> mJ> fz; xU njhlhpy; Ntw;Wik cUG kiwe;J te;J nghUs; czh;j;Jtij Ntw;Wikj; njhif vd;gh;. ghy; mUe;jpdhd; (I) - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif jiy tzq;fpdhd; (My;) - %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif gs;sp nrd;whd; (F) - ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif rpiw ePq;fpdhd; (,d;) – Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif mofd; E}y; (mJ) – Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif kiyNth; (fz;) - Vohk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif 2. cUGk;> gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif 2. cUGk;> gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif 2. cUGk;> gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif 2. cUGk;> gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif xU njhlhpy; Ntw;Wik cUGk;> mjd; nghUis tpsf;Fk; gaDk; Nrh;e;J kiwe;J tUtJ cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhif vdg;gLk;. ,JTk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifNa MFk;. Njh;g;ghfd; - Njiu Xl;Lk; ghfd;) ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif. nghd; tisay; - (nghd;dhy; nra;j tisay;) %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhif. Foha;j; jz;zPh; - Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhif. fhl;Lg;Gyp – (fhl;bd;fz; thOk; Gyp) Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;fj; njhif. (Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifapy; gad;jUk; nrhy; kiwe;J tUtjpy;iy). 3.3.3.3. tpidj; njhif tpidj; njhif tpidj; njhif tpidj; njhif ,it %d;W fhyKk; ,uz;L nrhw;fSf;F ,ilNa kiwe;jpUf;Fk;. tpidj; njhifapy; ,uz;L nrhw;fNs ,Uf;Fk;. Kjypy; ,Uf;Fk; nrhy; xU tpidr; nrhy;. ,uz;lhtJ nrhy; ngah;r;nrhy;yhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,ijf; nfhz;L tpidj; njhifia mwpe;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. v.fh. RLNrhW> ,yq;F E}y;> CWfha;> gha;Gdy;> RLfpd;w NrhW - epfo;fhyk; Rl;l NrhW - ,we;jfhyk; RLk; NrhW - vjph;fhyk; ,jid fhyk; fle;j nganur;rk; vdyhk;. 4.4.4.4. gz;Gj; njhif gz;Gj; njhif gz;Gj; njhif gz;Gj; njhif ,it ik tpFjp kiwe;J tUtJ gz;Gj; njhif vd;Wk; nfhs;syhk;. v.fh : Nrtb> nrq;fz;> neLq;fly;> %J}h;> jz;japh;> ige;njhb> ntz;rpiy> ehw;gil ed;ik> jPik - Fzj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; tl;lk;> rJuk; - cUtj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; ePyk;> gRik - epwj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; xd;W> gj;J - vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpf;Fk; 5.5.5.5. ctikj; njhifctikj; njhifctikj; njhifctikj; njhif

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PH – 04146 -226417

,it Kjypy; ,uz;L nrhy; cs;s njhif jhdh vd;gij mwpe;j nfhs;Sq;fs;. Kjypy; ,Uf;Fk; nrhy; Xh; ctikr; nrhy;yhf ,Ue;jhy; mJ ctikj; njhifNa (ghidtha; vd;gjpy; ghid vd;gJ ctik). me;j ctikr; nrhy;iy mLj;J Nghd;w vd;w nrhy; kiwe;jpUf;Fk;. (ghid tha; - ghid Nghd;w tha; vd;W ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;). v.fh: kjpKfk;> kyub> Jbapil> fkyf;fz;> fdptha;> Njd;nkhop> fy;tpop> khd;tpop> ,bKuR. 6.6.6.6. ck;ikj; njhif ck;ikj; njhif ck;ikj; njhif ck;ikj; njhif ,uz;L nrhw;fSf;F ,ilapy; “ck;” vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; njhf;fp tUtJ ck;ikj; njhif vdg;gLk;. ehL efh; vd;gJ ehLk; efUk; vdg; nghUs; jUk; Mjypy; ,r;nrhw;fis ,izf;Fk; nrhy;yhfpa “ck;” kiwe;J te;jhy; mJ ck;ikj; njhif vdg;gLk;. (v.fh) ,uT gfy; - ,uTk; gfYk; fhL fiu - fhLk; fiuAk; ,d;gJd;gk; - ,d;gKk; Jd;gKk; NkLgs;sk; - NkLk; gs;sKk; fgpyguzh; - fgpyUk; guzUk; tPL thry; - tPLk; thrYk; jha; je;ij> eiu jpiu> fha;fwp> mz;zd;> jk;gp> ghy;gok;. Ntw;Wikj; njhif :Ntw;Wikj; njhif :Ntw;Wikj; njhif :Ntw;Wikj; njhif : ghpjp nfhLj;jhd; ghpjpf;F nfhLj;jhd; Kjy; njhlh; ghpjp vd;gtd; NtW xUtDf;F xU nghUisf; nfhLj;jhd; vd;Dk; nghUis czh;j;JfpwJ. ,j;njhlhpd; gb nghUisf; nfhLj;jtd; ghpjp” vd;W MfpwJ. - ,j;njhlhpy; NtWghL vjdhy; Vw;gl;lJ?

,uz;lhtJ njhlhpy; ghpjp ghpjp ghpjp ghpjp vd;Dk; ngah; nrhy;Yld; F Nrh;j;jhy; nghUs; NtWgl;L epw;fpwJ. ,t;thW ngah;r;nrhy;ypd; nghUs; NtWgLtij Ntw;Wik vd;gh; ,t;thW nghUs; Ntw;Wikia cz;lhf;Fk; FFFF Nghd;wit cUGfs; vdg;gLk;.

Ntw;Wik vl;L tifg;gLk;. mit Kjy; Ntw;Wik> ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik> %d;whk; Ntw;Wik> ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik> Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik> Mwhk; Ntw;Wik> Vohk; Ntw;Wik> vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik vd;gdthFk;.

Kjy; Ntw;WikKjy; Ntw;WikKjy; Ntw;WikKjy; Ntw;Wik

jhkiu ghbdhs; ,j;njhlhpy; ‘jhkiu’ vd;Dk; ngah;r;nrhy; vOtha; MFk;. ,J ‘ghbdhs;’ vd;Dk; tpidr; nrhy;iyg; gadpiyahfg; ngw;W nghUs; jUk; NghJ vt;tpj NtWghLkpd;wp> ,ay;ghf epw;fpwJ. ,t;thW xU njhlhpy;> xU ngah;r;nrhy; ,ay;ghf te;J vOthahfpg; nghUs; jUkhapd;> mJ Kjy;Ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;. ,jid vOtha; Ntw;Wik vd;gh; Kjy; Ntw;Wik (vOtha; Ntw;Wik) tpidKw;W ngah;r;nrhy;> tpidr;nrhy; Mfpatw;Ws; xd;iwg; gadpiyahff; nfhz;L KbAk;.

� Mjtd; vOjpdhd; (tpidKw;iwg; gadpiyahff; nfhz;L Kbj;Js;sJ). � ,skjp vd; kfd; (ngaiug; gadpiyahff; nfhz;L Kbe;Js;sJ).

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PH – 04146 -226417

� fiyaurp vd;gth; ahh;? (tpdhr; nrhy;iyg; gadpiyahy; ngw;W Kbe;Js;sJ). Kjy; Ntw;Wikf;F cUG ,y;iy. ,J fUj;jhg; nghUis czh;j;jp tUk;.

,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik

Nfhij ghiyf; Fbj;jhs;. ,j;njhlhpy; ‘Nfhij’ vd;gJ vOtha;> ,/J ,ay;ghf mike;j ngah;r;nrhy;. Nfhij Fbj;j ‘ghy;’ vd;Dk; ngah;r;nrhy;Ny>‘I’ vd;Dk; cUig Vw;W> ghiy vd;Dk; nrag;gLnghUis czh;j;JfpwJ. ‘I’ vd;gJ ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUghFk;. xU ngah;r;nrhy; nghUisr; nrag;gL nghUshf NtWgLj;JtJ ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;. ,jidr; nrag;gLnghUs; Ntw;Wik vd;Wk; toq;Fth;. Mf;fy;> mopj;jy;> milj;jy;> ePj;jy;> xj;jy;> cilik vd;Dk; MW tifapdthf ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik (nrag;gLnghUs; Ntw;Wik) mikAk;. mofd; rpiy(iar;) nra;jhd; - Mf;fy; tstd; gif(tiu) ntd;whd; - mopj;jy; ,sturp tPL(il) mile;jhs; - miljy; fz;zd; rpdk;(j;ij) tpLj;jhd; - ePf;Fjy; (ePj;jy;) vopyd; fhisiag; Nghd;wts; - xj;jy; (vopyd; fhis) fhh; Nkfk; nry;t(k;)j;ij cilatd; - cilik %d;whk; Ntw;Wik%d;whk; Ntw;Wik%d;whk; Ntw;Wik%d;whk; Ntw;Wik

jkpohy; cah;epiy fpl;baJ mwj;jhd; tUtNj ,d;gk; fbjj;NjhL gzKk; te;jJ. jiytNuhL njhz;lUk; te;jdh;. Nkw;fz;l njhlh;fspy; ngah;r;nrhw;fNshL Nrh;e;Js;s My;> Md;> xL> XL vd;Dk; cUGfs; %d;whk; Ntw;Wikf;F chpa cUGfshFk;. ,it ngah;r;nrhy;ypd; nghUisf; fUtpg; nghUshfTk;> fUj;jhg; nghUshfTk; cldpfo;r;rpg; nghUshfTk; NtWgLj;Jfpd;wd. fUtpg; nghUs;fUtpg; nghUs;fUtpg; nghUs;fUtpg; nghUs;

Ngdhthy; vOjpdhd; - vOJtjw;Fg; Ngdh fUtpahf ,Ue;jJ vd;gij czh;j;JfpwJ. mwj;jhd; tUtNj ,d;gk; - ,d;gk; tUtjw;F mwNk fUtp vd;gij ,j;njhlh; czh;j;JfpwJ. ,r;nraYf;F ,J fUtpahf ,Ue;jJ vd;gij tpsf;Ftjw;fhfg; ngah;r; nrhw;fSld; ‘My;’‘Md;’ vd;Dk; cUGfs; ,izj;Js;sd. ,JNt fUtpg; nghUspy; mike;j %d;whk; Ntw;WikahFk;. fUj;jhg; nghUs;fUj;jhg; nghUs;fUj;jhg; nghUs;fUj;jhg; nghUs;

nry;te;juhy; tPL fl;lg;gl;lJ. tPL fl;l nry;te;jh;. fUj;jthf> ,Ue;jhh; vd;gijr; ‘nry;te;jh;’ vd;Dk; nrhy;NyhL ‘My;’ cUG Nrh;e;J czh;j;JfpwJ. vdNt ,J fUj;jhg; nghUs; MFk;. Gjpa tPl;ilr; nry;te;jh; jhNk fl;ltpy;iy. chpa gzpahl;fis Vtp tPl;ilf; fl;b Kbj;jhh; vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs;. vdNt nry;te;jh; ‘VTjw;fUj;jh’ Mthh;. jr;ruhy; fl;by; nra;ag;gl;lJ. jr;rh; jhNk Kad;W fUtpfisf; nfhz;L fl;biyr; nra;J Kbj;Js;shh;. vdNt jr;rh; ,aw;Wjy; fh;j;jh Mthh;.

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,t;thW fUj;jh vd;gJ VTjw; fUj;jh kw;Wk; ,aw;Wjy; fUj;jh vd ,Utifg;gLk;. cldpfo;r;rpg; nghUs;cldpfo;r;rpg; nghUs;cldpfo;r;rpg; nghUs;cldpfo;r;rpg; nghUs;

fbjj;NjhL gzKk; te;jJ. ,j;njhlhpy; cs;s ‘XL’ vd;Dk; cUG fbjKk; gzKk; cld; te;jij czh;j;JfpwJ. jiytNuhL njhz;lUk; te;jdh;. ,j;njhlhpy; cs;s ‘XL’ vd;Dk; cUG ,UtUk; ,ize;J te;jdh; vdg; nghUs; jUfpwJ. ,t;thW xL> XL vd;Dk; cUGfs; ngah;r;nrhy;ypd; nghUis cld; epfo;Tg; nghUshf fhl;Ltjhy; “cldpfo;r;rpg; nghUs;” vdg;gLk;. nrhy;YUGfs;nrhy;YUGfs;nrhy;YUGfs;nrhy;YUGfs;

%d;whk; Ntw;Wikf;F My;> Md;> xL> XL vd;gtdtw;Wld; NtW rpy nrhw;fSk; cUGfshf miktJ cz;L. mtw;iw nrhy;YUGfs; vd;gh; Crp nfhz;L ijj;jhd; ,b kpd;dYld; kio nghope;jJ. ,j;njhlh;fspy; mike;Js;s ‘nfhz;L’ cld; vd;git %d;whk; Ntw;Wikapd; nrhy;YUGfshFk;. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik Nehgy; ghpR jh$Uf;F toq;fg; ngw;wJ. jha; Foe;ijf;F czT Cl;bdhs;. ,j;njhlh;fspy; jh$h;> Foe;ij vd;Dk; ngah;r;nrhw;fs; ‘F’ vd;Dk; cUigNaw;W nghUs; NtWghl;il czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikf;F chpa cUG ‘F’ ,J Nfhlw;nghUis czh;j;JfpwJ. nfhLg;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;tJ ‘Nfhly;’ MFk;. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik czh;j;Jk; Nfhlw; nghUshdJ nfhil> gif> Neh;r;rp> jFjp> mJthjy; nghUl;L Kiw vd VO tifg;gLk;. kd;dd; Gyth;f;Fg; ghprspj;jhd; - nfhil Gifj;jy; kdpjDf;Fg; gif - gif ghhpf;F ez;gh; fgpyh; - Neh;r;rp (el;G) fz;Zf;F mzpfyd; fz;Nzhl;lk; - jFjp japUf;Fg; ghy; thq;fpdhd; - mJthjy; ehl;bd; tpLjiyf;Fg; ghLgl;ldh; - nghUl;L tstDf;Fj; jq;if tsh;kjp - Kiw nrhy;YUGfs;nrhy;YUGfs;nrhy;YUGfs;nrhy;YUGfs;

gzj;jpw;fhfj; jPait nra;Nay; jiyth; nghUl;Lr; nrayhsh; Ngrpdhh; ,tw;wpy; cs;s ‘Mfp’‘nghUl;L’ vd;git ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikf;Fhpa nrhy;YUGfshFk;. Ie;jhk; Ntw;WikIe;jhk; Ntw;WikIe;jhk; Ntw;WikIe;jhk; Ntw;Wik

nfhilapy; rpwe;jtd; Fkzd; xOf;fj;jpd; va;Jth; Nkd;ik ,j;njhlh;fspy; cs;s nfhil> xOf;fk; vd;Dk; ngah;r; nrhy;Yld; ,y;> ,d; vd;Dk; cUGfs; Nrh;e;J nghUis NtWgLj;Jfpd;wd. ,/J Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik MFk;. ‘,y;’>‘,d;’ vd;gd Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikf;Fhpa cUGfshFk;. ,it ePq;fy;> xg;G> vy;iy>VJ (fhuzk;) vd;Dk; ehd;F nghUl;fis czh;j;jp tUk;. jiyapd; ,ope;j kaph; - ePq;fy;

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flypd; tphpe;j GfOilath; - xg;G godpahd; fpof;F kJiu - vy;iy tPiz thrpg;gjpy; ty;ytd; - VJ nrhy;YUGfs;nrhy;YUGfs;nrhy;YUGfs;nrhy;YUGfs;

Ntyd; ChpypUe;J te;jhh;. ntz;zpyh Nkfj;jpdpd;W ntspg;gl;lJ. kd;didtplf; fw;NwhNu rpwg;Gilah; jkpiof; fhl;bYk; Ritahd nkhopAz;Nlh! ,j;njhlh;fspYs;s ,Ue;J epd;W tpl fhl;bYk; vd;git Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikf;F chpa nrhy;YUGfshFk;. Mwhk; Ntw;WikMwhk; Ntw;WikMwhk; Ntw;WikMwhk; Ntw;Wik

fgpyuJ ghl;L vdhJ if vd iffs; ,j;njhlh;fspy; ‘mJ> MJ> m’ vd;Dk; cUGfs; ngah;r; nrhy;iyr; Nrh;e;J epd;W nghUs; NtWghl;il czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,t;thW tUtJ Mwhk; Ntw;WikahFk; ,J fpoikg; nghUspy; tUk; (fpoik chpik) Mwhk; Ntw;Wikf;F chpa cUGfs;: mJ> MJ> m. nrhy;YUGfs;nrhy;YUGfs;nrhy;YUGfs;nrhy;YUGfs;

ez;gUila ,y;yk; MrphpaUila ,Uf;if ,j;njhlh;fspYs;s ‘cila’ vd;gJ Mwhk; Ntw;Wikf;F chpa nrhy;YUGfshFk;. Vohk; Ntw;WikVohk; Ntw;WikVohk; Ntw;WikVohk; Ntw;Wik

tPl;by; Nrhiy cs;sJ kiyf;fz; %ypif gpwhplk; gif nfhs;shNj khzth;fSs; nropaNd rpwe;jtd; jiyNkYs;s Rik NkNy fz;l njhlh;fspy; tPL> kiy> gpwh; khzth;fs;> jiy vd;Dk; ngah; nrhw;fSld; ‘,y;’ fz;> ,lk;> cs;> Nky; vd;Dk; cUGfs; Nrh;e;J nghUs; NtWghl;ilj; jUfpd;wd. ,/J Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; MFk;. ,t;Ntw;Wik ,lg;nghUis czh;j;Jk;. (Ie;jhk;Ntw;Wikapy; ‘,y;’ xg;Gg; nghUspYk; VJg; nghUspYk; tUk;. Vohk;Ntw;Wikapy; ,lg;nghUspy; kl;Lk; tUk;. ‘,y;’ cUig tpid Kbitf; nfhz;L Ntw;Wikg; nghUis mwpa Ntz;Lk; (v.L) gzk; ngl;bapy; ,Uf;fpwJ - ,lg;nghUs; (Vohk; Ntw;Wik) gzj;ijg; ngl;bapypUe;J vLj;jhd; - ePq;fy; nghUs; (Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik). vl;lhk; Ntw;Wikvl;lhk; Ntw;Wikvl;lhk; Ntw;Wikvl;lhk; Ntw;Wik

fe;jh> tUf ,j;njhlhpy; ‘fe;jd;’ vd;Dk; ngah;r;nrhy; tpspf;fg;gLk; NghJ ‘fe;jh’ vd <w;nwOj;J nfl;L><w;way; ePz;L xypf;fpwJ. ,t;thW ngah;r; nrhy; tpspj;jy;> nghUspy; NtWgl;L tUtJ vl;lhk;Ntw;Wik MFk;. ,jid tpsp Ntw;Wik vd;gh;. glh;f;ifapy; cs;s nghUis Kd;dpiyg; nghUshf miof;f ,t;Ntw;Wik gad;gLfpwJ. cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhifcUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhifcUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhifcUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhif

ePh;f;Flk;

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,j;njhlh; ‘ePiu cila Flk;’ vd tphpe;J nghUs; czh;j;Jfpd;wJ. ePh;> Flk; vd;Dk; nrhw;fSf;F ,ilNa ‘I’ vd;Dk;Ntw;Wik cUGk; ‘cila’ vd;Dk; tpsf;Fk; gaDk; kiwe;J te;Js;sd. ,t;thW xU njhlhpy; Ntw;Wik cUGk;> mjd; nghUis tpsf;Fk; gaDk; kiwe;J tUtJ cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhif vdg;gLk;. ePh;f;Flk;ePh;f;Flk;ePh;f;Flk;ePh;f;Flk; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif. kl;ghidkl;ghidkl;ghidkl;ghid - %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif. $ypNtis$ypNtis$ypNtis$ypNtis - ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif. njhl;bj;jz;zPh;njhl;bj;jz;zPh;njhl;bj;jz;zPh;njhl;bj;jz;zPh; - Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;

cld;njhf;f njhif. tPl;Lg; G+idtPl;Lg; G+idtPl;Lg; G+idtPl;Lg; G+id - Vohk; Ntw;WikcUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif. (Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifapy; gad; jUk; nrhy; kiwe;J tUtjpy;iy) tpidj; njhiftpidj; njhiftpidj; njhiftpidj; njhif

RLNrhW> CWfha; RL> CW vd;git tpidg; gFjpfs;. ,it KiwNa NrhW> fha; vd;Dk; ngah;r; nrhw;fNshL Nrh;e;J fhyj;ij ntspg;gLj;jhj nganur;rq;fshapd. ,g;ngaur;rq;fspy; fhyk; fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyfs; njhf;fp ,Uf;fpd;wd. NkYk; ,it Rl;l NrhW> RLfpw NrhW> RLk; NrhW vdTk; ‘Cwpa fha;> CWfpw fha;> CWk; fha;’ vdTk; Kf;fhyj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;Jk; gb tphpe;J nghUs; jUfpd;wd. ,t;thW fhyk; fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyAk;> nganur;r tpFjpAk; kiwe;J tUk; nganur;rk; ‘tpidj;njhif’ vdg;gLk;. fhyk; fle;j nganur;rNk tpidj;njhif MFk;. gz;Gj;njhifgz;Gj;njhifgz;Gj;njhifgz;Gj;njhif

fUq;Ftis - fUikahd Ftis tl;lg;ghiw - tl;lkhd ghiw ,d;Rit - ,dpikahd Rit ,j;njhlh;fspYs;s fUik> tl;lk;> ,dpait vd;gd gz;Gg; ngah;fs; Ftis> ghiw> Rit vd;git gz;G ngaiuj; jOtp epw;Fk; ngah;r;nrhw;fs;. ,t;tpuz;bw;Fk; ,ilapy; ‘Mfpa’‘Md’ vd;Dk; gz;GUGfs; njhf;fp te;jd. mtw;Wld; ‘ik’ tpFjpAk; kiwe;J te;Js;sJ. gz;Gg; ngaUf;Fk; mJ jOtp epw;Fk; ngah;r;nrhy;Yf;Fk; ,ilNa ‘ik’ vd;Dk; gz;G tpFjpAk;> Mfpa ‘Md’ vd;Dk; gz;G cUGfSk; kiwe;J tUtJ gz;Gj; njhif vdg;gLk; ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif.,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif.,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif.,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif. gidkuk;gidkuk;gidkuk;gidkuk;

,j;njhlh; ‘gidahfpa kuk;’ vd tphpfpwJ. ‘kuk;’ vd;gJ midj;J kuq;fisAk; Rl;Lk; nghJg; ngauhFk;. ‘gid’ vd;gJ gy kuq;fSs; xd;whfpa kuj;ijf; Fwpg;ghfr; Rl;Ltjhy; rpwg;Gg; ngauhFk;. ,ilapy; ‘Mfpa’ vd;Dk; gz;GUG kiwe;Js;sJ. rpwg;Gg; ngah; Kd;Dk;> nghJg; ngah; gpd;Dk; epd;W ,ilapy; ‘Mfpa’ vd;Dk; gz;G cUG njhf;fp tUtJ ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj; njhif vdg;gLk;. ctikj; njhifctikj; njhifctikj; njhifctikj; njhif

kyh;f;if ,j;njhlh; ‘kyh; Nghd;w if’ vdg;nghUs; jUfpwJ.

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kyh; - ctik if(nghUs;) ctNkak; ,ilNa Nghd;w vd;Dk; ctk cUG kiwe;Js;sJ. ctikf;Fk;> nghUSf;Fk; (ctNkaj;jpw;Fk;) ,ilapy; Nghy> Nghd;w> epfu md;dvd;Dk; ctk cUGfSs; xd;W njhf;fp epw;f tUtJ ctikj; njhif vdg;gLk;. ck;ikj; njhifck;ikj; njhifck;ikj; njhifck;ikj; njhif

ntw;wpiy ghf;F> cw;whh; cwtpdh; ,j;njhlh;fs; ‘ntw;wpiyAk; ghf;Fk;’>‘cw;whUk; cwtpdUk;’ vd tphpe;J nghUis czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,ilapNyh> ,WjpapNyh ‘ck;’ vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; ,y;iy kiwe;J epd;W nghUis czh;j;Jfpd;wJ. ,U nrhw;fSf;F ,ilapYk; ,WjpapYk; ‘ck;’ vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; njhf;fp tUtJ ck;ikj; njhif vdg;gLk;. md;nkhopj; njhifmd;nkhopj; njhifmd;nkhopj; njhifmd;nkhopj; njhif

nghw;nwhb te;jhs; (njhb – tisay;) ,j;njhlhpy; Kjypy; cs;s ‘nghw;nwhb’ vd;Dk; nrhy; ‘nghd;dhy; Md tisay;’ vd;Dk; nghUisj; jUk; %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhifahFk;. ,j;njhlh; ‘te;jhs;’ vd;Dk; tpidr; nrhy;iy jOtp epw;gjhy; ‘nghd;dhy; Md tisaiy mzpe;j ngz; te;jhs;’ vdg; nghUs; jUfpwJ. ‘mzpe;j ngz;’ vd;gJ njhlhpy; ,y;yhj nkhopahFk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifia mLj;J my;yhj nkhop njhf;fp epw;gjhy;> ,j;njhlh; Ntw;Wikj;njhifg; Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj; njhif vdg;gLk;. Ntw;Wik> tpid> gz;G> ctik> ck;ik Mfpa njhif epiyj; njhlh;fSf;Fg; Gwj;Nj my;yhj rpy nkhopfs; njhf;fp epd;W nghUs; jUtJ md;nkhopj; njhif MFk ;. rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;

fay;tpop Ngrpdhs; kyh;if te;jhs;

njhfh epiyj; njhlh;njhfh epiyj; njhlh;njhfh epiyj; njhlh;njhfh epiyj; njhlh;

mwpturd; gbj;jhd;> Fapy; $tpaJ. Kjy; njhlhpy; ‘mwpturd;’ vd;Dk; vOthAk; ‘gbj;jhd;’ vd;Dk; gadpiyAk; njhlh;e;J epd;W nghUs; czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,uz;lhtJ njhlhpYk;> vOthAk; gadpiyAk; njhlh;e;J epd;W ‘Fapy; $tpaJ’ vd;Dk; nghUisj; jUfpd;wd. xU njhlh; nkhopapy; ,U nrhw;fs; ,Ue;J> mtw;wpd; ,ilapy; nrhy;Nyh> cUNgh kiwahJ nghUis czh;;j;JtJ ‘njhfhepiyj; njhlh;’ vdg;gLk;. epyT Njhd;wpaJepyT Njhd;wpaJepyT Njhd;wpaJepyT Njhd;wpaJ

,jpy; ‘epyT’ vd;Dk; vOthiaj; njhlh;e;J ‘Njhd;wpaJ’ vd;Dk; gadpiy mike;Js;sJ ,J vOtha;j; njhlh;. ez;gh! gbez;gh! gbez;gh! gbez;gh! gb

‘ez;gh’ vd;Dk; tpspg;ngah;> gb vd;Dk; gadpiyiaf; nfhz;L Kbe;Js;sJ. ,J tpspj;njhlh;. nrd;wdh; tPuh;nrd;wdh; tPuh;nrd;wdh; tPuh;nrd;wdh; tPuh;

tpidKw;W Kjypy; epd;W ngaiuj; njhlh;fpwJ. ,J tpidKw;Wj; njhlh; MFk;.

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gbj;j ghlk;gbj;j ghlk;gbj;j ghlk;gbj;j ghlk;

‘gbj;j’ vd;Dk; vr;rtpid ‘ghlk;’ vd;Dk; ngah;r; nrhy;iyf; nfhz;L Kbe;Js;sJ. ,J nganur;rj; njhlh; MFk;. Njbg; ghh;j;jhd;Njbg; ghh;j;jhd;Njbg; ghh;j;jhd;Njbg; ghh;j;jhd;

‘Njb’ vd;Dk; vr;rtpid ‘ghh;j;jhd;’ vd;Dk; tpidKw;iwf; nfhz;L Kbe;Js;sJ. ,J tpidnar;rj; njhlh; MFk;. nra;Ais vOjpdhd;nra;Ais vOjpdhd;nra;Ais vOjpdhd;nra;Ais vOjpdhd;

,j;njhlupy;‘I’ vd;Dk; Ntw;Wik cUG ntspg;gilahf epd;W nghUis czh;j;JfpwJ. ,J Ntw;Wikj; njhfh epiyj;njhlh; vdg;gLk;.

kw;Wg;gpw: kw;W + gpw –‘kw;W’ vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;iy mLj;Jg; ‘gpw’ vd;Dk; nrhy; epd;W nghUs; jUtjhy; ,J ,ilr;nrhy; njhlh; MFk;. rhy ed;W: ‘rhy’ vd;gJ chpr;nrhy;. ,ijj; njhlh;e;J ‘ed;W’ vd;Dk; nrhy; te;Js;sJ. ,J chpr;nrhy; njhlh; MFk;. ed;W ed;W ed;W: xNu nrhy; gy Kiw mLf;fp te;Js;sJ. ,J mLf;Fj; njhlh; MFk;. ,t;thW nkhj;jk; njhfhepiyj; njhlh;fs; xd;gJ tifg;gLk;. rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;frhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;frhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;frhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f

1. miyfly; vd;gJ .......................... m) gz;Gj; njhif M) tpidj; njhif ,) ck;ikj; njhif <) ctikj; njhif 2. nre;jkpo; vd;gJ ...................... m) ctikj; njhif M) tpidj; njhif ,) gz;Gj; njhif <) ck;ikj; njhif 3. kyh;f;if vd;gJ ................. m) Ntw;Wikj; njhif M) ctikj; njhif ,) ck;ikj; njhif <) gz;Gj; njhif 4. Nkhh;f;Flk; vd;gJ ................ m) ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif M) ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif ,) Vohk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif <) %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif 5. Nru> Nrho> ghz;bah; vd;gJ m) Ntw;Wikj;njhif M) ctikj;njhif ,) ck;ikj;njhif <) gz;Gj;njhif njhif epiyj; njhliuAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;ilAk; nghUj;Jf.

njhifepiyj;njhlh; tifnjhifepiyj;njhlh; tifnjhifepiyj;njhlh; tifnjhifepiyj;njhlh; tif vLj;Jf;fhl;L 1. Ntw;Wikj;njhif m. Fapyp te;jdd; 2. tpidj;njhif M. fUq;Fjpiu 3. gz;Gj;njhif ,. ,uTgfy; 4. ctikj;njhif <. CWfha; 5. ck;ikj;njhif c. jhkiu Kfk; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G

tapw;Wf;Fk; - ,opT rpwg;Gk;ik

gphpj;jwpjy;: nrtpf;FzT nrtpf;F + czT Nfl;f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W

gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;: Nfl;f - Nfs;(l;) + f.Nf - gFjp> s;> l; MdJ tpfhuk;> f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W.

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,Of;fy;> xOf;fk; - njhopw;ngah;fs;> Cw;Wf;Nfhy; - Cd;WNfhy; vd;gjd; typj;jy; tpfhuk;. Md;w - nganur;rk; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;

czh;e;J + j;(e;) + j; + c czh; - gFjp> j; - re;jp> j; - e; MdJ tpfhuk; c - tpidnar;r tpFjp Nfshj; jifaNt - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; mtpapDk; thopDk; - vz;Zk;ik

gphpj;jwpjy;: RitAzuh = Rit + czuh

thAzh;T = tha; + czh;T mw;wk; - njhopw;ngah;> mOf;fyhfh - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; XhP, - nrhy;ypirasngil> ca;g;gJ – tpidahyizAk; ngah;

nrd;w ,lj;jhy; - cUG kaf;fk; (Vod; cUG ,Uf;f Ntz;ba ,lj;jpy; %d;wd; cUG epd;wJ)

ahh;ahH; - mLf;Fj;njhlh; vz;nghUs;> Ez;nghUs; - gz;Gj;njhiffs;. nry - tpidnar;rk; joP, - nrhy;ypirasgil kyh;jy;> $k;gy; - njhopw;ngah;fs; kyh;jYk; $k;gYk; - vz;Zk;ik vt;tJiwtJ - tpidahyidAk; ngah; mt;tJiwtJ - njhopw;ngah; mwpfy;yhjth; - tpidahyizAk; ngah; mQ;RtJ - tpidahyizAk; ngah; mQ;rhik - vjph;kiwj; njhopw;ngah; mQ;ry; - njhopw;ngah; mwpthh; njhopy; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif mjpu - tpidnar;rk; cilahh;> ,yh; - Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wfs; mlq;fhik - vjph;kiwj;njhopw;ngah;> MhpUs; - gz;Gj;njhif fhf;f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W nghUsh - (nghUshf vd;gjd;) njhFj;jy; tpfhuk; mjdpD}cq;F - ,d;dpirasngil ngwpd; - nrapd; vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rk; mlq;fpahd; - tpidahyidAk; ngah; kiyapDk; - cah;T rpwg;Gk;ik vy;yhh;f;Fk; - Kw;Wk;ik gzpjy; - njhopw;ngah;

jifj;J - Fwpg;G tpidKw;W ed;wh - (ed;whFk;) njhFj;jy; tpfhuk; cilj;J - Fwpg;G tpidKw;W

,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G vOik> Ie;J - MFngah;fs; fhthf;fhy; - vjph;kiw tpidnar;rk; nghUl;ngah; - %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;

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cld; njhf;f njhif MDk; - MapDk; vd;gjd; tpfhuk; ed;W - (ed;ik) gz;Gg;ngah; Rl;lGz;> Rl;ltL - nganur;rq;fs; mlq;fy; - njhopw;ngah; Mw;Wthd; - tpidahyidAk; ngah; xOf;fk; - njhopw;ngah; gLk; - nra;Ak; vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpidKw;W fhf;f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W ghpe;J> njhpe;J - tpidnar;rq;fs; ,ope;j gpwg;G - nganur;rk; nfLk; - nrAk; vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L tpidKw;W nfhsy; - my;<w;Wj; njhopw;ngah; cilahd; - tpidahyidAk; ngah; cuNthh; - tpidahyidAk; ngah; va;jhg; gop - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; va;Jth; - glh;f;if gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W

gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;: va;Jth; - va;J + t; + mh; va;J - gFjp> t;-vjph;fhy ,ilepiy mh; - glh;f;if gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp ey;nyhOf;fk;> jPnahOf;fk; - gz;Gj;njhiffs; nghWj;jy; - njhopw;ngah; mfo;thh;> ,fo;thh; - tpidahyidAk; ngah;fs;. gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;

mfo;thh; - mfo; + t; + Mh; mfo;> gFjp> t; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp

kwj;jy; nghWj;jy; - njhopw;ngah;fs; ed;W - Fwpg;G tpidKw;W

gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;: kwj;jy; - kw + j; + j; + my; kw - gFjp> j; - re;jp> j; - ,ilepiy my; - njhopw;ngah; tpFjp. tpUe;J - gz;ghFngah;> xuhy;> nghiw - njhopw;ngah;fs; ePq;fhik - vjph;kiwj; njhopw;ngah; Nghw;wp - tpidnar;rk; xWj;jhh; - tpidahyidAk; ngah; nghjpe;J - tpidnar;rk; itahh; - tpidKw;W gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;

itg;gh; - it + g; + g; + mh; it - gFjp> g; - re;jp> g; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp. xWj;jhh;> nghWj;jhh; - tpidahyidak; ngah;fs;

gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;

xWj;jhh; - xW + j; + j; + Mh;. xW gFjp j; - re;jp> j; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp jw;gpwh; - Vohk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif

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nra;apDk; - ,opT rpwg;Gk;ik nehe;J - tpidnar;rk; mwd;> jpwd; - <w;Wg;Nghypfs; nra;jhiu - tpidahyidAk; ngah; tply; - my; <w;W tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W ,we;jhh;> Jwe;jhh;> Nehw;fpw;gth; - tpidahyidAk; ngah;fs;

,d;dhr;nrhy; =<Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;

,we;jhh; - ,w + j;(e;) + j; + Mh; ,w - gFjp> j;-e; MdJ tpfhuk;> j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy Mh; - tpFjp (gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W) cz;zhJ – tpidnar;rk; Nrh;j;J vOJfNrh;j;J vOJfNrh;j;J vOJfNrh;j;J vOJf

jd; + neQ;R - jd;ndQ;R

Gfo; + ,y;iy - Gfopy;iy mis , - nrhy;ypir msngil mfd;> Kfd; - <w;Wg;nghyp Jd;GW}ck;> ,d;GW}ck; - ,d;dpir msngil gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;

mwpe;J - mwp + j;(e;) + j; + c mwpT - gFjp j; - re;jp> j; - e; MdJ tpfhuk;> j; - ,we;j fhyk; ,ilepiy> c - tpidnar;r tpFjp fyq;fhJ - vjph;kiw tpidnar;rk; tpidtyp> Jiz typ - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif nray; - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W nry;thh; - tpidahyidAk; ngah; mwpahh; - vjph;kiw tpidahyidAk; ngah; xOfhd;> mwpahd; (Kw;Wfs; vr;rg; nghUspy; te;jd) Kw;nwr;rk;. Edpf;nfhk;gh; - Kd; gpd;dhfj; njhf;f

Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif. <f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W toq;Fk; newp - nganur;rj;njhlh; MfhW> NghfhW - tpidj;njhiffs; mfyhf;fil - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; NfL - Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah; Njhd;whf;nfLk; - nra;ah vDk; tha;g;ghl;L tpidnar;rk; tho;f;if - njhopw;ngah; Ntz;lhf; flg;ghL - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiw nganur;rk; cyF - ,lthF ngah; je;jnghUs; - nganur;rk; nghUl;L - Fwpg;G tpidKw;W ngwy; - njhopw;ngah; <z;Lk; - ck;ik vz;Zg;nghUs; mwpthd;> tho;thd; - tpidahyidAk; ngah;fs; kw;iwahd; - Fwpg;G tpidahyidAk; ngah; NguwpT - gz;Gj;njhif mthk; - mthTk;: nra;Ak; vd;Dk; vr;rk; CUzp - fhuzg; ngah; gad;kuk; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif (gaidj; jUk; kuk;).

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cs;Sh; - CUs; vd;gJ Kd; gpd;dhfj; njhf;f Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif. jg;gh kuk; - <W nfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; ngUe;jif - gz;Gj;njhif fldwp fhl;rp - tpidj;njhif xy;fhh; - tpidahyidAk; ngah; ,y;gUtk; - gz;Gj;njhif Mjy; - njhopw;ngah; ePh; - gytpd;ghw; ngah; nrAk; - nra;Ak; vd;gjd; njhFj;jy; tpfhuk; nra;ahky; - vjph;kiw tpidnar;rk; nra;j - ,we;j fhyg; nganur;rk; itafKk; thdfKk; - vz;Zk;ik itafk; - G+kpf;Ff; fhuzg; ngah; mhpJ - xd;wd; ghy; Fwpg;G tpidKw;W fhyj;jpdh - cUG kaf;fk; nghpJ xd;wd; ghy; Fwpg;G tpidKw;W Qhyj;jpd; - ‘,d;’ Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUG cwo; nghUspy; te;Js;sJ. J}f;fhh; - Kw;nwr;rk; J}f;fpd; - vjph;fhy tpidnar;rk; nrapd; - tpidnar;rk; njhpthh; - tpidahyidAk; ngah; rhy;G - gz;Gg; ngah; tiuj;J - xd;wd; ghy; Fwpg;G tpidKw;W cjtp tiuj;J - Fwpg;Gg; ngah;. rhy;gpd; tiuj;J - m/wpid xd;wd; ghy; Fwpg;G tpidKw;W kwtw;f> Jwtw;f - vjph;kiw tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;Wfs; vOgpwg;Gk; - Kw;Wk;ik Jilj;jth; - tpidahyidAk; ngah;. ed;wp kwg;gJ - ,uz;lhk;Ntw;Wikj; njhif kwg;gJ - njhopw;ngah; (kwj;jy; vd;Dk; njhopy; tUtjhy;) cs;s – tpidnar;rk; nfLk; - nra;Ak; vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L tpidKw;W nrapDk; - ‘ck;’ ,opT rpwg;Gk;ik nfhd;whh; - tpidahyidAk; ngah; nfhd;w - nganur;rk; vd;g - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W Nkw;nfhs;gth; - tpidahyidAk; ngah; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;

mwpe;J - mwp + j;(e;) + j; + c mwp - gFjp: j; - re;jp: j; - e; MdJ tpfhuk; j; - ,we;jfhyk; ,ilepiy c – tpidnar;r tpFjp fz;Nzhl;lk; - njhopw;ngah; cs;sJck; - ,d;dpir msngil md;W – Fwpg;G tpidKw;W nfhy;yh> nrhy;yh - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; ngaur;rk; gzpjy; - njhopw;ngah; Mw;Wthh;> khw;whh; - tpidahyizAk; ngah;fs;. gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;

Mw;Wthh; - Mw;W + t; + Mh; - Mw;W gFjp

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t – vjph;fhy ,ilepiy Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp

gzpjy; - gzp + jy; gzp – gFjp: jy; - njhopw;ngah; tpFjp

,d;ik> jpd;ik – gz;Gg; ngah;fs; xUtw;F – xUtd; + F

,sptd;W - ,spT + md;W

rhy;ngd;Dk; - rhy;G + vd;Dk; rhd;wth; - tpidahyidAk; ngah; ,U epyk; - chpr;nrhw;nwhlh; kd;> x – mirr; nrhw;fs;.

mwdwpe;J – mwj;ij + mwpe;J> jpwdwpe;J – jpwid + mwpe;J - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhiffs;. Njh;e;J – tpidnar;rk;: nfhsy; - my; <w;W tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W cw;w Neha; - ngaur;rk; cwh mik – nra;Aspir msngil ngw;wpahh; - tpisahyizAk; ngah; nfhsy; - njhopw;ngah; td;ik – gz;Gg; ngah; xOFjy; - njhopw;ngah; #o;thh; - tpidahyizAk; ngah; jf;fhh;> nrw;whh; - tpidahyizAk; ngah;fs; Jizahh;> Ms;thh;> tpidahyizAk; ngah;fs; ,y;iy – Fwpg;G tpidKw;W gifnfhsy; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif ngha;ah tpsf;fk; - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; ,UsDf;F (,Uis mWf;Fk;)- ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif mwdPDk;> jpwdwpe;J - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif> te;j nghUs; - nganur;rk; mwd;> jpwd; - filg;Nghypfs; thuhg; nghUshf;fk; - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; tply; - my; <w;W tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W jd;xd;dhh;> Nte;jd; nghUs; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif nrWeh; nrUf;F – Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif <d; Fotp – tpidj;njhif Fd;Nwwp – Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif xz;nghUs; - vz; nghUs; - gz;Gj; njhiffs; fho;g;g ,aw;wpahh; - nganur;rk; tpidj;jpl;lk; - ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif : Vohk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif kdj;jpl;gk; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif gpw – gytpd; ghy; tpidKw;W Ma;e;jth; - tpidahyisAk; ngah; xuhy;> xy;fhik – njhopw;ngah;fs; Nfhs; - Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah; vw;wh - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nanur;rk; nrhy;Yjy; - njhopw;ngah; ahh;f;Fk; - Kw;Wk;ik

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vspa – Fwpg;G tpidKw;W nray; - njhopw;ngah; nrhy;ypa – nganur;rk; va;jp – tpidnar;rk; khz;lhh; - tpidahyizAk; ngah; cs;sg;gLk; - nra;Ak; vDk; tha;ghl;L tpidKw;W vz;zpa – tpisahyizAk; ngah; va;Jg - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W vz;zpahq;F – vz;zpa thq;F vd;gjd; njhFj;jy; tpfhuk; fz;L – tpidnar;rk; vs;shik – njhopw;ngah; cilj;J – Fwpg;G tpidKw;W ngUe;Njh; - gz;Gj; njhif fyq;fhJ> Jsq;fhJ> fbe;J – tpidnar;rq;fs; J}f;fk; - njhopw;ngah; nra;f – tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W Ntz;lhiu – tpidahyizAk; ngah; cyF - ,lthF ngah;. - Nghh;f;Ffd; : (Nghiur; nra;Ak; Ffd;) ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhif. - fy;jpus; Njhs; (kiy Nghd;w jpuz;l Njhs;) ctikj; njhif. ePh; Kfpy; (ePiuAila Kfpy;) ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif. jpiuf; fq;if (jpiuia cila fq;if (jpiu- miy) - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhif. ,Ue;j ts;sy; - nganur;rk; te;J va;jpdhd; - tpidnar;rk; epd;gzp (epdJ gzp) – Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif ,iwth – tpsp. mioj;jp (miog;gha;) – Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W tUf – tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W gzpe;J> tisj;J> Gijj;J – tpidnar;rq;fs; ,Uj;jp (,Ug;gha;) – Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W NjDk; kPDk; - vz;Zk;ik

khjth; (kh + jth;) – chpr;nrhw;nwhlh; mike;j fhjy; - nganur;rk; rPh;j;jjJ – xd;wd; ghy; tpidKw;W joP,a (jOtpa) – nrhy;ypir msngil fhh;Fyhk; (fhuJ Fyhk; - Nkff;$l;lk;) – Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif czh;j;Jthd; (czh;j;Jgtd;) – tpidahyizAk; ngah;> ghh;j;j fz;iz – nganur;rk;. jPh;fpNyd; (ePq;f khl;Nld;)> nra;Fntd; (nra;Ntd;) jd;id xUik tpidKw;Wfs;. jPuhf;fhjd; - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; kyh;e;j fz;zd; - nganur;rk; ,dpa ez;g – Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk;

neLehtha; (neLik + ehthg;) – gz;Gj;njhif jhkiu eadk; (jhkiu Nghd;w fz;fs;) – ctikj; njhif edpfbJ – chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;

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,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G : NfL> Nfhs; : Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;. vz;Zaph; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif (vdJ caph;) ez;Zjy; - gz;Gj; njhif epd;Nfs – ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif. ky;yy; - chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;> neLkjpy; - gz;Gj;njhif thq;Ftpy;> cah;Jiy – tpidj; njhif Fiwah - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; ,iyNty; - ctikj; njhif kUg;g+rp> khh;Nghiy –cUtfk; khwd;fspW – Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif thapYk; khspifAk; - vz;Zk;ik vk;kUq;Fk; - Kw;Wk;ik khlKk; Mluq;F – tpidj; njhif Rw;wpa ghq;fh; - nganur;rk; kaq;fp> gpzq;fp – tzq;fp> caq;fp – tpidnar;rq;fs; nrw;w rpiy – tpidnar;rk; fhzPh; - Vty; tpidKw;W NrhdhL – Nrho ehL vd;gjd; k&c tpl;lths; - nganur;rk; kjpnawpe;J thndwpe;J - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhiffs; J}q;Fk; kjp – nra;Ak; vd;Dk; tha;ghl;Lg; nganur;rk; NghpQ;R> KJKurk; - gz;Gj; njhiffs; Nghh; Kurk; - Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhif. jiu – Mfngah; (Msg;ngWk; ehl;bw;F Mfp te;jJ) gilg;guRuhkd; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njif. nghUTq;> Fil> tUk; ngUkhs; - nra;Ak; vDk; tha;ghl;Lg; nganur;rq;fs;. Xq;fpAah; - xU nghUl; gd;nkhop cauz;lk; - tpidj;njhif nkhop jUkzp> gidjU gUkzp> tUkzy;> epjpjU ftpif – tpizj;njhiffs;. nrtpaWj;J (nrtpia mWj;J) ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik njhif. ntz;japh; - gz;Gj;njhif fha. kha – nganur;rq;fs; ehopif thuk; - ck;ikj; njhif ciuj;jpLk; re;jdk; - nra;Ak; vDk; tha;ghl;Lg; nganur;rk;. jhgjh; cs;sk; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif rpw;wd;id - gz;Gj;njhif jho;gpwg;G - tpidj;njhif khy;foy; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif foy; - (jpUtbf;F Mfpte;jJ)- jhdpahF ngah; khiykjp - Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif. kjpf;FQ;rp - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhif. <rDk; NghjDk; - vz;Zk;ik me;jpfhiy - ck;ikj; njhif ifk;kiy - cUtfk; ciwNtq;flk; - tpidj; njhif kjptpsq;F - cUtfk; mtpah> kjptpsf;F - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; Nrtb - gz;Gj;njhif Gide;Njhk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W.

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ftp Gide;Njhk; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif ,Uf;F Mguzk; - ,Unganuhl;L gz;Gj;njhif ew;wha; - gz;Gj;njhif Ntq;flkhatd; - Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhif njhif ngUq;nja;tk; - gz;Gj; njhif Ropnts;sk; - tpidj;njhif td;fhak; - gz;Gj; njhif ,iuj;jpLk; Nrid – vjph;fhyg; nganur;rk; je;jghy;> file;j ghayhd; - ,e;j fhyg; nganur;rq;fs;. kyh;fhy; - ctikj;njhif td;fhdfk; - gz;Gj;njhif mUe;jtk; - gz;Gj;njhif jhdjh;kk; - ck;ikj; njhif Nga;f;fq;fs; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif mikj;j> nfhLj;j> epd;w rgpj;j – nganur;rq;fs; nre;joy;> nte;joy; - gz;Gj;njhiffs; MFf – tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W MFf MFf – mLf;Fj;njhlh; jPz;ld;kpd; -Kd;dpiyg;gd;ik Vty; tpidKw;W Nghh;Fwp – Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhif. fzq;fzk; - mLf;Fj;njhlh; vd;gNth – Xfhuk; tpdh gphpj;jwpjy;

je;Ja;kpd; - je;J + ca;kpd;

tpy;nyOjp – tpy; + vOjp

g+l;Lkpd; - g+l;L + kpd;

kUg;g+rp – kUg;G + Crp

khh;Nghiy – khh;G + Xiy

vknjd;W – vkJ + vd;W

nkha;apiy – nkha; + ,iy

ehw;fuzk; - ehd;F + fuzk;

fuzj;Njh; - fuzj;J + Vh;

ehw;nghUs; - ehd;F + nghUs;

nrtpaWj;J – nrtp + mWj;J

,sq;fdp - ,sik + fdp

ahnjdpy; = ahJ + vdpd;

ngha;ah njhOfpd; = ngha;ahJ + xOfpd;

Gwe;J}a;ik = Gwk; + J}a;ik

tpz;zg;gKz;L – tpz;zg;gk; + cz;L 16. tpilf;Nfw;w tpdhitj; Njh;e;J vLj;jy; MW tif tpdhTk; 16. tpilf;Nfw;w tpdhitj; Njh;e;J vLj;jy; MW tif tpdhTk; 16. tpilf;Nfw;w tpdhitj; Njh;e;J vLj;jy; MW tif tpdhTk; 16. tpilf;Nfw;w tpdhitj; Njh;e;J vLj;jy; MW tif tpdhTk; mjw;F tpilahf vl;L tif tpilfSk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sdmjw;F tpilahf vl;L tif tpilfSk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sdmjw;F tpilahf vl;L tif tpilfSk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sdmjw;F tpilahf vl;L tif tpilfSk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. MW tif tpdhf;fsMW tif tpdhf;fsMW tif tpdhf;fsMW tif tpdhf;fs; :

mwptpdh: mwptpdh: mwptpdh: mwptpdh:

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PH – 04146 -226417

mjpfk; njhpe;jth; kw;wtUk; njhpe;Js;sduh vd mwpa tpdTtJ Mrphpah; khzthplk; Nfl;Fk; Nfs;tp ,e;j tifia rhh;e;jJ. v.fh rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij ,aw;wpath; ahh; vd Mrphpah; khzthplk; tpdTjy;. mwpahtpdhmwpahtpdhmwpahtpdhmwpahtpdh:

jhk; mwpahj xd;iw kw;wthplk; Nfl;L njhpe;J nfhs;Sjy;. khzth; Mrphpauplk; tpdTtJ? v.fh ,e;j ghlypd; nghUs; ahJ? IatpdhIatpdhIatpdhIatpdh:

J}uj;jpy; njhptJ ghk;gh? fapwh? tpdTjy; nfhsy; tpdhnfhsy; tpdhnfhsy; tpdhnfhsy; tpdh:

xU nghUis thq;Fk;nghUl;LtpdTtJ nfhsy; tpdh. nfhil tpdhnfhil tpdhnfhil tpdhnfhil tpdh

nghUis jhdkhf jUk; nghUl;L tpdTtJ v.fh mzpa Mil cs;sjh? Vty; tpdhVty; tpdhVty; tpdhVty; tpdh:

xU nraiyr; nra;tjw;fhf VTk; Nehf;fpy; tpdtg;gLk; tpdh. filf;F nrd;W nghUis thq;fp tUfpwhah? vd;W tpdtp fl;lhakhf nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W VTk; Nehf;fpy; tpdtg;gLjy;.

vz;tif tpilfsvz;tif tpilfsvz;tif tpilfsvz;tif tpilfs; Rl;LtpilRl;LtpilRl;LtpilRl;Ltpil :

jpUr;rpf;F nry;Yk; top ahJ? vd;W tpdTk; nghOJ ,e;j topahf nry;Yq;fs; vd;W Rl;Lf;fhl;Lk; tpil. kiw tpilkiw tpilkiw tpilkiw tpil:

tpdTk; tpdhtpw;F vjph; kiwg;nghUspy; tpil ,Ue;jhy; mjw;F kiw tpil. vd;W ngah;. filf;F nry;thah vd;W tpdTk; NghJ nry;y khl;Nld; vd;W $Wjy;. Neh;tpilNeh;tpilNeh;tpilNeh;tpil :

tpdTk; tpdhtpw;F Neh;kiw gjpy; jUjy;. filf;F nry;thah vd;w Nfs;tpf;F nry;Ntd; vd;W Fwpg;gpjy;. Vty; tpilVty; tpilVty; tpilVty; tpil:

Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpf;F gjpyhf fl;lisf; njhdpapy; gjpyspj;jy; filf;F nry;thah? vd;W Nfl;Fk; nghOJ ePNa nry; vd;W Fwpg;gpLjy;. tpdh vjph; tpdhjy; tpiltpdh vjph; tpdhjy; tpiltpdh vjph; tpdhjy; tpiltpdh vjph; tpdhjy; tpil: Nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhtpw;F kW tpdh tpdTjy;. filf;F nry;thah vd;w Nfs;tpf;F nry;yhky; ,Ug;Ngdh? vd;W tpdTjy;. cw;wJ ciuj;jy; tpilcw;wJ ciuj;jy; tpilcw;wJ ciuj;jy; tpilcw;wJ ciuj;jy; tpil:

xU Nfs;tp Nfl;Fk; nghOJ mjw;F gjpyhf ele;j epfo;itf; Fwpg;gpLjy;. filf;F nry;thah vd;w Nfs;tpf;F fPNo tpOe;Jtpl;Nld;. typf;fpwJ. vd;W gjpy; $Wjy;. cWtJ $wy; tpilcWtJ $wy; tpilcWtJ $wy; tpilcWtJ $wy; tpil:

Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpf;F gjpyhf elf;fg; NghFk; epfo;itf; Fwpg;gpLjy;. filf;F nry;thah vd;gjw;F fhy; typf;Fk; vd;W $wjy;. ,dnkhop tpil,dnkhop tpil,dnkhop tpil,dnkhop tpil:

xU tpdh Nfl;fg;gLk; nghOJ mjw;F tpilahf mjNdhL njhlh;Gila xd;wpidg; gjpyhf mspj;jy;. ghl;Lg; ghlj; njhpAkh? vd;w Nfs;tpf;F Mlj; njhpAk; vd;W gjpy; mspj;jy;.

17. vt;tif thf;fpak; vdf; fz;lwpjy;17. vt;tif thf;fpak; vdf; fz;lwpjy;17. vt;tif thf;fpak; vdf; fz;lwpjy;17. vt;tif thf;fpak; vdf; fz;lwpjy; nrhw;fs; gy njhlh;e;J epd;W nghUs; jUtJ nrhw;nwhlh; vdg;gLk;. ,jid thf;fpak; vd;Wk; $Wth;. thf;fpak; vd;gij fUj;Jtif thf;fpak;> mikg;G tif thf;fpak; vd ,Utifg;gLk;. fUj;Jtif thf;fpakfUj;Jtif thf;fpakfUj;Jtif thf;fpakfUj;Jtif thf;fpak;

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PH – 04146 -226417

thf;fpaq;fspy; mike;Js;s fUj;jpw;Nfw;g mtw;iwr; nra;jp thf;fpak;> tpdh thf;fpak; czh;r;rp thf;fpak;> Vty; thf;fpak; vd tifg;gLj;jyhk; (cld;ghl;L thf;fpak; vjph;kiw thf;fpak;) nra;jp thf;fpaknra;jp thf;fpaknra;jp thf;fpaknra;jp thf;fpak; ftpauR ghpR ngw;whd; MlyuR rpwg;ghfr; nrhw;nghopthw;wpdhd;. ,t;tpU thf;fpaq;fSk; Fwpg;gpl;l nra;jpfisj; njhptpf;fpd;wd. ,t;thW nra;jpia czh;j;Jk; thf;fpak; nra;jp thf;fpak; MFk;. tpdh thf;fpaktpdh thf;fpaktpdh thf;fpaktpdh thf;fpak; tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bapy; ntd;wth; ahh;? ghujpahh; vq;F Mrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;? ,j;njhlh;fs; tpdhg; nghUis czh;j;Jfpd;wd. vdNt> ,j;jifa thf;fpak; tpdh thf;fpak; vdg;gLk;. czh;r;rp thf;fpak; czh;r;rp thf;fpak; czh;r;rp thf;fpak; czh;r;rp thf;fpak; Fw;why mUtpapd; moFjhd; vd;Nd! kyh;f; fz;fhl;rpapy; vj;jid mofhd kyh;fs; g+j;Jf;FYq;Ffpd;wd ! ,j;njhlh;fs; tpag;G czh;r;rpia ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. IaNfh! ,stofdhhpd; kiwT <L nra;atpaYNk? ,j;njhlh; mty czh;r;rpia czh;j;JfpwJ ,t;thW ctif> mtyk;> mr;rk;> ,uf;fk;> ,opT> ntFsp> tpag;G Nghd;w czh;r;rpfis ntspg;gLj;JtJ czh;r;rp thf;fpak; vdg;gLk;. Vty; thf;fpak; Vty; thf;fpak; Vty; thf;fpak; Vty; thf;fpak;

jpUf;Fwisg;gb %j;Njhh; nrhy; Nfs;.

,j;njhlh;fs; Kd; ,Ug;gtiu VTjy; nghUspy; mike;Js;sd. ,t;thW gpwiu VTjy; my;yJ gpwUf;Ff; fl;lisapLk; Kiwapy; miktJ Vty; thf;fpak; vdg;gLk;. ,jidf; fl;lis thf;fpak; vd;Wk; $Wth;. cld;ghl;L thf;fpakcld;ghl;L thf;fpakcld;ghl;L thf;fpakcld;ghl;L thf;fpak;

jkpourp GJitf;Fr; nrd;whs; ,dpad; czT cz;lhd;.

,it xt;nthd;Wk; xt;nthU njhopy; epfo;e;jikia czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,q;qdk; njhopy; epfo;r;rpia czh;j;jp tUtJ cld;ghl;L thf;fpak; vdg;gLk;. vjph;kiw thf;fpakvjph;kiw thf;fpakvjph;kiw thf;fpakvjph;kiw thf;fpak;

jkpourp GJitf;Fr; nrd;wpys; ,dpad; czT cz;byd; ,j;njhlh;fs; nray; epfohikia czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,t;thW njhopy; epfohjij czh;j;jptUk; thf;fpaq;fs; vjph;kiw thf;fpaq;fshFk;. ,tw;wpy; NkNy $wg;gl;l cjhuzq;fs; nghUs; khwpa vjph;kiw thf;fpaj;jpw;F cjhuzq;fs; cld;ghl;L thf;fpaj;jpd; nghUs; khwhky; vjph;kiw mikg;gpy; mike;Js;s thf;fpaq;fs; nghUs; khwh vjph;kiw vdg;gLk;. ,jw;F rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fs;. jkpourp GJitf;Fr; nry;yhky; ,y;iy ,dpad; czT cz;zhky; ,y;iy. ,dp mikg;G tif thf;fpaq;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,dp mikg;G tif thf;fpaq;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,dp mikg;G tif thf;fpaq;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,dp mikg;G tif thf;fpaq;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ---- jdpthf;fpak;> njhlh;thf;fpak;> fyit thf;fpak; Nghd;wit. jdpthf;fpak;> njhlh;thf;fpak;> fyit thf;fpak; Nghd;wit. jdpthf;fpak;> njhlh;thf;fpak;> fyit thf;fpak; Nghd;wit. jdpthf;fpak;> njhlh;thf;fpak;> fyit thf;fpak; Nghd;wit. ---- Neh;f;$w;W> maw;$w;W thf;fpaq;fs; Neh;f;$w;W> maw;$w;W thf;fpaq;fs; Neh;f;$w;W> maw;$w;W thf;fpaq;fs; Neh;f;$w;W> maw;$w;W thf;fpaq;fs; ---- nra;tpid>nra;tpid>nra;tpid>nra;tpid> nrag;ghl;L tpid thf;fpaq;fs; nrag;ghl;L tpid thf;fpaq;fs; nrag;ghl;L tpid thf;fpaq;fs; nrag;ghl;L tpid thf;fpaq;fs; ---- jd;tpid> gpwtpid thf;fpaq;fs;.jd;tpid> gpwtpid thf;fpaq;fs;.jd;tpid> gpwtpid thf;fpaq;fs;.jd;tpid> gpwtpid thf;fpaq;fs;. jdp thf;fpakjdp thf;fpakjdp thf;fpakjdp thf;fpak;

99


PH – 04146 -226417

xU vOtha; my;yJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l vOtha; xU gadpiyiaf; nfhz;L KbAk;. (v.fh) jpU.tp.f ngz;fisg; Nghw;wpdhh;. - fk;gd;> ts;Std;> ,sq;Nfh> MfpNahh; ,aw;ifiag; Nghw;wpdh;. njhlh;njhlh;njhlh;njhlh;thf;fpak; thf;fpak; thf;fpak; thf;fpak; jdp thf;fpaq;fs; gy gadpiyfisg; ngw;W tUk;. (v.fh) murd; Gytiuf; fz;lhd;;: mtiu tuNtw;whd;> ghpR toq;fpdhd;. fyit thf;fpak; xU Kjd;ik thf;fpak; xU Jiz thf;fpaj;Jld; Nrh;e;Jk; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Jiz thf;fpaq;fSld; Nrh;e;Jk; tUk;. (v.fh) ahh; fy;tpr;nry;tk; ngWfpwhh;fNsh mth;fs; tho;tpy; tsk; ngWth;. Neh;f;$w;W> maw;$w;W thf;fpaq;fs; Neh;f;$w;W> maw;$w;W thf;fpaq;fs; Neh;f;$w;W> maw;$w;W thf;fpaq;fs; Neh;f;$w;W> maw;$w;W thf;fpaq;fs; Neh;f;$w;WNeh;f;$w;WNeh;f;$w;WNeh;f;$w;W :

xUth; $wpaij mth; $wpagbNa $WtJ. Nkw;Nfhs; FwpaPL ,lk; ngWk;> jd;ik> Kd;dpiyg; ngah;fs; ,lk; ngWk ;. maw;$w;Wmaw;$w;Wmaw;$w;Wmaw;$w;W :

xUth; $wpaij mg;gbNa $whky; mayhh; $WtJ Nghy; $wtjpy; Nkw;Nfhs; FwpaPL ,lk; ngwhJ. jd;ik> Kd;dpiyg; ngah;fs; glh;f;ifg; ngahpy; khwp mikAk;.

Neh;f;$w;W Neh;f;$w;W Neh;f;$w;W Neh;f;$w;W ----ehis ehd; kJiu nry;Ntd; vd;W ed;khwd $wpdhd;. ehis ehd; kJiu nry;Ntd; vd;W ed;khwd $wpdhd;. ehis ehd; kJiu nry;Ntd; vd;W ed;khwd $wpdhd;. ehis ehd; kJiu nry;Ntd; vd;W ed;khwd $wpdhd;. maw;$w;W maw;$w;W maw;$w;W maw;$w;W ----kWehs; jhd; kJiu nry;tjhf ed;khwd; $wpdhdkWehs; jhd; kJiu nry;tjhf ed;khwd; $wpdhdkWehs; jhd; kJiu nry;tjhf ed;khwd; $wpdhdkWehs; jhd; kJiu nry;tjhf ed;khwd; $wpdhd ;. Neh;f;$w;WNeh;f;$w;WNeh;f;$w;WNeh;f;$w;W----ehd; ehd; ehd; ehd; Gj;jfk; nfhz;L tUfpNwd; vGj;jfk; nfhz;L tUfpNwd; vGj;jfk; nfhz;L tUfpNwd; vGj;jfk; nfhz;L tUfpNwd; vd;W nry;tp Njhopaplk; $wpdhs;. d;W nry;tp Njhopaplk; $wpdhs;. d;W nry;tp Njhopaplk; $wpdhs;. d;W nry;tp Njhopaplk; $wpdhs;. mamamamaw;$w;Ww;$w;Ww;$w;Ww;$w;W---- jhd; Gj;jfk; nfhz;L tUtjhf nry;tp Njhopaplk; $wpdhsjhd; Gj;jfk; nfhz;L tUtjhf nry;tp Njhopaplk; $wpdhsjhd; Gj;jfk; nfhz;L tUtjhf nry;tp Njhopaplk; $wpdhsjhd; Gj;jfk; nfhz;L tUtjhf nry;tp Njhopaplk; $wpdhs;.

Neh;f;$w;iw maw;$w;whf khw;w Neh;f;$w;iw maw;$w;whf khw;w Neh;f;$w;iw maw;$w;whf khw;w Neh;f;$w;iw maw;$w;whf khw;w 1. Kd;dpiy tpspg;ngaiug; glh;f;ifg; ngauhf;f Ntz;Lk; (v.fh. Ntyh –

Ntyd;) 2. Vty; tpidia tpidnar;rkhf;f Ntz;Lk;. (gb – gbf;FkhW)

3. Neh;f;$w;W $wpatiuAk; thf;fpaj;jpy; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

,yf;fzj;ij gbf;FkhW Ntydplk; Mrphpah; $wpdhh; (maw;$w;W) ciuahly; Neh;f;$w;wpid nra;jp maw;$w;whf khw;w ciuahly; Neh;f;$w;wpid nra;jp maw;$w;whf khw;w ciuahly; Neh;f;$w;wpid nra;jp maw;$w;whf khw;w ciuahly; Neh;f;$w;wpid nra;jp maw;$w;whf khw;w Neh;f;$w;W Neh;f;$w;W Neh;f;$w;W Neh;f;$w;W ----,Uk;nghiw : J}Jt ! fOkyj;jpy; Nrhod; Fwpj;j ,Uk;nghiw : J}Jt ! fOkyj;jpy; Nrhod; Fwpj;j ,Uk;nghiw : J}Jt ! fOkyj;jpy; Nrhod; Fwpj;j ,Uk;nghiw : J}Jt ! fOkyj;jpy; Nrhod; Fwpj;j ehSf;F Kd;dNu gilAld; ehSf;F Kd;dNu gilAld; ehSf;F Kd;dNu gilAld; ehSf;F Kd;dNu gilAld; fhj;jpUg;Ngd; vd;W nrhy;.fhj;jpUg;Ngd; vd;W nrhy;.fhj;jpUg;Ngd; vd;W nrhy;.fhj;jpUg;Ngd; vd;W nrhy;. maw;$w;W : maw;$w;W : maw;$w;W : maw;$w;W : ---- ,Uk;nghiw J}Jtdplk;> Nrhod; Fwpj;j ehSf;F Kd;dNu> jhd; fOkyj;jpy; ,Uk;nghiw J}Jtdplk;> Nrhod; Fwpj;j ehSf;F Kd;dNu> jhd; fOkyj;jpy; ,Uk;nghiw J}Jtdplk;> Nrhod; Fwpj;j ehSf;F Kd;dNu> jhd; fOkyj;jpy; ,Uk;nghiw J}Jtdplk;> Nrhod; Fwpj;j ehSf;F Kd;dNu> jhd; fOkyj;jpy; fhj;jpUf;fg; Nghtijj; njhptpf;FkhW $wpdhd;. fhj;jpUf;fg; Nghtijj; njhptpf;FkhW $wpdhd;. fhj;jpUf;fg; Nghtijj; njhptpf;FkhW $wpdhd;. fhj;jpUf;fg; Nghtijj; njhptpf;FkhW $wpdhd;. Neh;f;$w;WNeh;f;$w;WNeh;f;$w;WNeh;f;$w;W maw;$w;Wmaw;$w;Wmaw;$w;Wmaw;$w;W ,J> ,it mJ> mit ,d;W md;W ,g;nghOJ mg;nghOJ ,jdhy; mjdhy; ehis kWehs;

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PH – 04146 -226417

New;W Kd;dhs; ehd;> ehk;> ehq;fs; jhd;> jhk;> jhq;fs; eP mtd;> mts; maw;$w;iw Neh;f;$w;whf kw;w maw;$w;iw Neh;f;$w;whf kw;w maw;$w;iw Neh;f;$w;whf kw;w maw;$w;iw Neh;f;$w;whf kw;w fPiu thq;fp tUkhW jhahh; kfdplk; $wpdhh;. - may;$w;W

1. glh;f;ifaha; Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;wpUf;Fk; ngaiu (kfdplk;-kfd; +,lk;) kfNd vd tpspf;Fk; nrhy;yhf (miof;Fk; nghUspy; khw;w Ntz;Lk;). 2. tUkhW vd;Dk; tpid vr;rj;ij th vd Kd;dpiy Vty; tpidahf khw;w Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW khw;wpaikj;jy; kfNd! fPiu thq;fp th vd Neh;f;$w;whf mikAk;. 3. ,jDld; $wpath; ngaiuAk; vd;W vd;Dk; nrhy;iyAk; Nrh;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;. kfNd ! fPiu thq;fp th vd Neh;f;$w;whf mikAk;. 4. ,jDld; $wpath; ngaiuAk; vd;W vd;Dk; nrhy;iyAk; Nrh;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;. kfNd! fPiu thq;fp th vd;W jhahh; $wpdhh; - Neh;f;$w;W. nra;tpid nra;tpid nra;tpid nra;tpid vOtha;> nra;g;gLnghUs;> gadpiy vd;w thpirNahL thf;fpak; mika Ntz;Lk;. nrag;gLnghUNshL I vd;w ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUigr; Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. (I-cUG> kiwe;Jk;> ntspg;gl;Lk; tUk;) nrag;ghl;Ltpid nrag;ghl;Ltpid nrag;ghl;Ltpid nrag;ghl;Ltpid nrag;gLnghUs;> vOtha;> gadpiy vd;w thpirNahL thf;fpak; mika Ntz;Lk;. vOthNahL My; vd;w %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUigr; Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. gadpiyNahL gL> gl;lJ vDk; nrhw;fisr; Nrh;f;if Ntz;Lk;. (gL-Jiz tpid) nra;tpid nra;tpid nra;tpid nra;tpid nrag;ghl;L tpid nrag;ghl;L tpid nrag;ghl;L tpid nrag;ghl;L tpid khzth;fs; tFg;ig J}a;ik tFg;G>khzth;fshy; J}a;ik nra;ag;gl;lJ.

nra;jdh; Mrphpah; ,yf;fzkfw;gpj;jhh;; ,yf;fzk;> Mrphpauhy; fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. jr;rd; ehw;fhypia nra;jhd; ehw;fhyp jr;rdhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ehlhff;fiyQh;fs; ehl;Lg;gw;W ehlff;fiyQu;fshy; tsh;f;fg;gl;lJ. ehl;Lg;gw;iw tsh;j;jdh;.

nra;tpid thf;fpaj;jpy; vOthahf ,Ug;gJ nrag;ghl;L tpid thf;fpaj;jpy; nrag;gL nghUshf khwp miktijf; fhzyhk;. cld;ghl;L thf;fpak;> vjph;kiw thf;fpak; cld;ghl;L thf;fpak; cld;ghl;L thf;fpak;> vjph;kiw thf;fpak; cld;ghl;L thf;fpak; cld;ghl;L thf;fpak;> vjph;kiw thf;fpak; cld;ghl;L thf;fpak; cld;ghl;L thf;fpak;> vjph;kiw thf;fpak; cld;ghl;L thf;fpak; jkpourp GJitf;Fr; nrd;whs; ,dpad; czT cz;lhd;.

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,it xt;nthd;Wk; xt;nthU njhopy; epfo;e;jikia czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,q;qdk; njhopy; epfo;r;rpia czh;j;jp tUtJ cld;ghl;L thf;fpak; vdg;gLk;. vjph;kiw thf;fpakvjph;kiw thf;fpakvjph;kiw thf;fpakvjph;kiw thf;fpak; jkpourp GJitf;Fr; nrd;wpys; ,dpad; czT cz;byd; ,j;njhlh;fs; nray; epfohikia czh;j;jJfpd;wd. ,t;thW njhopy; epfohjij czh;j;jptUk; thf;fpaq;fs; vjph;kiw thf;fpaq;fshFk;. nray; my;yJ njhopy; epfo;tijj; njhptpg;gJ cld;ghl;L thf;fpak; MFk;. nray; my;yJ njhopy; epfohikiaj; njhptpg;gJ vjph;kiw thf;fpak; MFk;. cld;ghL cld;ghL cld;ghL cld;ghL vjph;kiw vjph;kiw vjph;kiw vjph;kiw 1. fy;tpr; nry;tj;ij midtUk; 1. fy;tp nry;tj;ij Nghw;Wth; Nghw;whjth; vtUk; ,yh;. 2. FLk;gj;jiytpf;F nghWg;G 2. nghWg;G ,y;yhj cs;sJ. FLk;gj;jiytp ,ys;. 3. jpUts;Stiu miztUk; 3. jpUts;Stiug; Nghw;whjth; ,yh;. Nghw;Wth;. 4. Mrphpah;fSf;F vd;Wk; 4. Mrphpah;fSf;F vd;Wk; nry;thf;F cz;L. vd;Wk; nry;thf;F,y;yhky; ,y;iy.

19. ctikahy; tpsf;fg;ngWk; nghUj;jkhd nghUis 19. ctikahy; tpsf;fg;ngWk; nghUj;jkhd nghUis 19. ctikahy; tpsf;fg;ngWk; nghUj;jkhd nghUis 19. ctikahy; tpsf;fg;ngWk; nghUj;jkhd nghUis Njh;e;J vLj;jy;.Njh;e;J vLj;jy;.Njh;e;J vLj;jy;.Njh;e;J vLj;jy;.

mfo;thiuj; jhq;Fk; epyk; Nghy nghWik ed;ghy; fye;jPikahy; jphpjy; Nghy jtwhd ez;gh;fshy; nfLjy;. kug;ghit ehzhy; caph; kUl;ly; Nghy-kaq;Fjy; mLj;jJ fhl;Lk; gspq;F Nghy – ntspg;gil mj;jp g+j;jhw;Nghy – mupa nray; mbaw;w kuk; Nghy – tPo;jy; ,yT fhj;j fpsp Nghy – Vkhw;wk; clYk; capUk; Nghy – xw;Wik> neUf;fk; fly; kil jpwe;jhw;Nghy – ntspNaWjy; gfytidf; fz;l gdp Nghy – Jauk; ePq;Fjy; cs;sq;if ney;ypf;fdp Nghy – njspT

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flypy; fiuj;j ngUq;fhak; Nghy – gadw;wJ. nfhLf;Fj; Njsha; nfhl;LtNjd; - mjpf gpur;rpid. tUj;jk; ,bNahir Nfl;l ehfk; Nghy eLf;fk; - gak; nre;jkpOk; RitAk; Nghy – xw;Wik jhiaf; fz;l Nriag; Nghy – mjpf kfpo;r;rp kio fhzhg; gapu; Nghy thLjy; - tUj;jk; NtypNa gapiu Nke;jJ Nghy – eatQ;rk; mdypy; tpOe;j GOg; Nghy – Ntjid gj;jiu khw;Wj; jq;fk; Nghy – ngUik> kjpg;G ehAk; g+idAk; Nghy – gif miy Xa;e;j fly; Nghy – mikjp gRkuj;jhzp Nghy – vspjhfg;gjpjy; Fd;wpd; Nkypl;l tpsf;F Nghy – gaDilik. fdpapUg;gf; fha; ftu;e;jw;W -mwpahik> Njitaw;w – nray; ,iy kiwf;fha; Nghy – ntspg;gLjy; miyapy; mfg;gl;l fUk;G Nghy – Jd;gk; Fuq;F ifapy; mfg;gl;l g+khiy Nghy ehrk;> NfL nrtpld; fhjpy; Cjpa rq;F Nghy – gadpd;ik QhapW fz;l jhkiu Nghy – kfpo;r;rp ePh;Nky; vOj;Jg; Nghy epiyaw;wJ. gok; eOtpg; ghypy; tpOe;jJ Nghy – kpFe;j ,d;gk;> kfpo;r;rp nghd;kyh; kzk; ngw;wJ Nghy – nghUl;nry;tk; cilath; mwpTr;nry;tk; Njbf;nfhz;lJ. ckp Fj;jpf; if typj;jJ Nghy – tPz;nray;. fz;zpy;yhjhd; fz; ngw;wJ ,oe;jJ Nghy. fpilj;j tha;g;ig ,oe;J jtpg;G. fiuahd; Gw;nwLf;ff; fUehfk; Fb GFe;jJ. Nghy – mj;JkPwy; mr;rpy; thu;j;jhw;Nghy – xNu rPuhf

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mtiy epidj;J cuiy ,bj;jhw;Nghy;. ftdk; miu fpzwpidj; jhz;batd; Nghy – Mgj;J Mg;girj;j Fuq;F – Ntjidapy; rpf;Fjy; Mok; njhpahky; fhiy tpl;lJ Nghy – jpl;lkplhik ,Q;rp jpd;w Fuq;F Nghy – tpopj;jy; ,b tpOe;j kuk; Nghy – Ntjid ,Uk;igf; fz;l fhe;jk; Nghy – fth;r;rp vs;spy; vz;nza; Nghy – xspe;J ,Uj;jy; kiwe;J ,Uj;jy; rp rp ,e;jg; gok; Gspf;Fk; - Vkhw;wk; Vio ngw;w nry;tk; Nghy – kfpo;r;rp fld;gl;lhu; neQ;rk; Nghy – fyf;fk;> tUj;jk; fhd kapyhl mJ fz;L MLk; thd;Nfhop nghwhik. jho;T cau;tpd;ik Flj;jpy; ,l;l tpsf;F Nghy ,fo;r;rp ePUk; neUg;Gk; Nghy – tpyFjy; gif rpjwpa Kj;J Nghy – gadpd;ik rPhpa ehfk; Nghy – Nfhgk; ghk;gpd; tha; Njiu Nghy – gpur;rpidapy; ,Ue;J kPs ,ayhik ghy; kzk; khwhj Foe;ij Nghy – ntFsp kyUk; kzKk; Nghy – xw;Wik Ntk;Gk; muRk; Nghy – xw;Wik Nrw;wpy; gpwe;j nre;jhkiu Nghy – fPo; epiyapy; ,Ue;J te;jhYk; kjpf;fg;gLjy;. fpspg;gps;is Nghy – nrhd;dijf; Nfl;L nra;jy;> nrhe;j mwptpd;ik fha;e;j khL fk;gq;nfhy;iyapy; gha;e;jhw;Nghy – Ntfk; Njhd;wp kiwAk; thdtpy; Nghy – epiyahik njhl;lidj; J}Wk; kzw;Nfzp Nghy – mwpT

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gRj;Njhy; Nghu;j;jpa Gyp Nghy – eatQ;rfk; 20. Nkhid> vJif> ,iaG ,tw;W20. Nkhid> vJif> ,iaG ,tw;W20. Nkhid> vJif> ,iaG ,tw;W20. Nkhid> vJif> ,iaG ,tw;Ws; VNjDk; xd;iw Njh;e;J s; VNjDk; xd;iw Njh;e;J s; VNjDk; xd;iw Njh;e;J s; VNjDk; xd;iw Njh;e;J

vLj;jy;vLj;jy;vLj;jy;vLj;jy; njhilnjhilnjhilnjhil kyh;fisj; njhLg;gJ NghyNt rPh;fspSk; mbfspSk; Nkhid Kjypad mikaj; njhLg;gJ njhil vdg;gLk;. (njhil – nfhLf;fg;gLtJ> njhil - khiy). ghtpd; Xirapd;j;jpw;Fk; rpwg;gpw;Fk; ,j;njhil Ntz;LtjhFk;. njhilaw;w ghl;L eilaw;Wg;NghFk; vd;gJ gonkhop. njhil vl;L tifg;gLk;. 1. Nkhidj;njhil 2. vJifj; njhil 3. Kuz; njhil 4. ,iaGj; njhil 5. msngilj; njhil 6. ,ul;ilj; njhil 7. me;jhjpj; njhil 8. nre;njhil

mtw;Ws; Kjy; Ie;J njhilf;fhd tpsf;fq;fisf; fhz;Nghk;. 1. Nkhidj; njhil 1. Nkhidj; njhil 1. Nkhidj; njhil 1. Nkhidj; njhil nra;Aspy; mbNjhWk; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ mbNkhidj; njhil vdg;gLk;. vz;zpj;Jzpf fUkk; Jzpe;jgpd; vz;Ztk; vd;g jpOf;F Fws; 467

,f;Fwl;ghtpy; Kjy; mbapd; Kjw;rPhpYs;s Kjy; vOj;Jk; (v) ,uz;lhk; mbapd; Kjw;rPhpYs;s Kjy; vOj;Jk; (v) xd;wp te;Js;sjhy;> ,J Nkhidj;njhil. 2. vJifj; njhil 2. vJifj; njhil 2. vJifj; njhil 2. vJifj; njhil mbNjhWk; KjnyOj;J msntLj;J (Xirapy;) epw;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj;njhLg;gJ mbnaJifj; njhil vdg;gLk;. mfu Kjy vOj;njy;yhk; Mjp gftd; Kjw;Nw cyF. ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; Kjy; mbapYk; ,uz;lhk; mbapYk; f vd;Dk; ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xj;J te;Js;sJ. vdNt> ,/J mbnaJifj; njhil vdg;gLk;. 3.3.3.3.Kuz; njKuz; njKuz; njKuz; njhil hil hil hil mbNjhWk; Kjw;rPh; Kuz;glj; njhLg;gJ mb Kuz; njhil vdg;gLk;. ,d;gk; tpioahd; ,Lk;ig ,ay;ngd;ghd; Jd;gk; cWjy; ,yd; - Fws; 615. ,g;ghlypy; Kjybapy; ,d;gk; vd;Wk;> ,uz;lhk; mbapy; Jd;gk; vd;Wk; Kuz;gl;l nrhw;fs; te;Js;sd. vdNt> ,/J mb Kuz;njhil vdg;gLk;. 4.4.4.4.,iaGj; njhil ,iaGj; njhil ,iaGj; njhil ,iaGj; njhil mbNjhWk; ,Wjpr;rPh; xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ mb ,iaGj; njhil vdg;gLk;. “nfhz;ly; NfhGuk; mz;ilapy; $Lk; nfhbfs; thdk; gbju %Lk; fz;l Nguz;lj; jz;liy ehLk; fdf Kd;wpy; mdk;tpis ahLk;.” ,g;ghlypy; mbNjhWk; ,Wjpr;rPh; xd;wp te;Js;sjhy; mb ,iaGj; njhil Mapw;W.

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5.5.5.5.msngilj; njhil msngilj; njhil msngilj; njhil msngilj; njhil mbj;NjhWk; Kjw;rPh; msngLj;J tUtJ msngilj; njhil vdg;gLk;. nfhLg;gJ}ck; nfl;ghh;f;Fr; rhh;tha; kw;whq;Nf vLg;gJ}ck; vy;yhk; kio – Fws; 15 ,g;ghlypy; nfhLg;gJ}ck;> vLg;gJ}ck; vd ,uz;lbfspYk; msngLj;J te;Js;sikahy; msngilj; njhil vdg;gLk;. njhil tpfw;gq;fs; njhil tpfw;gq;fs; njhil tpfw;gq;fs; njhil tpfw;gq;fs; ehd;F rPh;fSila Xubapy; nghopg;G> xUc> $io> Nkw;fJtha;> fPof;fJtha;> Kw;W Mfpad tuj; njhLg;gJ njhil tpfw;gk; vdg;gLk;. ,t;Ntok; Nkhid> vJif> ,iaG> Kuz;> msngil Mfpa Ie;J nghUe;jf; njhil tpfw;gk; Kg;gj;ije;J tifg;gLk ;. Nkhid Nkhid Nkhid Nkhid

Nkhidf;F KjnyOj;Njad;wp mjw;Fhpa ,dntOj;JfSk; xd;wp tUk;. ,jid ,dNkhid vd;Wk; fpis Nkhid vd;Wk; toq;Fth;. ,d Nkhidahf tUk; vOj;Jf;fs; capnuOj;J m> M> I> xs – xhpdk; ,><> v> V – Xhpdk; c> C> X> X – xhpdk; caph;nka;naOj;J Q> e – Xhpdk; k> t – Xhpdk; j> r – Xhpdk; nka;naOj;JfSs; mtw;wpd; th;f;f vOj;JfSk; tUnkd mwpa Ntz;Lk;. rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; kdj;njhL tha;ik nkhopapd; - kh.th ahnka;ahf; fz;ltw;Ws; ,y;iy vdj;Njhd;Wk; - ,>v rhjdj; NjhL jr;rh; - rh> j khepjp tUj;jpj; Njb – kh> t Ie;jtpj;jhd; Mw;wy; mfy; tpRk;Gdhh;Nfhkhd; - I> M> m Xstpa neQ;rj;jhd; Mf;fKk; - xs> M

Nkhidj; njhlh; mbNkhid> ,izNkhid> nghopg;G Nkhid> x&c Nkhid $io Nkhid> Nkw;fJtha; Nkhid> fPo;f;fJtha; Nkhid> Kw;W Nkhid vd vz; tifg;gLk;. ,tw;wpy; mb Nkhid jtph;j;j kw;w vOk; njhil tpfw;gk; vdg;gLk;. mb Nkhid mb Nkhid mb Nkhid mb Nkhid

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mbNjhWk; Kjw;rPh; KjnyOj;J xd;wp tUtJ mb Nkhid MFk;. (v.fh) cs;sj;jhw; ngha;ah njhOjpd; cyfj;jhh; cs;sj;Js; vy;yhk; csd;. ,iz Nkhid ,iz Nkhid ,iz Nkhid ,iz Nkhid Kjy; ,U rPh;fspYk; (1>2) tUk; Nkhid ,iz Nkhid vdg;gLk;. (v.fh) fbj;j fbe;njhuhh; nra;jhh;f;F mitjhk; Kbe;jhYk; gPio jUk;. nkhopg;G Nkhid (1.3)nkhopg;G Nkhid (1.3)nkhopg;G Nkhid (1.3)nkhopg;G Nkhid (1.3) Xubapy; Kjw;rPhpYk; %d;whk; rPhpYk; tUk; Nkhid nghopg;G Nkhid. (v.fh) Gidah Xtpak; Nghy epw;wYk; x&c Nkhid (1.4) x&c Nkhid (1.4) x&c Nkhid (1.4) x&c Nkhid (1.4) rPh; ngha;ikAk; tha;ik ,lj;j Giu jPh;j;j $io Nkhid (1>2>3)$io Nkhid (1>2>3)$io Nkhid (1>2>3)$io Nkhid (1>2>3) rPh; jhdk; jtkpuz;Lk; jq;fh tpaDyfk; thdk; toq;fh njdpd;. Nkw;fJtha; Nkhid (1.3.4)Nkw;fJtha; Nkhid (1.3.4)Nkw;fJtha; Nkhid (1.3.4)Nkw;fJtha; Nkhid (1.3.4) rPh; ,UNrh; ,UtpidAk; Nruh ,iwtd; fPo;f;fJtha;Nkhid (1.2.4)fPo;f;fJtha;Nkhid (1.2.4)fPo;f;fJtha;Nkhid (1.2.4)fPo;f;fJtha;Nkhid (1.2.4) Kw;W Nkhid (1.2.3.4Kw;W Nkhid (1.2.3.4Kw;W Nkhid (1.2.3.4Kw;W Nkhid (1.2.3.4) ngw;whh; ngwpd; ngWth; ngz;bh; ngUQ;rpwg;G vJifj; njhil vJifj; njhil vJifj; njhil vJifj; njhil jhdk; jtkpuz;Lk; jq;fh tpaDyfk; thdk; toq;fh njdpd;.

• KjnyOj;J msnthj;jpUf;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ vJifj; njhilahFk;. ,g;ghlypy; vJif mbNjhWk; te;jjhy; ,/J mbnaJifahFk;.mbnaJifahFk;.mbnaJifahFk;.mbnaJifahFk;.

• ,Nj Nghd;W Xubapy; rPh;fs; NjhWk; vJifngw;W tUtJ rPnuJifahFkrPnuJifahFkrPnuJifahFkrPnuJifahFk;.

(v.fh) nrhy;Yf nrhy;ypw; gaDila nrhy;ywf. ,iznaJif (1>2),iznaJif (1>2),iznaJif (1>2),iznaJif (1>2) ngha;ahik ngha;ahik Mw;wpd; mwk;gpw nghopg;ngJif (1>3)nghopg;ngJif (1>3)nghopg;ngJif (1>3)nghopg;ngJif (1>3) Njhd;wpd; GfNohL Njhd;Wf m/jpyhh; Njhd;wypd; Njhd;whik ed;W. x&c vJif (1>4)x&c vJif (1>4)x&c vJif (1>4)x&c vJif (1>4)

Jizeyk; Mf;fk; jOck; tpideyk; Ntz;ba vy;yhk; jUk;.

$io vJif (1>2>3)$io vJif (1>2>3)$io vJif (1>2>3)$io vJif (1>2>3) fgw;W gw;ww;whd; gw;wpid mg;gw;iwg; gw;Wf gw;W tplwF.

Nkw;fJtha; vJif (1>3>4)Nkw;fJtha; vJif (1>3>4)Nkw;fJtha; vJif (1>3>4)Nkw;fJtha; vJif (1>3>4) mof;nfhz;l vy;yhk; mog;Nghk; ,og;gpDk; gpwgaf;Fk; ew;gh yit.

ffffPo;f;fJtha; vJif (1>2>4)Po;f;fJtha; vJif (1>2>4)Po;f;fJtha; vJif (1>2>4)Po;f;fJtha; vJif (1>2>4) xOf;fk; tpOg;gk; juyhd; xOf;fk; caphpDk; Xk;gg; gLk;.

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Kw;nwJif (1>2>3>4)Kw;nwJif (1>2>3>4)Kw;nwJif (1>2>3>4)Kw;nwJif (1>2>3>4) Jg;ghh;f;Fj; Jg;gha Jg;ghf;fpj; Jg;ghh;f;Fj; Jg;gha J}c kio. Kuz; njhil Kuz; njhil Kuz; njhil Kuz; njhil Kw;gfy; nra;apd; gpw;gfy; tpisAk; mbKuz; mbKuz; mbKuz; mbKuz;

nfLg;gJ}ck; nfl;lhh;f;Fr; rhh;tha; kw;whq;Nf vLg;gJ}ck; vy;yhk; kio.

mbNjhWk; Kjw;nrhy; Kuz;glj; njhLg;gJ mbKuz;. ,iz Kuz; (1>2),iz Kuz; (1>2),iz Kuz; (1>2),iz Kuz; (1>2) ngha;k;ikAk; tha;ik ,lj;j GiujPh;j;j ed;ik gaf;F nkdpd;. nghopg;G Kuz; (1>3)nghopg;G Kuz; (1>3)nghopg;G Kuz; (1>3)nghopg;G Kuz; (1>3) nry;tUj;J Xk;gp tUtpUe;J ghh;j;jpUg;ghd;

ey;tpUe;J thdj; jth;f;F. x&c Kuz; (1>4)x&c Kuz; (1>4)x&c Kuz; (1>4)x&c Kuz; (1>4) Gwj;J}a;ik ePuhd; mikAk; mfJ}a;ik tha;ikahw; fhzg;gLk;. $io Kuz; (1>2>3)$io Kuz; (1>2>3)$io Kuz; (1>2>3)$io Kuz; (1>2>3) fUkplw;wd; nrQ;riljhd; ntz;zPw;wd; vd;Dk; Nkw;fJtha; Kuz; (1>3>4)Nkw;fJtha; Kuz; (1>3>4)Nkw;fJtha; Kuz; (1>3>4)Nkw;fJtha; Kuz; (1>3>4) ntz;tj; NjhWk; Nrahpf; fUq;fDk; fPo;f;fJtha; Kuz; (1>2>4)fPo;f;fJtha; Kuz; (1>2>4)fPo;f;fJtha; Kuz; (1>2>4)fPo;f;fJtha; Kuz; (1>2>4) ,Uf;ifAk; epiyAk; Ve;njopy; ,af;fKk; Kw;WKuz; (1>2>3>4)Kw;WKuz; (1>2>3>4)Kw;WKuz; (1>2>3>4)Kw;WKuz; (1>2>3>4) Jth;tha;j; jPQ;nrhYk; cte;njdpd; KdpahJ. ,iaGj; njhil ,iaGj; njhil ,iaGj; njhil ,iaGj; njhil nfhz;ly; NfhGuk; mz;ilapy; $Lk; nfhbfs; thdk; gbju %Lk; fz;l Nguz;lj; jz;liy ehLk; fdf Kd;wpy; mdk;tpis ahLk;. nra;Aspd; mbapYk; rPh;fspYk; ,Wjp vOj;Njh> mirNah rPNuh xd;wp tUtJ ,iaGj; njhil vdg;gLk;. ,iaGj; njhilAk; gy epiyfspy; tUk; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; fhzyhk;.

nghUspyf;fzk;nghUspyf;fzk;nghUspyf;fzk;nghUspyf;fzk; mfg;nghUs;> Gwg;nghUs; vd;W nghUs; ,yf;fzk; ,U tifg;gLk; mfg;nghUs; mfg;nghUs; mfg;nghUs; mfg;nghUs; mfg;nghUs; gw;wpa xOf;fNk mfj;jpizahFk;. jpiz vd;gjw;F xOf;fk; vd;W nghUs;. FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy> iff;fpis> ngUe;jpiz vd mfj;jpizfs; VO tifg;gLk;. mtw;Ws; FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy vd;gd md;gpd; Ie;jpiz vd tifg;gLk;. %d;W mfg;nghUs; $wg;gLk;. Kjw;nghUs; chpg;nghUs; fUg;nghUs;. Kjw;nghUs; Kjw;nghUs; Kjw;nghUs; Kjw;nghUs; epyKk; nghOJk; vd Kjw;nghUs; ,U tifg;gLk;. epyk; epyk; epyk; epyk; FwpQ;rp – kiyAk; kiy rhh;e;j ,lKk; Ky;iy – fhLk; fhl;ilr; rhh;e;j ,lKk;

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kUjk; - taYk; tay; rhh;e;j ,lKk; nea;jy; - flYk; fly; rhh;e;j ,lKk; ghiy – twz;l RuKk; Ruk; rhh;e;j ,lKk;

nghOJ nghOJ nghOJ nghOJ ngUk;nghOJ rpWnghOJ vdg; nghOJ ,Utifg;gLk;.

ngUk;nghOJ ngUk;nghOJ ngUk;nghOJ ngUk;nghOJ ,sNtdpw;fhyk;> KJNtdpw;fhyk;> fhh;fhyk;> Fsph;fhyk;> Kd;gdpf;fhyk;> gpd;gdpf;fhyk; vd MW tifg;gLk;. ,sNtdpw;fhyk; - rpj;jpiu> itfhrp KJNtdpw;fhyk; - Mdp> Mb fhh;fhyk; - Mtzp> Gul;lhrp Fsph;fhyk; - Ig;grp> fhh;j;jpif Kd;gdpf;fhyk; - khh;fop> ij gpd;gdpf;fhyk; - khrp> gq;Fdp

rpWnghOJ xU ehspd; MW $Wfs; rpWnghOJ xU ehspd; MW $Wfs; rpWnghOJ xU ehspd; MW $Wfs; rpWnghOJ xU ehspd; MW $Wfs; fhiy – fhiy 6kzp Kjy; 10 kzp tiu ez;gfy; - 10 kzp – 2kzptiu

vw;ghL 2-6 (vw;ghL – vy;+ghL> vy; -QhapW> ghL –kiwAk; Neuk;) khiy 6-10 tiu ahkk; 10-2 tiu itfiw 2-6 tiu

jpizAk; nghOJk; jpizAk; nghOJk; jpizAk; nghOJk; jpizAk; nghOJk;

jpiz ngUk;nghOJ rpWnghOJ FwpQ;rp Fsph;fhyk;> Kd;gdpf;fhyk; ahkk;

Ky;iy fhh;fhyk; khiy kUjk; MWngUk; nghOJfs; itfiw nea;jy; MWngUk; nghOJfs; vw;ghL ghiy ,sNtdpy;> KJNtdpy;

gpd;gdp ez;gfy;

chpg;nghUs; chpg;nghUs; chpg;nghUs; chpg;nghUs;

kf;fs; jiytd; czh;r;rpfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLtJ chpg;nghUs;.chpg;nghUs;.chpg;nghUs;.chpg;nghUs;. FwpQ;rpFwpQ;rpFwpQ;rpFwpQ;rp ---- $lYk; $ly; epkpj;jKk; (Gzu;jYk; Gzu;jy; epkpj;jJk;)$lYk; $ly; epkpj;jKk; (Gzu;jYk; Gzu;jy; epkpj;jJk;)$lYk; $ly; epkpj;jKk; (Gzu;jYk; Gzu;jy; epkpj;jJk;)$lYk; $ly; epkpj;jKk; (Gzu;jYk; Gzu;jy; epkpj;jJk;) Ky;iyKy;iyKy;iyKy;iy---- ,Uj;jYk; ,Uj;jy; epkpj;jKk; (fhj;J ,Uj;jy;) kUjk; kUjk; kUjk; kUjk; ---- ClYk; Cly; epkpj;jKk; nea;jy; nea;jy; nea;jy; nea;jy; ---- ,uq;fYk; ,uq;fy; epkpj;jKk; ghiy - gpupjYk; gphpjy; epkpj;jKk;. fUg;nghUs; fUg;nghUs; fUg;nghUs; fUg;nghUs; kf;fs; ,iwtd;> czT> kf;fs;> nghOJ Nghf;F cl;gl kw;wtw;iw gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLtJ fUg;nghUs; MFk;. fUg;nghUfUg;nghUfUg;nghUfUg;nghU FwpQ;rpFwpQ;rpFwpQ;rpFwpQ;rp Ky;iyKy;iyKy;iyKy;iy kUjk; kUjk; kUjk; kUjk; nea;jy;nea;jy;nea;jy;nea;jy; ghiyghiyghiyghiy

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s;s;s;s; nja;tk; KUfd;

(NrNahd;) jpUkhy; khNahd;

,e;jpud; (Nte;jd;)

tUzd; nfhw;wit

kf;fs; ntw;gd; Fwtd;> Fwj;jpah;

Njhd;wy; Mah; Ma;r;rpahh;

Cud;> coth; coj;jpah;> filah; filr;rpah;

Nrh;g;gd; gujtd; guj;jpah; ckzh;

vapdh; vapw;wpah;

czT kiyney;> jpiz

tuF> rhik nre;ney;> ntz;nza;

kPd;> cg;G khw;whf ngw;w nghUs;

#iwahly; %yk; tUk; nghUs;

tpyq;F Gyp> fub> rpq;fk;

Kay;> khd;> Gyp

vUik> ePh; eha;

Kjiy> Rwh

typapoe;j ahid

g+ FwpQ;rp fhe;js;

Ky;iy Njhd;wp

nrq;fO> ePh;> jhkiu

jhio> nea;jy;

Futk;> ghjphp

kuk; mfpy;>Ntq;if

nfhd;iw> fhah

fhQ;rp kUjk;

Gd;id>Qhok;

,Yg;ig>ghiy

gwit fpsp> kapy; fhl;Lf;Nfhop kapy;

ehiu> ePu;f;Nfhop> md;dk;

flw;fhfk; Gwh gUe;J

Ch; rpWFb ghb> Nrhp Ng&h; %J}h; gl;bdk; ghf;fk;

FWk;G

ePh; mUtp ePh;> RidePh;

fhl;lhW kidf; fpzW>ngha;if

kzy; fpzW>cth;f;fop

tw;wpa Rid fpzW

giw njhz;lfk; VWNfhl; giw

kzKoh> ney;yhp fpiz

kPd; Nfhl;giw

Jb

gz; FwpQ;rp Ky;iy kUjk; nrt;topg; gz;

gQ;Ruk;

njhopy; Njd;> fpoq;F

VW jOTjy; epiu Nka;j;jy;

ney;> mhpjy; fis vLj;jy;

kPd; cg;G topg;gwp

Gwg;nghUs;fsGwg;nghUs;fsGwg;nghUs;fsGwg;nghUs;fs; mwk;> nghUs;> tPL> gw;wpAk; fy;tp> tPuk;> nfhil Kjypad gw;wpAk;

$WtJ Gwg;nghUshFk;. ntl;rp> fue;ij> tQ;rp> fhQ;rp> nehr;rp> copiQ> Jk;ig> thif> ghlhz;>

nghJtpay;> iff;fpis> ngUe;jpiz vdg; Gwj;jpizfs; gd;dpuz;L tifg;gLk ;. 1. ntl;rpj; jpiz1. ntl;rpj; jpiz1. ntl;rpj; jpiz1. ntl;rpj; jpiz

gif ehl;bd; kPJ Nghh; njhLf;f tpUk;Gk; murd;; me;ehl;bYs;s gRf;$l;lq;fSf;F Nghuhy; Jd;gk; Neuf; $lhJ vd;gjw;fhf ehl;bYs;s gRf; $l;lq;fis fth;e;J tur; nra;thd;. mt;thW epiuftur; nry;Yk; tPuh;fs; ntl;rpg;g+itr; #br; nry;th;. mJNt ntl;rpj; jpziahFk;. 2. fue;ijj; jpiz2. fue;ijj; jpiz2. fue;ijj; jpiz2. fue;ijj; jpiz

ntl;rp tPuh;fshy; fth;e;J nry;yg;gLk; jk; ehl;L Mdpiufis kPl;fr; nry;Nthh; fue;ijg; g+itr; #br; nrd;W kPl;gh;. mJ fue;ijj; jpizahFk;. 3. tQ;rpj; jpiz3. tQ;rpj; jpiz3. tQ;rpj; jpiz3. tQ;rpj; jpiz

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kz;zhirahy; gifth; ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wf; fUjpg; NghUf;Fr; nry;Yk; murd; tQ;rpg;g+it #br; nry;thd;. mJ tQ;rpj; jpizahFk ;. 4. fhQ;rpj; jpiz4. fhQ;rpj; jpiz4. fhQ;rpj; jpiz4. fhQ;rpj; jpiz

Xh; murd; jd; ehl;bd; kPJ Nghh; Fwpj;J te;j khw;wurNdhL vjph; nrd;W Nghh; Ghpjy; fhQ;rpj; jpizahFk;. mtd; fhQ;rpg;g+it #br; nry;thd;. 5. copiQj; jpiz5. copiQj; jpiz5. copiQj; jpiz5. copiQj; jpiz

khw;wurdpd; Nfhl;ilia ehw;GwQ; #o;e;j nghOJ jd; gilfSld; mjDl; GFe;J mjidf; ifg;gw;Wjy; MFk;. Nfhl;ilia Kw;WifapLjy; copiQ MFk;. tPuh;fs; copiQg; g+itr; #Lth;. 6. nehr;rpj; jpiz 6. nehr;rpj; jpiz 6. nehr;rpj; jpiz 6. nehr;rpj; jpiz

gifaurdhy; Kw;Wifaplg;gl;l jk; kjpiy mk; kjpYf;Fhpa murd; cs;spUe;J ntspNa ,Uf;Fk; giftNuhL NghhpLjy;. kjpy; fhf;Fk; tPuh; nehr;rpg; g+it #Lth;. 7. Jk;ig7. Jk;ig7. Jk;ig7. Jk;igj; jpiz j; jpiz j; jpiz j; jpiz

gifNte;jh; ,UtUk; jj;jk; gilfSld; jd;dyk; fUjhJ ntw;wp xd;iwNa fUjp Cf;fj;NjhL NghhpLjy; Jk;igj; jpizahFk;. ,jw;F Jk;igg; g+it #Ljy; kuG. 8. thifj; jpiz8. thifj; jpiz8. thifj; jpiz8. thifj; jpiz NghhpLk; Nte;jUs; ntw;wp ngWthd; thifg;g+it #b kfpo;thd;. ,J thifj; jpizahFk ;. 9. ghlhz; jpiz9. ghlhz; jpiz9. ghlhz; jpiz9. ghlhz; jpiz ,J kd;ddpd; Gfo;> typik> nfhil> ,uf;fk; Kjypatw;iwg; Gfo;jy; ghlhz; jpizahFk ;. 10. nghJtpay; jpiz. 10. nghJtpay; jpiz. 10. nghJtpay; jpiz. 10. nghJtpay; jpiz. ntl;rp Kjy; ghlhz; <whf cs;s Gwj;jpizf; nfy;yhk; nghJthf cs;sdTk; mtw;Ws; $wg;glhjdTk; Mfpa nra;jpfisf; $WtJ nghJtpay; jpizahFk ;. 11. iff;fpisj; jpiz 11. iff;fpisj; jpiz 11. iff;fpisj; jpiz 11. iff;fpisj; jpiz iff;fpis vd;gJ xU jiyf; fhjy;. ,J Mz;ghw; $w;W> ngz;ghw; $w;W vd ,U tifg;gLk;. 12. ngUe;jpiz12. ngUe;jpiz12. ngUe;jpiz12. ngUe;jpiz

ngUe;jpizahtJ nghUe;jhf;fhkk;. ,J Mz;ghw; $w;W> ngz;ghw;$w;W vd ,U tifg;gLk;.

jpUf;Fws;jpUf;Fws;jpUf;Fws;jpUf;Fws; jpUf;Fws; - (jpU+Fws;) rpwe;j Fws; ntz;ghf;fspdhy; Mfpa E}y;

Mjypd; ,g;ngah; ngw;wJ. Fws; - ,uz;lb ntz;gh. jpU. rpwg;G milnkhop. Fws; vd;gJ Fwl;ghit czh;j;jhky; mg;ghf;fshy; Mfpa E}iy czh;j;;Jtjhy; MFngah; ,J jkpopy; toq;Fk; gjpndz; fPof;;fzf;F E}y;fSs; xd;W. ,e;E}y; mwj;Jg;ghy;> nghUl;ghy;> fhkj;Jg;ghy; vd %d;W ngUk; gphpTfisf; nfhz;lJ.

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mwj;Jg;ghymwj;Jg;ghymwj;Jg;ghymwj;Jg;ghy; : ghaputpay;> ,y;ywtpay;> Jwtwtpay;> Copay; vd ehd;F ,ay;fisAk;

38 mjpfhuq;fisAk;. nghUl;ghy;:nghUl;ghy;:nghUl;ghy;:nghUl;ghy;: murpay;> mq;ftpay;> xoptpay; vd %d;W ,ay;fisAk; 70 mjpfhuq;fisAk;. fhkj;Jg;ghy;fhkj;Jg;ghy;fhkj;Jg;ghy;fhkj;Jg;ghy; fstpay;> fw;gpay; vd ,uz;L ,ay;fisAk; 25 mjpfhuq;fisAk; nfhz;lJ. -jpUf;Fws;> Kg;ghy;> ngha;ahnkhop> thAiw tho;j;J cj;juNtjk;> nja;tE}y;> jpUts;Stk;> jkpo;kiw> nghJkiw> jpUts;Stg;gad;> nghJkiw> KJnkhop vdg; gy ngah;fspy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. -jpUts;Stiu ehadhh;> Njth;> Kjw;ghtyh;> nja;tg;Gyth;> ehd;Kfdhh;> khjhDgq;fp nre;ehg; Nghjhh;> ngUehtyh;> ngha;apy; Gyth; vdg; gy ngah;fshy; ghuhl;Lfpd;wdh;. -jpUf;FwSf;Fj; jUkh;> kzf;Flth;> jhkj;jh;> er;rh;> ghpjp> ghpNkyofh;> jpUkiyahh;> ky;yh; ftpg;ngUkhs;> fhspq;fh; Mfpa gjpd;kh; (gj;J Ngh;) ciu vOjpAs;sdh;. -ts;Std; jd;id cyfDf;Nf je;J thd;Gfo; nfhz;l jkpo;ehL – ghujpahh;. -ts;Stidg; ngw;wjhy; ngw;wNj Gfo; itafNk – ghujpjhrd;. -fhyk; fp.K.31 vdf; nfhz;L jpUts;@tuhz;L fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. -cj;jpuNtjk;> nja;tE}y;> ngha;ahnkhop> thAiw tho;j;J> jkpo;kiw> nghJkiw> jpUts;@tg; gad;> jpUts;Stk;. mwk; 38. nghUl;ghy; 70 ,d;gk; 25 ghpNkyofh; ciu kpfr; rpwe;jJ yj;jPd; - tPukh Kdpth; n[h;kd; - fpuhy; Mq;fpyk; - [p.A.Nghg; gpnuQ;R – Vhpay; tlnkhop – mg;gh jPl;Rjh; ,e;jp – gp.b.n[apd; njYq;F – itj;aehjd; ehjh; kiyahsk; - Nfhtpe;jk;gps;is Mq;fpyk; - uh[h[p> Nf.vk;.ghyRg;gpukzpak;. gjpngjpngjpngjpndzdzdzdz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs;:; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs;:; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs;:; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs;: mfE}y;fs;mfE}y;fs;mfE}y;fs;mfE}y;fs;:

• fhh; ehw;gJ fz;zd; $j;jdhh; 40 ghly;fs;

• Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ khwd; nghiwah; 50 ghly;fs;

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• Ie;jpiz VOgJ %thjpahh; 70 ghly;fs;

• jpiznkhop Ik;gJ fz;zd; Nre;jdhh; 50 ghly;fs;

• jpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ fdp %jhtpah; 50 ghly;fs;

• ife;epiy Gy;yhq;fhldhh; 60 ghly;fs; GwE}y; GwE}y; GwE}y; GwE}y;

• fstop ehw;gJ – ngha;ifahh; - 40ghly;fs; mfE}y;fs;:mfE}y;fs;:mfE}y;fs;:mfE}y;fs;: fhh; ehw;gJ: kJiu fz;zd; $j;jdhh;. mfj;jpiz> Ky;iyj;jpiz ghtif-ntz;gh jpUkhy;> gyuhkd;> rptd; Mfpa ,iwth;fisf; $wpapUg;gjd; %yk; rkag; nghiwapd; Kd;Ndhbauhff; fz;zd; $j;jdhh; epfo;fpd;whh;. Ky;iyj;jpiz xOf;fk; - ,Uj;jy; gw;wp $WtJ.fhh;.ehw;gJ ehlfk; ghq;F nfhLj;jJ. Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ:Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ:Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ:Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ:

Mrphpah; - khwd; nghiwad; fhyk; - fp.gp.2k; E}w;whz;L jpiz – Ie;J mfj;jpizfs; Ky;iyj;jpizia Kjyhff; nfhz;l fPo;fzf;F E}y;.

Ie;jpiz VOgJ:Ie;jpiz VOgJ:Ie;jpiz VOgJ:Ie;jpiz VOgJ: %thjpahh; kzkfd; $Wk; cWjpnkhopfis kzkfs; Xh; Vl;by; vOjpg; ngWk;

tof;fk;. eLfy; topghL> Ik;gilj; jhypiaf; Foe;ijfSf;F mzptpj;jy; gw;wpa

gof;f tof;fk;. jpiznkhop Ik;gJ:jpiznkhop Ik;gJ:jpiznkhop Ik;gJ:jpiznkhop Ik;gJ: fz;zd; Nre;jdhh;. kapy; nrhy;> klthd; nrhy; vd;Dk; ghly; mzq;F nrhy;> Ma; kapy; nrhy;Nyh fdq;Fio> khjh; nfhy; khYnkd; neQ;R” vd;w jpUf;Fws; rhay; xl;b mike;Js;sJ. jpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJjpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJjpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJjpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ jpizf;F 30ghly; 150ghly;

,e;E}ypd; fUj;Jf;fs; Re;judpd; Njthuj;jpYk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ifepiy : ifepiy : ifepiy : ifepiy : Gy;yq;fhldhh; ,jw;F Ie;jpiz mWgJ vd;w ngah; cz;L. GwE}y; GwE}y; GwE}y; GwE}y; fstop ehw;gJ ,jd; Mrphpah; ngha;ifahh; nkhj;jk; 40 ghly;fs;. - Gwg;nghUs; gw;wpf; $Wk; E}y; - fsk; ghLtjpy; Nghh;fsk; ghLjy;> Vh;fsk; ghLjy; vd ,uz;L cz;L ,J Nghh;fsk; ghLjy; gw;wpaJ. - xt;nthU ghlYk; ml;lfsj;J (my;yJ) nghUjfsj;J vd;w rpwg;gpf;fpwJ.

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- Nrhod; nrq;fzhdhy; milf;fg;gl;l Nrud; fizf;fhy; ,Uk;Nghd;w> Nghh; ele;j ,lk; fOkyk;> rpiw – Flthapw; Nfhl;lk;. - ,r;Nrud; jhd; Fotpapwg;gpDk; Cd;wb gpwg;gpDk; vd;w ghliy vOjpatd;. - ,e;E}y; ehy;tifg; gilAs; ahidg; gilia gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. - fhh;j;jpif jpUtpoh gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. - fypq;fj;J guzp Nghd;w gpw;fhy E}y;fSf;F topfhl;bahf mike;j E}y;. mwE}y;fs; mwE}y;fs; mwE}y;fs; mwE}y;fs; ehybahhehybahhehybahhehybahh; - Ntshd; Ntjk;> ehyb ehD}W> ehybahh; vd;Wk; toq;fg;gLk; E}y; - ghz;ba ehl;L rkz Kdpth;fs; ,aw;wpaJ njhFj;jth; gJkdhh;. - mjpfhuk; tFj;jth; gJkdhh; Kg;ghyha; gFj;jth; jUkh;. - mwj;Jg;ghy; 13 mjpfhuk;> nghUl;ghy; 24 mjpfhuk;> fhkj;Jg;ghy; 3 mjpfhuk;. - nkhj;jk; 40 mjpfhuq;fSk; 12 ,ay;fSk; cs;sd. - Jwtwtpay; Kjypy; cs;sJ. - gjpndd; fPo; fzf;fpy; xNu njhif E}y; ehybahh;. - Ip.A.Nghg; Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngah;j;Js;shh;. - Kj;jpiuaiug; gw;wpf; $Wk; E}y;. Nkw;Nfhs; Nkw;Nfhs; Nkw;Nfhs; Nkw;Nfhs; - fy;tp moNf moF fy;tp fiuapy; fw;gth; ehs; rpy Muha;e;J mikTila fw;gNt ePh; xopa ghy; cz; FUfpd; njhpe;J. - nghpNahu; Nfz;ik gpiw Nghy ehSk; thpir thpirah ee;Jk;. - thD}h; kjpak; Nghy itfYk;> NjANk jhNd rpwpNahh; el;G. ehd;kzpf; fbif ehd;kzpf; fbif ehd;kzpf; fbif ehd;kzpf; fbif - fbif vd;why; Jz;L (gFjp) vd;w nghUs;. fl;Ltlk; (Necklace) vd;w nghUSk; Mguzk; vd;w nghUSk; cz;L. - xt;nthU ghlypYk; ehd;F kzpahd fUj;Jf;fs;. tpsk;gpehfdhh; - 104 ghly;fs;. - Ip.A. Nghh; (7>100) ghly;fis Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngaj;Js;shh;. Nkw;Nfhs; Nkw;Nfhs; Nkw;Nfhs; Nkw;Nfhs; - ahh; mwpthh; ey;yhs; gpwf;Fk; Fb - ,e;epyj;jJ kz;zhjy; Ntz;bd; mirapLf. - jd;NdhL nry;tJ Ntz;bd; mwk; nra;J nty;tJ Ntz;bd; ntFsp tpNly; - ,sikg; gUtj;J fy;yhik Fw;wk; tskpy;yh Ngho;jj;J ts;sd;ik Fw;wk;. - <d;whNshL vz;zf; flTSk; ,y; kidf;F tpsf;fk; klths; klthSf;F tpsf;fk; Gjy;th; Gjy;th;f;F tpsf;fk; fy;tp fy;tpf;F tpsf;fk; Gfy; rhh; czh;T - epyj;Jf;F mzp ney;Yk; fUk;Gk; Fsj;Jf;F mzp jhkiu ngz;Zf;F mzp ehzk;. ,d;dh ehw;gJ – fgpyh;> nkhj;jk; 40 ghly;fs; - Jd;gk; nray;fis njhFj;Jf; $Wk; E}y; - nkhj;jk; 164 ,d;dr; nray;fs; Nkw;NfhsNkw;NfhsNkw;NfhsNkw;Nfhs; - “cz;zhJ itf;Fk; nghUk;nghUs; itg;G ,d;dh” - “jPikAilahh; mUfpy; ,Uj;jy; ,d;dh” - “Cidj; jpd;W Cidg; ngUf;fy; Kd;dpd;dh”

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- “,d;dh nghUs; ,y;yhh; td;id gphpT” ,dpait ehw;gJ ,dpait ehw;gJ ,dpait ehw;gJ ,dpait ehw;gJ g+jQ;Nre;jdhh;> 40 ghly;fs; - flTs; tho;j;J rptd;> jpUkhy;> gpuk;kd; vd;w %tiuAk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. - nkhj;jk; 124 ,dpa nray;fs;. - “Cidj;jpd;W Cidg; ngUf;fhik Kd; ,dpNj” - “xg;g Kbe;jhy; kid tho;f;if Kd; ,dpNj” - “tUtha; mwpe;J toq;fy; ,dpJ” jphpfLfk; jphpfLfk; jphpfLfk; jphpfLfk; - kUj;jpd; ngauhy; Gfo;ngw;w E}y; - Rf;F> kpsF> jpg;gpyp - ey;yhjdhh;> 100 ghly;fs; - xt;nthU ghlypYk; %d;whk; mbapy; ,k;%d;Wk; (my;yJ) ,k;%th; vd tUfpwJ. Nkw;Nfhs; - neQ;rk; mlq;Fjy; tPlhFk; - Ntshz; vd;ghd; tpUe;jpUf;f cz;zhjhd;. - jhshsd; vd;gtd; fld;gl thohjhd;. - nfhz;lhd; Fwpg;gwpths; ngz;lhl;b Mrhuf;Nfhit Mrhuf;Nfhit Mrhuf;Nfhit Mrhuf;Nfhit ngUthapy; Ks;spahh; 100 ghly;fs; - md;whl tho;f;ifapy; nra;Ak; rpW nray;Kiw ve;j Kiwapy; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd $WtJ. Nkw;nfhs; “gfy; njw;F Nehf;fhh; ,uh tlf;F Nehf;fhh; gfw;ngha;ah; jPADs; ePh;” gonkhop gonkhop gonkhop gonkhop Kd;Wiu miuahdhh;. - 34 mjpfhuq;fspy; 400 ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ. - xt;nthU ghl;bd; ,WjpapYk; xU gonkhop cs;sJ. ,jd; gonkhopfs; midj;Jk; ,yf;fpa gonkhopfs; MFk;. njhy;fhg;gpah; gonkhopia ‘KJnrhy;’ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. - rq;f fhy kd;dh;fs;> Gyth;fs;> %Nte;jh;fis gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;l E}y;. - gjpndz; fPof;;fzf;F E}y;fSs; tuyhw;iw kpFjpahff; $Wk; E}y;. ePjp E}y;fSs; jpUf;Fws;> ehybahUf;F mLj;J Gfo; ngw;w E}y;. Nkw;Nfhs; - mzpnay;yhk; Milapd; gpd; - ,iwj;NjhWk; CWk; fpzW - fld; nfhz;Lk; nra;thh; fld; - fw;wypd; Nfl;lNy ed;W - Fytpj;ijf; fy;yhky; ghfk; gLk; - Fd;wpd; Nky; ,l;l tpsf;F - jdpkuk; fhlhjy; ,y; - jpq;fis eha; Fiuj; jw;W - epiw Flk; ePh; jJk;gy; ,y; - EzYk; jd; thahy; nfLk;.

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rpW gQ;r %yk;rpW gQ;r %yk;rpW gQ;r %yk;rpW gQ;r %yk; Mrphpah; fhhpahrd; flTs; tho;j;Jld; 97 ghly;fs; - kUe;jhy; ngah; ngw;w E}y; - gQ;rk; vd;why; Ie;J> %yk; vd;why; Nth; - Ntuhy; ngah; ngw;w E}y;> fz;lq; fj;jhp Nth;. - rpWtOJiz Nth;> rpW neUQ;rp Ntu;> rpWky;yp Nth;> ngUky;yp Nth;. - Njhy; fd;iwf; fhl;bg; gRitg; fwf;Fk; gof;fk; nfhbaJ vd;W $WfpwJ. Nkw;Nfhs; : fz;tdg;gf; fz;Nzhl;lk; fhy; tdg;Gr; nry;yhik E}w;F ,iae;j nrhy;ypd; tdg;Ng tdg;G Ngijf;F ciuj;jhYk; nry;yhJ czh;T KJnkhopf; fhQ;rp KJnkhopf; fhQ;rp KJnkhopf; fhQ;rp KJnkhopf; fhQ;rp Mrphpah; $lY}h; fpohh; (Iq;FWE}iwj; njhFj;jth;) – nkhj;jk; 100 ghly;fs; - gj;J gphpT> gphpTf;F gj;J ghly; - xt;nthU gj;Jk; Mh;fyp cyfj;J vd;W njhlq;fpwJ. - xt;nthU ghlYk; xt;nthU thpapidf; nfhz;l ghly;fs;. ngah;f;fhuzk; KJnkhop - %j;Njhh; nrhy; fhQ;rp – kfsph; ,ilazp %j;Njhh; nrhw;fs; gytw;iwf; Nfhh;j;j Nfhit KJnkhopf; fhQ;rp vd;w miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Nkw;Nfhs;fs; Mh;fyp cyfj;J kf;fl;nfy;yhk; xjypw; rpwe;jd;W xOf;fk; cilik - tz;ikapw; rpwe;jd;W fw;wJ kwthik - Nkijapw; rpwe;jjd;W fw;wJ kwthik - ,sikapw; rpwe;jd;W nka;g;gpzp ,d;ik Vyhjp Vyhjp Vyhjp Vyhjp - kUe;jhy; ngah; ngw;w E}y; - Vyhjp vd;gjw;F Vyj;ij Kjyhf cilaJ vd;W nghUs;. - ngah; fhuzk; Vyk; - 1 gq;F ,ytq;fg;gl;il – 2 gq;F ehfNfruk; - 3 gq;F kpsF – 4 gq;F jpg;gpyp – 5 gq;F Rf;F – 6 gq;F vd Vyk; Kjyhd MW nghUl;fisAk; nghb nra;j kUe;J fyitf;F Vyhjp vd;W ngah; ,e;j MW kUe;JfSk; clYf;F ed;ik gaf;Fk;. mJ Nghy; cs;sj;jpw;F ed;ik gaf;Fk; ghly;fs;. Nkw;Nfhs; jha; ,oe;j gps;is jiy ,oe;j ngz;lhl;b tha; ,oe;j tho;tpdhh;> tzpfk; Ngha; ,oe;jhh;. ifj;J}z; nghUs; ,oe;jhh; fz; ,yth;f;F <e;jhh; itj;J toq;fp tho;thh;. ,d;dpiy ,d;dpiy ,d;dpiy ,d;dpiy ,d;dpiy vd;Dk; E}iyg; ghbath; ngha;ifahh;. - mwj;Jg;ghy;> nghUl;ghy;> ,d;gj;Jg;ghy;> tPl;byf; flghy; vd ehd;F tifg;ghLfis ,e;E}y; nfhz;lJ. - ,jw;F ciu vOjp ntspapl;lth; t.c.rpjk;gudhh;.

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xsitahh; ePjpE}y;fsxsitahh; ePjpE}y;fsxsitahh; ePjpE}y;fsxsitahh; ePjpE}y;fs; Mj;jp#b (fp.gp 12)Mj;jp#b (fp.gp 12)Mj;jp#b (fp.gp 12)Mj;jp#b (fp.gp 12) - 109 xw;iw thpg; ghf;fs; nfhz;lJ. mfuepuy; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;l Kjy;

thf;fpak; kw;Wk; ePjp E}y; ,J. - Mj;jp#b mkh;e;j Njtid - Vj;jp Vj;jpj; njhONthk; ahNk - vd;gJ Mj;jp#bapd; flTs; tho;j;J - mj;jpkhiy mzpe;j rptngUkhidf; Fwpf;Fk; njhluhy; E}Yk; ‘Mj;jp#b’

vdr; Rl;lg;gLfpwJ. ‘mwk; nra tpUk;Gmwk; nra tpUk;Gmwk; nra tpUk;Gmwk; nra tpUk;G MWtJ rpdk;MWtJ rpdk;MWtJ rpdk;MWtJ rpdk; ,ay;gJ fuNty;,ay;gJ fuNty;,ay;gJ fuNty;,ay;gJ fuNty; <tJ tpyf;Nfy;<tJ tpyf;Nfy;<tJ tpyf;Nfy;<tJ tpyf;Nfy;’

nfhd;iw Nte;jdnfhd;iw Nte;jdnfhd;iw Nte;jdnfhd;iw Nte;jd; ,e;j E}Yk; mfu epuy; mikg;gpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ 91 xw;iw thpg;ghfs;

mike;jJ. md;idAk; gpjhTk; Kd;dwpT nja;tk; Myak; njhOtJ rhyTk; ed;W ,y;ywk; my;yJ ey;ywk; md;W <ahh; Njl;ilj; jPahh; nfhs;thh; - nfhd;iw Nte;jd; nry;td; mb,iz vd;Wk; Vj;jpj; njhONthk; ahNk vd;w flTs; tho;j;J Kjy; mb nfhz;L nfhd;iw Nte;jd; vd;W ,e;j E}y; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. %Jiu %Jiu %Jiu %Jiu ‘thf;Fz;lhk;’vdj; njhlq;Ftjhy; ‘%Jiuf;F’‘thf;Fz;lhk;’ vd;Wk; ngah;. Nkw;Nfhs; : ney;Yf;F ,iwj;;j ePh;... fitahfpf; nfhk;ghfp... fhd kapyhlf; fz;bUe;j thd; Nfhop ey;top ey;top ey;top ey;top

ghYk; njsp NjDk; ghFk; gUg;Gk; vdj; njhlq;Fk; flTs; tho;j;Jg; ghly; nfhz;lJ ,e;j E}y; - flTs; tho;j;J ePq;fyhf 40 ntz;ghf;fs; cs;sd. Nkw;Nfh; : Ntjhsk;NrUNk nts;sUf;F g+f;FNk cz;gJ ehop cLg;gJ ehd;F Kok;

Kr;rq;fkKr;rq;fkKr;rq;fkKr;rq;fk;

- rq;fk; vd;w nrhy; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,y;iy. - rq;fk; vd;w nrhy;iy Kjd; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpath; kzpNkfiy Mrphpah; rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh;. - rq;fk; gw;wpa Fwpg;G 7-k; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j jpUehTf;furh; Njthuj;jpy; tUfpwJ. - Kr;rq;fk; gw;wpa tphpthd nra;jpia – tuyhw;wpy; Kjypy; nrhd;dth; ,iwadhh; mfg;nghUs; ,iwadhh;. fstpay; vd;w E}ypd; ciuahrphpah; ef;fPuh; Mthh;.

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Kjw;rq;fk; Kjw;rq;fk; Kjw;rq;fk; Kjw;rq;fk; ,Ue;j ,lk; - njd; kJiu (g/Wsp Mw;wq;fiu) murh;fs; fha;r;rpd tOjp Kjy; fLq;Nfhd; tiu: (89 Ngh;) ghly; ,aw;wpa murh;fs;: VO Ngh; 549 Gyth; - 4440 Mz;Lfs; Gyth;fs; - 4449 E}y;fs; ngUk; ghpghly;> KJehiu> KJ FUF> fshpah tiu> mfj;jpak;.

,yf;fz E}y; - mfj;jpak; Gyth;fs; mfj;jpah;> rptd;> KUfd;> FNgud; (epjpapd; fpotd;) ,ilr;rq;fk,ilr;rq;fk,ilr;rq;fk,ilr;rq;fk; ntz;Nlh; nropad; Kjy; Klj;jpUkhwd; tiu E}y;fs; ngUq;fsp> FUF> ntz;ghsp> tpaho khiy> mfj;jpak;> njhy;fhg;gpak;> khGuhzk;> g+jGuhzk;> ,irE}y; tpsf;fk;. filr;rq;fkfilr;rq;fkfilr;rq;fkfilr;rq;fk; Klj;jpUkhwd; Kjy; cf;fpug; ngUtOjp tiu. E}y;fs; vl;Lj; njhif> gj;Jghl;L> $j;J> thp> Fw;wpif Nghpir. nkhj;j fhyk;: 9990 Mz;Lfs;. - ,il> filr; rq;fj;jpw;F chpath; - Klj;jpUkhwd; - Kj;jkpo; ,yf;fz E}y; - mfj;jpak; - ,aw;wkpo; ,yf;fz E}y; - njhy;fhg;gpak; - ,irj;jkpo; ,yf;fz E}y; - KJehiu - ehlfj;jkpo; ,yf;fz E}y; - ,e;jpu fhspak;> gQ;rkuG. Gyth; jiyth; - mfj;jpah; mfj;jpa khzth;fs; 12 NgUk; Nrh;e;J vOjpa E}y; gd;dpU glyk; (,J xU Gw E}y;) mfj;jpak; mfj;jpak; mfj;jpak; mfj;jpak; 12000 E}w;ghf;fs;; 12 gFjpfs;> vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs;> ahg;G> re;jk;> tof;fpay;> murpay;> mikr;rpay;> ghh;g;gdtpay;> N[hjpatpay;> fe;jh;tk;> $j;J.

vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fsvl;Lj;njhif E}y;fsvl;Lj;njhif E}y;fsvl;Lj;njhif E}y;fs;

“ew;wpiz ey;y FWe;njhif Iq;FWE}Wew;wpiz ey;y FWe;njhif Iq;FWE}Wew;wpiz ey;y FWe;njhif Iq;FWE}Wew;wpiz ey;y FWe;njhif Iq;FWE}W xj;j gjpw;Wgj;J Xq;F ghpghly;xj;j gjpw;Wgj;J Xq;F ghpghly;xj;j gjpw;Wgj;J Xq;F ghpghly;xj;j gjpw;Wgj;J Xq;F ghpghly;

fw;wwpe;Njhh; Vj;Jk; fypNahL mfk;Gwk; fw;wwpe;Njhh; Vj;Jk; fypNahL mfk;Gwk; fw;wwpe;Njhh; Vj;Jk; fypNahL mfk;Gwk; fw;wwpe;Njhh; Vj;Jk; fypNahL mfk;Gwk; vd;;W ,j;jpwj;j vl;Lj; njhifvd;;W ,j;jpwj;j vl;Lj; njhifvd;;W ,j;jpwj;j vl;Lj; njhifvd;;W ,j;jpwj;j vl;Lj; njhif”

.... vl;Lj;njhifAs;vl;Lj;njhifAs;vl;Lj;njhifAs;vl;Lj;njhifAs; mfE}y; mfE}y; mfE}y; mfE}y; ---- 5 5 5 5

GwE}y; GwE}y; GwE}y; GwE}y; ---- 2 2 2 2 mfKk;> GwKk; mfKk;> GwKk; mfKk;> GwKk; mfKk;> GwKk; ----1111 ghpghly;. ghpghly;. ghpghly;. ghpghly;.

fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpaJ fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpaJ fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpaJ fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpaJ – GwehD}W GwehD}W GwehD}W GwehD}W ew;wpizew;wpizew;wpizew;wpiz : Mrphpag;gh – mbvy;iy – 9 mb – 12mb 400 ghly;fs; - mfk;

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njhFj;jtd; - njhpatpy;iy njhFg;gpj;jtd; - gd;dhL je;j khwd; tOjp flTs; tho;j;J – ghujk; ghba ngUe;Njtdhh; jpUkhiyg; gw;wpaJ ntsthy;fSk; fdT fhZk; vd;w mwptpay; cz;ikiaf; $Wk;. tzpfh;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l gl;lk; - fhtpjp> vl;b njhz;b – Nru ehl;Lj; JiwKfk; khe;ij – Nru ehl;Lj; JiwKfk; kU$h;g;gl;bdk; - ghz;ba ehl;Lf; flw;fiu efuk; FWe;njhifFWe;njhifFWe;njhifFWe;njhif 4-8 mb vy;iy mfj;jpiz – Mrphpag;gh ghly;fs; - 400 njhFj;jth; - g+hpf;Nfh njhFg;gpj;jtd; - njhpatpy;iy. flTs; tho;j;J – ghujk; ghba ngUe;Njtdhh; (KUfidg; gw;wpaJ) fhpfhyd; kfs; Mjpke;jp mtd; fztd; Nru kd;dd; Ml;ldj;jp Foy; msfk;> nfhz;il> gdpr;ir> JQ;ir> kfsph; $e;jy; xg;gidfs; Xhp> FQ;rp> FLkp – Mzpd; Kb nfhq;FNjh; tho;f;if mQ;rpiwj; Jk;gp fhkk; nrg;ghJ fz;lJ nkhopNkh ahAk; QhAk; ahuhfpaNuh ve;ijAk; Ee;ijAk; vk;Kiwf; Nfsph; ahDk; ePAk; vt;topawpJk; nrk;Gyg; ngay; ePh;Nghy md;Gila neQ;rk; jhk; fye;jdNt epyj;jpDk; nghpNj thdpDk; caph;e;jd;W ePh;Df; Mus tpd;Nw rhuy; Iq;FWE}WIq;FWE}WIq;FWE}WIq;FWE}W : 3-6 mb Ie;JNgh; kUjk; - Xuk; Nghfpahh; nea;jy; - mk;%tdhh; FwpQ;rp – fgpyh; ghiy – Xjyhe;ijahh; Ky;iy – Ngadhh; njhFj;jth; : Gyj;Jiw $lY}h; fpohh;. nea;jy; jpizapy; cs;s nehz;bg;gjJ – me;jhjp Kiwapy; mike;Js;sJ. ,e;jpu tpoh Fwpj;Jf; $Wk; vl;Lj; njhif E}y;.,e;jpu tpoh Fwpj;Jf; $Wk; vl;Lj; njhif E}y;.,e;jpu tpoh Fwpj;Jf; $Wk; vl;Lj; njhif E}y;.,e;jpu tpoh Fwpj;Jf; $Wk; vl;Lj; njhif E}y;. gjpw;W gj;J gjpw;W gj;J gjpw;W gj;J gjpw;W gj;J ,jpy; cs;s xt;nthU ghlYk; ghly; ngauhy; ngah; ngw;w E}y;.

gj;J + gj;J + gj;J + ,d; + ,w;W + gj;J = gjpw;Wg;gj;J Nru murh;fs; gj;J Ngiu> egUf;F 10 ghly;fs; tPjk; ghLtJ. ,jw;F ,Uk;Gf; fliy,Uk;Gf; fliy,Uk;Gf; fliy,Uk;Gf; fliy vd;w ngah; cz;L. Kjy; gj;Jk; ,Wjpg; gj;J fpilf;ftpy;iy. xt;nthU ghlypYk; Jiw tz;zk;> J}f;F Nghd;wit ,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. ,U jiyKiw

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PH – 04146 -226417

1) cjpaQ;Nruy; 2) ,Uk; nghiw vd;w ,uz;L Nru tk;rq;fs; gw;wp ,e;j E}y; Fwpg;gpLk;. ghly;fs; midj;Jk; ghlhz;jpiziar; rhh;e;jJ. ghpghly; Nghy; ,irNahL mike;j ghly;. ghpghlyghpghlyghpghlyghpghly; 25-400 mb ghtifahy; ngah; ngw;w E}y; - ghpghly;. Kjy; ,irg;ghly; E}y;. vl;Lj; njhif E}y;fSs; mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL vd;w ehd;ifAk; $Wk; E}y;. vl;Lj; njhifapy; ghz;bah;fisg; gw;wpf; $Wk; E}y; - ghpghly;> fypj;njhif.

ehd;> Mkhk; Nghd;w nrhw;fs; ,jpy; kl;LNk cs;sd. (vl;Lj;njhifapy;) mk;gh Mly; - ij ePuhly; cyfk; Njhw;wk; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;. nea;jy;> Ftis> Mk;gy;> rq;fk; nts;sk; jkpopd; Ngnuz;fs;. fypj;njhiffypj;njhiffypj;njhiffypj;njhif: mfE}y; - nkhj;jk; 150 ghly; (flTs; tho;j;J) njhFj;jth; - ey;ye;Jtdhh; flTs; tho;j;J – rptd; (ghbath; ey;ye;Jtdhh;) Ie;jpiz E}y; ghiy> FwpQ;rp> kUjk;> Ky;iy> nea;jy; ghiyapy; 35 ghly;fs; - ngUq;fLf;Nfh FwpQ;rp – fgpyh; (29 ghly;fs;) kUjk; - kUjdps ehfdhh; (35 ghly;fs;) Ky;iy – Nrhod; ey;YUj;jpd; (17 ghly;fs;) nea;jy; - 33 ghly;fs; (ey;ye;Jtdhh;) VW jOTjiyg; gw;wpf; $Wk; E}yVW jOTjiyg; gw;wpf; $Wk; E}yVW jOTjiyg; gw;wpf; $Wk; E}yVW jOTjiyg; gw;wpf; $Wk; E}y; ngUe;jpizg; ghly;fs; ,lk; ngw;w xNu rq;f E}y;. ngUe;jpizg; ghly;fs; ,lk; ngw;w xNu rq;f E}y;. ngUe;jpizg; ghly;fs; ,lk; ngw;w xNu rq;f E}y;. ngUe;jpizg; ghly;fs; ,lk; ngw;w xNu rq;f E}y;. Xuq;f ehlf mikg;G. fw;wpe;Njhh; Vj;Jk; fyp mfehD}W mfehD}W mfehD}W mfehD}W 13 Kjy; 31 mbfs; 400 ghly;fs; Mrphpag;gh njhFj;jth; - cUj;jpu rd;kh; njhFg;gpj;jtd; - ghz;bad; cf;fpug; ngUtOjp flTs; tho;j;J – ghujk; ghba ngUe;Njtdhh;. neLe;njhifneLe;njhifneLe;njhifneLe;njhif vd;w ngah; cz;L. %d;W gFjpfs; fspw;wpahid epiw (120 ghly;fs;) (1-120) kzpkpilg; gtsk; (121-300) 180 ghly;fs; epj;jpyf; Nfhit (301-400 ghly;fs;) rupghjp (nrk;ghjpg;) ghly;fs; ghiyj; jpizg; ghly;fs; MdJ. 1>3>5>7>9>..... ghiyj; jpiz 2>8>12>18...... FwpQ;rp 4>14>24>34>.... Ky;iy 6>16>26>36>....kUjk; 10>20>30>40>..... nea;jy; FlNthiyj; Njh;jy; Fwpj;Jf; $Wk; E}y; mfehD}W FlNthiyj; Njh;jy; Fwpj;Jf; $Wk; E}y; mfehD}W FlNthiyj; Njh;jy; Fwpj;Jf; $Wk; E}y; mfehD}W FlNthiyj; Njh;jy; Fwpj;Jf; $Wk; E}y; mfehD}W tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfis mjpfkhff; $Wk; mftuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfis mjpfkhff; $Wk; mftuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfis mjpfkhff; $Wk; mftuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfis mjpfkhff; $Wk; mf E}yE}yE}yE}y;. tlehl;L nra;jpfis (ee;jh;fs;> Nkhhpah; gilnaLg;G)

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jpUkz Kiwfs; (86> 136 ghly;) fe;J – topghl;bw;Fhpa kuj;J}z;. GwehD}WGwehD}WGwehD}WGwehD}W

11 Gwj;jpizfs;> 65 Jiwfs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. 400 ghly;fs; mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk; %d;iwAk; $Wk; E}y;. Gwk;> Gwg;ghl;L> Gwk;G> jkpof; fUt+yk; vd;w NgW ngah;fSk; cz;L. Gwk; vd;gJ xUtdpd; tPuk;> nfhil> fytp Kjypa rpw;Gfisf; Fwpf;Fk;. flTs; tho;j;J rptd; gw;wpaJ. ngz;fs; cld;fl;il Vwpdh;. g+jg;ghz;bad; kidtp ngUk; Nfhg;ngz;L cld; fl;il Vwpdhs;. fztid ,oe;j ngz;fs; ifk;ik Nehd;G ,Ue;jdh;.

milhsg; g+ nfhb Nrud; - Nghe;ij (gid) tpy; Nrhod; - Mh; (mj;jp) Gyp ghz;bad; - Ntk;G kPd; jiyefuk; Nrud; - tQ;rp> JiwKfk; - Krpwp> njhz;b

Nrhod; - ciwa+h;> jQ;rht+h; (gpw;fhyk;)> Gfhh; JiwKfk;. ghz;bad; - kJiu> JiwKfk; - nfhw;if> njhz;b (mfehD}W) gy;ytd; - fhQ;rpGuk;> JiwKfk; - khky;yGuk;

ghujg;Nghhpy; NrhW nfhLj;jtd; - ngUQ;Nrhw;W cjad; Nruyhjd; njhy;fhg;gpaknjhy;fhg;gpaknjhy;fhg;gpaknjhy;fhg;gpak; njhd;ikahd fhg;gpaf; Fbapy; gpwe;jth; njhy;fhg;gpah;. epyk; jpUtpw;ghz;bad; mitapy; ,lk; ngw;wJ. fhyk; fp.K. 50 E}w;whz;L vd;gh;. mjpfhuk; - 3> vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs; ,ay; - 27> (mjpfhuj;jpw;F 9 ,ay;) E}w;gh – 1610 vl;Ltif nka;g;ghLfs; kUl;if> mr;rk;> ngUkpjk;> ntFsp> ctif> eif> mOif> ,sptuy;. mb tiuaiw cilaJ gh. mb tiuaiw ,y;yhjJ: E}y;> ciu> gprp> KJnkhop> ke;jpuk;> Fwpg;G. gprp – tpLfij> gz;zj;jp (ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;) tdg;G : 8 tif> mk;ik> moF> njhd;ik> Njhy;> tpUe;J> ,iaG> Gyd;> ,ioG. gj;Jg;ghl;L gj;Jg;ghl;L gj;Jg;ghl;L gj;Jg;ghl;L ,tw;wpy; Mw;Wg;gil E}y;fs; - 5 jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil nghUzuhw;Wg;gil rpWghzhw;Wg;gil ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil $j;juhw;Wg;gil (m) kiygLflhk; ,uz;L ghl;L vd;W KbAk; ghly;fs; FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L Ky;iyg;ghl;L gl;bzg;ghiy kJiuf;fhQ;rp neLey;thil> mfkh> Gwkh> rh;r;irf;Fhpa E}y;.

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njhy;fhg;gpak; $j;jh;> ghzh;> nghUeh;> tpwypah;. ,th;fs; jhk; ngw;w tsj;ij tWikapy; thLk; gpwFk; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf mth;fisj; jhk; nghUs; ngw;w ts;syplj;jy; topg;gLj;JtJ Mw;Wg;gil. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil gj;Jg;ghl;by; fhyj;jhy; gpe;ja E}y;. flTs; tho;j;jhff; fUjp Kjypy; itf;fg;gl;lJ. Mrphpah; ef;fPuh; 317 mbfs; ghlg;gl;ltd; KUfd; Mw;Wg;gil E}y;fs; ghprpy; ngwr; nry;Nthuhy; ngah; ngWk;. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil kl;Lk; ghprpy; nfhLg;Nghdhy; ngah; ngw;wJ. Mrphpag;ghthy; MdJ. MWgil KUfd; Nfhapy; gw;wpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Kjy; - jpUg;guq;Fd;wk; ,uz;lhtJ - jpUr;nre;J}h; %d;whtJ - jpUMtpdd; Fb - ,jid itahGhp vd;Wk; miog;gh;. itahtp vd;gJ Ngfidf; Fwpf;Fk;. ehd;fhtJ - jpUNtufk; (jpUg;gjp (v) Rthkpkiy) Ie;jhtJ - kiy ehl;L kf;fs;> ,th;fs; Fuit Mb tzq;Fjy;> Fd;W Njhwhly; - jpUj;jzp. MwthJ - KUfd; vOj;jUSk; ,lq;fSk; mtdplk; mUs; ngUk; Kiwfs;> goKjph;r;Nrhiy. nghUeuhw;Wg;gil nghUeuhw;Wg;gil nghUeuhw;Wg;gil nghUeuhw;Wg;gil Mrphpah; - Klj;jhkf; fz;zpahh; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; - fhpfhyr; Nrhod; 248 mbfs; nghUeh; ghba aho; ,irapy; fs;tUk; jpUj;jpajhf $WtJ ,J. Mrphpag;ghthy; MdJ. Ntlk; jhq;fp ebg;ghh;fs; nghUeh;fs;. Vh;f;fsk;> Nghh;fsk;> guzp ghLk; Ntlk; jhq;fpa $j;jUk; nghUeh; vd miof;fg;gl;ldh;. ,g;nghUeh; Nghh;f;fsk; ghLNthd;. ntz;zpg; Nghhpd; ngw;w ntw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpUe;Njhkgypd; rpwg;gpidf; $Wk; E}y; tpUe;jpdh; gphpAk; NghJ Vob nrd;W topaDg;Gjy; kuG. ,jid fhpfhyd; gpd;gw;wpdhd;. rpWrpWrpWrpWghzhw;Wg;gil ghzhw;Wg;gil ghzhw;Wg;gil ghzhw;Wg;gil Mrphpah;: ey;Y}h; ej;jj;jdhh; jiytd; : Xa;kh ehl;L ey;ypaf; Nfhlhd;. 269 mbfs; ,d;iwa jpz;btdg; gFjp xa;kh ehL MFk;. ey;ypaf; Nfhldpd; thapy; ,utyh;f;F milahsk;. filNaO ts;sy;fs; gw;wpf; $Wk; E}y;. Ngfd; - kapYf;F Nghh;it ghhp– Ky;iyf;F Njh; fhhp - ,utyh;f;F Fjpiu Ma;tz;bud; - ePykzp ehfk; je;j rptypq;fk; rptDf;F toq;fpdhd;. mjpakhd; - xsitf;F ney;ypf;fdp es;sp – kdjpy; cs;sij $wp eifj;jy; fhhp - ,utyh;f;F ehLfis ghprhf je;jJ. filNaO ts;sy;fs;.

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ghhp– gwk;Gkiy Ngfd; - nghjpdpkiy Xhp – nfhy;ypkiy Ma; - nghjpif kiy mjpad; - jfLh; Fkzd; - Kjpukiy es;sp – Njhl;bkiy ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil ghzhW vd;w ngaUk; cz;L. 500 thpfs; ghbath; fbaY}h; cUj;jpuq; fz;zdhh;.

ghlg;ghl;ltd; - njhz;ilkhd; ,se;jpiuad;. jpU.nt/fh. ,se;jpiuadpd; jiyefuk; (,d;iwa fhQ;rpGuk;) ,e;E}ypy; ePh;g; ngaw;W vd;w efh; gw;wp $WfpwJ.

ePh;g;ngw;W vd;gJ ,d;iwa khky;yGuk;. mfg;ghly;fsmfg;ghly;fsmfg;ghly;fsmfg;ghly;fs; Ky;iyg;ghl;L:Ky;iyg;ghl;L:Ky;iyg;ghl;L:Ky;iyg;ghl;L: Ky;iy xOf;fk; vd;gJ ,Uj;jYk; ,Uj;jy; epkpj;jk; (jiytidg; gphpe;J jiytp fhj;J ,Uj;jy;) Xjy;> gif> J}J> nghUs;> mwg;Gwq;fhty; gphpTf;F fhuzk;. Nehpir Mrphpag;gh ghbath; eg;g+jdhh; 103 mbfs; - rpwpa E}yrpwpa E}yrpwpa E}yrpwpa E}y; ,tuJ ghly;fs; vJTk; vl;Lj; njhifapy; fhzg;gltpy;iy. jpUkhy; thkddha; mtjhuk; vLj;j fij ,J mfE}y;. vdNt> ghl;Lilj;jiytd; ,y;iy. fhh; fhyj;jpy; tpid Nkw; ntspNa nrd;w jiytd; tPl;Lf;F tUtij vz;zp jiytp jdJ neQ;ir Mw;wp ,Ug;gjhy; ,jw;F neQ;rhw;Wg;gilneQ;rhw;Wg;gilneQ;rhw;Wg;gilneQ;rhw;Wg;gil vd;w ngah; cz;L. rFdk; ghh;j;jy;> tphpr;rp Nfl;ly; - ek;gpf;if ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L 261 mbfs; Nehpir Mrphpag;gh kiyAk; kiyrhh;e;j epyKk;> FwpQ;rp ,jid ngUq;FwpQ;rp vd;Wk; $Wth;.

Mhpa murd; gpufj;jDf;F jkpo; mwpTWj;jf; fgpyh; ghbaJ ,J. mwj;njhL epw;wy; vd;w Jiwapy; ghlg;gl;lJ.

,q;F jkpo; vd;gJ mfg;nghUs; vd;W nghUs;. $j;juhw;Wg;gil (my;yJ) kiygLflhk$j;juhw;Wg;gil (my;yJ) kiygLflhk$j;juhw;Wg;gil (my;yJ) kiygLflhk$j;juhw;Wg;gil (my;yJ) kiygLflhk; kiyf;F ahidia ctkpj;J kiyapy; cz;lhFk; Xirfisf; flhk; vd;W $wpajhy; ,e;E}y; kiygLflhk; vd;W ngah; ngw;wJ. $j;jd; xUtd; gpw $j;jh;fis Mw;Wg;gLj;Jtjhy; $j;jhw;Wg;gil vdg;gLfpwJ. Gyth;: ngUq;nfsrpfdhh; jiytd;: ed;dd; Nra; ed;dd; njhz;L: 9 vd;w vz;izf; Fwpf;Fk; ,uzpa Kl;lk; - kJiu mUNf Midkiyg;gFjp.

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fhl;bYs;s gyhg;goj;jpw;Ff; $j;jhpd; kj;jsk; ctikahfpwJ. $j;jh;fs; vLj;Jr; nrd;w ,irf; fUtpfs;: Njhy; fUtp – KoT> MFsp> gjiy (xU gf;fk; kl;LNk) Jisf;fUtp– NfhL> Foy;>J}k;G euk;Gf; fUtp – aho; fQ;rf; fUtp – ghz;by; jpizfs; : (njhy;fhg;gpak;) mfk;mfk;mfk;mfk; Gwk;Gwk;Gwk;Gwk; FwpQ;rp ntl;rp Ky;iy tQ;rp kUjk; copiQ nea;jy; Jk;ig ghiy thif iff;fpis fhQ;rp ngUe;jpiz ghlhz; Gwg;nghUs; ntz;gh khiy $Wk; jpizfspy;:Gwg;nghUs; ntz;gh khiy $Wk; jpizfspy;:Gwg;nghUs; ntz;gh khiy $Wk; jpizfspy;:Gwg;nghUs; ntz;gh khiy $Wk; jpizfspy;: ntl;rp> fue;ij> tQ;rp> fhQ;rp> copiQ> nehr;rp> Jk;ig> thif> ghlhz;> iff;fpis> ngUe;jpiz> nghJtpay;

jkpo; ,yf;fpakjkpo; ,yf;fpakjkpo; ,yf;fpakjkpo; ,yf;fpak;

Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpak;Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpak;Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpak;Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpak;

fhg;gpak; nghJthf njhlh; epiy nra;As;> neLk; ,yf;fpak; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Kjy; ,uz;L fhg;gpaq;fs; rq;f fhyk; kUtpa fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;lhYk; kw;wit Nrhoh;fs; fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;lhYk; Nrhoh; fhyj;ij fhg;gpaf; fhyk; vd;gh;.

• rpyg;gjpfhuk; - rpyk;G + mjpfhuk;mbfs; - 5001 Mrphpah; Mrphpah; Mrphpah; Mrphpah; ---- ,sq;Nfhtbfs,sq;Nfhtbfs,sq;Nfhtbfs,sq;Nfhtbfs ;; ;; ,katuk;gd; neLQ;Nruyhjdpd; ,isa kfd;. %d;W fhz;lk; Kg;gJ fhij Gfhh; fhz;lkGfhh; fhz;lkGfhh; fhz;lkGfhh; fhz;lk; - kq;fy tho;j;Jg;ghly; Kjy; ehLfhz; fhij tiu gj;J fhijfs; kJiuf; fhz;lk;: kJiuf; fhz;lk;: kJiuf; fhz;lk;: kJiuf; fhz;lk;: fhLfhz; fhij Kjy;fl;Liuf;fhij Kba 13 fhijfs;. tQ;rpf;fhz;lk; tQ;rpf;fhz;lk; tQ;rpf;fhz;lk; tQ;rpf;fhz;lk; ---- Fd;w Fuit Kjy; tue;jUfhij Kba 7 fhijfs;. fij khe;jh;fs;fij khe;jh;fs;fij khe;jh;fs;fij khe;jh;fs; jiytd; - Nfhtyd; jiytp – fz;zfp Mly; kq;if - khjtp - Nfhtdpd; je;ij – khrhj;Jthd; fz;zfpapd; je;ij - kheha;fd; khjtpapd; jha; - rpj;jpuhtjp fTe;jpabfs ; - rkzj;Jwtp khjtp - ,ilf;Fy khjh; - kJiu khjtpapd; Njhop - tae;jkhiy

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• kJiuf;F fhty; nja;tk; kJuhgjp

• rpiy vLj;j NghJ cld; ,Ue;jth;fs; ,yq;if kd;dd; fathF> Nrho kd;dd; ngUew;fps;sp> fdf tprah;.

• fz;zfpNfhapypd; Kjy; G+rhhp Njte;jp

• ,uhkd; jpUkhypd; mtjhuk; vdf; $wk; Kjy; fhg;gpak;

• eugyp nfhLf;Fk; gof;fk; gw;wp $WfpwJ. rpyg;gjpfhuk; %d;W cz;ikfs;:%d;W cz;ikfs;:%d;W cz;ikfs;:%d;W cz;ikfs;:

- murpay; gpioj;Njhh;f;F mwk; $w;whFk;. murpay; gpioj;Njhh;f;F mwk; $w;whFk;. murpay; gpioj;Njhh;f;F mwk; $w;whFk;. murpay; gpioj;Njhh;f;F mwk; $w;whFk;. ---- Co;tpid cWj;J te;J Cl;Lk;Co;tpid cWj;J te;J Cl;Lk;Co;tpid cWj;J te;J Cl;Lk;Co;tpid cWj;J te;J Cl;Lk; ---- ciurhy; gj;jpdpia cah;e;Njhh; Vj;Jth;.ciurhy; gj;jpdpia cah;e;Njhh; Vj;Jth;.ciurhy; gj;jpdpia cah;e;Njhh; Vj;Jth;.ciurhy; gj;jpdpia cah;e;Njhh; Vj;Jth;.

rpyk;gpd; Gfo;:rpyk;gpd; Gfo;:rpyk;gpd; Gfo;:rpyk;gpd; Gfo;: - neQ;rk; ms;Sk; rpyg;gjpfhuk; vd;Nwhh; kzpahuk; gilj;j jkpo;ehL – ghujpahh; - ahkwpe;j GythpNy fk;gidg; Nghy; ts;Stidg; Nghy; ,sq;Nfhitg; Nghy; G+kpjdpy; ahq;fDNk gpwe;jpy;iy. -ghujpahh; ,ir ehlfNk rpyg;gjpfhuf; fijapd; cUtk;.

Ie;jpid mikg;G Kiw:Ie;jpid mikg;G Kiw:Ie;jpid mikg;G Kiw:Ie;jpid mikg;G Kiw:

FwpQ;rpj; jpiz - Fd;w Fuit Ky;iyj; jpiz - Ma;r;rpah; Fuit kUjj;jpiz - ehLfz; fhij nea;jy; jpiz - fhdy; thp ghiy jpiz - Ntl;Lt thp. gy;NtW ngah;fs;gy;NtW ngah;fs;gy;NtW ngah;fs;gy;NtW ngah;fs;

- rpyg;gjpfhuk; - jkpo; Kjy;fhg;gpak; - ciuapilg;gl;l ghl;Lilr; nra;As; - Kj;jkpo;f; fhg;gpak; - Kjd;ik fhg;gpak; - gj;jpdpf; fhg;gpak; - ehlff; fhg;gpak; - Fbkf;fs; fhg;gpak; (nj.ng.kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;) - GJikf; fhg;gpak; - (eLfy; topghL ngz;fSf;F vLj;jjhy;) - nghJik fhg;gpak;> xw;Wik ehl;bak;> %Nte;jh; fhg;gpak;> jkpo; Njrpaf; fhg;gpak;. - Nghuhl;l fhg;gpak; - Gul;rp fhg;gpak; - fz;zfp topghNl gpw;fhy khhpak;kd; topghl;bw;F fuhzk;.

kzpNkfiykzpNkfiykzpNkfiykzpNkfiy

Mrphpah; - $ythzpfh; rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh; mbfs; - 4286 fhij - 30 “tpohtiwf; fhij Kjy; ngsj;jpuk; mWf vdg; ghit Nehw;w fhij” NtWngah; - kzpNkfiy JwT Kjy; rkaf; fhg;gpak;> mwf;fhg;gpak;> rPh;j;jpUj;jf; fhg;gpak;> Fwpf;Nfhs; ,yf;fpak;> Gul;rp fhg;gpak; (guj;ijapd; kfis mwj;jpd;

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jiytpahfTk; khw;wp fhl;bajhy;) grpg; gpzp kUj;Jtf; fhg;gpak;> gR Nghw;Wk; fhg;gpak;.

Nkw;Nfhs;: Nkw;Nfhs;: Nkw;Nfhs;: Nkw;Nfhs;:

- tpidapd; te;jJ tpidf;F tpisthtJ - Nfhy;epiy jphpe;jpbd; Nfhs; tpiy jphpAk; - cz;b nfhLj;Njhh; caph; nfhLj;NjhNu - “mwk; vdg;gLtJ ahnjdf; Nfl;gpd; kwthJ ,J Nfhs; kz;Zaph;f; nfy;yhk;. cz;bAk; ciwASk; my;yJ fz;ljpy;”.

fij khe;jh;fs;fij khe;jh;fs;fij khe;jh;fs;fij khe;jh;fs; cjaFkhud; - murFkhud; - kzpNkfiyia kzk; Ghpa tpUk;Ggtd;.

kzpNkfyh nja;tk; - kzp gy;ytj;Jpt jPtpjpifapd; cjtpahy; mKjRugp (NfhKfpg; ngha;if) fz;nlLg;G. mwtztbfspd; mwpTiug;gb Mjpiuaplk; Kjd; Kjypy; gpr;irNaw;whs;. mKjRugp– Kw;gpwtpapy; MGj;jpudplk; ,Ue;jJ. -kUjp> tprhif – gj;jpdpg; ngz;fs; fharz;bif fztd; fhQ;rdd;

rPtfrpe;jhkzp:rPtfrpe;jhkzp:rPtfrpe;jhkzp:rPtfrpe;jhkzp:

- jpUj;jf;f Njth; epiyahik Fwpj;J vOjpa E}y;ehptpUj;jk; - tpUj;jghthy; ,aw;wg;gl;l Kjy; fhg;gpak; (tpUj;jghy; ty;yth; - fk;gh;)

- kzE}y;> fhkE}y; Kf;jp E}y; vd;w ngah;fSk; cz;L. - 13 ,yk; gfq;fisAk; 3145 ghly;fisAk; nfhz;lJ. - Kjy; ,yk;gfk; ehkfs; ,yk;gfk; - filrp ,yk;gfk;Kf;jp ,yk;gfk; - fhg;gpaj; jiytd; rPtfd;. kd;dDf;F kfdhf> murpd; tapw;wpy;

cUthdtd;. rPtfd;. vdpDk; tpjp trj;jhy; RLfhl;by; gpwd;whd;. ,td; rpwe;j Njhw;wg;nghypT nfhz;ltd;. kpFe;j mwpT epuk;gpatd;> gy;NtW fiyfspYk; ty;ytd;> rpwe;j tPud;. ,td; vl;L kq;ifaiu kze;J nfhs;fpwhd;. ,t;thW gy kzk; Ghpe;jtd; MdhYk;> ,td; xU fhKfdhf md;wp rpwe;j kd mlf;fk; nfhz;ltdhfNt rpj;jhpf;fg;gLfpwhd;. ,t;thW gy ngz;fis kzk;Ghpe;jjd; %yk;> gzgyj;ijAk;> gilgyj;ijAk; ngUf;fpf; nfhz;L murgjtpia milfpwhd;. 30Mz;Lfs; ePjpAld; Ml;rp nra;j rPtfd;> Ml;rpg; nghWg;ig kfdplk; mspj;Jtpl;Lj; Jwtwk; G+z;L Kj;jp ngWfpwhd;. Kf;fpa ghj;jpuq;fs;

• rPtfd;

• rr;re;jd; (je;ij> tprakhNjtp jha;)

• fe;Jf;fld; (tsh;g;Gj; je;ij)> Ree;ij (tsh;g;Gj; jha;)

• ee;jl;ld;> eGyd;> tpGyd; (tsh;g;Gj; je;ijapd; kf;fs;)

• rPjj;jd;> Gj;jpNrdd;> gJKfd;> Njtjj;jd; (ez;gh;fs;)

• fhe;jUtjj;ij> Fzkhiy> gJik> Nfkrhp> fdfkhiy> tpkiy> RukQ;rhp> ,yf;fiz (rPtfd; kidtpah;)

• mr;rze;jp (Mrphpah;)

• fl;baq;fhud; (giftd;)

E}y; rpwg;G:E}y; rpwg;G:E}y; rpwg;G:E}y; rpwg;G:

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-[p.A.Nghg; ,jid ,ypal;> XbrpAld; xg;gpl;Ls;shh;. jkpo;f;ftpQh;fspd; ,sturd; vd;W jpUj;jf;f Njtiug; Gfo;e;J ghuhl;bAs;shh; [p.A.Nghg;.

- midj;J rkaj;jtUk; tpUk;gpfw;w rkzf; fhg;gpak;.

tisahgjp:tisahgjp:tisahgjp:tisahgjp:

- Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy - rkzf; fhg;gpak; - tpUj;jhg;ghthy; MdJ. - fpilj;jit 72 ghf;fs;. - %yE}y; itrpf Guhzk; 35tJ rUf;fk; - etNfhb ehuhazd; gw;wpa E}y; - xl;lf;$j;jh; ftpaoF Ntz;b tisahgjpia epidj;jhh; vd;W jf;fahfg; guzpapd; ciuahrphpah; njhptpf;fpwhh;.

Nkw;Nfhs;:Nkw;Nfhs;:Nkw;Nfhs;:Nkw;Nfhs;: nghiwapyh mwpT – Nghfg; Gzh;T ,yh ,sik.

Fz;lyNfrp:Fz;lyNfrp:Fz;lyNfrp:Fz;lyNfrp: Mrphpah; ehjFj;jdhh;. ngsj;j fhg;gpak;

- Fz;lyNfrp RUz;l jiyKbia cilats; vd;W nghUs; Fz;lyNfrp tUj;jk;> mfy ftp vd;w NtW ngah;fSk; cz;L.

- fhsd; vd;w fs;tid kzk;Ghpa gj;jpiu vd;w tzpf Fyg; ngz; tpUk;Gfpwhs;. jpUkzj;jpw;Fg; gpd; gj;jpiu rpdk; nfhz;bUe;j Ntisapy; fhsid ‘fs;td; jhNd’ vd;W $wp tpLfpwhs;. gj;jiuia nfhy;y kiyAr;rpf;F mioj;Jr; nry;fpd;whd;. mtdJ #o;r;rpia mwpe;J nfhz;l gj;jpiu ‘jw;nfhy;ypia Kw;nfhy;’ vd;W jdJ fztiu nfhiy nra;ths;. gpd;dh; mts; jdJ kapiu ePf;fp Gj;j Jwtpahfpwhs;. mg;NghJ tsh;e;j KbNa RUz;L ,Ug;gjhy; mJ Fz;lyNfrp vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

- fiyQuhy; ‘ke;jphp Fkhhp’ vd;W jpiug;glkhf;fg;gl;lJ.

IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs;IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs;IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs;IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs;

midj;Jk; rkzf; fhg;gpaq;fNsmidj;Jk; rkzf; fhg;gpaq;fNsmidj;Jk; rkzf; fhg;gpaq;fNsmidj;Jk; rkzf; fhg;gpaq;fNs. ehfFkhu fhtpakehfFkhu fhtpakehfFkhu fhtpakehfFkhu fhtpak;:;:;:;: Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. fe;jpahh; xUth; vOjpdhh; vd;gh;.

- ehfgQ;rkp Nehd;gpd; rpwg;igg; $Wk; E}y; - ,e;E}Yf;F ehfgQ;rkp fij vd;w ngaUk; cz;LehfgQ;rkp fij vd;w ngaUk; cz;LehfgQ;rkp fij vd;w ngaUk; cz;LehfgQ;rkp fij vd;w ngaUk; cz;L. kzj;ijAk; Nghfj;ijAk; kpFjpahff; $Wk; rkz E}y;. ehfFkhu fhtpak; my;yJ ehfgQ;rkp fij vdg;gLk;. ,e;E}y; jkpopy; Njhd;wpa rpW fhg;gpaq;fspy; xd;whFk; ,ij vOjpath; ahh; rpNuhzpf vd;w jfty;fs; fpilf;ftpy;iy ehl;L kd;ddpd; Ntz;LNfhSf;F ,zq;fpf; nfsjkh; vd;ghh; mtDf;Ff; fij $Wk; ghq;fpy; ,e;E}y; mikf;fg;gl;L cs;sJ. 170 tpUj;jg;ghf;fshy; Mf;fg;gl;l ,e;E}y; Ie;J rUf;fq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

rkz rka E}yhd ehfFkhu fhtpak; mr; rkaf; nfhs;iffis E}ypy;

tpsf;f Kw;gLfpwJ. ,sikf; fhyj;jpy; ,d;gk; Ja;g;gjpNyNa jdJ fhyj;ijf; fopj;j ehfFkhud; jdJ ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; tho;tpd; epiyahikia czh;e;J

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JwT Nkw;nfhs;tNj ,f; fijapd; rhuk;. gpwtpr; Roypy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;L Kj;jp ngWtjw;Fj; Jwtpd; ,d;wpaikahik gw;wpg; NgRtNj ,f; fijapd; Nehf;fkhfj; njhpfpwJ.

cjazFkhu fhtpak;:cjazFkhu fhtpak;:cjazFkhu fhtpak;:cjazFkhu fhtpak;: Mrphpah; ngah; njhptpy;iy fe;jpahh; vd;gh;. %yE}y; - ngUq;fij fhz;lq;fs; - 6> tpUj;jg;ghf;fs; 369. -#hpa Fyj;jpy; gpwe;j E}y; cjazd; vdg;gl;lhd;.

,e;E}ypy; MW fhz;lq;fs; cs;sd. cQ;irf; fhz;lk; ,yhtzf; fhz;lk;> kfj fhz;lk;> tj;jt fhz;lk;> euthfd fhz;lk; kw;Wk; JwTf; fhz;lk; ,f;fhg;gpaj;jpd; Kjw;gFjp cjazd; tuyhw;iwAk;> gpw;gFjp mtdJ kfdhfpa euthfddJ tuyhw;iwAk; $WfpwJ.

aNrhju fhtpakaNrhju fhtpakaNrhju fhtpakaNrhju fhtpak;:;:;:;:

Mrphpah; - ntz;zhtYilahh; Nts; -caph;nfhiy jPJ vd;Wk; czh;j;Jk; E}y; -VO tif eufq;fs; gw;wp $Wk; E}y;. ,Uspd; ,Us;> ,Us;> Gif> NrW>kzy;> ghy;> kUs;. 5rUf;fq;fspy; 320 tpUj;jg;ghf;fshy; Md ,jd; Mrphpah; ngaUk; njhpatpy;iy ,uhkrkhGuj;J murd; khhpjj;jd; caph;fisg; gypapl;L te;jhd;. mtDf;F caph;f;nfhiy jPJ vd;W czh;j;Jtjw;fhf vOjg;gl;l fhg;gpak; ,JgpwtpfkW rpw;wpd;gj;jpd; rpWik> Nghpd;gj;jpd; ngUik> xOf;fj;jpd; cah;T Nghd;wtw;iw tpthpg;gJ ,e;E}y; ,J xU tlnkhop E}ypd; jOty; vspa eilAk; eakhd ghf;fSk; fhyk; cila E}y; ,J 13Mk; E}w;whz;L ,ir fhkj;ijj; J}z;Lk; vd;gijAk;> fh;kj;jpd; tpisTfisAk; vLj;jpak;Gk; ,f;fij cj;juGuhzj;jpy; ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ vd;Wk; Gl;ge;jh; fijapd; jkpo; tbtk; vd;Wk; ,jd; Mrphpah; ntz;zhtYilahh; Nts; vd;Wk; $WNthh; cz;L.

ePyNfrp:ePyNfrp:ePyNfrp:ePyNfrp: ePyNfrp vd;why; fUj;j $e;jiyAilas; vd;W nghUs;. ePyNfrpj;jpul;L vd;w NtW ngaUk; cz;L. Fz;lyNfrp vd;W E}Yf;F khw;whf vOjg;gl;l E}y;. 10 rUf;fq;fspy; 864 ghf;fshy; MdJgj;jhk;.gp.fp E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;J fhg;gpaj; jiytp ePyp gioaD}hpy; NgAUtpy; ,Ue;J Kdpr;re;jpuh; vd;fpw rkz Kdptuhy; Nga;ik ePq;fp mtUf;Nf khztpahfTk; rkzj; JwtpahfTk; Mfp ngsj;jh;fis thjpy; ntd;w fijNa ,f;fhg;gpak;. #shkzp:#shkzp:#shkzp:#shkzp: Mrphpah; Njhyh nkhopj;Njth; ,aw;ngah; th;j;jkhd Njth;. 12 rUf;fq;fspy; 2131 tpUj;jg;ghf;fshy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ ,e;E}y; MUfj kfhGuhzj;ijj; jOtpaJ ghftj;jpy; tUk; gyuhkd;> fz;zd; Nghd;W ,f;fhg;gpaj;jpYk; jptpl;ld; tprad; vd;Dk; ,U tlehl;L Nte;jh;fspd; tuyhwhf ,e;E}y; cs;sJghftjKk; #shkzpAk; fij epfo;r;rpfspy; XusT xj;J cs;sd rutzngy;Nfhyh fy;ntl;by; ,e;E}y; gw;wpa Fwpg;G cs;sJ. ,e;E}ypd; ghapuk; jUk; Fwpg;gpd;gb fp.gp xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j mtdp #shkzp khwth;kd; vd;Dk; ghz;bad; mitf;fsj;jpy; muq;NfwpaJ vd;W njhpfpwJ. ,J rpWfhg;gpa tifapy; ,Ue;jhYk; ngUq;fhg;gpak; gz;Gfs; kpFe;j E}yhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

cjaFkhu fhtpak;cjaFkhu fhtpak;cjaFkhu fhtpak;cjaFkhu fhtpak;

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cjazpd; fijNa cjazFkhu fhtpaKk; $WfpwnjdpDk; ,yf;fpar; Rit Fd;wpapUj;jw; nghUl;L mJ IQ;rpWq;fhg;gpa thpirapy; itf;fg;gl;lJ. fhz;lq;fs; E}w;gphpT: mfw;ghthy; ghlg;gl;Ls;s ,e;E}Ys; gpd;tUk; Ie;J fhz;lq;fs; cs;sd. 1.cQ;irf; fhz;lk;. 2.,yhthz fhz;lk;. 3.kfj fhz;lk; 4.tj;jt fhz;lk; 5.euthz fhz;lk; ngUq;fij:ngUq;fij:ngUq;fij:ngUq;fij: Mrphpah; nfhq;FNts;

cjazd; tuyhw;iw jkpopy; $wpa Kjy; E}y; rkz fhg;gpak; ,jw;F nfhq;FNts; khf;fij vd;w ngaUk; cz;L. Fzhl;bah; vd;gtuhy; gpuhfpUj nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l gpufj;fjh vd;Dk; ,yf;fpaj;ijj; jOtp Mf;fg;gl;lNj ngUq;fijngUq;fijngUq;fijngUq;fij MFk;. Nrhoh; fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jJ ,ij Mf;fpath;. nfhq;FNtsph; vd;gtuhthh; ,th; xU rkzh; nfsrhk;gp ehl;L murdpd; kfdhd cjazd; vd;gtdpd; fijNa ,J. fijaikg;Gfijaikg;Gfijaikg;Gfijaikg;G

cjazdpd; jha; fUTw;W ,Ue;j NghJ rugk; vd;Dk; xU gwit muz;kidapy; ,Ue;J mtisj; J}f;fpr; nrd;W tpGyhryk; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; Nghl;Ltpl;Lr; nry;fpwJ. mq;Nf cjazd; gpwf;fpwhd;. ,jpypUe;J cjazpd; tPujPur; nray;fs;> murdhjy;> gy ngz;fis kzj;jy; vd;gtw;wpD}lhfj; JwT G+Zk;tiuahd fijiaf; $WfpwJ ,f;fhg;gpak;.

rka ,yf;fpaj; jfty;fsrka ,yf;fpaj; jfty;fsrka ,yf;fpaj; jfty;fsrka ,yf;fpaj; jfty;fs;;;;

Mq;fpyk;> tzpfj;jpd; nkhop> ,yj;jpd; rl;lj;jpd; nkhop fpNuf;fk; ,irapd; nkhop> gpnuQ;R J}jpd; nkhop> ,j;jhyp fhjypd; nkhop vd;why; jkpo; gf;jpapd; nkhop – kiwj;jpU jdp ehaf mbfs; rka kWkyh;r;rpf; fhyk; - gy;yth; fhyk; gf;jp ,yf;fpa fhyk; - gy;yth; fhyk; irtg; nghpahh; ghba ghf;fs; jpUkiwfs; vdg;gLk;. ,it 12jpUKiwfs; 1>2>3> jpUKiwfs; - jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; 4>5>6> jpUKiwfs; - jpUehTf;furh; 7 jpUKiwfs; - Re;juh; 8k; khzpf;fthrfh; - jpUthrfk;> jpUf;Nfhit vd;w jpUr;rpw;wk;gyf;Nfhit 9k; jpUKiw – jpUtpirg;gh 9 Ngh; ghbaJ. jpUg;gy;yhz;L – Nre;jdhh; ghbaJ jpUkhdpifj; Njth; fUT+h; Njth; Nre;jdhh; G+e;Juj;jp fhlt ek;gp Rz;luhj;jpj;jh; Ntz;lhl;bfs; jpUNtyp mKjdhh;. GUNlhj;jk ek;gp Nrjpuhah; 10k; jpUKiw - jpUke;jpuk; - jpU%yh; 11k; jpUKiw – jpUthythilahh; - Iabfs;

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fhlth; Nfhd;. -fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh; -Nrukhd; ngUkhs; -fy;ylNjt ehapdhh; -gl;bdj; jbfs; -ef;fPu Njt ehapdhh; -ek;gpahz;lh; ek;gpfs; fgpy Njt ehadhh; guz Njt ehadhh; guz Njt ehadhh; mjpuh mbfs; vk;ngUkhdbfs; vd;w gd;dpUtuhy; ghlg;gl;lJ. 12. nghpa Guhzhk; - Nrf;fpohh; jpUKiwfisj; njhFj;jtd; jpUKiwfisj; njhFj;jtd; jpUKiwfisj; njhFj;jtd; jpUKiwfisj; njhFj;jtd; ---- ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp>ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp>ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp>ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp> jpUKiwfisj; jpUKiwfisj; jpUKiwfisj; jpUKiwfisj; njhFg;gpj;jtd;njhFg;gpj;jtd;njhFg;gpj;jtd;njhFg;gpj;jtd;---- Kjyhk;Kjyhk;Kjyhk;Kjyhk;Mjpj;jd; my;yJ 2k; Mjpj;jd; my;yJ Mjpj;jd; my;yJ 2k; Mjpj;jd; my;yJ Mjpj;jd; my;yJ 2k; Mjpj;jd; my;yJ Mjpj;jd; my;yJ 2k; Mjpj;jd; my;yJ Kjyhk; uh[uh[d; vd;W $Wth;. Kjyhk; uh[uh[d; vd;W $Wth;. Kjyhk; uh[uh[d; vd;W $Wth;. Kjyhk; uh[uh[d; vd;W $Wth;. Kjyhk; uh[ uh[d; Kjyhk; uh[ uh[d; Kjyhk; uh[ uh[d; Kjyhk; uh[ uh[d; ---- jpUKiw fz;l Nrhod; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhdjpUKiw fz;l Nrhod; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhdjpUKiw fz;l Nrhod; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhdjpUKiw fz;l Nrhod; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhd;.

jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;:jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;:jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;:jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;:

,aw;ngah; MSila gps;is gpwe;j Ch; rPh;fhop ,jw;F NjhzpGuk;> gpukGuk;> NtZGuk; vd;w ngah;fSk; cz;L. ghbait 16000 gjpfq;fs; fpilj;jit 384 gjfq;fs; -23 gz;fspy; ghbAs;shh;. 220 Ch;fSf;F nrd;W ,iwtid topgl;lth; aho;Kwp gjpfk; ghbath;. jpUehTf;furUf;F mg;gh; vd;w gl;lk; nfhLj;jth; ,th;. kJiu : $d; ghz;baid epd;w rPh; neLkhwdhf;fpdhh;. G+k;ghit jpUg;gjpfk; ghbdhh;. ,tuJ Njthuj;jpw;F jpUf;filf;fhg;G vd rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. fjT jpwf;fg;ghbaJ:fjT jpwf;fg;ghbaJ:fjT jpwf;fg;ghbaJ:fjT jpwf;fg;ghbaJ: ,uf;fk; xd;wpyph; kd;dd; Neha; jPh;f;fg;ghbaJ :kd;dd; Neha; jPh;f;fg;ghbaJ :kd;dd; Neha; jPh;f;fg;ghbaJ :kd;dd; Neha; jPh;f;fg;ghbaJ :ke;jpukhtJ ePW ey;yth;ey;yth;ey;yth;ey;yth;f;F eh@k; NfhSk; ,y;iy vd ghbaJf;F eh@k; NfhSk; ,y;iy vd ghbaJf;F eh@k; NfhSk; ,y;iy vd ghbaJf;F eh@k; NfhSk; ,y;iy vd ghbaJ “NtapU Njhsp gq;fd;” “fhjyhfp frpe;J fz;zPh; ky;fp” rpwg;Gfs;rpwg;Gfs;rpwg;Gfs;rpwg;Gfs; -fphpia vd;w rw;Gj;jpu khh;f;fk; -aho;kwp gjpfk; ghbath; ,aw;ifia mjpfkhfg; ghbath; Mjprq;fuh; jk; E}yhd Mjprq;fuh; jk; E}yhd Mjprq;fuh; jk; E}yhd Mjprq;fuh; jk; E}yhd “nrse;jh;ayfhpnrse;jh;ayfhpnrse;jh;ayfhpnrse;jh;ayfhp” apy; jpUQhd rk;ge;jj;ij apy; jpUQhd rk;ge;jj;ij apy; jpUQhd rk;ge;jj;ij apy; jpUQhd rk;ge;jj;ij ‘jpuhtpl rpRjpuhtpl rpRjpuhtpl rpRjpuhtpl rpR’ vd;W Gfo;e;Js;shhvd;W Gfo;e;Js;shhvd;W Gfo;e;Js;shhvd;W Gfo;e;Js;shh;. jpUehTf;furhjpUehTf;furhjpUehTf;furhjpUehTf;furh; ; ; ;

,aw;ngah; - kUs; ePf;fpahh; NtWngah; : jpUehTf;furh; thrPfh;> mg;gh;> MSil muR> jhz;lf Nte;jh; jUkNrdh;. ngw;Nwhh; Gfodhh; - khjphpahh; jkf;if – jpyftjpahh; gpwe;j Ch; - jpUth%h; gjpfj; njhil ghba ghd;ikahy; ehTf;furh; vdg;gl;lhh;. jpUtjpifapy; rptdhy; ehTf;furh; vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;. rkz rkaj;jpy; “jUkNrdh;” vd;w ngahpy; tpsq;fpdhh;. jpUehTf;furh; rhpia vd;Dk; jhrkhh;fj;jpdh;.

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Nkw;Nfhs;:Nkw;Nfhs;:Nkw;Nfhs;:Nkw;Nfhs;: “$w;whapd thW” Kjy; gjpfk; ‘khrpy; tPiz khiy kjpaKk;” ehkhhf;;Fk; Fbay;Nyhk; ekid mQ;Nrhk;” ,d;gNk ve;ehSk; Jd;gk; ,y;iy” Kd;dk; mtDila ehkk; Nfl;Nld; vd; fld; gzp nra;J fplg;gNj jkpNohL ,irg;ghly; kwe;jwpNad; Ml;Ltpj;;jhy; MnuhUth; MlhjhNu mlf;Ftpj;jhy; MnuhUth; mlq;fhjhNu”

Re;juh;:Re;juh;:Re;juh;:Re;juh;:

fapyhaj;jpy; ,tUf;F MshyRe;judhh; vd;W ngah; jpUehtY}h; td; njhz;lh;> jk;gpuhd; Njhoh; ,iwtidNa kidtpaplk; J}J mDg;gpath; ,iwtDf;F Njhod; - jk;;gpuhd; Njhod;. guit– rq;fpypahh; - ,tuJ kidtpfs; ,th; ghba jpUj;njhz;ilj; njhif nghpa Guhzj;jpy; %y E}y;. mjd; Kjyb “jpy;iy tho; me;jzh; jk; mbahh;f;Fk; mbNad;”

Re;jUld; el;G nfhz;bUe;j Mo;thh; jpUkq;if Mo;thh;” ,th; Nahf Kiw vd;w rfkhh;fj;jpdhh;. Nkw;Nfhs;:Nkw;Nfhs;:Nkw;Nfhs;:Nkw;Nfhs;: -gpj;jh gpiw #b ngUkhNd mUshsh – Kjw;ghly; -nghd;dhh; NkdpaNd Gypj;Njhiy miuf;flj;J -“jk;khid mwpahj rhjpahUk; csNuh”

khzpf;fthrfh;:khzpf;fthrfh;:khzpf;fthrfh;:khzpf;fthrfh;: ,aw;ngah; njhpatpy;iy.

ghz;bad; mhpkh;j;jd ghz;badplk; mikr;ruha; ,Ue;j NghJ njd;dtd; gpuk;kuhah; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;. jpUthjT+uhh;. mUs;. thrfh;. khzpf;fthrfh; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ghz;ba kd;ddhy; Fjpiu thq;f mDg;gl;l ,th; ghjp topapy; rptdpd; jpUtpisahlyhy; Nfhapy; fl;bdhh;. ,tUf;fhf rptd; ehpia ghpahf;fpdhh;. (Fjpiu) ,sq;Nfhtpw;F gpd; ehl;Lg;Gw ghly; tbtj;jpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jth;. 63 ehad;khh;fSs; ,th; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. mk;khid> nghw;Rz;zk; G+ty;yp Cry;> Jk;gp> njs;Nszk;> NjhNzhf;fk;> rhoy; ,it kfsphpd; Ml;lq;fs;. ,th; vOjpa jpUtk;ghit khh;fop khjj;jpy; irth;fshy; ghlg;gl;lJ. ghit ghba thahy; Nfhit ghLf vd;W Fwpg;gpl;ljhy; jpUf;Nfhit vd;w jpUr;rpw;wk;gyf;Nfhit ghbdhh;. ,jpy; ehafd; ehafp ghtj;jpy; ghlg;gl;l mf ,yf;fpakhf mike;J ,Uf;Fk;. khzpf;fthrfhpd; jpUthrfk; gw;wp [p.A.Nghg; mth;fs; jpUthrfj;jpw;F cUfhh; xUthrfj;jpw;Fk; cUfhh; vd;fpwhh;. Nkw;Nfhs;: -ekr;rpthak; tho;f ehjd; jhs; tho;f -MjpAk; me;jKk; ,y;yh mUl;ngUQ;Nrhjp -njd;dhLila rptNd Nghw;wp ve;ehl;lth;f;Fk; ,iwth Nghw;wp thdhfp kz;zhfp tspahfp xspahfp -cw;whiu ahd; Ntz;Nld; Ngh; Ntz;Nld; mk;ikNa mg;gh xg;gpyh kzpNa

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Gy;yhfpg; G+lhfpg; GOthfpa kukhfpg; gy; kpUfk; gwitaha; ghk;ghfp ,th; ghba jpUr;rpw;wk;gyf; Nfhit – ehafd; ehafp ghtk; nfhz;lJ.

gpd;gw;wpa khh;f;fk;gpd;gw;wpa khh;f;fk;gpd;gw;wpa khh;f;fk;gpd;gw;wpa khh;f;fk;

jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; - rj;Gju khh;f;fk; - fphpia jpUehTf;furh; - (mbik) jhrkhh;f;fk; - rhpia Re;juh; (Nrho) rfkhh;f;fk; - Nahf khh;f;fk; khzpf;fthrfh; - (rw;FU khzt rd; khh;f;fk; - Qhdk; khh;f;fk;)

10k; jpUKiw:10k; jpUKiw:10k; jpUKiw:10k; jpUKiw: jpU%yh; - xd;Nw Fyk; xUtNd Njtd; -clk;ig tsh;j;Njd; caph; tsh;j;NjNd fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh;:fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh;:fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh;:fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh;:

,aw;ngah; - Gdpjtjp fztd; - gukjj;jd; -(fapiy) NgaU nfhz;lhh; fapiy kPJ jiyahNyNa ele;J nrd;whh;. ,iwtdhy; mk;ikNa vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;. jpUthyq;fhl;bYk; ,iwtidf; fhzj; jiyahNyNa ele;J nrd;whh;. rk;ge;jh; mk;ik jiyahy; ele;j gFjpia fhyhy; kpjpf;f kWj;jhh;. -63ehad;kh;fSs; mkh;e;j Nfhyj;jpy; cs;sth; fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh;. E}y;fs;:E}y;fs;:E}y;fs;:E}y;fs;: jpUthyq;fhl;L %j;j jpUg;gjpfk; 2 E}y;fs; jpU ,ul;il kzpkhiy> mw;Gjj;jpUte;jhjp> -,tuJ ghly; kl;LNk %j;j jpUg;gjpfk; vd;W rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw vd;w GJtif ahg;ig gilj;jth;. ef;fPudpd; E}y;fs;ef;fPudpd; E}y;fs;ef;fPudpd; E}y;fs;ef;fPudpd; E}y;fs; -jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil -fapiy ghjp fhsj;jp ghjp me;jhjp -jpU <q;Nfha; kiy vOtJ - jpUtoQ;Rop Kk;kzpf;Nfhit -jpU vOf;$w;wpUf;if -Nfhgg;gpurhjk; -fhnul;L -Nghw;wp fypntz;gh jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil ,uz;L E}y; mikg;gpy; gj;Jg;ghl;by; Mw;Wg;gil E}yhfTk; gjpNdhwhk; jpUKiwapYk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

ek;gpahz;lh; ek;gp: ek;gpahz;lh; ek;gp: ek;gpahz;lh; ek;gp: ek;gpahz;lh; ek;gp: - jkpo; tpahrh; ,th; ,aw;wp 8 E}y;fSk; 11k; jpUKiwapd; ,Wjpapy; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.

- Nfhapy; jpUg;gz;zahh; tpUj;jk; - jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUte;jhjp - Vfhjr khiy - tpehafh; ,ul;il kzpkhiy - jpUr;rig tpUj;jk; - jpUKk; kzpf;Nfhit - MSil gps;isahh; - jpUTyhkhiy - jpUf;fyk;gfk; - jpUj;njhif jpUte;jhjp

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PH – 04146 -226417

gl;bzj; jbfs;gl;bzj; jbfs;gl;bzj; jbfs;gl;bzj; jbfs; ,aw;ngah; -jpUntz;fhlh; (,thplk; Nre;jdhh; fzf;fuha; gzpahw;wpdhh;) Nfhapy; ehd;kzpkhiy jpUf;fOky Kk;kzpf;Nfhiy – (rk;ge;jh; Fwpg;G) jpUtpil kUJ}h; Kk;kzp Nfhit jpUNtfk;gKilahh; jpUte;jhjp jpUnthw;wpA+h; xUth xUg/J.

12k; jpUKiw12k; jpUKiw12k; jpUKiw12k; jpUKiw Nrf;fpohh; 63 ehad;khh;fisg; gw;wp tphpj;Jiuj;j nghpa Guhzk;

gd;dpuz;lhk; jpUKiw -Nrf;fpohhpd; ,aw;ngah; mUz;nkhopj; Njth;. -meghar; Nrhodplk; mikr;ruha; ,Ue;jth;. mikr;ruha; ,Ue;j NghJ cj;jk Nrhoh gy;ytuhad; vd;w gl;lk; cz;L. njhz;lh; rPh; guthh; vd;w NgaUk; cz;L.

- nghpaGuhzj;jpw;F ,th; ,l;l ngah; jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk;/ jpUj;njhz;lh;khf;fij vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

- ,jd; Kjy; E}y; Re;juh; ghba jpUj;njhz;lh; njhif. - topE}y; ek;gpahz;lh; ek;gp ghba jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUte;jhjp. - cynfy;yhk; vd;W ,iwtd; mbnaLj;J nfhLf;fg; ghlg;gl;l E}y; nghpa Guhzk;.

jpUtpisjpUtpisjpUtpisjpUtpisaaaahlw;Guhzkhlw;Guhzkhlw;Guhzkhlw;Guhzk; ; ; ; Guhzk; vd;why; tuyhW. rptngUkhdpd; jpUtpisahly; fiyf; gw;wpf; $Wk; E}y;. -,iwtdpd; jpUtpisahly; gw;wp Kjypy; $wpa E}y;fs; fy;yhlk;> Re;ju ghz;bak;. fy;yhlk; Mrphpah; fy;yhldh;. -Kjd; Kjypy; jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk; ghbath; ngUk;gw;w GypA+h; ek;gp ,th; ghba jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk; jpUthythAilahh; jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk; mLj;J jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk; ghbath; guQ;N[hjp Kdpth;. ----,J Myh];a kfhj;jpak; vd;w tlnkhop E}ypd; jOty; E}yhrphpah;.,J Myh];a kfhj;jpak; vd;w tlnkhop E}ypd; jOty; E}yhrphpah;.,J Myh];a kfhj;jpak; vd;w tlnkhop E}ypd; jOty; E}yhrphpah;.,J Myh];a kfhj;jpak; vd;w tlnkhop E}ypd; jOty; E}yhrphpah;. ,e;E}iy ,aw;wpath; guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth; ,th; jQ;ir khtl;lj;Jj; jpUkiwf;fhl;by; Njhd;wpath;. irtNtshs Mrphpa khh;gpy; gpwe;jth;. E}ypd; mikg;GE}ypd; mikg;GE}ypd; mikg;GE}ypd; mikg;G 68 gly;fSld; 3363 ghly;fs; nfhz;l jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk;. kJiu $ly; jpUthytha; vd;w 3 fhz;lq;fis cilaJ. E}ypd; rpwg;GE}ypd; rpwg;GE}ypd; rpwg;GE}ypd; rpwg;G ,iwtdpd; 64 jpUtpisahly;fisAk; fhg;gpar;RitAld; $WfpwJ. mhpr;re;jpu Guhzk; - tPuftpuhah; fe;j Guhzk; -fr;rpag;gg rpthr;rhypah; $h;k Guhzk;-mjp tPuuhk ghz;bad; fhQ;rp Guhzk;(Kjw; fhz;lk;) – rptQhd Kdpth; fhQ;rp Guhzk; (2tJ fhz;lk;) – fr;rpag;g Kdpth; jyGuhzk; vd;w Nfhapy; Guhzk; - ckhgjp rptk; ,tNu jyGuhzk; ghLk; kuig njhlq;fp itj;jth;. jyGuhzk; ghLtjpy; Gfo; ngw;wth; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is. Fku Fuguh;:Fku Fuguh;:Fku Fuguh;:Fku Fuguh;:

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-gpwe;j Ch; =itFz;lk;. -Ie;J taJ tiu Cikapy; ,Ue;J jpUr;nre;J}h; KUfd; mUshy; ghLk; jpwd; ngw;wth;. Kjy; E}y; - Re;jh; fypntz;gh kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj; jkpo; kJiuf; fyk;gfk; ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;> jpUth&h; ehd;kzpkhiy> rpjk;gu Kk;kzpf;Nfhit> rpjk;gur; nra;Al; Nfhit> ,ul;il kzpkhiy. -fhrp fyk;gfk;> rfyfyh ty;yp khiy -,th; gpuge;j Nte;jh; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

,uhkypq;f mbfs;:,uhkypq;f mbfs;:,uhkypq;f mbfs;:,uhkypq;f mbfs;: -kDKiw fz;l thrfk; [PtfhUz;l xOf;fk; ciueil E}y;fs;. -rd;khh;f;f rq;fk;> rj;jpa jUkrhiy> rj;jpa Qhd rig> rpj;jp tshfk; Nghd;wit epWtpa epWtdq;fs;. -jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fs; kpfg; nghpa Mrphpa tpUj;jk; ghbath; - 1596 mbfs; nfhz;l Mrphpak;. ,tUf;F jpU.mUl;gpufhr ts;syhh; vd;W ngahpl;lth; njhOT+h; NtyhAj Kjypahh; ,tNu jpUtUl;ghit njhFj;jth;. -,tuJ ghl;il kUl;gh vd;wth; MWKf ehtyh;. -,tiu Gul;rpj; Jwtp vd;gh;. -ghujpahh; ,tiu GJ newp fz;l Gyth; vd;W Nghw;Wfpwhh;. Nkw;Nfhs;:Nkw;Nfhs;:Nkw;Nfhs;:Nkw;Nfhs;: -mUl;ngUQ;N[hjp> jdpg; ngUq;fUiz -“mg;gh ehd; Ntz;Ljy; Nfl;L mUs;Ghpa Ntz;Lk;. -‘cs;nshd;W itj;J Gwnkhd;W NgRNthh; cs;sf; fythik Ntz;Lk;.

jhAkhdth;:jhAkhdth;:jhAkhdth;:jhAkhdth;: -tp[auq;fehj nrhf;fypq;f ehaf;fhplk; fzf;fuhf ,Ue;jth;. -cgepljf; fUj;Jf;fisj; jkpopy; kpFjpahfg; ghbath;. rkur rd;khh;f;f fUj;Jf;fis Kjypy; $wpath;. guhguf; fz;zp> ve;ehlffz;zp> Mde;jf; fspg;G. mUzfphpahh;mUzfphpahh;mUzfphpahh;mUzfphpahh; ‘Kj;ijj; jU’ vd;W KUfd; mbnaOj;Jf; nfhLf;f jpUg;Gfo; ghbath;. -ghbait jpUg;Gfo;> Re;juh; myq;fhuk; Re;jh; mDg+jp> Re;jh; me;jhjp> Nty; tpUj;jk;> kapy;tpUj;jk;. -re;jf; fsQ;rpak; yaf; fsQ;rpak; vdg;gLtJ jpUg;Gfo;. – KUfrpj;jh; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhh;. Nkw;Nfhs;: Nkw;Nfhs;: Nkw;Nfhs;: Nkw;Nfhs;: VWkapy; VwptpisahLk; Kfk; xd;Nw. <rDld; Qhdnkhop NgRk; Kfk; xd;Nw. rptg;gpufhrhrptg;gpufhrhrptg;gpufhrhrptg;gpufhrh;:;:;:;: Ch;. Jiw kq;fyk; Mrphpah; - jpUney;Ntyp nts;spak;gpyj; jk;gpuhd; E}yfs; - gpuGypq;f yPiy> ehy;th; ehd;kzpkhiy> ePNuhl;lfakf me;jhjp> jpUntq;iff; Nfhit> jpUntq;iff; fyk;gfk;. -ed;ndwp vd;w ePjp E}y; ,aw;wpath; -fw;gid fsQ;rpak;> fw;gid Cw;W> ftpjh rh;t ngskp -fpwpj;jt kjj;jpw;F vjpuhf VRkj epuhfuzk; vd;w E}iy ,aw;wpath;. itztk; itztk; itztk; itztk; nkhj;jk; 12 njhFj;jth; ehjKzp – ehthapuj; jpt;tpa gpuge;jk;. jpuhtpl rhfuk; vd;w NtW ngah;fSk; cz;L.

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4gphpTfs;4gphpTfs;4gphpTfs;4gphpTfs; -Kjyhapuk; -nghpa jpUnkhop -jpUtha; nkhop -,aw;gh

jpUkhypd; Ik;gilfs;jpUkhypd; Ik;gilfs;jpUkhypd; Ik;gilfs;jpUkhypd; Ik;gilfs; rf;fuk; - Rjh;rdk; tpy; - rhuq;fk; ths; - ee;jfk; jz;L - nfsNkhjfp rq;F - ghQ;rrd;dpak; Kjyhapuk;Kjyhapuk;Kjyhapuk;Kjyhapuk;

nghpaho;thh; jpUnkhop (jpUg;gy;yhz;L cl;gl) ehr;rpahh; jpUnkhop ngUkhs; jpUnkhop jpUr;re;j tpUj;jk; jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp mkydhjpgpuhd; fz;zp Ed; rpWj;jhk;G

nghpa jpUnkhopnghpa jpUnkhopnghpa jpUnkhopnghpa jpUnkhop jpUkq;if Mo;thh; ghly;fs; jpUtha; nkhopjpUtha; nkhopjpUtha; nkhopjpUtha; nkhop ek;kho;thh; ghly;fs;

,aw;gh,aw;gh,aw;gh,aw;gh Kjy; jpUte;jhjp> ,uz;lhk; jpUte;jhjp> %d;whk; jpUte;jhjp> ehd; Kfd;

jpUte;jhjp> jpUtpUj;jk;> jpUthrphpak;> nghpa jpUte;jhjp> jpUvO $w;wpUf;if rpwpa jpUkly;> nghpa jpUkly;. ngha;ifahhngha;ifahhngha;ifahhngha;ifahh;;;; Ch; fhQ;rpg;Guk; - jhkiug; ngha;if rq;fpd; mk;rk; -ghbaJ Kjyhk; jpUte;jhjp -jyhk; jpUte;jhjp 100 ghly;fs; -Kjd; Kjyhfj; jpUkhypd; gj;J mtjhuq;fisg; ghbath;. Nkw;Nfhs;Nkw;Nfhs;Nkw;Nfhs;Nkw;Nfhs; itak; jfspah> thh;flNy nea;ahf. G+jj;jho;thh;G+jj;jho;thh;G+jj;jho;thh;G+jj;jho;thh; -kfhgypGuk; - FUf;fj;jp kyhpy; gpwe;jhh;. -fjhajj;jpd; mk;rkhf gpwe;jth; -,uz;lhk; jpUte;jhjp (100 ghly;fs;) -ngUe;jkpod; vd;W jd;idf; $wpf; nfhs;Sk; Mo;thh;. Nkw;Nfhs;Nkw;Nfhs;Nkw;Nfhs;Nkw;Nfhs; itak; jfspah> Mh;tNk nea;ahf

Ngaho;thhNgaho;thhNgaho;thhNgaho;thh;;;; kapyhg;G+h; - nrt;ty;ypg; G+tpy; gpwe;jhh;. -jpUkhypd; ee;jfk; vd;Dk; thspd; mk;rk; -%d;whk; jpUte;jhjp (100 ghly;fs;) Nkw;Nfhs;: “jpUf;fz;Nld;> nghd;Nkdp fz;Nld;”

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jpUkopiraho;thhjpUkopiraho;thhjpUkopiraho;thhjpUkopiraho;thh;;;; Ch; - jpUkopir -rf;fuj;jpd; mk;rk; -rf;fuj;jho;thh;> gf;jp rhfuh; vd;W NtW ngah;fSk; ,tUf;F cz;L. -,th; irtj;jpy; ,Ue;j NghJ rptthf;fpah; vd;w rpj;juhf ,Ue;jth;. -ghbait ehd;fhk; jpUte;jhjp vd;w ehd;Kfd; jpUte;jhjp -jpUkopir Mo;thhpd; rPld; fdpfz;zd; vd;gth; Mthh;.

ek;kho;thhek;kho;thhek;kho;thhek;kho;thh;;;; Ch; Mo;thh; jpUefh; vd;w jpUf;FU$h; ,th; je;ij khwd;fhhp> guhe;jfd; neLQ;riladpd; mikr;rh; -mth; jpahdk; nra;j Gspakuj;ij MjpNr~dpd; mtjhuk; vd;gh; (jpUGs;sp Mo;thh;) -rlNfhgh; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh; jpUkhNy ehk; -rlf;Nfhgd; vd;W mioj;jikahy; ‘ek;kho;thh;’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhh;;. -jpUthrphpak;> jpUtha;nkhop> jpUtpUj;jk;> nghpa jpUte;jhjp vd;Dk; ehd;F E}y;fisg; ghbAs;shh;. vdNt ,tiu Ntjk; jkpo; nra;j khwd; vd;gh;- (ehjKdp) -,tuJ E}y;fSs; jpUtha; nkhopia jpuhtpl Ntjk; vd;gh;. -ek;kho;thh; cly; vd;Wk; kw;wth;fs; cWg;Gk; vd;Wk; $Wth;. -itztj;J khzpf;fthrfh; vd;W $wg;ngWthh;. -ghuhq;Frh;- gwrkak; vd;w ahidf;F mq;Frk; Nghd;wth;. kJu ftp Mo;thhkJu ftp Mo;thhkJu ftp Mo;thhkJu ftp Mo;thh;;;; Ch; - ghz;b ehL jpUf;Nfh@h; -,th; ek;;kho;thhpd; rPlh; -mtiu kl;LNk ghbath; -,th; ghba ghly;fs; ‘fz;zpEz; rpWj;jhk;G’ vd;Dk; ghlypd; Kjy; thpahy; ngah; ngw;wJ. FyNrfu Mo;thh;FyNrfu Mo;thh;FyNrfu Mo;thh;FyNrfu Mo;thh; Ch; - Nruehl;Lj; jpUtQ;irf;fdk; - jpUtujd; vd;w kd;ddpd; kfd;. -nfhy;ypf; fhtyd;> $ly; ehafd;> Nfhopf;Nfhd; vdf; $wpf;nfhs;tjhy; ghz;b> NrhoehLfSf;Fk; jiytuha; ,Ue;jhh; vdj; njhpfpwJ. jpUkhy; gf;jpahy; muR Jwe;jhh;. -mjw;Fk; gygb NkNy nrd;W jpUNtq;flkiyapy; gwitaha;> kPdha;> Mwha; nfhbkukha;> gbaha gpwf;Fk; NgW fpilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd Ntz;Lfpwhh;. -,th; jkpopy; ngUkhs; jpUnkhopAk; - tlnkhopapy; Kfe;j khiyAk; nra;Js;shh;. -,uhkDf;F jhyhl;Lg; ghbath; FyNrfuho;thh;. -fz;zdplk; gf;jp nfhz;lth; nghpaho;thh;. -ngUk;ghyhd Mo;thh;fs; fz;zdplk; gf;jp nfhz;lth;fs;. njhz;lulbg; nghbaho;thhnjhz;lulbg; nghbaho;thhnjhz;lulbg; nghbaho;thhnjhz;lulbg; nghbaho;thh;;;; Ch; - jpUkz;lq;Fb ,aw;ngah; - tpg;uehuhazd; ghbait: jpUkhiy> jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp> jpUkhy; jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp – njhz;lubg; nghb Mo;thh;. rptd; jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp – khzpf;fthrfh; ghujkhjh jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp – ghujpahh;. -“gr;irkh kiy Nghy; Nkdp gtstha; fkyr;nrq;fz;” jpUkq;ifaho;thh;jpUkq;ifaho;thh;jpUkq;ifaho;thh;jpUkq;ifaho;thh; -jpUf;FiwaY}h; - jpUkq;if ehL> NrhoehL ehl;by; gpwg;G

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-tpy;ypd; mk;rk; -,aw;ngah; - fypad; -je;ij ngah; - ePyd; -kidtp– FKjty;yp

NtWngah;fs;NtWngah;fs;NtWngah;fs;NtWngah;fs; fyp ehld;> fypfd;wp> mUs;khhp> gufhyd;> Fiwayhsp> kq;ifah; Nfhd;> kq;ifNte;jd; -,th; Mz;l ehL jpUthypehL

MWE}y;fs;MWE}y;fs;MWE}y;fs;MWE}y;fs; nghpa jpUnkhop jpUneLe;jhz;lfk;> jpUf;FWe;jhzlfk;> jpUvO$w;wpUf;if> rpwpa jpUkly;> nghpa jpUkly;. -Kjd; Kjyhf kly; vd;w rpw;wpyf;fpa tifiaj; njhlq;fpath; ,thpd; kly; njhy;fhg;gpa mfnewpf;F KuzhdJ. -jhz;lfk; ghba Mo;thh; ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly; gphpTf;fSf;F ,lk; nfhLj;J ghbath;.

jpUg;ghzho;thhjpUg;ghzho;thhjpUg;ghzho;thhjpUg;ghzho;thh;;;; irtj;jpy; ghzFbapy; gpwe;jth; jpUePyf;fz;l aho;g;ghzh;. -ghzh; Fbapy; gpwe;jjhy; jpUtuq;ff; NfhapDs; nry;y ,ayhJ fhtphpf;fiuapy; epd;W ghbath;. -,tiu cNyhf fhuq;fs; Kjypa me;jzh;fs; fy;yhy; mbj;jdh;. gpd;dh; cNyhf fhuq;fNu Njhspy; J}f;fpr; nrd;whh;. -jpUtuq;fehjidf; fz;L ,th; ghba gjpfk; ‘mkydhjp gpuhd;mkydhjp gpuhd;mkydhjp gpuhd;mkydhjp gpuhd;’

nghpaho;;thhnghpaho;;thhnghpaho;;thhnghpaho;;thh;;;; Ch; - =tpy;ypGj;J}h; -fUlho;thh; mk;rk; -nghpa jpUtb vd;gJk; fUld; -rpwpa jpUtb vd;gJ mDkd; ,aw; ngah; tp~;Zrpj;jh; NtWngah; gl;lh; gpuhd;> fpopaWj;j Mo;thh;. -,thpd; tsh;g;G kfs; Mz;lhs; ghbait: jpUg;gy;yhz;L> jpUnkhop -gps;isj;jkpo; vd;w rpw;wpyf;fpa tifapd; Kd;Ndhb -mk;Gypg; gUtj;jpy; rhk jhd Ngj jz;lk; vd;w mikg;gpy; ghLk; Kiwia Kjd; Kjypy; Njhw;Wtpj;jth;. -njhl;by; ghl;L vd;w jhyhl;Lg; ghl;lhfpa fz;zd; jhyhl;Nl gps;isj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tifapd; Kd;Ndhb E}y; -jd;id aNrhijahfg; ghtpj;Jg;ghba Mo;thh;. -,uhkid Foe;ijahfg; ghtpj;Jj; jhyhl;Lg; ghbath; FyNrfuho;thh;.

Mz;lhsMz;lhsMz;lhsMz;lhs;;;; -=tpy;ypGj;J}h; -nghpaho;thhpd; tsh;;g;G kfs; -G+kfs; mk;rk; -Joha; (Jsrp)tdj;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lts;. -khiy#l;b nfhLj;jjhy; Nfhij vdg;gl;lhs; ----,iwtDf;F kidtpahdjhy; ehr;rpahh;. -Mz;ltidNa Mz;ljhy; Mz;lhs; Mdhh;. -,iwtd; Mz;lhs; jpUkzk; - jpUuq;fk; -ghbait: jpUg;ghit> jpUnkhop jpUg;ghitNa Ntjk; midj;jpw;Fk; tpj;J vd;W $wpath; - ,uhkD[h;. -fw;G+uk; ehWNkh fkyg;G+ ehWNkh? -thuzk; Mapuk; #o tyQ;nra;J ehuazd; ek;gp elf;fpd;whd; vd;W vjph; ehuazNd ekf;F giw jUthd;.

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-khh;fopj; jpq;fs; kjp epiwe;j ed;ehshk;’ Mr;rhhpah;fs;Mr;rhhpah;fs;Mr;rhhpah;fs;Mr;rhhpah;fs;

Mo;thh;fisj; njhlh;e;J itztk; tsh;j;jth;fs; Kjy; Mr;rhhpahh; ehjKdp itzt ,Wjp Mr;rhhpah; kzths khKdp Kf;fpakhdth; ,uhkD[h; Ntjk; midj;jpw;Fk; tpj;J jpUghit vd;W $wpath; ,uhkhD[h;. ,uhkhD[hpd; FU jpUf;Nfhl;bA+h; ek;gp ,uhkhD[hpd; rPlh; $uj;jho;thh; FUtpd; fl;lisia kPwp jpt;tpa ufrpaj;ij (jpUke;jpuk;)midtUf;Fk; nrhd;dth; ,uhkD[h;> kf;fSf;Fr; nrhd;d ,lk; jpUf;Nfhl;bA+h;. -itztj;jpd; tsh;g;Gjha; ,uhkhD[h; -tprp~;lhj;itj;jijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jth; ,uhkhD[h; -,uhkhD[h; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; = gh~;ak;> fPjh gh~;ak;> Ntjhe;j jPgk;> Ntjhe;j rhuk;> Ntjhe;j rq;fpufhk;> jkpopy; xU E}Yk; vOjtpy;iy. -Ntjhe;j Njrpfh; tpsf;Fk; newp tlfiy> ,uhkD[h; njd;fiy. -,uhkhD}[h; E}w;we;jhjp jpUtuq;fuj;J mKjdhh; -itzt rka kWkyh;r;rpf;F cWJiz ,uhkhD}[h;. esntz;ghesntz;ghesntz;ghesntz;gh -GfNoe;jpg;Gyth; -Mjhpj;jtd; re;jpud; Rth;f;fp 100 ghlYf;F xUKiw ts;sisg; ghbAs;shh;. (fk;gh; 1000ghlYf;F xU Kiw) -esntz;gh %d;W fhz;lq;fs; - Rak;tuf;fhz;lk;> fypj;njhlh; fhz;lk;> fypePq;F fhz;lk; - nkhj;jk; - 425 ghly;fs;.

esdpd; tuyhw;iwf; $WtJ ,uz;Lesdpd; tuyhw;iwf; $WtJ ,uz;Lesdpd; tuyhw;iwf; $WtJ ,uz;Lesdpd; tuyhw;iwf; $WtJ ,uz;L

1.esntz;gh 2.ieljk; mjptPuuhk ghz;bad; (ieljk; Gyth;f;F xsljk;) fk;gh;:fk;gh;:fk;gh;:fk;gh;: -NjuOe;J}hpy; gpwe;jhh;. -ehif khtl;lj;jpy; kapyhLJiwf;F mUfpy; cs;sJ fk;ghpd; je;ijahh; Mjpj;jd;. -,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jth; -jpUntz;nza; ey;Y}h;r; rilag;g ts;sy; Mjhpj;jhh;. -fhyk; 12k; E}w;whz;L -nra;ed;wp kwth ,ay;gpdh;. rilag;g ts;siy Mapuk; ghly;fSf;F xU ghly;fs; vd;W ghbAs;shh;. -rlNfhguhe;jhjp> VnuOgJ ruRtjp me;jhjp> jpUf;if tof;fk; Mfpad fk;gh; ,aw;wpa gpw E}y;fs;. -raq;nfhz;lh;> xl;lf;$j;jh;> GfNoe;jp MfpNahh; ,th; fhyj;Jg; Gyth;fs; fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;Lj;jwpAk; ftpghLk;: ntz;gh ghLtjpy; ty;yth;> tpUj;jg;gh ghLtjpy; ty;yth;.

fy;tpapw; nghpath; fk;gh;

E}y;Fwpg;G: ahkwpe;j GythpNy – ghujpahh;.

,uhkdJ tuyhw;iwf; $Wk; E}y; ,uhkhazk; vdg;gl;lJ.

-thd;kPfp Kdpth;tlnkhopapy; vOjpa ,uhkazj;ij jOtpf; fk;gh; mjidj;jkpopy; ,aw;wpdhh;. -fk;gh; ,jw;F ,uhkhtjhuk; vd ngahpl;lhh;. fhz;lk; ngUk;gphpT> glyk; vd;gJ mjd; cl;gphpT -fk;guhkhazk; ghyfhz;lk;> mNahj;jpah fhz;lk;> Muz;a fhz;lk;> fpl;fpe;jh fhz;lk;> Re;ju fhz;lk;> Aj;j fhz;lk; vd MW fhz;lq;fis cilaJ. 113 glyq;fisAk; 10569 ghly;fisAk; nfhz;lJ. -jpUf;FwisAk;> fk;guhkazj;ijAk; jkpoh;f;Ff; fjp vd;gh;.

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-ngUq;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fhpa ,yf;fzk; ngw;wJ nghUs;> mzp> eil Mfpatw;why; rpwe;jJ. -nrhw;RitAk;> nghUl;RitAk; jkpo; gz;ghL kpsph;e;Js;sJ. mNahj;jpah fhz;lk; ,uz;lhk; fhz;lk;. ,jpy; gjpd;%d;W glyq;fs; cs;sd. ,jpy; Ffg; glyk; Vohk; glyk; ,jw;F fq;ifg; glyk; vd;Wk; ngaUz;L.

tpy;ypGj;J}uhhtpy;ypGj;J}uhhtpy;ypGj;J}uhhtpy;ypGj;J}uhh; ghujk;; ghujk;; ghujk;; ghujk; ,aw;wpath; tpy;ypGj;J}h; - kfd; tue;jUthh; Ch; rdpA+h; re;jg;gh ghLtjpy;

ty;yth; re;jg;gh ,aw;Wtjpy; mUzfphpahhplk; Njhw;wth;. -Mjh;j;jtd; - tf;fghif tugjpahl; nfhz;lhd; ,J xU top E}y; -Ie;jhk; Ntjk; - kfhghujk; -tpy;ypghujj;jpw;F ghapuk; vOjpath; tue;jUthh; -10gUtk;> 4350 ghly;fs; tpahrh;ghuj;jpy; 18 gUtq;fs; (Kjy; 10 gUtq;fis kl;Lk; tpy;yp ghbdhh;> gpw gUtq;fisg; ghbath; muq;fehjf; ftpuhah; ----Kjd;Kjyhf jkpopy; ghujk; ghbath; - ghujk; ghba ngUe;Njtdhh;. -kfhghujk; jkpo;g;gLj;Jk; kJuhGhpr;rq;fk; itj;Jk; rpd;d kD}h;r; nrg;NgL. -njs;shW vwpe;j ee;jp th;kd; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpaJ ghujntz;gh. Gyth; Mjhpj;jth;fs; fgpyiu Mjhpj;jtd; -ghhp xsitahh; - mjpakhd; ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; - Fkzd; fk;gh; - rilag;gts;sy; ckWGyth; - rPjf;fhjp ts;sy;> mGy; fhrpk; kiuf;fhah;

Njk;ghtzpNjk;ghtzpNjk;ghtzpNjk;ghtzp

Mrphpah; - tPukh Kdpth;

,aw;ngah; : fhd;];lhd;bd; N[hrg; ng];fp NtWngah; - ijhpa ehjh;

E}w;ngah;f;F fhuzk;:E}w;ngah;f;F fhuzk;:E}w;ngah;f;F fhuzk;:E}w;ngah;f;F fhuzk;: ,NaRtpd; je;ijahd #irf;F ,l;l ngauhfpa Njk;ghtzp vd;Dk;

ngaNu E}Yf;F Mapw;W. Njk;gh+mzp-Njk;ghtzp – thlhjkiy. #irapd; ifapy; ,Ue;j Nfhy; mtuJ epiwapd; fhuzkhf thlhJ (Njk;ghJ) ,Ue;jJ (#ir vd;gJ tsd; vd;W khw;wpdhh; tPukh Kdpth;) 3 fhz;lq;fs; 3615 ghly;fs; 36 ghly;fs; nfhz;L tpUj;jg;gh nfhz;L ghlg;gl;lJ.

-tPukh Kdpth; ,aw;ngah; - fhd;];lhd;bd; N[hrg; ng];fp ,j;jhypnkhopapy; fhd;];lhd;bd; vd;w ngaUf;F ijhpa ehjh; vd;W jkpo;nkhopapy; khw;wpf; nfhz;lhh;. jkpouwpQh;fs; ijhpaehjh; vd;w ngaiu tPukh Kdpth; vd;W khw;wp itj;jdh;.

rPwhg;GuhzkrPwhg;GuhzkrPwhg;GuhzkrPwhg;Guhzk;:;:;:;: rPwh vd;gjw;F tho;f;if vd;gJ nghUs;. Guhzk; vd;gJ tuyhW vdNt rPwhg; Guhzk; vd;gjw;F egpfs; ehafj;jpd; tho;f;if tuyhW vdyhk;.,e;E}y; tpthjj;Jf; fhz;lk;> EGtj;Jf; fhz;lk;> `p[;uj;Jf; fhz;lk; vd;w %d;W ngUq;fhz;lq;fisAk; 92 ghly;fisAk; 5027 tpUj;jg;ghf;fisAk; nfhz;lJ. rPwhg; Guzhj;jpy; egpfs; ehafj;jpd; tho;T Kw;wpYkhf ghb epiwT nra;ag;gltpy;iy. -rPwhg;Guzhj;ij ,aw;wpth; ckWg;Gyth; ,th; vl;laGuk; fbif Kj;Jg; Gythpd; khzth;. nra;F mg;Jy; fhjph; kiuf;fhah; vd;w ts;sy; rPjf;fhjpapd; Ntz;Lf;Nfhspd; tz;zNk ckWg;Gyth; rPwhg;Guhzj;ij vOjj; njhlq;fpdhh;. E}y; Kw;Wg; ngWk;Kd;dNu rPjfhjp kiwe;jhh;. gpd;dh; mGy;fhrPk; vd;w ts;sypd; cjtpahy; rPwhg;Guhzk; epiwT ngw;wJ.

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-ckWg;Gyth; KJnkhop khiy vd;w vz;gJ ghf;fshy; Mfpa E}iyAk; gilj;Js;shh;.

rpd;dr; rPwhrpd;dr; rPwhrpd;dr; rPwhrpd;dr; rPwh

gD} mfkJ kiuf;fhah; vd;gth; egpfs; ehaj;jpd; jpUtho;T KOtijAk;ghb Kbj;jhh;. m/J rpd;dr; rPwh vd;W toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

fpwpj;JtKk; jkpOkfpwpj;JtKk; jkpOkfpwpj;JtKk; jkpOkfpwpj;JtKk; jkpOk;; ;;

,uhgh;l; ,uhgh;l; ,uhgh;l; ,uhgh;l; ---- b b b b – nehgpypnehgpypnehgpypnehgpyp (,j;jhyp ehl;bdh; 1577 - 1656) kJiu rq;fk; (Madura Chrisitian Mission) – 1605y; Muk;gpj;jth; jj;Jt

Nghjfh;> ke;jpu khiy> Mj;Jk eph;zak;> QNdhgNjr fhz;lk;> VRehjh; rhpj;jpuk;> RFz tptuzk;.

tPukhKtPukhKtPukhKtPukhKdpth;dpth;dpth;dpth;

,j;jhyp ehl;lth; Rg;ujPgf; ftpuhah; ,lk; jkpo; gapd;wth; fhd;];lhd;bd; N[hrg; ng];fp ,aw;ngah; - Njk;ghtzp – VRtpd; tsh;g;Gj;je;ij – J}atsdhh;. -rpw;wpyf;fpak; jpUf;fhtY}h;f; fsk;gfk;> fpj;Njhpak;khs; mk;khid> milf;fy ehafp ntz;fypg;gh> md;id mOq;fy; me;jhjp> fUzhfug; gjpfk;. ,tuJ ,aw;ngahpid fhd;];lhd;bd; vd;w ,yj;jPd; nkhopf;F ,izahd ijhpaehjh; vd;W khw;wpf; nfhz;lhh;. jkpo; mwpQh;fs; ,jid tPukh Kdpth; vd;W khw;wpdh;.

ciueilciueilciueilciueil

thkd; fij> gukhh;e;j FU fij (jkpopd; Kjy; Vsd E}y;) ,yf;fzg;gzp,yf;fzg;gzp,yf;fzg;gzp,yf;fzg;gzp njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; - Fl;bj; njhy;fhg;gpak; Ie;J ,yf;fz E}y; nfhLj;jkpo; ,yf;fzk; (Ngr;Rj; jkpo;) -fhy;Lnty;ypd; xg;gpyf;fz Kd;Ndhb -rJufuhjp – 96 tif rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; jkpo; mfuhjpapd; je;ij -vOj;Jr; rPuikg;G – v.X vOj;Jf;fs;

rPfd; ghy;rPfd; ghy;rPfd; ghy;rPfd; ghy;FFFF n[h;kd; ehl;bdhh; jkpo; fw;gpj;;jth; vy;ya;ah -juq;fk;ghbapy; rkag;gzp –Kjy; mr;rfk; njhlq;fpath; -jk;gpuhz; tzf;fk; vd;w E}y; -INuhg;gh nrd;w NghJ kiyag;gh; vd;gtiu cld; mioj;Jr;nrd;whh;. fhy;Lnty;:fhy;Lnty;:fhy;Lnty;:fhy;Lnty;:

jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk; (mah;yhe;J ehl;Lf; fhuh;) ney;iy tuyhW. -77 tajpy; nfhilf;fhdypy; caph; ePj;jth; vy;yp];vy;yp];vy;yp];vy;yp]; 1796y; nrd;id khtl;l Ml;rpah; jpUts;@hpd; glk; cs;s jq;f ehzak; ntspapl;lth;.

[p.A.Nghg[p.A.Nghg[p.A.Nghg[p.A.Nghg;;;; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; ehl;bdh; - 19tJ tajpy; jkpofk; te;jhh;. kfhtpj;Jthd;.

,uhkhD[f; ftpuhahplk; jkpo; gapd;whh;. -Post of Tamil land, The lives of Tamil Saints vd;Dk; E}y;fis ,aw;wpdhh;. -Elementory Tamil Grammer jpU.tp.f. ,jd; %yk; kzpNkfiy> rptQhdNghjk; Mq;fpyk; nkhopngah;g;G. - fy;yiwapy; jkpo; khztd; vd;W vOjf; $wpath;

ngh;rptyngh;rptyngh;rptyngh;rpty;;;; 2000jkpo;g; gonkhopfisj; jpul;b mfuhjpia ntspapl;lth;.

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<ok;<ok;<ok;<ok; -ey;Y}h; Qhdg;gpufhrh; -jdpehah; mbfshh; - Tamil culture vd;w Mq;fpy ,jo; Tamil culture jkpo;ehl;Lf; fpwpj;jth;fs;jkpo;ehl;Lf; fpwpj;jth;fs;jkpo;ehl;Lf; fpwpj;jth;fs;jkpo;ehl;Lf; fpwpj;jth;fs; Ntjehaf rh];jphpfs;Ntjehaf rh];jphpfs;Ntjehaf rh];jphpfs;Ntjehaf rh];jphpfs;

ngj;yNfk; FwtQ;rp> Qhdjr;rd; ehlfk; khA+uk; Ntjehafk; gps;is khA+uk; Ntjehafk; gps;is khA+uk; Ntjehafk; gps;is khA+uk; Ntjehafk; gps;is

-gpujhg Kjypahh; rhpj;jpuk;> RFzRe;jhp rhpj;jpuk; -rh;trka rkurf; fPh;j;jid

H.A. fpUfpUfpUfpUl;bl;bl;bl;bzg;gps;iszg;gps;iszg;gps;iszg;gps;is [hd; gdpad; vOjpa The Pilgrims Progress vd;Dk; E}iyj; jkpopy;

‘,ul;rzpa ahj;hpfk;’ vd;w ngahpy; ntspapl;lhh;. -,tiu fpwpj;jtf; fk;gh; vd;gh; -,th; vOjpa ,ul;rz;a kNdhfuk; - fpwpj;jth; Njthuk;.

jQ;ir Mgpufhk; jQ;ir Mgpufhk; jQ;ir Mgpufhk; jQ;ir Mgpufhk; ---- gz;bjh;gz;bjh;gz;bjh;gz;bjh;

-fUzhkph;jrhfuk; - jkpoh;fs; 103 gz;fisf; fz;lwpe;jdh;.

M.M.M.M.tuFz ghz;badtuFz ghz;badtuFz ghz;badtuFz ghz;bad; ghzh;if top vdg;gLk; aho; E}y;

NjtNeag; ghthzh; NjtNeag; ghthzh; NjtNeag; ghthzh; NjtNeag; ghthzh; 23nkhop ty;Ydh; - ,e;jpahy; jkpo; vt;thW nfLk;? jkpo;nkhop tuyhWk;

tlnkhop tuyhWk;> nrk;nkhop (Mq;fpy E}y;) jkpo; tuyhW.

,];yhkpak; jkpOf;F Mw;wpa njhz;L,];yhkpak; jkpOf;F Mw;wpa njhz;L,];yhkpak; jkpOf;F Mw;wpa njhz;L,];yhkpak; jkpOf;F Mw;wpa njhz;L ckWg; Gyth; rPwhg;Guhzk;. ,th; vOjpajpy; EGtj;Jf; fhz;lk; Kw;Wg;

ngwhky; ,Ue;jJ. (tpyhjj;Jf; fhz;lk;> EGt;tpj;Jf; fhz;lk;> `p[puj;Jf; fhz;lk;) rpd;drPwh rpd;drPwh rpd;drPwh rpd;drPwh – mfkJ kiuf;fhah;mfkJ kiuf;fhah;mfkJ kiuf;fhah;mfkJ kiuf;fhah; Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpGFzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpGFzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpGFzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG #gpg; Gyth; ,];yhkpaj; jhAkhdth; epuhkaf; fz;zp> guhguf; fz;zp> uFkhd; fz;zp> kNdhd; kzpf; fz;zp [t;thJg;Gyth;[t;thJg;Gyth;[t;thJg;Gyth;[t;thJg;Gyth; ehiff; fsk;gfk;> kjPdj;J me;jhjp> nkhi`jPd; Mz;lth; gps;isj;jkpo;.tir ghLtjpy; fhs Nkfg; Gyth; xj;jth;. ftpf;fsQ;rpag;Gyth; ftpf;fsQ;rpag;Gyth; ftpf;fsQ;rpag;Gyth; ftpf;fsQ;rpag;Gyth; ckWg;Gythpd; kfd;.egp mtjhu mk;khid Nkj;jhNkj;jhNkj;jhNkj;jh– Mfhaj;Jf;F mLj;j tPL – rhfpj;a mfhlkp tpUJ ngw;wJ.

rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fsrpw;wpyf;fpaq;fsrpw;wpyf;fpaq;fsrpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;;;;

FwtQ;rp:FwtQ;rp:FwtQ;rp:FwtQ;rp: FwtQ;rp vd;gjw;Ff; Fwth; Fyg; ngz; (Fwj;jp) vd;W ngah;. -“fl;bDk; foq;fDk;” vd;w njhy;fhg;gpa E}w;ghtpd; mbg;gilapy; Njhd;wpa ,yf;fpak;. -Fwk; Fwj;jpg;ghl;L vd;w NtW ngah;fSk; cz;L. -FwtQ;rp Xh; mf ,yf;fpa E}y;.

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-ghl;Lilj; jiytd; cyh nry;Yk;NghJ fz;L fhjy; nfhz;L jtpf;Fk; jiytpf;Ff; Fwj;jp xUj;jp Fwp nrhy;tjhf miktJ FwtQ;rp ,yf;fpak;. -NrhpnkhopAk; nrk;nkhopAk; fye;j ,yf;fpak; (gs;S Nghd;W) -,aw;wkpo;> ,irj;jkpo; ,uz;Lk; fye;j ,yf;fpak; FwtQ;rp. -flTs; tho;j;J> fl;baf;fhud; tuT> jiytd;. cyh> jiytp ge;jhLjy;> jiytp jiytidf; fz;L fhkk; nfhs;Sjy;> Fwj;jp tUjy;> kiytsk; $Wjy;> Fwp nrhy;yy;> ghpR ngWjy;> rpq;fd; rpq;fp ciuahly;> tho;j;J Nghd;w gFjpfs; ,lk; ngWk;. -Kjy; FwtQ;rp E}y; Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp. -vJif NkhidahYk;> re;j mofhYk; fw;gidj; jpwj;jhYk; gbg;Nghiuf; fth;tJ -FkuFUguh; ,aw;wpa kPdhl;rpak;ik Fwk; FwtQ;rp ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Kd;Ndhb. Nkw;Nfhs;Nkw;Nfhs;Nkw;Nfhs;Nkw;Nfhs; -thduq;fs; fdpnfhLj;J ke;jpnahL nfhQ;Rk;. -Xlf;fhz;gJ G+k;Gdy; nts;sk;. -Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rpia vOjpath; jphp$l uhrg;gf; ftpuhah;. guzpguzpguzpguzp -guzp 96 tif rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;W -Nghh;fsj; nja;tkhd; nfhw;witiag; ghLk; E}y; guzp. -“Miz Mapuk; mkhpil ntd;w khdtDf;F tFg;gJ guzp” -Njhw;Nwhuhy; ngah; ngWk; XNu rpw;wpyf;fpak; guzp. -guzp 13 cWg;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ. -flTs; tho;j;J> filj;jpwg;G> fhL ghbaJ> Nfhtpy; ghbaJ> Njtpiag; ghbaJ> Nga;fisg; ghbaJ> ,e;jpurhyk;> ,uhr ghuk;ghpak;> Nga;Kiwg;ghL> mtjhuk;> fhspf;Ff; $sp $wpaJ. Nghh; ghbaJ> fsk; ghbaJ Mfpad. -tpz;> kz;> efuk; vd;w %d;iwAk; ghLtJ guzp -,uz;lbj; jhopirahy; ghlg;gLtJ guzp. fypq;fj;Jg;guzp:fypq;fj;Jg;guzp:fypq;fj;Jg;guzp:fypq;fj;Jg;guzp: Kjy; guzp E}y; fypq;fj;Jg; guzp> Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; gilj;jsgjp fUzhfuj; njhz;ilkhd; kw;Wk; fypq;f kd;dd; Mde;j th;k Nrhlq;fDf;Fk; ele;j Nghh; gw;wpf; $WtJ fypq;fj;Jg;guzp. -,jid ,aw;wpath; n[aq;nfhz;lhh;. -guzp ghLtjpy; ty;yth; n[aq;nfhz;lhh;. -n[aq;nfhz;lhh; - jpUth&h; khtl;lk; jPgq;Fb vd;w Ch;f;fhuh;. -n[aq;nfhz;lhh; Kjy; FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhodpd; mitf;fsg; Gyth;. -guzpf;Nfhh; nraq;nfhz;lhh; vdg; gygl;ilr; nrhf;fehjg; Gyth; ghuhl;bAs;shh;. -n[aq;nfhz;lhh;> ,irahapuk;> cyh> kly; Mfpa E}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpAs;shh;. -fypq;fj;Jg; guzpapy; 599 jhopirfs; cs;sd. -Xl;lf;$j;jh; ,e;E}iyj; njd;jkpo;j; nja;tg;guzp vdg; Gfo;e;Js;shh;. -vdf;F kpf tpUg;gkhd ,yf;fpak; xd;W cd;nld;why; mJ fypq;fj;Jg;guzpNa vd;whh; NguwpQh; mz;zh. nfhg;gj;Jg;guzpnfhg;gj;Jg;guzpnfhg;gj;Jg;guzpnfhg;gj;Jg;guzp

,g;NghJ fpilf;fpd;w guzp E}y;fSs; njhd;ikahdJ nfhg;gj;Jg; guzp. guzp E}y;fSs; kpfg; goikahdJ Kjy; FNyhj;Jq;fd; kPJ ghlg; ngw;w fypq;fj;Jg; guzfypq;fj;Jg; guzfypq;fj;Jg; guzfypq;fj;Jg; guzpahFk;. mjw;Fk; Ke;ijaJ nfhg;gj;Jg; guzp nfhg;gj;Jg; guzp nfhg;gj;Jg; guzp nfhg;gj;Jg; guzp ,uz;lhk; ,uhNre;jpu Nrhod; (fp.gp.1051-63)> Nkiyr; rhSf;fpa kd;ddhd Mftky;yDld; nfhg;gk; vd;w ,lj;jpy; Nghhpl;L ntd;whd;. ,g;Nghh; gw;wpf; fPo;f;fz;l E}y;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fypq;fj;Jg; guzp (194) tpf;fpuk NrhoDyh (19-20)

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tPu Nrhopak; (ciu Nkw;Nfhs;> gd;dpU Mrphpah; re;j tpUj;jk;) ,t;thW Nghh; ntd;w ,uhNre;jpud; kPJ xU guzpg; gpuge;jk; ghlg;ngw;w nra;jp ,uhruhrd,uhruhrd,uhruhrd,uhruhrd; ; ; ; cyhcyhcyhcyhtpYk; cs;sjhf K. mUzhryk; $Wfpwhh;. Kj;njhs;shapuk;Kj;njhs;shapuk;Kj;njhs;shapuk;Kj;njhs;shapuk;

%Nte;jh;fisg; gw;wpa %d;W njhs;shapuk; ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ. MapDk; ,e;E}y; KOikahff; fpilf;ftpy;iy. Gwj;jpul;L vd;Dk; E}y; thapyhf 108 ntz;ghf;fSk; gioa ciu E}y;fspy; Nkw;Nfhs;fshf rpwg;G> gilr;rpwg;G> Nghh;j;jpwd;> nfhz;l Kjypa nra;jpfis ,g;ghly;fs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. rpwe;j ,yf;fpa eaKk; fw;gid tsKk; epiwe;j E}yhf Kj;njhs;shapuk; jpfo;fpwJ. ,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. Nkw;Nfhs;Nkw;Nfhs;Nkw;Nfhs;Nkw;Nfhs; NrudNrudNrudNrud;: gy;ahid kd;dPh; gLepiw je;Ja;kpd; NrhodNrhodNrhodNrhod;: Nrh;e;j Gwtpd; epiwjd; jpUNkdp ghz;bad;ghz;bad;ghz;bad;ghz;bad;:kUg;G+rpahf kwq;fdy;Nty; kd;dh; jkpo;tpLJ}Jjkpo;tpLJ}Jjkpo;tpLJ}Jjkpo;tpLJ}J

96 rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; J}Jk; xd;W. fyntz;ghtpy; cah;jpizg; nghUisNah m/wpidg; nghUisNah J}J mDg;Gtjhfg; ghLtJ J}J ,yf;fpak;.

-njhil thq;fp th vd;W $Wk; ,yf;fpak; J}J (njhil - khiy) -vfpdk; (md;dk;) kapy;. fps;is (fpsp)> Nkfk;> G+it (ehfz tha;g;gwit)

ghq;fp (Njhop) Fapy;> neQ;rk;> njd;wy;> gpukuk; (tz;L)Nghd;w gj;ijAk; J}jhf mDg;Gth;.

-gj;J J}ijAk; ghbath; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is. -jkpopd; Kjy; J}J ckhgjp rpthr;rhhpahh; ,aw;wpa neQ;R tpLJ}J. jkpo;

tpLJ}J vd;w E}y; ,uz;L cz;L. xU E}iy vOjpath;. mkph;jk; gps;is. ,d;ndhU E}iy vOjpath; ngah; njhpatpy;iy.

-Mrphpah; ngah; njhpahj jkpo;tpLJ}jpy; jiytp xUj;jp kJiur; nrhf;fehjhplk; jkpioj; J}J mDg;Gfpwhs;. ee;jpf;fyk;gfk; ee;jpf;fyk;gfk; ee;jpf;fyk;gfk; ee;jpf;fyk;gfk; fyk;gfk;fyk;gfk;fyk;gfk;fyk;gfk;

gy;tifg; ghf;fisAk; fye;J ghlg;gLk; rpw;wpyf;fpak; fyk;gfk;. -me;jhjpj; njhil mikag; ghlg;gLk; rpw;wpyf;fpak; fyk;gfk;. -mfg;nghUSk; Gwg;nghUSk; fye;J ghlg;gLk; ,yf;fpak; fyk;gfk;. fyk;-12 gfk;-6 18 cWg;Gfs; ,lk; ngWk;. Ga tFg;G> jtk;> tz;L> mk;khid> Ch;> Cry;> ghz;> kjq;F> klq;F> iff;fpis> rpj;J> fsp> kwk;> fhyk;> ,uq;fy;> rk;gpujk;. fhh;> J}J Nghd;w 18 cWg;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ fyk;gfk;. -ghly; vz;zpf;if xt;nthUtiug;ghLk; NghJk; khWgLk;. Njth; - 100 ghly; mikr;rh; - 70ghly; Kdpth; - 95 ghly; tzpfh; - 50 ghly; kd;dh; - 90 ghly; Ntshsh; - 30 ghly; -murh; kPJ 100 ghly;fs; nfhz;L ghlg;gl;l E}y; ee;jpf; fyk;gfk;. %d;whk; ee;jpth;kdpd; ngUikiag; Nghw;Wk; E}yhf ,e;E}y; ee;jpf;fyk;gfk; vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ. ,e;E}ypd; fhyk; fpgp 9k; E}w;whz;L. -Kjy; fyk;gf E}y; ee;jpf;fyk;gfNk -,jid vOjpath; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. ee;jpf; fyk;gfj;jpy; njs;shw;Wg;Nghh; ntw;wp kpFjpahfg; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. -fyk;gfj;jhy; ,we;j kd;dd; %d;whk; ee;jpth;kd;. -mwk; itj;Jg; ghlg;gLk; ,yf;fpak;. Nkw;Nfhs;Nkw;Nfhs;Nkw;Nfhs;Nkw;Nfhs; gjpnjhW Gay;nkhop jUkzp giz jU. cyh:cyh:cyh:cyh:

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cyh tUk; jiytd; kPJ VO gUtg; ngz;fSk; fhjy; tag;gLtjhf mikAk;. rpw;wpyf;fpak; cyh MFk;. ,J 96 tif rpw;wpyf;fpa tifAs; xd;W. -cyhtpy; Kd;ndOepiy> gpd;ndOepiy vd;w ,uz;L epiy cz;L. -Kd;ndO epiyapy; jiytdpd; Fbr;rpwg;G> kuG> ePjp><if> jiytid ePuhl;Ljy;> ey;yzp G+l;Ljy;> jiytd; cyh Gwg;ghL Kjyhdit mlq;Fk;. -gpd;ndO epiyapy; Ngij - 5-7taJ ngJk;ig - 8-11taJ kq;if - 12-13taJ kle;ij - 14-19taJ mhpit - 20-25taJ njhpit - 26-32taJ Nghpsk;ngz; 33-40taJ vd;w VOtifg; ngz;fSk; fhjy; nfhs;tJ Nghy; ghlg;gLtJ gpd;ndOepiy. -Kjy; cyh E}y; Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhh;. vOjpa jpUf;fapyha Qhd cyh (Mjp cyh> nja;tPf cyh vd;w NtW ngah;fs; cz;L)

Xl;lf;$j;jh; tpf;fpukNrhod;> ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;> ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrd; vd;w %thpd; mitapy; mitf;fsg; Gytuha; ,Ue;jhh;. ,e;j %thpd; mitapy; mitf;fsg;Gytuha; ,Ue;jhh;. ,e;j %th; gw;wpa cyhf;fNs %th; cyh vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. xl;lk; (ge;jak;) itj;Jg; ghLjy; ty;yth; vd;gjhy; xl;lf;$j;;jh; vdg;gl;lhh;. tpf;fpukNrhod; cyhtpf;fpukNrhod; cyhtpf;fpukNrhod; cyhtpf;fpukNrhod; cyh

Nrhoh; Fyg; ngUik> jiytd; ngUik> gs;spnaOjy; jiytd; ePuhb myq;fhpj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;> ahidkPJ tUjy;> ahidapd; tPur; nray;fs; cl;glg; gy nra;jpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. tpf;fpukid mth; Gfo;tijf; NfSq;fs;. khlg; GfhUf;Fk; tQ;rpf;Fk; fhQ;rpf;Fk; khlg; GfhUf;Fk; tQ;rpf;Fk; fhQ;rpf;Fk; khlg; GfhUf;Fk; tQ;rpf;Fk; fhQ;rpf;Fk; khlg; GfhUf;Fk; tQ;rpf;Fk; fhQ;rpf;Fk; $lw;Fk; Nfhopf;Fk; NfhkhNd$lw;Fk; Nfhopf;Fk; NfhkhNd$lw;Fk; Nfhopf;Fk; NfhkhNd$lw;Fk; Nfhopf;Fk; NfhkhNd (fhtphpg; G+k;gl;bdj;Jf;Fk;> tQ;rp efUf;Fk; fhQ;rp khefUf;Fk; kJiuf;Fk; ciwA+Uf;Fk; jiytNd – vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs;) Fyg;ngUik my;yJ ghuk;ghpak; $Wk; gFjpapy; ,t;Tyfpy; Kiwahf midtiuAk; (gpukd;> fhrpgd; njhlq;fp tpf;fpukd; tiu) Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,jpy; guhe;jfd; njhlq;fp tpf;fpukd; tiuapy; Fwpg;gpl;l murh;fs; xUth;gpd; xUtuha; Kiwahf murhz;lth;fs; Mth;;. fy;ntl;Lfs; thapyhfTk;. ,jw;Fj; jf;f rhd;Wfs; fpilj;Js;sd. FNyhj;Jq;f Nrho cyhFNyhj;Jq;f Nrho cyhFNyhj;Jq;f Nrho cyhFNyhj;Jq;f Nrho cyh ,J> ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; kPJ xl;lf; $j;jh; ghba ,uz;lhtJ rpwg;ghd E}yhFk;. njhlf;fj;jpy; Fyg;ngUik nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,uhkhDrh; tuyhw;wpy; FNyhj;Jq;fNrhod; mtUf;Fj; njhy;iy nfhLj;jjhfTk;. jpy;iyapy; vOe;jUspapUe;j ngUkhisf; flypy; J}f;fp vwpe;jhd; vd;Wk; rpy tuyhWfs; $Wk;. ,t;Tyhtpy; ,r;nra;jp ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. gpd;dhspy; ,k; kd;ddpd; kfd; flypypUe;J jpUkhiyf; nfhz;Lte;J kPz;Lk; jpy;iyapy; gpujpl;il nra;tpj;jjhff; $Wth;. %th; cyhf;fspy; ,t;Tyhtpd; rpwg;G vdg; ghh;j;jhy; mjw;F vOe;j gioa ciuiaf; $wyhk;. ,uhruhrd; cyh,uhruhrd; cyh,uhruhrd; cyh,uhruhrd; cyh

,J xl;lf;$j;jh; ghba %d;whtJ cyhthFk;. gpukd; njhlq;fp ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrd; tiu cs;s tuyhWfspy;> khh;gpy; 96 tp[ahyar;Nrhod; Gz; nfhz;l

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kd;dd; Kjy; ,g;ghl;Lilj;jiytd; tiuAs;s murh;fs; Kiw gpwo;r;rp ,d;wpr; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sdh;.

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xl;lf;$j;jh;xl;lf;$j;jh;xl;lf;$j;jh;xl;lf;$j;jh; %d;W Nrhokd;dh;fspd; mitf;fsg; Gyth; (tpf;fpukNrhod;> ,uz;lhk;

FNyhj;Jq;fd;> ,uz;lhk; uh[uh[d;) ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;,aw;wpa E}y;fs;,aw;wpa E}y;fs;,aw;wpa E}y;fs;

<l;b vOgJ> ehyhapuf; Nfhit> %th; cyh FNyhj;Jq;fd; gps;isj; jkpo; - Kjy; gps;isj; jkpo;> jf;fahfguzp vd;w tPugj;jpuguzp (NtW ngah;) -$j;jD}hpy; fiykfSf;F Nfhapy; fl;bath;. -ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp ftpuhl;rjd;> fhsf;ftp Mfpa gl;lq;fis ngw;wth;. Kf;$lw;gs;SKf;$lw;gs;SKf;$lw;gs;SKf;$lw;gs;S gs;S:gs;S:gs;S:gs;S: 96tif rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;W -coth; tho;itf; $WtJ. -kUjepy E}y; -Vry; ,lk; ngWk; ,yf;fpak; -coj;jpg; ghl;L vd;w NtWngaUk; cz;L. Kjw;gs;S E}y; Kf;$lw;gs;S. -njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLk; vz;tif tdg;gpy; Gyd; vd;Dk; ,yf;fpa tif gs;Stpw;Fg; nghUe;Jk; vd;gh;. -jpUney;Ntypf;Fr; rpwpJ tlfpof;fpy;> jd;nghUis (jhkpuguzp)> rpw;whW> Nfhjz;luhk MW Mfpa %d;W MWfSk; fyf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;F tlf;Nf cs;s rpw;W}h; Kf;$ly;. ,jw;F M#h; tlfiu ehL vd;w ngah; cz;L. %j;jgs;spapd; Ch; ,J. njw;Fg; gFjpapy; kUjPrh; tPw;wpUf;Fk; Ch; kUJ}h;. ,isags;spapd; Ch;. ,jdhy; irtk;> itztk; vd ,Ukidtpfisj; jpUkzk; nra;j gs;sd; mofh; FLk;gd; mtd; ngUik $wy;> ehl;L tsk;> FwpNfl;ly;> kio Ntz;b topgly;> kiof;FwpNahh;jy;> Mw;wpd; ePh;tuT Kjyhd gy cWg;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ gs;S ,yf;fpak;. -,e;E}iy ,aw;wpath; ahh; vd;W njhpatpy;iy ,jd; ehlf tbt Mrphpah; vd;dapdhg;Gyth;. fhtbr;rpe;Jfhtbr;rpe;Jfhtbr;rpe;Jfhtbr;rpe;J

,jidg; ghbath; nrd;dpFsk; mz;zhkiy nul;bahh;. ,th; vOjpa kw;w E}y;fs;: tPiu me;jhjp> Nfhkjp me;jhjp> tPiug;gps;isj; jkpo; Kjypad. fhtbr; rpe;J ,irg; ghtiffspy; xd;whfpa rpe;Jg;ghtif tbtq;fspy; xd;W. fyk;gf cWg;ghf tUk; rpe;J NtW. rpe;J vd;gJ ,irj;jkpo; ghFghLfspy; xd;whFk;. mJ Ie;J ,ir cWg;Gfshy; Md ahg;G. vLg;G 1> njhLg;G 1> cWg;G 3 vd;W 5 cWg;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ ‘rpe;J’ ghly; (mit gy;ytp mEgy;ytp> %d;W fz;zpfs; mlq;fpa ruzk; MFk;)

fhtbr; rpe;J gy;ytpAk; mEgy;ytpAk; ,d;wpr; ruzq;fSf;Fhpa fz;zpfis khj;jpuk; ngw;W tUk; mz;zhkiy nul;bahh; fhtbr; rpe;J vd;Dk; rpw;wpyf;fpaj;jpy; gyuhYk; Nghw;wg;gLk; E}yhFk;.

,J fhtb Ml;lj;jpw;Fg; ghlg;gLk; ,irg; ghtifahFk;. jkpo; ehl;bNy gz;ilf;fhyk; njhlf;fk; Ngzg;gl;L tUk; xU ehl;lhh; tof;fpYs;s ,ir kuNg fhtbr; rpe;J vdyhk;. Kw;fhyj;;jpNy KUfg; ngUkhdpd; topghl;bw;fhff; ghy; vLj;J tUgth;fs; Mly; ghly;fSld; Myaq;fis Nehf;fpr; nry;tJ tof;fk;. mg;gbr; nry;Yk; nghOJ mth;fspd; Ml;lj;jpw;Fg; ghlg;gLk; ghly; tiffspypUe;J ,f;fhtbr; rpe;J vd;w ghtbtk; Njhd;wp cUthfpaJ. nrd;dpFsk; mz;zhkiy nul;bahh; fhtbr; rpe;ij Kjd; Kjypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;. jpUNtq;flj;je;jhjp:jpUNtq;flj;je;jhjp:jpUNtq;flj;je;jhjp:jpUNtq;flj;je;jhjp:

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,/J ngj;jyNfk; FwtQ;rp> cyhtUk; kd;dh; ,NaRthfTk; NjtNkhfpdpahfpa jiytp rPNahd; kfshfTk;> FwtQ;rp tpRthrkhfTk; Fwp$Wjy; jPh;f;fjhprdkhfTk;> rpq;fd; FUthfTk; E}td; cgNjrpahfTk;> mth;fs; gpbf;Fk; gwitahf kf;sk; mjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tiyahf ,iwthf;F vd;w ew;nra;jpAk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. -,jd; Mrphpah; jQ;ir Ntjehaf rh];jphp Mthh;. jpUney;Ntypapy; Njtrfhak; - Qhdg;G+ mk;ikahh; MfpNahUf;F kfdhfg; gpwe;jhh;. -Rthh;l;]; ghjphpahhpd; khzth;. -jQ;ir ruNghrp kd;dUf;F ez;gh;. -25tajpNyNa Fw;why FwtQ;rpf;F ,izahd ngj;jNyfk; FwtQ;rpia ,aw;wp mopahg; Gfo; ngw;whh;. -gpw E}y;fs; Qhdj; jr;rd; QhdTyh> Muhzjpe;jk;. mofh; fps;is tpLJ}Jmofh; fps;is tpLJ}Jmofh; fps;is tpLJ}Jmofh; fps;is tpLJ}J J}J 96 tif rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;W jiytd; xUtidf; fz;L fhjy; nfhz;l jiytp> xUj;jp jd; fhjiyAk; ghpthw;wikAk; ntspg;gLj;j tpUk;gpj; jiytd;hghy; J}J mDg;Gtjhfg; ghLtJ J}J ,yf;fpakhFk;. -ntz;lis tputpa fypntz;ghthy; J}J ,yf;fpak; ghlg;ngw;w Ntz;Lk;. md;dk;> kapy;> fpsp> Fapy;> tz;L> neQ;rk;> Kfpy;>njd;wy;> khd;> jkpo; Kjypatw;Ws; VNjDk; xd;iwj; J}jhf mDg;Gth;. -jpUkhypUQ;Nrhiy kiyapy;Nfhapy; nfhz;bUf;Fk; mofhplj;J gygl;lilr; nrhf;fehjg; gps;is vd;w Gyth; fpisia J}J tpLtjhf midj;Jg; ghbapUg;gJ mofh; fps;istpL J}J MFk;. -fhg;G ntz;gh xd;iwAk; 239 fz;zpfisAk; cilaJ. ghl;bd ,uz;lbfisf; fz;zp vd;gh;. -nrhf;fehjg; gps;is kugpdh; gygl;lilf; fzf;F vd;Dk; xUtifg; gzpia nra;J te;jdh;. ,th; je;ijahh; ngah; nrhf;fypq;fk; gps;is. -kJiuKk;kzpf;Nfhit> njd;wy; tpLJ}J vd;gd ,th; ,aw;wpa NtW rpyh; E}y;fs;. kNdhd;kzpak;:kNdhd;kzpak;:kNdhd;kzpak;:kNdhd;kzpak;:

ypl;ld; gpuG vd;ghh; Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOjpa ‘,ufrpa top’ vd;Dk; E}iyj; jOtp mike;jJ. vdpDk; ,J top E}y; Nghy; mikahky; Kjy; E}y; Nghy; Nghw;Wk; rpwg;Gg; ngw;wJ. ,e;E}y; Ie;J mq;fq;fisAk; ,UgJ fhl;rpfisAk; nfhz;L tpsq;FfpwJ. ,ilNa rptfhkp rhpjk; vd;w Jizf; fij xd;Wk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. -,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; ng. Re;juk;gps;is E}y;fs;E}y;fs;E}y;fs;E}y;fs; E}y; njhif tpsf;fk; jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; fhy Muha;r;rp> jpUtpjhq;$h; gz;ilkd;dh; fhy Muha;r;rp. Nkw;Nfhs;Nkw;Nfhs;Nkw;Nfhs;Nkw;Nfhs; me;jzh; tsf;FQ; nre;joy;jd;dpYk; ehl;lhgp khdKs; %l;ba rpdj;jP ghQ;rhyp rgjk;:ghQ;rhyp rgjk;:ghQ;rhyp rgjk;:ghQ;rhyp rgjk;: ,e;jpu khefiu Mz;L te;j ghz;lth; kz;lgk; xd;iwf; fl;b> mjpy; Nts;tp elj;jpdh;. mt;tstpy; fye;J nfhz;l Nguurh;fSk; rpw;wh;rh;fSk;

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md;gspg;Gfs; toq;fpaijf; fz;L nghwhikf; nfhz;lhd; mj;jpdhGu kd;d JhpNahjjd;. NkYk; mtd;> ghQ;rhypad; eifg;Gf;Fk; Mshdjhy; ghz;lth; tho;it vg;gbahtJ mopf;f Ntz;Lk; vd vz;zpdhd; mjw;fhfj; JhpNahjdd;. jd; khk;d rFdpapd; cjtpia ehbNdd;. rFdp>“ehKk; xU kz;lgk; mikj;J mjidr; fhd ghz;ltiu miog;Nghk;: jUkidr; #jhlr; nra;J ehk; epidj;jij Kbg;Nghk;” vd;whd; mjpy; nfsuth;fs; ntd;wJk; ghQ;rhypia mtkhpahij nra;jJk; mjw;F ghQ;rhyp nra;j rgjj;ijAk; ghujpahh; vOjpAs;shh;. -ghQ;rhyp rgjk; ghujpahhpd; Kg;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fSs; xd;W. ,J tpahrh; vOjpa kfhghuj;ij jOtp vOjg;gl;lJ. ghQ;rhyp rgjk; ,U ghfq;fshy; nfhz;lJ. ,J #o;r;rpr; RUf;fk;. #jhl;lr; mbikr; rUf;fk;> JfpYhpjy; rUf;fk;> rgjr; rUf;fk; vd Ie;J rUf;fq;fisAk; 412 ghly;fisAk; nfhz;lJ. Fapy;ghl;LFapy;ghl;LFapy;ghl;LFapy;ghl;L

ghujpahhpd; Kg;ngUk; fhtpaq;fSs; xd;W Fapy;ghl;L (ghQ;rhyp rgjk;> fz;zd; ghl;L) J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s vl;lahGuj;jpy; rpd;drhkp IaUf;F ,yf;Fkp mk;ikahUf;Fk; kfdha; gpwe;jth;. -Njrpa ftp> kfhftp vd;Wk; Nghw;wg;gl;lth;. -,e;jpah> tp[ah vd;w ,jo;fis ntspapl;lth;. -RNjr kpj;jpud; Mrphpauhf rpy fhyk; tpsq;fpdhh;. -ghujpahh;ftpijfs;> ghQ;rhyprgjk; fz;zd; ghl;L. Fapy;ghl;L Kjypa ftpijfis kl;Lkd;wp Qhdujk;> re;jphpifahd; fij> juhR Kjypa ciueil E}y;fisAk; vOjpath; ,tUila trdf; ftpijfs; thy;l; tpl;Nld;> fyPy; fpguhd; Kjypa ftpQh;fspd; ftpijfNahL xg;gplj;jf;fit. Nkw;Nfhs;:Nkw;Nfhs;:Nkw;Nfhs;:Nkw;Nfhs;: fhdg;gwit fyfnyD NkhirapYk; fhw;W kuq;fspilf; fhl;L kpirapdpYk; fhsNkfg; Gyth;:fhsNkfg; Gyth;:fhsNkfg; Gyth;:fhsNkfg; Gyth;: Fk;gNfhzj;jpy; mUfpy; cs;s ee;jpf;fpuhkk; vdTk;> tpOg;Guk; khtl;lj;jpYs;s vz;zhapuk; vdTk; gpwe;j Ciuf; Fwpg;gpLth;. ,aw;ngah; : tujd; jpUtuq;ff; Nfhtpy; klg;gs;spapy; gzpGhpe;jhh; itzt rkaj;jpy; ,Ue;J irt rkaj;jpw;F khwpdhh;. fhh;Nkfk; Nghy; ftpij nghopAk; Mw;wy; ngw;wjhy;>,th; fhsNkfk; vd miof;fg; ngw;whh;. ,th; ,UnghUs; mika eifr;RitAld; ghLtjpy; ty;yth;. Nkw;Nfhs;:Nkw;Nfhs;:Nkw;Nfhs;:Nkw;Nfhs;: XLk; RopRj;jk; cz;lhFk; Jd;dyiur; ,ul;Lwnkhopjy;: xU nrhy;Nyh njhlNuh ,UnghUs; jUkhW ghLtJ rpNyil vdg;gLk;. ,jid ‘,ul;Lw nkhopjy;’ vdTk; $Wth;.

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rpj;jh;fs;:rpj;jh;fs;:rpj;jh;fs;:rpj;jh;fs;: rpj;jp ngw;wth;fisr; rpj;jh; vd;gh;. rpj;jp vDk; nrhy; mwpitf; Fwpf;Fk; Fz;lypdp rf;jpiag; ngw;wth;fs; rpj;jh;fs;. gjpndd; rpj;jh;fs;:gjpndd; rpj;jh;fs;:gjpndd; rpj;jh;fs;:gjpndd; rpj;jh;fs;: 1.mfj;jpah; 2.,ilf;fhlh; 3.cNuhkKdp 4.fkyKdp 5.rl;ilKdp 6.nfhq;fdh; 7.Nfhuf;fh; 8.ghk;ghl;br; rpj;jh; 9.fLntspr; rpj;jh; 10.mofzpr; rpj;jh; 11.mfg;Nga; rpj;jh; 12.gl;bzj;jhh; 13.gj;jpfhpahs; 14.Nghfh; 15.fUT+h;r; rpj;jh; 16.Njiuah; 17.jpU%yh; 18.rpthf;fpah;. rpj;Jf;fisr; nra;a ty;yth;fs; rpj;jh;fs; vdg;gLth;. rpj;Jfs; vl;L tifg;gLk;. ,tw;iw mllkh rpj;jpfs; vd;gh;. 1.mzpkh : cliyr; rpwpjhf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; jpwk;. 2.kfpkh – cliyg; nghpjhf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; jpwk;. 3.fphpkh – fphp-kiy kiy Nghd;W cliyj; jplkhf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; jpwk;. 4.,yfpkh : ,yF – NyrhdJ cliyg; gQ;R Nghy; ,Nyrpf;fp nfhs;Sk; jpwk;. 5.gufhkpak;: gpu-gpw gpwh; clypy; GFe;J ntspNaWk; jpwd;. 6.<rj;Jtk;: xd;wid my;yJ xU nraiy cUthf;fp (gilj;jy;) ghJfhj;J (fhj;jy;) epiwT nra;Ak; (mopf;Fk;)jpwk;. 7.trpj;Jtk;: cyf caph;fisj; jd; tag;gLj;jp jd; MSifg;gb elf;fr; nra;Ak; jpwd;. jpU%yh;:

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ghujpahh;ghujpahh;ghujpahh;ghujpahh;: ,aw;ngah;: Rg;gpukzpak; - Rg;igah vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ngw;Nwhh;: rpd;drhkp Iah; yl;Rkp mk;khs; Ch; : vl;laGuk; fhyk;: 11.12.1882 Kjy; 11.09.1921 -39 Mz;Lfs; ghujp gl;lk; vl;laGuk; - rk];jhdg; Gyth;fshy; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. -n~y;ypjhrd; vd;W jd;id mioj;Jf; nfhz;lth;. Gidg;ngah;fs;Gidg;ngah;fs;Gidg;ngah;fs;Gidg;ngah;fs; Xh; cj;jk Njrgpkhdp> rhtpj;jphp trd ftpij vOjpath; -,thpd; Kd;Ndhb thy;l; tpl;Nkd; (trdf; ftpijapy;) -ghujpf;F kfhftp gl;lk; nfhLj;jth; t.uh.(t.uhkrhkp Iaq;fhh; - ghujpapd; cileil thhpR) -1905y; rf;futh;j;jpdp vd;w ,jo; njhlq;fpdhh;. -,e;jpah vd;w ,jopd; Mrphpah;. -RNjrkpj;jpudpy; Jiz Mrphpauha; gzpahw;wpdhh;. ghujpapd; Kg;ngUk; fhghujpapd; Kg;ngUk; fhghujpapd; Kg;ngUk; fhghujpapd; Kg;ngUk; fhtpaq;fs;tpaq;fs;tpaq;fs;tpaq;fs; fz;zd; ghl;L> Fapy;ghl;L> ghQ;rhyp rgjk;. -ghujp rq;fj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jth; fy;fp -Qhdujk;> re;jphpifapd; fij> juhR – ciueil ,yf;fpak; vOjpAs;shh;. rpwg;G: ghl;Lf;nfhU Gytd;> ePLJapy; ePf;fg;ghb te;j epyh (ghujpjhrd; ghuhl;baJ). jw;fhy ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tpbnts;sp> Njrpaf;ftp> kfhftp. ghujpjhrd;ghujpjhrd;ghujpjhrd;ghujpjhrd; ,aw;ngah;: Rg;Guj;jpdk; ngw;Nwhh;:fdfrig yl;Rkp mk;khs; Ch;: GJr;Nrhp tho;ehs;: 29.4.1891 Kjy; 21.4.1964 tiu ,thpd; Kjy; ghly;:,thpd; Kjy; ghly;:,thpd; Kjy; ghly;:,thpd; Kjy; ghly;: “vq;nfq;F fhzpDk; rf;jpalh – jk;gp VOfly; mts; tz;zklh” E}y;fs;E}y;fs;E}y;fs;E}y;fs; ghz;bad; ghpR> vjph;ghuhj Kj;jk;> Nrujhz;ltk;> mofpd; rphpg;G> FLk;g tpsf;F ,Uz;l tPL FwpQ;rpj;jpul;L> fz;zfp> Gul;rpf; fhg;gpak;> kzpNkfiy ntz;gh> fhjy; epidTfs; fiof;$j;jpapd; fhjy;> jkpor;rpapd; fj;jp> mikjp ,isQh; ,yf;fpak;> nrskpad;> ey;y jPh;g;G> jkpo; ,af;fk;> ,uz;ad; my;yJ ,izaw;w tPud;> fhjyh? flikah? rQ;rPtp gh;tjj;jpd; rhuy;. -,thpd; gprpuhe;ijahh; ehty; (ehlfk;) 1969y; rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ ngw;wJ. -Fapy; vd;w ,jio elj;jpdhh;.

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ftpkzp Njrpa tpehafkftpkzp Njrpa tpehafkftpkzp Njrpa tpehafkftpkzp Njrpa tpehafk; gps;is; gps;is; gps;is; gps;is ngw;Nwhh;: ngw;Nwhh;: ngw;Nwhh;: ngw;Nwhh;: rptjhZgps;is> Mjpyl;Rkp Ch; : Nj&h; (ehfh; Nfhapy; mUfpy;) tho;ehs;:27.08.1876 Kjy; 26.09.1954 tiu ,thpd; Mrphpah; rhe;jypq;f jk;gpuhd;. E}y;fs;E}y;fs;E}y;fs;E}y;fs; kyUk; khiyAk;> Mrpa N[hjp> ehQ;rpy; ehl;L kUkf;fs; top khd;kpak;> fhe;j@h; rhiy> Njtpapd; fPh;j;jidfs;> ck;fa;ahk; ghly;fs;. -Mh;dhy;l; vOjpa “iyl; Mg; Mrpah” vd;W E}ypd; nkhopngah;g;G Mrpa N[hjp. -Mh;dhy;l; vOjpa ckh;fa;ahk; ghba &ghajpd; nkhopngah;g;G Mrpa N[hjp. -ghurPf nkhopapy; ckh;fa;ahk; ghly;fs;. -1940y; ‘ftpkzp’ gl;lk; ngw;whh;. ehkf;fy; ftpQh; nt.,uhkypq;fk; gps;is (mf;Nlhgh;) 19> 1888 Mf];;l; 24>1972 jkpowpQUk;> ftpQUk; Mthh;. “fj;jpapd;wp ,uj;jkpd;wp Aj;jnkhd;W tUFJ” Nghd;w Njrgf;jp ghly;fisg; ghba ,th; Njrpaj;ijAk;> fhe;jpaj;ijAAk; Nghw;wpath; muritf; ftpQh; gjtpAk; gj;k G+~z; gl;lKk; ngw;wth;. rhfpj;a mfhlkpapd; jkpo; gpujpepjpaha; gzpahw;wpdhh;. Gfo;ngw;w Nkw;Nfhs;fs;Gfo;ngw;w Nkw;Nfhs;fs;Gfo;ngw;w Nkw;Nfhs;fs;Gfo;ngw;w Nkw;Nfhs;fs;

• fj;jpapd;wp uj;jkpd;wp Aj;jnkhd;W tUFJ.

• jkpod; vd;Nwhh; ,dKz;L jdpNa mjw;Nfhh; FzKz;L

• jkpod; vd;W nrhy;ylh jiyepkph;e;J epy;ylh

• ifj;njhopy; xd;iw fw;Wf;nfhs;> ftiy cdf;fpy;iy xj;Jf;nfhs; vOjpa E}y;fs;vOjpa E}y;fs;vOjpa E}y;fs;vOjpa E}y;fs;

• kiyf;fs;sd; (ehty;)

• fhzhky; Nghd fy;ahzg; ngz; (ehty;)

• gpuhh;j;jid (ftpij)

• ehkf;fy; ftpQh; ghly;fs;

• jpUf;FwSk; ghpNkyofUk;

• jpUts;Sth; jpLf;fpLthh;.

• jpUf;Fws; GJ ciu

• fk;gDk; thy;kPfpAk;

• fk;gd; ftpij ,d;gf; Ftpay;

• vd;fij (Rarhpjk;)

• mtDk; mtSk; (ftpij)

• rq;nfhyp (ftpij)

• khkd; kfs; (ehlfk;)

• mutiz Re;juk; (ehlfk;) ghlk; 2ghlk; 2ghlk; 2ghlk; 2

kuGf; ftpijkuGf; ftpijkuGf; ftpijkuGf; ftpij Kbaurd;Kbaurd;Kbaurd;Kbaurd; ,aw;ngah; ,aw;ngah; ,aw;ngah; ,aw;ngah; Jiuuh[; jpuhtpl ,af;ff; ftpQh;. E}y;fs;E}y;fs;E}y;fs;E}y;fs; Kbaurd; ftpijfs;;> fhg;gpag; ghit> G+q;nfhb (jkpo; ,af;fg; Nghuhl;l tuyhW)

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ehlfk;ehlfk;ehlfk;ehlfk; Cd;WNfhy; (gz;bjkzp fjpNur nrl;bahh; gw;wpaJ) G+q;nfhb jkpof murpd; tpUJ ngw;wJ. thzpjhrd;thzpjhrd;thzpjhrd;thzpjhrd; ,aw;ngah; vj;jpuh[; (v) muq;frhkp ghujpjhrd; guk;giu> uhkp vd;W Gidg;ngah; cz;L. E}y;fs;:E}y;fs;:E}y;fs;:E}y;fs;: jkpor;rp> nfhbKy;iy> vopNyhtpak;> jPh;j;jahj;jpiu> ,d;g ,yf;fpak;> nghq;fy; ghpR> ,uT tutpy;iy. rphpj;jh Ezh> ,dpf;Fk; ghl;L vopy; tpUj;jk;> njhLthdk;. -GytNuW ftpQNwW ghtyh; kzp vd;w gl;lk; ngw;wth;. Rujh: Rujh: Rujh: Rujh: etk;gh; 23> 1921[{d; 19> 2006 jkpoff; ftpQUk; vOj;jhsUk; Mthh;. Gul;rpf;

ftpQh; ghujpjhrdplk; nfhz;l gw;Wjyhy; ghujpjhrdpd; ,aw;ngauhfpa Rg;Guj;jpdk; vd;gjpd; mbg;gilapy; jd; ngaiu Rg;Guj;jpdjhrd; vd;W khw;wpf;nfhz;lhh;. jd; khw;Wg;ngahpd; RUf;fkhf Rujh vd;Dk; ngahpy; gy kuGf;ftpijj; njhFg;Gfs; je;jth;. nra;As; kuG khwhky; vOjpte;j ,th; ctikfs; jUtjpy; jdpg;Gfo; <l;bath;. ,jdhy; ,tiu ctikf; ftpQh; vd;W rpwg;gpj;Jf; $Wth;. Ruhjhtpd; Kjy; E}y; rhtpd; Kj;jk; 1955,y; fhtpak; vd;w thu ,jioj; njhlq;fpdhh;. ,t;tpjioj; njhlh;e;J ,yf;fpak; (1958)> Ch;tyk; (1963) tpz;kPd;(1964) Rujh (1988) vdf; ftpij tsh;r;rpf;Fg; gy ,jo;fis ntspapl;lhh;. Rujhtpd; gilg;Gfs;.

• Njd;kio (ftpijj; njhFg;G> 1986)

• JiwKfk; (ghly; njhFg;G> 1976)

• rphpg;gpd; epoy; (ghly; njhFg;G> 1974)

• RtUk; Rz;zhk;Gk; (ghly; njhFg;G> 1974)

• mKJk; NjDk;> 1983

• ghujpjhrd; guk;giu (njh.M)> 1991

• tpdhf;fSk; Rujhtpd; tpilfSk;

• cjl;by; cjL

• vr;rpy; ,uT

• vg;NghJk; ,Ug;gth;fs;

• fiyQiug; gw;wp ctikf; ftpQh;

• rhtpd; Kj;jk;

• rpwe;j nrhw;nghopTfs;

• Rujh ftpijfs; (ifalf;fg; gjpg;G)

• RtUk; Rz;zhk;Gk;

• nrhd;dhh;fs;

• jkpo;r; nrhy;yhf;fk;

• njhlhj thypgk;

• neQ;rpy; epWj;Jq;fs;

• gl;lj;jurp

• ghNte;jhpd; fhsNkfk;

• Gfo;khiy

• kq;ifah;f;furp

• Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk;

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• thh;j;ij thry;

• tpdhf;fSk; Rujhtpd; tpilfSk;

• ntl;l ntspr;rk; fz;zjhrd;:fz;zjhrd;:fz;zjhrd;:fz;zjhrd;: ,aw;ngah; - Kj;ijah ngw;Nwhh; - rhj;jg;gd;> tprhyl;rp Ch; - rpW$ly;gl;b (fhiuf;Fb mUfpy;) tho;ehs;: 24.06.1927 Kjy; 17.10.1981 tiu 54taJ ryfz;lGuk; fz;zd;jhrd; (gh.fz;zd; -ehlf Mrphpah;) vd;gNj fz;zjhrd;. Gidg;ngah;fs;:Gidg;ngah;fs;:Gidg;ngah;fs;:Gidg;ngah;fs;: fhiuKj;Jg; Gyth; - tzq;fhKb> fkfkg;gphpah> Jg;ghf;fp. ,jo;fs;: njd;wy;>Ky;iy> fz;zjhrd;> fbjk;> jkpo;kyh;. E}y;fs;: khq;fdp> mh;j;jKs;s ,e;Jrkak; gilj;jth;. khq;fdp> Ml;ldj;jp Mjpke;jp – FWq;fhg;gpaq;fs; (khq;fdp-jpUr;rp rpiwapy;) Ml;ldj;jp Mjpke;jp (Mjpke;jp – fhpfhyd; kfs;) Ml;ldj;jp Nrukd;dd; ,ilNa cs;s fhjy; -,NaR fhtpak; - jd; tho;ehspd; filrpf; fhtpak;. -,uhrjz;lid – ehlfk; (fk;gh; - mk;gpfhgjp tuyhW)

ehty;fs;ehty;fs;ehty;fs;ehty;fs; -Fkhpf; fhz;lk; - Mapuk; jPT mq;faw;fz;zp> -Nrukhd; fhjyp (rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ - 1980) Ntshq;Fbj; jpUtpoh> Cikad; Nfhl;il> tpsf;F kl;Lkh rptg;G> Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgk;> rpq;fhhp ghh;j;j nrd;id> rptfq;ifr; rPik> uh[ jz;lid> ghhpkiyf;nfhb> mdhh;;fyp> rptfq;ifr; rPik> kiythrk; cl;gl;l 60E}y;fs; vOjpAs;shh;. mh;j;jKs;s ,e;Jkjk; vOjpath;. jd;tuyhw;W E}y;jd;tuyhw;W E}y;jd;tuyhw;W E}y;jd;tuyhw;W E}y; tdthrk;> kzthrk; -jpiu ,irg;ghly; %yk; Gfo; ngw;wth;. cLkiy ehuhazftp:cLkiy ehuhazftp:cLkiy ehuhazftp:cLkiy ehuhazftp: -fiythzh; vd;. v];. fpU~;zdhy; jpiu cyfpw;F te;jth;. -ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly; nkl;Lfis jpiug;glj;jpy; mwpKfk; nra;jth;. -jpuhtpl ,af;ff; ftpQh;. -ftpuhah; gl;lk; ngw;wth; - gFj;jwpTf; ftpQh;. gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahz Re;juk;:gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahz Re;juk;:gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahz Re;juk;:gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahz Re;juk;: -nghJ cilikf; fUj;Jf;fis jpiug;glg; ghlypy; GFj;jpath;. -vdJ tyJif vd;W ghujpjhrdhy; Gfog;gl;lhh;. mth; Nfhl;il ehd; Ngl;il vd;W Ntbf;ifahfr; nrhd;dth; cLkiy ehuhazftp. fhyk;: 13.04.1930 – 08.10.1959 kf;fs; ftpQh; vd;W Gfog;gl;lhh;. ngw;Nwhh; : mUzhr;ryk; gps;is – tprhyhl;rp mk;khs;.

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Ch; : nrq;fg;gLj;jhd; fhL> GJf;Nfhl;il jhYf;fh. -ghujpahuhy; elj;jg;gl;l Fapy; gj;jphpf;ifapy; gzpahw;wpdhh;. nghJTilikf; ftpQh;> kf;fs; ftpQh; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;. kUjfhrp:kUjfhrp:kUjfhrp:kUjfhrp: ,thpd; Mrphpah; ghgehrk; rptdpd; rNfhjuh; uh[Nfhghiyah;. -jpiu ,irg;ghly;fs; vOJtjpy; Gfo;ngw;whh;. -khlh;d; jpNal;lhpd; ,ul;ilf; ftpQh;fs; kUjfhrp.- fh.K.n~hpg; -jpiuf;ftpj; jpyfk; vd;w gl;lk; ngw;wth;.

ghly; 3ghly; 3ghly; 3ghly; 3 GJf;ftpij:GJf;ftpij:GJf;ftpij:GJf;ftpij:

“tpUe;Nj jhDk; GFtJ fpse;j ahg;gpd; Nkw;Nw” vd;w njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wk; tdg;gpd; 8y; xd;whd tpUe;jpd; fPo; $Wth;. -Kjd; Kjypy; GJf;ftpij vOjpath; thy;l; tpl;kd;. (Gy;ypd; ,jo;fs; vd;w E}y;) -jkpopy; Kjy; Kaw;rp – ghujpahh; - trdf; ftpij vd;gh;. -jkpo;g; GJf;ftpijapd; je;ij e.gpr;r%h;j;jp Kjypy; GJf; ftpijia ntspapl;l ,jo; kzpf;nfhb. e.gpr;r%h;j;jpe.gpr;r%h;j;jpe.gpr;r%h;j;jpe.gpr;r%h;j;jp:::: ,aw;ngah;: e.Ntq;fl kfhypq;fk; Ch;: Fk;gNfhzk; fhyk;: 15.08.1900 – 04.12.1976 tiu E}y;fs;: fpspFQ;R> G+f;fhhp> topj;Jiz> fpspf;$z;L -jkpo;g;GJf; ftpijapd; je;ij> Kd;Ndhb -kzpf;nfhbapy; vOjpath;. rp.R.nry;yg;gh: kzpf;nfhb ,jopy; vOjpath;. -vOj;J ,jio 1959 njhlq;fpdhh;. E}y;fs;E}y;fs;E}y;fs;E}y;fs; khw;W ,jak;> eP ,d;W ,Ue;jhy;> GJf;Fuy;> jUK rptuhKjUK rptuhKjUK rptuhKjUK rptuhK:::: vOj;J fhyfl;lk;> kWkyh;r;rp fhy GJf;ftpQh;> ifg;gpbasT fly;> Nky; Nehf;fpa gazk;> fz;zhbAs;spUe;J – gilg;Gfs;. vOj;Jfhy vOj;Jfhy vOj;Jfhy vOj;Jfhy ftpQh;fs;:ftpQh;fs;:ftpQh;fs;:ftpQh;fs;: gpr;r%h;j;jp> jUK rptuhK> itjP];tud;> f.eh> Rg;gpukzpak;> grta;ah> NtZNfhghyd;> rp.R.nry;yg;gh> eFyd;. gRta;ahgRta;ahgRta;ahgRta;ah: ,aw;ngah; Re;ju uhkrhkp - ,thpd; gilg;Gfs; - eLeprp eha;fs;> ahNuhxUtDf;fhf - ,thpd; gilg;Gfs;. ,uh.kPdhl;rp ,uh.kPdhl;rp ,uh.kPdhl;rp ,uh.kPdhl;rp ftpQh; ,uh.kPdhl;rp. (R.Meenakshi) xU jkpo;f; ftpQh;> GJf;ftpijg; gilg;gpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;. vOj;J fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J vOjj; njhlq;fp ,d;Wtiu njhlh;e;j vOjp tUgth; jw;NghJ MNuhtpy; rh;tNjr efuj;jpy; njhz;lhw;wp tUfpwhh;. ,th; vOjpa “cja efhpypUe;J” vDk; E}y; jkpo; tsh;r;rpj; Jiwapd; 2006 Mk; Mz;Lf;fhd rpwe;j E}y;fspy; GJf;ftpij vDk; tifg;ghl;by; ghpR ngw;wpUf;fpwJ.” gilg;Gfs;gilg;Gfs;gilg;Gfs;gilg;Gfs;

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neUQ;rp. RLG+f;fs;. jPghtspg; gfy;. kWgazk;> kPdhl;rp ftpijfs; thridg; Gy;> cjaefhpypUe;J nfhbtpsf;F> nrk;kz; kly;fs; rpw;grpw;grpw;grpw;gp:p:p:p: kuGf; ftpijapy; ,Ue;J GJf; ftpijf;F te;jth;. ,aw;ngah;: ghyRg;gpukzpad;. E}y;fs;: epyTg; G+> rphpj;j Kj;Jfs;> rh;g;gahfk;> nksd kaf;fq;fs;> #hpa epoy;> Mjpiu> xU fpuhkj;J ejp – rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ (2002) rp.kzp:rp.kzp:rp.kzp:rp.kzp: kWkyh;r;rp fhy vOj;jhsh;> tho;f;ifapy; midj;J epfo;TfisAk; ftpijahf;Fk; ghq;F ,thplk; cz;L. -neLq;ftpij> tUk;NghFk;> xspr;Nrh;f;if. fy;ahd;[pfy;ahd;[pfy;ahd;[pfy;ahd;[p ,aw;ngah; fy;ahzRe;juk; - gilg;Gfs; epfo;fhyk; vg;gbapUf;fpwJ. vjph;fhyk; ,Ushfg; Nghapd. vit fz;zpw;Fj; njhpAk ;. fyhg;gphpah:fyhg;gphpah:fyhg;gphpah:fyhg;gphpah: nrhe;jg; ngah; - Nrhk Re;juk;. fyg;gphpah vOjpa FUlh; gs;spapy; nfhbNaw;wk;. GJf;ftpijapd; nry;thf;fhd fhyj;jpy; ftpij vOj te;jth;. -kdpj ,dj;jpd; mof;ifj; NjhYhpj;Jf; fhl;Ltdhf ,tuJ ftpijfs; cs;sd. Qhdf;$j;jd;Qhdf;$j;jd;Qhdf;$j;jd;Qhdf;$j;jd; gilg;Gfs;: ,ul;il epoy; jpUg;jp miyfs; ,Oj;j G+khiy ek;ik mJ jg;ghNjh? nrhd;dijf; Nfl;l rd;dy; ftpij. ,d;DnkhU Gj;jfk;. J}f;fj;jpy; mOif. NjtNjtd;: NjtNjtd;: NjtNjtd;: NjtNjtd;:

NjtNjtd; vd;w Gidg;ngauhy; mwpag;gl;l gpr;Rkzp ifty;ak; xU etPdj; jkpo; ftpQh; Mthh;. gpr;Rkzp ifty;ak; vd;wg; ngahpy; fijfisAk; vOjp tUfpd;whh;. ,th; vOjpa “NjtNjtd; ftpijfs;” vDk; E}y; jkpo;ehL murpd;; jkpo; tsh;r;rpj; Jiwapd; 2005Mk; Mz;Lf;fhd rpwe;j E}y;fspd; GJf;ftpij vDk; tifg;ghl;by; ghpR ngw;wpUf;fpwJ. ifty;aj;jpd; Kjy;ftpijj; njhFg;G Fspj;Jf; fiuNawhj Nfhgpah;fs;. 1982Mk; Mz;L ntspte;jJ. ,uz;lhktJ njhFg;G kpd;dw;nghONj J}uk;. khw;wg;glhj tPL. 2005Mk; Mz;L mtuJ ftpijfSf;fhd KOj;njhFg;G NjtNjtd; ftpijfs; vd;w ngaUld; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. NjtNjtd; ftpijgw;wp vd;w ciuahly; E}iyAk; mypghghTk; Nkhh;[pahdhTk; vd;w ehlhf E}iyAk; vOjp ntspapl;bUf;fpwhh;. 1970-80fspy; J}j;Jf;Fbapy; fiyg;glq;fSf;fhd jpiug;gl rq;fk; xd;iwAk; elj;jpte;jhh;. jkpof murpd; jkpo;tsh;r;rpf;fof tpUJ ngw;wth;. NjtNjtidg; gw;wp n[aNkhfd; KOikahd jpwdha;T E}y; xd;iw vOjpapUf;fpwhh;. etPdj;Jtj;jpw;Fg; gpd; jkpo;f; ftpij – NjtNjtid Kd;itj;J vd;w me;E}y; ftpjh gjpg;gfj;jhy;. 1998 Mk; Mz;L ntspaplg;gl;lJ. jkpopdp ntspaPlhf n[.g;uhd;]p]; fpUgh ,af;fj;jpy; NjtNjtidg;gw;wp ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph; vd;w nra;jpg;glk; 2007Mk; Mz;L ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ. rhypdprhypdprhypdprhypdp,se;jpiuad; :,se;jpiuad; :,se;jpiuad; :,se;jpiuad; : ,aw;ngah; : fdfrTe;jphp gilg;Gfs;: ,uz;L Fuy;fs;> jkpo;f; fdpfs;> jkpoNd jiykfd;. jkpo; je;j ngz;fs;> tho;f;if tuyhw;W ,yf;fpak;. gz;ghl;bd; gLFop> ve;jpuf;fyg;ig> Gjpa jlq;fs; rq;fj;jkpohpd; kdpj Nea kzpnewpfs;. K.Nkj;jh: K.Nkj;jh: K.Nkj;jh: K.Nkj;jh: KOg;ngah; Kfk;kJ Nkj;jh. gbkf; ftpQh; GJf; ftpij> tuyhw;W ehtpy; vdg;gyJiwfspYk; Gfo; ngw;wth;.

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-edNthil cj;jpiag; gad;gLj;jpath;. -jkpofj;jd; khg;grhd;. -rpWfij kd;dd;. n[afhe;jd;:n[afhe;jd;:n[afhe;jd;:n[afhe;jd;: cjak;> xUgpbr; NrhW> ,dpg;Gk; fhpg;Gk;> Njtd; tUthuh> Rikjhq;fp> Afrf;jp> Gjpa thh;g;Gfs;. Rajhprdk;> FugPlk;> GJnrUg;Gf; fbf;Fk;> cz;ik RLk;> xU gpbNrhW> ,Uisj; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; khg;grhd;. R.rKj;jpuk;:R.rKj;jpuk;:R.rKj;jpuk;:R.rKj;jpuk;: Kjy; rpWfij –“mq;Nf fy;ahzk; ,q;Nf fyhl;lh” NghJk; cq;f cgrhuk;> xNu xU Nuh[h ,yT fhj;j fpsp> gyNtrk;. F.g.uh[Nfhghyd; (v) F.g.uh:F.g.uh[Nfhghyd; (v) F.g.uh:F.g.uh[Nfhghyd; (v) F.g.uh:F.g.uh[Nfhghyd; (v) F.g.uh: Kjy; rpWfij – E}Yd;dp]h -Gdh; n[d;kk;> fhzhkNy fhjy;> fdfhk;guk;> fhQ;rd khiy> rpwpJ ntspr;rk;> tpbAkh> jpiu. fy;fp:fy;fp:fy;fp:fy;fp: fy;fp ,uh. fpU~;z%h;j;jp -jpU.tp.f.tpd; kPJ nfhz;lgw;wpdhy; fy;fp vd itj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. -Nfjhhpapd; jhahh;> fhhpUspy; xU kpd;dy;> miyapd; fz;zPh;> khlj;Njtd; Rid> tPizthzp> fizahopd; fdT> jpUntOe;J}h; rptf;nfhOe;J ];tg;gd Nyhfk;> tPidgthdp. mwpQh; mz;zh:mwpQh; mz;zh:mwpQh; mz;zh:mwpQh; mz;zh: gyhgyd;>RL%Q;rp> md;djhdk;> Nga; xbg; Nghr;rp> ,U guk;giufs;> #jhb> nrt;thio> jQ;ir tPo;r;rp> gpb rhk;gy;> Gyp efk;> uh[hjpuh[h nrhh;fj;jpy; eufk;. fp.uh[ehufp.uh[ehufp.uh[ehufp.uh[ehuhazd;:hazd;:hazd;:hazd;: fjT> fd;dpik> Ntl;b> mk;kh gps;is> mg;gh gps;is> ehw;fhyp. -fhpry; fijfspd; je;ij. -tl;lhuf; fijfspd; je;ij. ,thpd; Nfhgy;yGuj;J kf;fs; ehty; 1991y; rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ ngw;wJ. nksdp: jkpo;r; rpWfijapd; jpU%yh; ,aw;ngah;: Rg;gpukzp mopahr;Rlh;> kzf;Nfhyk;> fhjy; miy> khWjy; gpugQ;r fhdk;> kdj;Njh;> rhtpy; gpwe;j rpU~;kp. gp.v];.uhikahgp.v];.uhikahgp.v];.uhikahgp.v];.uhikah kzpf;nfhb ,jior; rpWfij ,johf khw;wpath; -gzk; gpioj;jJ> jOk;G> epidT Kfk;> kwf;ftpy;iy> fhkjfdk;> el;rj;jpuf; Foe;ij> nfhj;jdhh; Nfhapy;. -kzpf;nfhbf;fhyk; 1982y; rhfpja mfhjkp tpUJ ngw;wJ. -,tUila vy;yhf; fijfspYk; tUk; xU ghj;jpuk; Fq;Fkg; nghl;Lf; Fkhurhkp. F.mofphprhkpF.mofphprhkpF.mofphprhkpF.mofphprhkp Kjy; rpWfij – cwf;fk; nfhs;thd;. rpf;ftpy;iy> jtg;gad;> fhyfz;b> nja;tk; gpwe;jJ. ,U rNfhjh;fs;> fw;gf tpUl;rk; tug;gpurhjk;> md;gspg;G. -Mz;kfd;> GJcyfk;> jphpGuk;> ,Ungz;fs;> jphpNtzp> Qhgfh;j;jk;. -,thpd; md;gspg;G 1970y; rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ ngw;wJ. uh[h[puh[h[puh[h[puh[h[p

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Njhw;wq;fSk; ,q;Fs;sd. ,J Nghd;w fiy mikg;G itFe;jg; ngUkhs;. ,uz;lhk; ee;jpth;kd; NfhtpYk; cs;sJ. ghz;bah; fhyr; rpwg;G:ghz;bah; fhyr; rpwg;G:ghz;bah; fhyr; rpwg;G:ghz;bah; fhyr; rpwg;G: fp.gp.6>7>8 k; E}w;whz;by; cUthf;fg;gl;l jpUnka;ak;> gps;isahh;gl;b> Fd;wf;Fb> jpUg;guq;Fd;wk; vDk; ,lq;fspy; ,tw;iwf; fhzyhk;. fp.gp.8k; E}w;whz;by; fOFkiy xw;iwf; fy; Nfhapy; ghz;bah; fhy cd;dj jd;ikiaf; fhzyhk;. -mjpakhd; ftpd; rpw;gj;ij ehkf;fy; Filtiuf; Nfhtpypy; fhzyhk;. Nrhoh; fhyr; rpw;gq;fs;Nrhoh; fhyr; rpw;gq;fs;Nrhoh; fhyr; rpw;gq;fs;Nrhoh; fhyr; rpw;gq;fs; Fle;ijf; fPo;f;Nfhl;lk;> rPdpthr ey;Y}h; Fuq;fehjh; Nfhtpy;> gRgjp Nfhtpy;> jpUth&h; mwnewpr;ruk; Mfatw;wpy; ,th;fs; fhyr; rpw;gq;fs; cs;sd. -gy;yth;fs; fhyj;jpy; rpw;gq;fs; Nfhapw; Rth;fspNyNa gilg;Gr; rpwgq;fshfr; nrJf;fg;gl;ld. Mdhy; Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; rpw;gq;fs; jdpNa nra;ag;gl;L mtw;Wf;nfd Rthpy; mike;j Nfhl;lj;jpy; nghUj;jg;gl;ld. -,uh[uh[d; thdshTk; fl;blj;ij fUq;fy;yhy; fl;bdhd; mtd; fl;Ltpj;j NfhGuq;fisAk; tpkhdq;fisAk; Vuhskhd rpw;gq;fs; myq;fhpj;j NghjpYk; mit fl;blj;jpw;F mq;fkhf fl;blj;jpd; ngUkpjj;jpy; kiwe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,Njepiy jhd; mtd; kfd; vOg;gpa fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuj;Jr; rpw;gq;fSf;Fk;. -vdpDk; fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuj;J nghpa Nfhtpypy; fiykfs; rpw;gKk;> rz;bf;F rptd; mUs;GhpAk; rz;Bfg;gjk; gw;wpa rpw;gq;fSk; jdpj;jd;ik nfhz;L jpfo;fpd;wd. -jhuhRuj;J IuhtjP];tuh; Nfhapy; rpw;gq;fs; jpy;iyf; NfhGur; rpw;gq;fSk; moFilad vdpDk; fl;blj;jpd; mofpy; kaf;fk; ngWfpd;wd. tpraefuj;jhh; fhyr; rpw;gq;fs;tpraefuj;jhh; fhyr; rpw;gq;fs;tpraefuj;jhh; fhyr; rpw;gq;fs;tpraefuj;jhh; fhyr; rpw;gq;fs; -Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgq;fSk; fy;ahz kz;lgk; Gfo;ngw;wJ. -Fjpiuapd; Kd; fhiyj; J}f;Fk; epiyapy; cs;s rpw;gq;fs;. -ngz;fspd khh;gfq;fs; ,e;jf; fhyj;jpy; Jzpahy; Nghh;j;jg;gl;l epiyapy; miktijf; fhzyhk;. -mhpaehj Kjypahh; fhl;ba Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgKk; GJkz;lKk;> kPdhl;rp NfhapYk; ehaf;f kd;dh;fspd; ngUikiaf; fhl;Ltd. -kJiu kPdhl;rp Nfhapypy; gpl;rhldh;> Nkhfpdp> fhspapd; eldk;> rptDila Copf;$j;J> jpUf;fypahd fhl;rp ,tw;iw Fwpf;Fk; rpw;gj; J}z;fs; moFld; tpsq;Fk;. -Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgj;jpy; Kfg;Gj; J}z;fspy; cs;s mhpr;re;jpud;> Fwtd;> Fwj;jp gw;wpa rpw;gq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. -ghisaq;Nfhl;ilaUNfAs;s fpU~;zhGuj;jpy; jpUNtq;flehjh; Nfhapypy; cs;s Fwtd; Fwj;jp rpw;gq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. ghz;baehl;by;jpUtpisahly; Guhz epfo;r;rpfisf; Fwpf;Fk;. rpw;gq;fs; ehaf;fh;fs; fhyj;jpy; jhd; Vw;gl;ld. Xtpaf;fiyXtpaf;fiyXtpaf;fiyXtpaf;fiy goq;fhy kf;fs;> jk; cs;sf; fUj;Jfisg; Gyg;gLj;j ghiwfspYk; FiffspYk; fPwp vOjpdh;. jk; vz;zj;ijr; rpj;jpuk; tiue;J ntspg;gLj;jpdhh;. jkpofj;jpy; ,Uge;ije;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ,lq;fspy; (khd;> Nghh;> nra;jy;> tpyq;F Ntl;il) Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk; Fif Xtpaq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. -njhy;fhg;gpak; eLjy; tzf;Fk; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. eLfy;ypy; Nghhpy; tPukzk; va;jpa tPudJ cUtk;> ngah;> ngUikf; Fhpa nray; Kjypadtw;iwg; nghwpf;Fk; gof;fk; ,Ue;jJ. rpw;gp jhd; nrJf;ftpUe;j cUtj;ij tiue;J ghh;j;j gpd;dNu nrJf;fpa kuG cz;L. -Xtpaf;fiy> XT> Xtk;> Xtpak;> rpj;jpuk;> glk;> glhk;> tl;bifr; nra;jp vdg;gy ngah;fshy; toq;fg;ngWfpwJ. -Xtpaf; fiyQd; Xtpah;> Xtpag;Gytd;> fz;Zs; tpidQd;> rpj;juf;fhuh;>

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PH – 04146 -226417

tpj;jf tpidQd;> tpj;jfh;> fpstp ty;Nyhd; vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;. Xtpaf; fiyQh; FOit Xtpakhf;fs; vd;W mioj;jdh;. Mz; Xtpah; rpj;jpuq;fehjd; vdTk; ngz; Xtpah; rpj;jpuNrdh vdTk; ngah; ngw;W ,Ue;jdh;. tiufUtpfs;tiufUtpfs;tiufUtpfs;tiufUtpfs; Nfhy; J}hpif> Jfpypif> tl;bif> tz;zq;fs; Fog;Gk; gyiff;F tl;bifg; gyif vdg;ngah;. Xtpaq;fs; tiuAkplq;fs;Xtpaq;fs; tiuAkplq;fs;Xtpaq;fs; tiuAkplq;fs;Xtpaq;fs; tiuAkplq;fs; rpj;jpuf;$lk;> rpj;jpukhlk;> vOepiy kz;lgk;> vOnjhopy; mk;gyk;. -GwehD}w;wpy; Xtj;jidia ,lDil tdg;G vd tPl;bd; moif xtpaj;jpw;F xg;Gikaha; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. -tz;zf;fhl;rpfs; jPl;lg;gl;l jpiur;rPiyfs; “Xtpa vopdp” vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. -tz;zq;fythky; fhpe;Jz;Lfshy; tbtk; kl;Lk; tiutjidg; Gidah xtpak; vd;gh;. -ML Kjyhd gz;zpuz;L ,uhrpfisAk;> tpz;kPd;fisAk; tiue;j nra;jp neLey; thil Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. gy;yth; fhyk;:gy;yth; fhyk;:gy;yth; fhyk;:gy;yth; fhyk;: kNfe;jputh;k gy;ytd; rpj;jpuf; fhug; Gyp vd miof;fg;gLfpwhd;. jl;rpzrpj;jpuk; vd;w Xtpa E}Yf;F ciu vOjpAs;shh;. -gdkiy> jpUkiy> khky;yGuf; Fiff; Nfhtpy;> khkz;̂ h;> fhQ;rpf; ifyhrehjh; Nfhapy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; gy;yth; fhy Xtpaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. -Nruh; fhy Xtpaq;fs; jpUee;jpf; fiuapy; fpilj;Js;sd. -rpj;jd;dthry;> GJf;Nfhl;ilf;F mUfpy; cs;sJ. ,q;F cs;s Xtpaq;fs; fpgp 9k; E}w;whz;by; mtdpa Nrfu =ty;ygd; vd;w ghz;ba kd;dh; fhyj;jpy; kJiu Mrphpah; ,sk;nfsjkd; ,t;Nthtpaq;fis tiue;jhh;. Nrhoh; fhy Xtpaq;fs; Nrhoh; fhy Xtpaq;fs; Nrhoh; fhy Xtpaq;fs; Nrhoh; fhy Xtpaq;fs; jQ;irg; nghpa Nfhtpypy; fhzyhk;. -ftpd;kpF fapiyf; fhl;rp fz;fSf;F tpUe;jspg;gd. Nrukhd;> Re;juh; fapiy nry;Yk; fhl;rp> rptngUkhd; Kg;Guk; vhpj;j fhl;rp> Re;juiu jLj;jhSk; Nfhyk;> ehl;ba kfsph;> khkd;dh; ,uhruhrd;> fUt+h;j;Njth; Kjypa Xtpaq;fs; tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;ig czh;j;Jfpd;wd. tp[aefu ehaf;f kd;dh;fspd; xtpaq;fs; tp[aefu ehaf;f kd;dh;fspd; xtpaq;fs; tp[aefu ehaf;f kd;dh;fspd; xtpaq;fs; tp[aefu ehaf;f kd;dh;fspd; xtpaq;fs; jpUtuq;fk;> jpUg;gjp> jpy;iy jpUth&h;> Flj;ij kJiu fhQ;rp Kjypa ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Ngr;Rf; fiy Ngr;Rf; fiy Ngr;Rf; fiy Ngr;Rf; fiy Mafiy mWgj;J ehd;fpy; Ngr;Rf; fiyAk; xd;Wk;. - Ngr;Rk; Nkilg;Ngr;Rk; NtW NtwhdJ. Ngr;rpy; czh;e;jij czh;e;jthW njhptpj;jhy; NghJkhdJ Mdhy; Nkilg; Ngr;rpNyh czh;e;jij czh;e;Jk; tifapy; njhptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. - Ngr;rhshpd; neQ;rpy; cs;s fUj;J Nfl;ghhpd; neQ;rpy; ghaNtz;Lk;. kpd;rhuk; ghaf; fk;kp fUtpahf cs;sJ Nghyf; fUj;ij tpsf;f nkhop fUtpahf cs;sJ. - nrhy;iy Muha;e;J njspthfg; Ngr Ntz;Lk;. Kf;$Wfs;Kf;$Wfs;Kf;$Wfs;Kf;$Wfs; NgRk; nghUis xOq;FKiwf;Ff; fl;LgLj;jpf; njhlf;fk;> ,ilg;gFjp> KbT vdg;gFj;J NgRtijNa Ngr;RKiw vd;fpNwhk;. ,jid vLj;jy;> njhLj;jy;> Kbj;jy; vdTk; $wyhk;. vLj;jy; vLj;jy; vLj;jy; vLj;jy; Ngr;ir njhlq;FtJ vLg;G> Ngr;rpd; njhlf;fk; ed;whf ,Ue;jhy; jhd; Nfl;fpwtupd; cs;sq;fisf; ftUk;. njhLj;jy; Kiw njhLj;jy; Kiw njhLj;jy; Kiw njhLj;jy; Kiw

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PH – 04146 -226417

njhlf;f ciuf;Fg; gpwF> nghUis tphpj;J NgRk; Kiw njhLj;jy; vdg;gLk;. md;wyh;e;j kyiu moFgl khiyahfj; njhLj;Jk; Nghd;W ,ilapilNa Rit kpf;f nrhw;fSk; Fzkpf;f fUj;Jf;fSk; gpize;Jg; NgRtNj njhLj;jy; vdg;gLk;. Ngr;rpd; mzpfyd;fs; Ngr;rpd; mzpfyd;fs; Ngr;rpd; mzpfyd;fs; Ngr;rpd; mzpfyd;fs; xU Ngr;Rf;Ff; fUj;Jg; nghypTk; FuNyhirAk; kl;LNk Nghjpad my;y. ,ilapilNa Nfl;Nghh; Ritf;fj;jf;f ctikfs;> vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; nrhy;yhl;rpfs;> gy;NtW tifahd eilfs;> rpWrpW fijfs; Kjypad mikag; NgRtNj rpwe;j Ngr;rhFk;. czh;j;Jk; jpwd; nrhy;yf; fUJk; nra;jpia Ritgl> epuy;gl> jpwk;gl kw;Wk; njspthfTk; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. czh;r;rp cs;s Ngr;Nr capUs;s Ngr;rhFk;. mg;Ngr;Nr Nfl;Nghh; cs;sj;jpy; CLUtpr; nrd;W> Nfl;gth;fSila cs;sj;ijg; gzpf;Fk; Mw;wy; tha;e;jjhf mikAk;. fbj;jy; fbj;jy; fbj;jy; fbj;jy; Ngr;irj; njhlq;FtjpYk; nghUis tphpg;gjpYk; nrYj;Jk; ftdj;ij moFwg; Ngr;ir Kbg;gjpYk; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. - Nkilg;Ngr;rpy; ey;y jkpiof; nfhz;L kf;fis <h;j;Njhh; jkpo;j; njd;wy; jpU.tp.f. NguwpQh; mz;zh> uh.gp. NrJg;gps;is> ehtyh; NrhkRe;ju ghujpahh;> Fd;wf;Fb mbfshh;; Nghd;Nwhh; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;.

jpiug;glf; fiyjpiug;glf; fiyjpiug;glf; fiyjpiug;glf; fiy - xspg;glk; vLf;Fk; fUtp 1830y; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. vl;th;L ikgphpl;R vd;w Mq;fpNyah; Kjypy; xLk; Fjpiuia ,af;fg;glkhf vLj;J ntw;wp ngw;whh;. - <];l;kd; vd;gth; glr;RUs; cUthf;Fk; Kiwiaf; fz;lwpe;jhh;. - vbrd; xUth; kl;Lk; ghh;f;Fk; glf;fUtpiaf; fz;lwpe;jhh;. - gpuhd;rp]; nrd;fpd;R vd;w mnkhpf;f 1894y; hpr;kz;l; vd;Dkplj;jpy; ,af;fg;glj;ijg; gyUk; ghh;f;Fk; tifapy; tbtikj;jhh;. - jpiug;glk; vLf;fg; gad;gLk; glr;R&s; nry;Yyha;L vd;w nghUshy; MdJ. glk; vLf;fg; gad;gLk; RUs;> vjph;r;RUs; vdg;gLk;. xyp> xspg; gjpTfis jdpj; jdp Rus;fspy; mikg;gh;. - glg;gpbg;Gf;fUtpapy; xub ePsKs;s glr;RUspy; gjpdhW glq;fs; tPjk; xd;wd; gpd; xd;whfj; njhlh;r;rpahf vLf;fg;gLk;. fUj;Jg;glk;. fUj;Jg;glk;. fUj;Jg;glk;. fUj;Jg;glk;. Kjypy; fUj;Jg;glk; mikj;jth; thy;l; b];dp.

ghlk;ghlk;ghlk;ghlk; ----8888 jkpopd; njhz;ik jkpopd; njhz;ik jkpopd; njhz;ik jkpopd; njhz;ik tPWil nrk;nkhop jkpo;nkhop cyfk; Nt&d;wpa ehs; Kjy; caph;nkhop vd;W jkpopd; ngUikiag; giw rhw;Wthh; ghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;. - jpUj;jpa gz;Gk;> rPh;j;j ehfhPfKk; nghUj;jpa J}a;nkhop jkpo;r; nrk;nkhopahk; vd;W ghpjpkhw;fiyQh; nrk;nkhopf;f ,yf;fzk; tFj;Js;shh;. - njhz;ik> Kd;ik> Ez;ik> jpz;ik> vd;ik> xz;ik> ,dpik> jdpik> ,sik> tsik> jha;ik> J}a;ik> Kk;ik> nrk;ik> ,ad;ik> tpad;ik vd tUk; gjpdhW nrt;tpay; jd;ikfisf; nfhz;lJ nrk;nkhop : mJNt ek;nkhop vd;ghh; ghthzh;. epiyj;j nkhop epiyj;j nkhop epiyj;j nkhop epiyj;j nkhop

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cyfpy; <uhapukhz;Lfl;Fk; Nkw;gl;l tuyhw;Wj; njhd;ikAila nkhop rpyNt. mit jkpo;> rPik> rkq;fpUjk;> ,yj;jPd;><g;U> fpNuf;fk;> Mfpad. ,tw;wpd; yj;jPDk; <g;UTk; tof;F xope;jd. nrk;nkhopj; jFjpg;ghLfs; nrk;nkhopj; jFjpg;ghLfs; nrk;nkhopj; jFjpg;ghLfs; nrk;nkhopj; jFjpg;ghLfs; 1. njd;ik 2. gpwnkhopj; jhf;fkpd;ik 3. jha;ik 4. jdpj;jd;ik 5. ,yf;fpatsk; 6. nghJikg;gz;G 7. eLTepiyik 8. gz;ghL> fiy gl;lwpT 9. cah;rpe;jid 10. fiy ,yf;fpaj;jdpj; jd;ik ntspg;ghL 11. nkhopf; Nfhl;ghL vd gjpndhU jFjpf; Nfhl;ghLfis mwptpay; jkpopwpQh; KRj;jghTk; nkhopty;eh;fSk; tiuaWj;Js;shh;fs;. njhd;ik njhd;ik njhd;ik njhd;ik cyfk; Njhd;wpaNghNj Njhd;wpa jkpio mjd; njhd;ik fUjp fk;gh; “vd;WKs njd;jkpo;” vd;fpwhh;. gpwnkhopj;jhf;fkpd;ik gpwnkhopj;jhf;fkpd;ik gpwnkhopj;jhf;fkpd;ik gpwnkhopj;jhf;fkpd;ik gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fis ePf;fpdhYk; jdpj;J ,aq;Fk; jd;ik ngw;wJ. jha;ik jha;ik jha;ik jha;ik jpuhtpl nkhopfshd fd;dlk;> njYq;F> kiyahsk;> JStk; Kjypa nkhopfSf;Fj; jha;nkhop. gpuhFap tlGynkhopfSf;Fk; jha;nkhop vd;fpwhh; fhy;Lnty;. Mapuj;njz;Z}W nkhopfSf;F Nth;r; nrhy;fisAk; E}w;nwd;gJ nkhopfSf;F cwTg;ngah;fisAk; je;Js;sJ jkpo;. jdpj;jd;ik jdpj;jd;ik jdpj;jd;ik jdpj;jd;ik ,ay;> ,ir ehlfk; vd;w Kg;ngUk; gphpTfisf; nfhz;lJ jkpo;> jkpoh; mfk;> Gwk; vd;W tho;tpaYf;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;jdh;. ,yf;fpa tsk;> ,yf;fzr; rpwg;G rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; jkpoh;fspd; nrhj;J> ,J 26>350 mbfisf; nfhz;lJ> mf;fhyj;Nj ,t;tstpw;F tphpthf cUthf;fg;gl;l ,yf;fpaq;fs; NtW ve;j nkhopapYk; ,y;iy vd;fpwhh; nrf; ehl;L nkhop mwpQh; fkpy;Rtygpy;. khf;Rky;yh; (nrUkd;) jkpNo kpfTk; gz;gl;l nkhopnad;Wk; jdf;Nf chpa ,yf;far; nry;tq;fisg; ngw;wpUf;Fk; nkhopnad;Wk; ghuhl;bapUf;fpwhh; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fis kf;fs; ,yf;fpak; vdyhk;. nghJikg; gz;G nghJikg; gz;G nghJikg; gz;G nghJikg; gz;G jkpoh; jkf;nfd thohJ gpwh;f;Fhpatiu Vw;wdh;. xd;Nw Fyk;> jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwh;ju thuh> nrk;Gyg;ngay; ePh; Nghy md;Gs;sk; nfhz;ldh;. eLTepiyik eLTepiyik eLTepiyik eLTepiyik rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,dk; nkhop> kjk; fle;jit. ,aw;ifNahL ,ae;jit : cyfj;jhh; Vw;Fk; nghJf; fUj;Jf;fs; cilait> eLtzuR 2004 mf;Nlhghpy; jkpio ,e;jpahtpd; nrk;nkhopahf mwptpj;jJ. jpuhtpl nkhopfsjpuhtpl nkhopfsjpuhtpl nkhopfsjpuhtpl nkhopfs;

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,e;jpahtpy; Ngrg;gLk; nkhopf; FLk;gq;fs; ,e;Njh – Mrpa nkhopfs;> jpuhtpl nkhopfs;> M];jpNuh – Mrpa nkhopfs;> rPd-jpngj;jpy; nkhopfs; vd ehd;F nkhopf; FLk;gj;jpy; mlq;Ftd. - ,e;jpahtpy; Mapuj;J Ke;E}Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l nkhopfSk; mjd; fpis nkhopfSk; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. Mjyhy; ,e;jpahit nkhopfspd; fhl;rpf; rhiy vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. r.mfj;jpaypq;fk;. jpuhtpl nkhopf; FLk;gq;fs; jpuhtpl nkhopf; FLk;gq;fs; jpuhtpl nkhopf; FLk;gq;fs; jpuhtpl nkhopf; FLk;gq;fs; 23f;F Nkw;gl;l jpuhtpl nkhopfs; eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfs;> tljpuhtpl nkhopfs; vd %tifaha;g; gphpg;ghh;. njd;jpuhtpl nkhopfs; njd;jpuhtpl nkhopfs; njd;jpuhtpl nkhopfs; njd;jpuhtpl nkhopfs; jkpo;> kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;> FlF JS> Njhlh;> Nfhj;j> nfhufh> ,Ush eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfs; eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfs; eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfs; eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfs; njYq;F> Nfhz;b> Nfhah> $ap> $tp> Nfhyhkp gh;[p> Nfhz;lh> ehaf;fp> ngq;Nfh> [jG. tljpuhtpl nkhopfs; tljpuhtpl nkhopfs; tljpuhtpl nkhopfs; tljpuhtpl nkhopfs; F&f;> khy;Njh> gpuhFa;. - jpuhtplk; vd;w nrhy;iyg; gad;ghl;bw;Ff; nfhz;L te;jth; fhy;Lnty;. - jkpioAk; mjd; fpisnkhopfshd kiyahsk;> njYq;F> fd;dlk; Mfpa nkhopfis xU fhyj;jpy; jkpspapd; my;yJ jKypf; vd;w mioj;jdh;. - jpuhtplh; vd;w nrhy;Ny jkpopypUe;J cUthdJ vd;fpwhh;. <uh]; ghjphpahh;. - jkpo; - jpukps – jpuhtpl – jpuhtplk; vd;W cUthapw;W vd;fpwhh; <uh]; ghjphpahh;. - jpuhtpl – jpuhtpl – jpukps – jkpo; vd;W cUthdJ vd;fpwhh; fhy;Lnt];.

ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ---- 9999 ciueilciueilciueilciueil

kiw kiyabfs; : (1870 kiw kiyabfs; : (1870 kiw kiyabfs; : (1870 kiw kiyabfs; : (1870 ---- 1950)1950)1950)1950) Rthkp Ntjhryk; vd;w ngaiuj; jkpo;gw;wpd; fhuzkhf kiwkiyabfs; vd khw;wp itj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. - jdpj;jkpo; ,yf;fk; Njhw;Wtpj;jth;. - Ky;iyg;ghl;L Muha;r;rp> gl;bdg;ghiy Muha;r;rp FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L Muha;r;rp> jpUf;Fws; Muha;r;rp> rptQhdNghj Muha;r;rp> khzpf;fthrfh; tuyhWk; fhyKk;> jkpoh; kjk;> jpUthrf tphpTiu Kjyhd E}y;fis vOjpAs;shh;. Nfhfpyhk;ghs; fbjk;> ehfehl;lurp Kjyhd Gjpdq;fs; rpwg;G kpf;fd. jhk; elj;jpa; QhdNrfuk; vd;w gj;jphpf;ifia mwpTf; fly; vd;W khw;wp mikj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. ghpjpkhw;fiyQh; : (1878 ghpjpkhw;fiyQh; : (1878 ghpjpkhw;fiyQh; : (1878 ghpjpkhw;fiyQh; : (1878 ---- 1903)1903)1903)1903) tp.Nfh. #hpa ehuhazrh];jphpghh; vd;w ngaiu ghpjpkhw;fiyQh; vd;W khw;wp mikj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. (jhk; ,aw;wpa jdpg;ghjuj; njhif vd;w E}ypy; khw;wpdhh;) gpwg;G : kJiuia mLj;j tpshr;Nrhp. ngw;Nwhh; : Nfhtpe;j rptdhh; - ,yl;Rkp mk;khs;. kJiuj; jkpo;rq;fk; : - 4k; jkpo;rq;fk; gh];fuNrJgjp jiyikapy; ghz;bj;Jiuj; Njth; Kd;dpiyapy; cUthdJ. ghpjpkhw;fiyQh; c.Nt.rh. ,uhftdhh; Mfpa Nguhrphpah;fs; cjtp nra;jdh;. - aho;g;ghzk; rpit. jhNkhjudhh; - jpuhtpl rh];jphp vd;w gl;lj;ij toq;fpdhh;. - &ghtjp> fyhtjp Kjypa ehlfq;fis ,aw;wpait.

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- rpj;jpuf;ftp vd;Dk; E}iy ,aw;wpdhh;. - FkuFUguhpd; ePjpnewptpsf;fj;jpw;F ciu vOjpath;. - ghpjpkhw;fiyQh;> K.rp. g+h;zypq;fj;jpdhy; njhlq;fp elj;jg;gl;l QhdNghjpdp vd;Dk; ,jio elj;jpdh;. QhdNghjpdpapYk; - tpNtf rpe;jhkzpapYk; jhd; vOjpatw;iw jkpo; tpahrq;fs; vd;w ngahpy; ntspapl;lhh;. e.K. Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhh; : (1884 e.K. Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhh; : (1884 e.K. Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhh; : (1884 e.K. Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhh; : (1884 ---- 1964): 1964): 1964): 1964): rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy> mfehD}W> jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk; Mfpa E}y;fSf;F ciu. - ef;fPuh;> mfj;jpah;> fgpyh; Ma;T E}y;fs;. - fs;sh; rhpj;jpuk; vd;w ciueil E}y;.

uh.gp. NrJg;gps;is : (1896 uh.gp. NrJg;gps;is : (1896 uh.gp. NrJg;gps;is : (1896 uh.gp. NrJg;gps;is : (1896 ---- 1961)1961)1961)1961) : : : : - nrhy;ypd; nry;th;nrhy;ypd; nry;th;nrhy;ypd; nry;th;nrhy;ypd; nry;th; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;. CUk; NgUk;> nre;jkpOk; nfhe;jkpOk;> jkpopd;gk;> jpUts;Sth; E}y;eak;> rpyg;gjpfhu E}y;eak;> jkpo; tpUe;J> NtYk; tpy;Yk;> jkpo;ehl;L etkzpfs;. - jkpo; ,d;gk; rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ ngw;w Kjy; E}y; (1955) jpU.tp.fjpU.tp.fjpU.tp.fjpU.tp.f : : : : jkpo;j; njd;wy; jkpo;j; njd;wy; jkpo;j; njd;wy; jkpo;j; njd;wy; gpwg;G:gpwg;G:gpwg;G:gpwg;G: nrd;idf;F mUfpy; Js;sk;. 17.09.1953 Kjy; 26.08.1983. ngw;Nwhh; :ngw;Nwhh; :ngw;Nwhh; :ngw;Nwhh; : - tpUj;jhrydhh;> rpd;dk;ik - fjpiuNtyhplk; jkpo; ,yf;fpak;> irt rpj;jhe;jk; gapd;whh;. - ,tUf;F tha;e;j ciueil kiy vd cah;e;jJ vd;fpwhh; nj.ngh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;. ciueilE}y;fs; ciueilE}y;fs; ciueilE}y;fs; ciueilE}y;fs; kdpj tho;f;ifAk; fhe;jpabfSk;> ngz;zpd; ngUik my;yJ tho;f;ifj; Jizeyk;. ,kakiy my;yJ jpahdk; KUfd; my;yJ moF> irrj;JwT> irtj;jpd; rkurk;> flTl; rhl;rpAk; jhAkhdtUk;> ,uhkypq;f Rthkpfs; jpUTs;sk; jkpo;ehLk; ek;kho;thUk;> ehad;khh; tuyhW> jkpo; E}y;fspy; ngsj;jk;> fhjyh? Kbah? rPh;jpUj;jkh? vd; fld; gzp nra;J fplg;gNj> ,e;jpahTk; tpLjiyAk; jkpo;r;Nrhiy> cs;nshsp> nra;As; E}y;fs; :nra;As; E}y;fs; :nra;As; E}y;fs; :nra;As; E}y;fs; : KUfd; mUs;Ntl;ly;> jpUkhy; mUs; Ntl;ly;> fpwp];Jtpd; mUs; Ntl;ly;> mUfd; mUNf chpik Ntl;ly;> nghJik Ntl;ly;> nghUSk; mUSk; my;yJ khh;f;fpaKk; fhe;jpaKk;. ,jo;fs; ,jo;fs; ,jo;fs; ,jo;fs; Njrgf;jd;> etrf;jp - jhd; jsuhj tajpy; K.t. cjtpAld; tsh;r;rpAk; tho;Tk; my;yJ gLf;if gpjw;wy; ntwpapl;lhh;. itahGhpg;gpsitahGhpg;gpsitahGhpg;gpsitahGhpg;gps;is;is;is;is - jkpo; Ngufuhjp gjpg;gpw;Fj; jiyik tfpj;jth;. - Gwj;jpul;L vd;w E}ypd; Mrphpah;. - Ma;T newpKiwfisj; jkpOf;F mwpKfk; nra;jth;. - Mq;fpyj;jpy; jkpo;nkhop ,yf;fpa tuyhW vOjpath;. gilg;Gfs; : gilg;Gfs; : gilg;Gfs; : gilg;Gfs; : ,yf;fpak; jPgk;> ,yf;fpa cjak;> ,yf;fpar; rpe;jidfs;> nrhw;fiy tpUe;J> fhyhq;fhyk;> jkpo;r;Rlh; kzpfs;> jkpoh; gz;ghL> ,yf;fpar; rpe;jidfs;> cyf ,yf;fpaq;fs;.

ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ---- 10101010

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c.Nt.rhkpehj Iah;> nj.ngh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; c.Nt.rhkpehj Iah;> nj.ngh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; c.Nt.rhkpehj Iah;> nj.ngh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; c.Nt.rhkpehj Iah;> nj.ngh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; rp. ,yf;Ftdhh; rp. ,yf;Ftdhh; rp. ,yf;Ftdhh; rp. ,yf;Ftdhh; ---- jkpo;g;gzp njhlh;ghd nra;jpfs;. jkpo;g;gzp njhlh;ghd nra;jpfs;. jkpo;g;gzp njhlh;ghd nra;jpfs;. jkpo;g;gzp njhlh;ghd nra;jpfs;. c.Nt. rhkpehj Iahc.Nt. rhkpehj Iahc.Nt. rhkpehj Iahc.Nt. rhkpehj Iah; : ; : ; : ; : gpwe;j Ch; - jpUth&h; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s cj;jk jhdGuk; - 19.02.1855 – 28.04.1942 tiu ,aw;ngah; - Ntq;fluj;jpdk; Mrphpah; ngah; - kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is. Mrphpah; itj;j ngah; - rhkpehjd; - Mjdhy; mth; cj;jkjhdGuk; ntq;flRg;gptpd; kfdhh; rhkpehjd; vd;gjd; RUf;fNk c.Nt.rh vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;. gjpg;gpj;j E}y;fs; : gjpg;gpj;j E}y;fs; : gjpg;gpj;j E}y;fs; : gjpg;gpj;j E}y;fs; : vl;Lj;njhif – 8 J}J – 6 gj;Jg;ghl;L – 8 ntz;gh E}y;fs; - 13 rPtfrpe;jhkzp – 1 me;jhjp – 3 rpyg;gjpfhuk; - 1 guzp – 2 kzpNkfiy – 1 Kk;kzpj;Njhif – 2 Guhzq;fs; 0 12 ,ul;il kzpkhiy – 2 cyh – 9 gpw gpuge;jq;fs; - 4 Nfhit – 6 FwpQ;rpg;ghl;ilg; gjpg;gpf;Fk; NghJ Njkhk;g+ nrk;kzpg+> ngU%q;fpw;g+ vd;Dk; thpfs; rpije;jpUe;jd. jUkGu Mjpd klj;jpypUe;J ngUKaw;rpf;F gpwF fpilj;j VLfspd; %yk; c.Nt.rh fz;lwpe;J gjpg;gpj;jhh;. - tho;f;if tuyhW – vd; ehpjk; vd;w ngahpy; vOjpdhh; (njhluhf Mde;j tpfldpy; vOjpdhh;) - c.Nt.rh mth;fspd; epidthf 1942 –y; nrd;id ngrd;l; efhpy; c.Nt.rh. E}y; epiyak; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ ,d;Wk; nray;gLfpwJ. - eLtiuR 2006-k; Mz;L mQ;ry; jiy ntspaplhJ. nj.ngh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhhnj.ngh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhhnj.ngh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhhnj.ngh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;. ;. ;. ;. (fhyk; 1901 - 1981) njd;gl;bdk;> fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lk;> je;ij – nghd;Drhkp fpuhkzp gilg;Gfs; :gilg;Gfs; :gilg;Gfs; :gilg;Gfs; : fhdy;thp> FyNrfuh;> Fbkf;fs; fhg;gpak;> gpwe;jJ vg;gbNah Kjyhd ,tuJ E}y;fs;> - kJiu fhkuh[h; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; Kjy; JizNte;jh; (1966 - 1971) - 1976-y; gj;kg+rd; tpUJ ngw;whh;. - nkhop tpsf;f ,ay;JiwapYk; xg;gpyf;fpaJiwapYk; <Lgl;lhu;.

rp. ,yf;Ftdhh; ,aw;ngah; . rp.,yl;Rkzd; gpwg;G : 17.11.1909-03.09.1973 ngw;Nwhh; : rpq;fhuNtyh; - ,uj;jpdk; mk;ikahh; gpwe;j ,lk; : tha;NkL> Ntjuhz;ak; tl;lk;> ehfg;gl;bzk; khtl;lk;. ngw;w ngw;w ngw;w ngw;w gl;lq;fs;l;lq;fs;l;lq;fs;l;lq;fs; :::: Kj;jkpo; fhtyh; - nre;jkpo; khkzp> gapw;rp nkhopf; fhtyh; jkpoh; jsgjp> ,yf;fzr; nrk;ky;> jkpo; mhpkh> ,Ughjk; E}w;whz;L njhy; fhg;gpah;> ,uz;lhk;ef;fPuh;> ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L ,sNfhtbfs;> Fws; newpf;fhtyh;. ,jo;fs; :,jo;fs; :,jo;fs; :,jo;fs; : rq;f ,yf;fak; rpWfij tbtpYk; Xuq;f ehlfq;fshfTk; rq;fg;ghlypy; mwpKfk; nra;jhh;.

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gilg;Gfs; : gilg;Gfs; : gilg;Gfs; : gilg;Gfs; : ,yf;Ftdhupd; njhy;fhg;gpa Ma;Tk; nkhopngau;g;Gk;> rq;f ,yf;fpa Ma;T> FwSiu> ,yf;Ftdhupd; ftpijg; gilg;Gfs;.


Njt Neag; ghthzhNjt Neag; ghthzhNjt Neag; ghthzhNjt Neag; ghthzh; ; ; ; jkpopd; njhd;ikia cyfwpar; nra;jth; fhy;Lnty;> jdpj;jkpOf;F tpj;jpl;lth; ghpjp khw;fiyQh; jkpioj; jiof;f nra;j nrk;ky; kiwkiyabfs;. jkpio Mnyd tsh;j;J khz;Gwr; nra;jth; NjtNeag; ghthzh;. - nkhop QhapW> jdpj;jkpo; Cw;W> nre;jkpo; QhapW> ,yf;fpag; ngl;lfk;> ,yf;fzr; nrk;ky;> jkpo; khdq; fhj;jth; vd;w milnkhopfshy; miof;fg;gLfpwhh;. - cyf Kjd;nkhop jkpo; : ,e;jpa nkhopfSf;F %yKk; NtUk; jkpo;> jpuhtpl nkhopfSf;Fj; jha;nkhop jkpo; vd epWtpah;.

- cyfpd; Kjy; khe;jd; jkpod; : Njhd;wpa ,lk; Fkhpf; fz;lNk vd;gJk; nkhfq;rjhuh> `ug;gh ehfhpfk; goe;jkpoh; ehfhpfk; vd;gJk; ghthzhpd; $w;W. - jkpio tlnkhop ty;yhz;ikapypUe;Jk; kPl;gjw;fhfNt ,iwtd; vd;idg; gilj;jhd; vd;W $wpdhh;. ngw;Nwhh; : QhdKj;J – ghpg+uzk; Ch; - rq;fud; Nfhtpy; tho;f;if : 07.02.1902 Kjy; 15.01.1981 tiu - nre;jkpo;r; nry;th;> nre;jkpo; QhapW> jkpo;g;ngUq;fhtyh; vd 174 rpwg;Gg; ngah;fs;.

Njt Neag; ghthzhpd; gilg;Gfs; : Njt Neag; ghthzhpd; gilg;Gfs; : Njt Neag; ghthzhpd; gilg;Gfs; : Njt Neag; ghthzhpd; gilg;Gfs; : jkpo; tuyhW> Kjy; jha;nkhop> jkpo;ehl;L tpisahl;Lfs;> jkpoh; jpUkzk;> tlnkhop tuyhW> jkpoh; kjk;> kz;zpNy tpz;> gz;ilj; jkpoh; ehfhpfKk; gz;ghLk;> cah;juf; fl;Liu ,yf;fz nrhy;yhuhar;rpf; fl;Liufs;> jpUf;Fws; gug;Giu - nrhw;gpwg;gpay; mfu Kjyp njhFg;Gfis ntsp nfhzh;e;jhh;. - Njt Neag; ghthzh; ngahpy; nrd;id mz;zhrhiyapy; khtl;l ika E}yfk; nray;gLfpwJ. - ghthzh; Nfhl;lk;> mth; KO cUtr; rpiy> mth; ngahpy; E}yfk; Nghd;wit mth; gzpahw;wpa ,uhrghisaj;jpw;F mUfpy; Kwk;G vd;w ,lj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. - 05.01.1981 md;W kJiuapy; eilngw;w Ie;jhtJ cyfj; jkpo; khehl;by; “khe;jd; Njhw;wKk; jkpoh; kuGk;” vd;w jiyg;gpy; mth; Mw;wpa nrhw;nghopT mthpd; filrp nrhw;nghopT. ghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;jghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;jghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;jghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;jpudhhpudhhpudhhpudhh;;;; ,aw;ngah; : khzpf;fk; Ch; - Nryk; khtl;lj;jpYs;s rKj;jpuk; ngw;Nwhh; - Jiurhkp – FQ;rk;khs; fhyk; - 10.03.1933 – 11.06.1995

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E}y;fs; : fdpr;rhW> Iia> nfha;ahf; fdp> ghtpaf; nfhj;J> gs;spg; gwitfs;> E}whrphpak; - ghNte;jh; ghujpjhrdpd; jiy khzhf;fh; ,jo;fs; :,jo;fs; :,jo;fs; :,jo;fs; : Njd;nkhop> jkpo;r;rPl;L> jkpo; epyk; gs;spg;gwitfs; vd;w E}y; FQ;RfSf;F> gwitfSf;F> kzpnkhop khiy vd;Dk; %d;W gphpTfshf mike;Js;sJ.

ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ---- 12121212 [p.A.Nghg; jkpo;j;njhz;L [p.A.Nghg; jkpo;j;njhz;L [p.A.Nghg; jkpo;j;njhz;L [p.A.Nghg; jkpo;j;njhz;L KOg;ngah; - [pahh;[; Af;Nsh Nghg; ngw;Nwhh; - [hd; Nghg; - nfjhpd; Ashg; fhyk; : 24.4.1820 – 11.02.1908 gpwe;j ,lk;: gpuhd;R ehl;L vl;th;L jPT (,d;W fdlh) Nghg;gpd; jikadhh; fpwpj;jt rkaj;ij gug;Gk; rka FUthfg; gzpahw;wpath;. - 1842 Kjy; 1849 k; Mz;L tiu fy;tpg; gzpAk; rkag; gzpAk; Mw;wpa Nghg;> ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F nrd;whh;. 1850 k; Mz;by; jpUkzk; nra;J kPz;Lk; jkpohfk; te;jJ jQ;rht+hpy; rkag; gzpahw;wpdhh;. - ,e;jpad; rQ;rpif> ,e;jpahtpd; njhy;nghUs; Ma;T Kjyhd VLfspy; GwehD}W> Gwg;nghUs; ntz;gh khiy> jkpo;g;Gyth; tuyhW Nghd;wtw;iw vOjpdhh;. - Elementary Tamil Grammer vd;w jkpo; ,yf;fz E}y; ntspapl;lhh;. - jkpo; Mq;fpy mfuhjp> Mq;fpy mfuhjp> Mq;fpyk; - jkpo; mfuhjp ntspapl;lhh;. - jpUf;Fws;> ehybahh;> jpUthrfk; Gwg;gnghUs; ntz;gh khiy> kzpNkfiy> rptQhd Nghjj;ij Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngah;j;jhh;. - jpUthrfj;jpw;F cUfh;> xU thrfj;jpw;Fk; cUfhh; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. - jdJ fy;yiwapy; ,q;Nf xU jkpo; khztd; cwq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhd; vd vOj Ntz;Lnkd jdJ ,WjpKwpapy; (capy;) vOjp itj;jhh;. ttttPukh Kdpth; Pukh Kdpth; Pukh Kdpth; Pukh Kdpth; ,aw;ngah; : fhd;];lhz;bd; N[hrg; ng];fp gpwg;G - ,j;jhyp ehL. jkpo; nkhopg; gw;wpdhy; fhd;];lhz;bd; vd;w ngaiu ijupadhjh; vd;W khw;wp itj;jhu;. jkpo; mwpQh;fs; ,jid tPukh Kdpth; vd;W khw;wp itj;jdh;. - Njk;ghtzp ghbath; (,NaRtpd; tsh;g;Gj; je;ijahd J}atsdhh; kPjhd ghly;) - rJufuhjp vd;w mfuKjypia jkpOf;F Kjd; Kjyhf toq;fpdhh;. (rJh; - ehd;F. ngah;> nghUs;> njhif> njhil vd;Dk; ehd;F epiy nfhz;lJ ,jdhy; jkpo; mfuhjpfspd; Kd;Ndhb vd;w miof;fg;gLth;.) - jkpo; vOj;J thp tbtj;ij jpUj;jp vOj;J rPh;jpUj;jk; nra;jhh;. - Fl;bj;njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; njhd;D}y; tpsf;fj;ijg; gilj;jhh;. ,jdhy; nre;jkpo; Njrpfd; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;. - fyk;gfk; mk;khid KJypa rpw;wpypaf;fq;fis ,aw;wpdhh;. jpUf;fhty;h;f fyk;gfk;> fpj;Njhpak;kd; mk;khid> milf;fy ehafp ntz; fypg;gh> md;id mOq;fy; me;jhjp> fUzhfug; gjpfk; Kjyhd rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;.

- gukhh;j;j FU fij vd;Dk; eifr;Rit kpFe;j fijia vOjpdhh;. ,J jkpopd; Kjy; vs;sy; ,yf;fpak;. - Ngr;Rj; jkpo; gw;wpa nfhLe;jkpo; ,yf;fzk; gilj;jth;.


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nghpahh;nghpahh;nghpahh;nghpahh; : njhz;L nra;J gOj;j gok; J}ajhb khh;gpy; tpOk; kz;ilr; Rug;ig cyF njhOk; kdf;Fifapy; rpWj;ij vOk; vd;W nghpahh; gw;wp ghNte;jh; ghujpjhrd; ghbdhh;. - ngz;Zhpik> ngz;fSf;F nrhj;Jhpik> ngz;fSf;F muRg; gzp Nghd;wtw;iw typAWj;jpdhh;. - %l ek;gpf;iffs; Njitaw;w rlq;Ffis vjph;j;jhh;. - kzpf;nfhil kWg;G> ifk;ik xopg;G (tpjitfs; kWkzk;) Nghd;wtw;iw typAWj;jpdhh;. - xOf;fnkd;gJk;> fw;ngd;gJk;> Mz;fs;> ngz;fs; ,UtUf;Fk; nghJthf ,Uf;fl;Lk; vd;whh;. mz;zhmz;zhmz;zhmz;zh : : : :

- jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;wf; fofj;ij njhlq;fpath; - 1967 Kjy; 1969 tiu Kjyikr;rh; rpWfijfs; : rpWfijfs; : rpWfijfs; : rpWfijfs; : gyhgyd;> RL%Q;rp> md;djhdk;> Nga;> xbg;Nghr;R> ,Uguk;giufs;> #jhb> nrt;thio jQ;ir tPo;r;rp> gpb rhk;gy;> Gyp efk;> uh[hjp uh[h nrhh;f;fj;jpy; eufk;. ehty;fs; : Fkhpf;Nfhl;lk;> ghh;tjp gp.V. uqNfhd; uhjh> fNghjpGuf; fhjy;> Fkh];jhtpd; ngz;> fypq;fuhzp. ehlfq;fs; : ehlfq;fs; : ehlfq;fs; : ehlfq;fs; : ePjp Njtd;kaf;fk;> re;jpuNkhfd;> Xh; ,uT> Ntiyf;fhhp> re;jpNuhjak;> ,d;g xsp> nrhh;f;f thry;> fz;zhapuj;jpd; cyfk;. fbj ,yf;fpak; - jk;gpf;F (K.t.Tk; jk;gpf;F vd fbj ,yf;fpak; vOjpath;.) Ma;T E}y;fs; nrhw;nghopTfs; : V jho;e;j jkpofNk: jkpohpd; kWkyh;r;rp> #hpa khia> NuhkhpGup uhzpfs;> fk;gurd;> jP gutl;Lk;. ,jo;fs; : jpuhtpl ehL> fhQ;rp gRk;nghd; Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njth; gRk;nghd; Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njth; gRk;nghd; Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njth; gRk;nghd; Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njth; ngw;Nwhh; cf;fpu ghz;bad; - ,e;jpuhzp mk;ikahh; fhyk; : 30.10.1908 Kjy; 30.10.1963 Mrphpah; - Fiwtw thrpj;jhd; gps;is. jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; ty;yik ngw;wth;. rpyk;gk; Fjpiu Vw;wk;> Jg;ghf;fp RLjy;> Nrhjplk;> kUj;Jtk; Nghd;wtw;iwf; fw;wwpe;jth;. - epyf;fpohh; xopg;G> Mya EioT Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Kd;dpd;wth;. - rkge;jp Kiwia Cf;fkspj;jhh;. Fw;wk;guk;giur; rl;lj;ij ePf;fpg; ghLg;gl;lhh;. Fw;wk;guk;giur; rl;lj;ij ePf;fpg; ghLg;gl;lhh;. Fw;wk;guk;giur; rl;lj;ij ePf;fpg; ghLg;gl;lhh;. Fw;wk;guk;giur; rl;lj;ij ePf;fpg; ghLg;gl;lhh;. - Mq;fpNya muR tl ,e;jpahtpy; jpUfUf;F thag;g+l;Lr; rl;lk; Nghl;lJ Nghy; njd;dhl;by; jpyfUf;F ,l;lJ.

- Njrpak;fhj;j nrk;ky; vd;W jpU.tp.fh ,tiug; ghuhl;bAs;shh;. - 1937> 1976> 1952> 1957> 1962 Njh;jy;fspy; ntw;wp ngw;wth;.

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- nja;tPfk;> Njrpak; vd ,uz;ilAk; ,U fz;fshfg; Nghw;wpath;. - Ntjhe;j gh];fh;> gpuzt Nfrhp> rd;khh;f;f rz;lkhUj ,e;J Gj rka Nkij vdg; ghuhl;L ngw;wth;. - tpNtfhde;jhpd; J}juhf> Nejh[papd; jsgjpahf rj;jpa rPyuhf> KUfgf;uhf> Md;kpf Gj;uhf jkpoghLk; rpj;juhf> njd;ghz;br; rPikapd; Kb#lh kd;duhf ePjp toth Neh;ikahsuhf> Gyikapy; fgpyuhf typikapy; fhpfhydhf nfhilapy; fh;zzhf gf;jpapy; guk`k;ruhf ,e;jpaj; jhapd; ed;kfdhf tho;e;jth; Kj;Juhkypq;fh;.

kdpjdpd; kdepiyia ,Us;> kUs;> njUs;> mUs; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. mk;Ngj;fh;mk;Ngj;fh;mk;Ngj;fh;mk;Ngj;fh; :::: ,aw;ngah; : gPkhuht; uhk;[P ngw;Nwhh; : ,uhk;[p rf;ghy; - gPkhgha; fhyk; - 14.4.1891 – 6.12.1956 Kjy; chpikg; Nghh; : 1927 khh;r; 20 kuhl;baj;jpy; kfhj;Jk Fsj;jpy; elj;jg;gl;l jz;zPh; vLf;Fk; Nghuhl;lk;. tl;lNkir khehL : tl;lNkir khehL : tl;lNkir khehL : tl;lNkir khehL : 1930 Kjy; khel;by; “miutapw;Wf; fQ;rpf;F my;yw;gLk; Cikfspd; cWg;gpddhf ehd; NgRfpwd;. vd;W jd; fUj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhh;. %d;W tl;lNkir khehLfspy; fye;J nfhz;lhh;. - murpay; rl;lj;ij cUthf;Fk; vOth; FOtpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;J ,e;jpahtpw;fhd rl;lj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;. - murpay; rl;lj;ij cUthf;Fk; vOth; FOtpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;J ,e;jpahtpw;fhd rl;lj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;. - 1946-,y; kf;fs; fy;tpf; fofj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhh; ,d;W rpj;jhh;j;jh cah; fy;tp epiyakhf tsh;r;rp mile;Js;sJ. - ,th; vOjpa “,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa gq;F tPjk;” vd;w E}y; nghUshjhuj;jpy; ,tUf;F cs;s Gyikia ntspg;gLj;jpaJ. - mk;Ngj;fh; cyfj; jiyth;fSs; xUth;. gFj;jpwTr; nrk;ky;. Muha;r;rpapd; rpfuk;> kf;fspd; khngUk; topfhl;b vd;W nghpahh; ghuhl;bAs;shh;. - 1990 – k; Mz;L ,e;jpa muR ghuj uj;dh tpUJ toq;fpaJ.

fhkuh[h;fhkuh[h;fhkuh[h;fhkuh[h;

ngw;Nwhh; : Fkhurhkp rptfhkp mk;ikahh; fhyk; - 15.07.1903 Kjy; 2.10.1972 nka;fz;lhd; Gj;jfrhiy vd;w E}y; epiyak; nrd;W ,nydpd;> fhpghy;b> neg;Nghypad; MfpNahhpd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwg; gbj;jhh;.

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- ,sikapy; fhq;fpurpy; Nrh;e;jhh;. irkd; FO vjph;g;G> cg;G rj;jpahfpufk;> nts;isaNd ntspNaW Mfpa Nghuhl;lq;fspy; gq;F nfhz;lhh;. - 1939-y; jkpo;ehl;Lf; fhq;fpuRf; fl;rpapd; jiyth;. - 1945 –y; gpufhrk; mikr;ruit> Nk 1947-y; xke;J}h;,uhkrhkp ,ikr;ruitAk; 1979 Fkhurhkp mikr;ruit cUthf;ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhh;. mjdhy; jiyth;fis cU$hf;Fgth; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;. - 1954-y; Kjyikr;rh; gjtp 1963-y; gjtpia tpl;L tpyfpdhh; (fhkuhrh; jpl;lk; %yk;)

njhopy; Kd;Ndw;wk; : njhopy; Kd;Ndw;wk; : njhopy; Kd;Ndw;wk; : njhopy; Kd;Ndw;wk; : - fpz;b mk;gj;J}h;> ,uhzpg;Ngl;il Kjypa ,lq;fspy; njhopw;Nghl;ilfs; mikj;jy;. - nea;Ntyp epyf;fhp Ruq;fj; njhopw;rhiy> ,e;J];jhd; Nghl;Nlh gpypk; njhopw;rhiy> fpz;b mWitr; rpfpr;irf; fUtpj;njhopw;rhiy>rh;f;fiu Miy> Nrhlh cg;Gj; njhopw;rhiy> rpnkz;l; njhopw;rhiy> Mtb ,uapy;Nt thfdj; njhopw;rhiy> Nkl;̂ h;f; fhfpjj;njhopw;rhiy Kjypad ,tuJ Ml;rpapy; njhlq;fpd. - Ntshz;ikf;nfd ghrd trjpfs; nra;ag;gl;ld. - ,th; fhyj;jpy; $l;LwT ,af;fk; Nt&d;wpaJ. fy;tpg; Gul;rp. - njhlf;fg; gs;spfspy; kjpa czTj; jpl;lk; - gs;sp Ntiy ehl;fs; 180-y; ,Ue;J 200 ehl;fshf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ. - gs;sp rPuikg;G khehLfs; - cah;epiyg; gs;sp tiu ,ytrf; fy;tp - xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; njhopw; El;gf; fy;Y}hp njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. - jQ;rht+h;g; gz;izahs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lj;ij jpUj;jp rhFgb nra;Ak;njhopyhspf;F 60& gq;F fpilf;f toptif nra;jhh;. - 1963-y; GtNdRth; khehl;by; mfpy ,e;jpa fhq;fpuR jiyth;.

ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ---- 14141414 jkpofk; jkpofk; jkpofk; jkpofk; ---- CUk; NgUk;CUk; NgUk;CUk; NgUk;CUk; NgUk;

,aw;ifNahL ,iae;J tho;e;j jkpo; kf;fs; jhq;fs; tho;e;j gFjpf;F Ch; vd;W ngahpl;ldh;. - ghgpNyhd; mUfpy; Ch; vd;Dk; ngahpy; xU efuKk; Ch; ek;K vd;Dk; CUk; cs;sJ. - epytiff; Nfw;g fhl;̂ h;> kiyas+h;> kUJ}h;> flY}h; vdg; ngahpl;ldh;. FwpQ;rp epy Ch;fs; FwpQ;rp epy Ch;fs; FwpQ;rp epy Ch;fs; FwpQ;rp epy Ch;fs; kiyapd; mUNf cs;s Ch;fSf;F Midkiy> rpWkiy> jpUz;zhkiy> ehfkiy> ts;spkiy> tpuhypkiy vdg; gy Ch;fs; cs;sd. Fd;iw mLj;Js;s Ch;fs; Fd;W}h; Fd;wj;J}h;> Fd;wf;Fb vd toq;fg;gLfpwJFl;lg; ghiw> rpg;gpg; ghiw> g+k;ghiw> kl;lg;ghiw> kzg;ghiw thy;ghiw vdg; ngah;fs; cs;sd. - kiyia Fwpf;Fk; tlr;nrhy; fphp> ,jidnahl;b fpU~;zfphp Nfhj;jfphp> rptfphp> epyfphp vd cs;sdh;.

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- FwpQ;rp epy kf;fs; gpw ,lq;fspy; jq;fpa NghJk; jk; epyg; ngaiu kwf;fhJ Mo;thh;Fwpr;rp> fy;ypilf; FwpQ;rp> fs;sf;Fwpr;rp> nkhlf; Fwpr;rp vdg; ngahpl;lLs;sdh;. FwpQ;rp vd;Dk; nrhy;Ny kUtp Fwpr;rpahapw;W. Ky;iy epy Ch;fs;.Ky;iy epy Ch;fs;.Ky;iy epy Ch;fs;.Ky;iy epy Ch;fs;. mj;jp (Mh;) kuq;fs; #oe;j Ch; Mh;f;fhL vdTk;> My kuq;fs; epiwe;j Ch; Myq;fhL> vdTk; fshr; nrb epiwe;j gFjp fshf;fhL ,Nj Nghy; khq;fhL> gidaGuk;> fhl;bd; eLtpy; tho;e;j kf;fs; tpyq;Ffspy; ,Ue;J jk;ikf; fhghgw;w Ntyp fl;bg; ghJfhj;jdh;. mt;t+h;fs; gl;b ghb vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. Ml;ilahk;gl;b> fhspg;gl;b>Nfhtpy;gl;b> rpW$ly;gl;b> rpd;d nfhy;gl;b> nghpa nfhy;gl;b Kjypa Ch;fs; cs;sd. kUj epy Ch;fs; kUj epy Ch;fs; kUj epy Ch;fs; kUj epy Ch;fs; epy tsKk; ePo; tsKk; gaph; tsKk; nrwpe;j kUjeyf; FbapUg;Gk; Ch; vd;Nw toq;fg;gl;lJ. - MW ghAk; Ch; Mw;W}h; ,J kUtp Mj;J}h; vd toq;FfpwJ. - flk;gkuk; #o;e;j gFjp flk;g+h;> flk;gj;J}h; - njd;id #o;e;j gFjp njq;$h; Gspakuq;fs; #o;e;j gFjp Gspaq;Fb> Gspaq;Fsk;> Gspak;gl;b vd;W cs;sJ. - Fsk;> Vhp> CUzp Kjypa ePh; epiyfis cUthf;fp mtw;NwhL Ch;g;ngah;fisAk; ,izj;jdh;. rPtyg;Nghp> Gspaq;Fsk;> Nguht+uzp> khq;Fsk;> Ntg;Nghp vd;gd rpy. nea;jy; epy Ch;fs; nea;jy; epy Ch;fs; nea;jy; epy Ch;fs; nea;jy; epy Ch;fs; flw;fiuapy; cUthd Ng&h;fs; gl;bdk; vdTk; rpw;W}h;fs; ghf;fk; vdTk; ngah; ngw;wpUe;jd. neba flw;fiuia cila efh;fs; fPof;fiu> Nrhbaf;fiu ePyhq;fiu vdg; ngah; ngw;wd. kPdth; thokplq;fs; Fg;gk; vd;Dk; ngaiug; ngWfpd;wd. muRk; Ch;fSk; : muRk; Ch;fSk; : muRk; Ch;fSk; : muRk; Ch;fSk; : Nfhl;il> #otpUe;j Ch;fs; fe;jh;tf;Nfhl;il> Nfhl;il> Njtf;Nfhl;il> ehl;lurd;Nfhl;il> ePyf;Nfhl;il> gl;Lf;Nfhl;il> GJf;Nfhl;il vdg; gy Ch;fs; cs;sd. jpir : jpir : jpir : jpir : jpirapd; gb fPOh;> NkY}h;> njd;goQ;rp> tlgoQ;rp ghisaq;fs; : ghisaq;fs; : ghisaq;fs; : ghisaq;fs; : ehaf;f kd;dh;fs; 72 ghisaq;fshf ehl;il Mz;ldh;. mjd;gb Mug;ghisak;> ,uhrg;ghisak;> fzf;fk; ghisak;> Fkhughisak;> Nkl;Lg;ghisak; vdTk; gy. - fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ngah;fs; gy rpijj;J NghAs;sd. - fy;ntl;Lfspy; cs;s kjpiu kUijahf khwp kJiuahf khwpaJ. Nfhtd;Gj;J}h; Nfhak;Gj;J}h; Mf khwp,d;W Nfhitahd khwpAs;sJ.

ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ---- 15151515 cyfshtpa jkpoh;fs; cyfshtpa jkpoh;fs; cyfshtpa jkpoh;fs; cyfshtpa jkpoh;fs; fy; Njhd;wp kz;Njhd;whf; fhyj;Nj tdnshL Kd;Njhd;wp %j;j Fb -Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy. -154 ehLfspy; jkpopdk; gutpAs;sJ 20 ehLfspy; ,yl;rj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l jkpoh;fs; tho;fpd;wdh;. jkpoh; Gyk; ngauf; fhuzq;fs; : jkpoh; Gyk; ngauf; fhuzq;fs; : jkpoh; Gyk; ngauf; fhuzq;fs; : jkpoh; Gyk; ngauf; fhuzq;fs; : jpiuflNyhbAk; jputpak; NjL vd;whh; xsitahh; rhJtd; thzpgk; nra;Ak; nghUl;L fly; fle;J nrd;w Fwpg;G kzpNkfiyapy; cs;sJ.

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Mq;fpNyah;fs;> gpypQRf;fhuh;fs; jkpoh;fis mbikfshf;fp $ypfshf gy ehLfSf;Fk; mioj;Jr; nrd;wdh;. gQ;rj;jpd; fhuzkhfTk; me;epyg; gilnaLg;gpd; fhuzkhfTk; jkpofj;ij tpl;Lr; nrd;whh;fs;. gz;ghl;L epiy : gz;ghl;L epiy : gz;ghl;L epiy : gz;ghl;L epiy : rpq;fg;g+h;> kNyhrpah> gpdhq;Fj;jPT Mfpa jPTfspy; Nfhtpy;fs; fl;b topghL nra;fpd;wdh;. rpwpa hPa+dpad; jPtpy; ngUk;ghd;ik jkpoh;fNs mth;fs; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuhh;fshy; GJr;Nrhp> fhiuf;fhy; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J Fbakh;j;jg;gl;lth;fs;. nkhopepiy : nkhopepiy : nkhopepiy : nkhopepiy :

,yq;ifapy; 95% f;F Ngh; njhlf;fg;gs;sp Kjy; gy;fiyf;fofk; tiu jkpopNyNa fy;tp gapy;fpd;wdh;. GJr;Nrhp> rpq;fg;g+h;> nkhhprpaR> kNyurpah> gp[pj;jPTfs;> njd; mnkhpf;fh> fdlh> gphpl;ld; Mfpa ehLfspy; jkpo; xU ghlkhff; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. - mnkhpf;f ehl;Lg; Nguhrphpah;fs; tp.v];.,uh[d;. [hh;[;.vy;.`hh;l;> nfsry;ah `hh;l;> rpk;.ypz;l; N`hk;> ,e;jpuh> ehh;kd;> `hy; rpg;Nkd;> lgps;a+> FNshj;jp> N[k;]; gpuhq;Nfh> kiwe;j Nguhrphpah; V.Nfh. ,uhkD[k; Kjypahh; jkpOf;Fj;njhz;lhw;wp cs;sdh;. jkpo; Ml;rpnkhop : jkpo; Ml;rpnkhop : jkpo; Ml;rpnkhop : jkpo; Ml;rpnkhop : ,yq;if> rpq;fg;g+h;> kNyrpahtpy; Ml;rp nkhopahf cs;sJ.

ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ---- 16161616 jkpo;nkhopapy; mwptpay; rpe;jidfsjkpo;nkhopapy; mwptpay; rpe;jidfsjkpo;nkhopapy; mwptpay; rpe;jidfsjkpo;nkhopapy; mwptpay; rpe;jidfs;;;; Md;k ,ay; NgRk; jpUthrfk; tpz;zpaiyAk; NgRfpwJ. “Mz;lg; gFjpapd; cz;ilg; gpwf;Fk; msg;gUe;j jd;ik tsg;ngUq;fhl;rp xd;wDf; nfhd;W ePd;nwopy; gfhd; E}w;nwhU Nfhbapd; Nkw;gl tphpe;jd.” ,e;jg; ghlypy; ngUntbg;Gf; nfhs;ifapd; gb Nguz;lk; tphpe;J epw;gij khzpf;fthrfh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. - cyfk; vd;w nrhy; cyT vd;gjd; mbahfg; gpwe;jJ. cyT vd;why; Rw;Wjy; vd;W nghUs; vydk; jd;idAk; QhapiwAk; Rw;wp tpLfpwJ. - Qhyk; vd;w nrhy; ‘Qhy;’ vd;Dk; nrhy;ygbahfg; gpwe;jJ. Qhy; vd;why; njhq;Fjy; vd;W nghUs; cyfk; gw;Wf; Nfhbd;wp mz;lntspapy; njhq;Ftij Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. - ty;td; Vth thD}h;jp (Gwk; - 27) tpkhdp ,y;yhj tpkhdj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,J nraw;iff; Nfhshf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. - thdj;jpy; fhw;wpy;yhg; gFjpAk; cz;L vd;gij “twpJ epiy ,a fhaKk;”(Gwk; 30) vd;w ghly; thp czh;j;Jk;. - fUk;igg; gpoptjw;Fk; ve;jpuq;fs; ,Ue;jjhf gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; “jPk;gpop ve;jpuk; ge;jy; tUe;j” vd;w thpapd; %yk; czuyhk;. - epyj;jpy; ,Ue;J ePiu cwpQ;rp ,iwf;Fk; Mo;Jis fpzW me;jf; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk; vd;gij me;jf; NfzpAk; ve;jpuf; fpzWk; vd;Dk; ngUq;fij thpapd; %yk; czuyhk;. ngUq;fijapy; tUk; ve;jpahid fpNuf;f njhd;kj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; buha; NghUld; ,ize;Jg; Ngrg;gLk; ve;jpuf; FjpiuAld; xj;jJ.

fdpktpay; mwpT fdpktpay; mwpT fdpktpay; mwpT fdpktpay; mwpT rpyg;gjpfhuk; gy;tif kzpfisAk; mjd; jd;ikfisAk; tpsf;FfpwJ. Ch; fhz; fhijahy; “xUikj; Njhw;wj;J INtW tdg;gpd; ,yq;Ffjph; tpLck; eyq;nfO kzpfSk;” gh

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vd;Dk; thpfspy; Itif kzpfSk; xsptpLk; jpwj;jdhy; ntt;NtW ngah;fisg; ngw;whYk; mtw;wpd; %yg;nghUs; xd;Nw. kkkkz;zpay; mwpTz;zpay; mwpTz;zpay; mwpTz;zpay; mwpT : epwj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; nrk;kz; vd;Dk; (,jidr; nrk;Gyg; ngay; ePh; Nghy vd;Dk; FWe;njhif thp czh;j;Jk;) cth; epyk;> kpFe;j ePiug; ngw;wpUe;Jk; gad;jUtjpy;iy. ,jid mfy;tply; nghope;Jk; cWkplj; Jjth cth;epyk; vd;Dk; GwehD}w;W thpfs; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. vjw;F gad;glh epyk; fsh;epyk; ,jidg; gapthf; fsuidaph; fy;yhjth;” vd;fpwhh; jpUts;@h; mmmmZZZZtpay; mwpTtpay; mwpTtpay; mwpTtpay; mwpT : mZitg; gphpf;f KbAk; vd;w fUj;J gy fhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng jkpopy; ,lk; ngw;W cs;sJ. “xsit – mZitj; Jisj;J Vo;fliyg; Gfl;b” vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. fk;gh; - Ch; mZtpidf; rj $wpl;l NfhzpDk; Cd;” vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. ePhpay; mwpT ePhpay; mwpT ePhpay; mwpT ePhpay; mwpT ePh; kioahf kz;zpw;F tUtJk; Mtpahfp tpz;zpw;Fr; nry;tJkhd Row;rp vf;fhyj;Jk; epfo;e;J nfhz;bUg;gJ ,jid jpUts;@th;. “neLq;flYk; jd;dPh;ik Fd;Wk; jbe;njopyp jhd;ey;fh jhfp tpbd;”. Fws; : 17 vd;w Fwspy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. kUj;Jt mwpTkUj;Jt mwpTkUj;Jt mwpTkUj;Jt mwpT : “clk;gpd; moptpd; capuhh; mopth;” vd;ghh; jpU%yh;. “kUe;jhfpj;jg;gh kuj;jw;why;” vd;Dk; jpUf;Fws; thp> jkpo; kUj;Jtj;jpd; njhd;ikia vOj;jpak;Gk; kUj;njd Ntz;lhthk; ahf;iff;F mUj;jpahJ mw;wJ Nghw;wp czpd;. - Fws; : 942 vd;w Fws; kUj;Jt cz;ikiaj; njhptpf;fpwJ. mWit kUj;JtkmWit kUj;JtkmWit kUj;JtkmWit kUj;Jtk; : fz;zpke; jg;gpa fz;zg;gd; tuyhW CDf;F Cd; vd;w nra;jpiaAk;. “clk;gpil Njhd;wpq; nwhd;iw mW;jjd; cjpuk; Cw;w mly; cwr;Rl;L NtNwhh; kUj;jpdhy; Jauk; jPh;th;” vd;Dk; fk;gh; thf;F. mWit kUj;J$j;ij nka;g;gpf;fpd;wd. - kzpNkfiyapd; Njhop Rkjpapd; je;ijia khL Kl;bajhy; mthpd; Fly; rhpe;jJ rhpe;j Fliyg; Gj;jj; Jwtpah; rhp nra;j nra;jpia kzpNkfiy vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. - jpUthrf thpfspy; tUk; “Gy;yhfpg; g+lha;” vd;w thpfs; %yk; ghpzhk tsh;r;rp fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.

ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ---- 17171717 jkpo; kfsphpd; rpwg;Gjkpo; kfsphpd; rpwg;Gjkpo; kfsphpd; rpwg;Gjkpo; kfsphpd; rpwg;G : md;dp ngrd;l; mk;ikahh;> %tY}h; uhkhkph;jk;khs;> lhf;lh;. Kj;Jyl;Rkp nul;b tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; kfsph; gq;F (jpy;iyahb) ts;spak;ik> uhzp kq;fk;khs;. jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ikjpy;iyahb ts;spak;ikjpy;iyahb ts;spak;ikjpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik : ngw;Nwhh; : KDrhkp – kq;fsk; KDrhkp – GJr;Nrhpapy; tho;e;jth; kq;fsk; - jpy;iyahbapy; gpwe;jjth; KDrhkp – kq;fsk; N[hfd;gh;f;> njd; Mg;ghpf;fh gpiog;Gj; Njbr; nrd;W fha;fwp fil elj;jpdh; ,th;fSf;F kfshf 1898 – y; ts;spak;ik gpwe;jhh;.

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PH – 04146 -226417

- fpwpj;jt kj rl;lg;gb eilngwhj jpUkzq;fs; nry;Yg;gbahfhJ vd;W njd;dhg;gphpf;f ePjpkd;wk; 1913-y; xU jPh;g;ig ntspapl;lJ. ,jdhy; mq;fpUe;j ,e;jpah;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldh;. ,jid vjph;j;J elj;j Nghuhl;lj;ij fhe;jpabfs; jiyikNaw;W elj;jpdh; 23.12.1913-y; thyf;];u];l; vd;w ,lj;jpy; eilngw;w Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ts;spak;ik ifJ nra;ag;gl;L %d;W khj fLq;fhty; jz;lid ngw;whh;. 1914 gpg;guthp 22 md;W jdJ 16 tajpy; kuzk; mile;jhh;. ,e;j kuzk; gw;wp fhe;jp Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ “vd;Dila rNfhjhpapd; kuzj;ij tplTk; ts;spak;ikapd; kuzk; vdf;Fg; Nghpbahf ,Ue;jJ” vd;W fhe;jpabfd; kdk; tUj;jpdhh;. - rj;jpaj;jpw;fhf cah;ePj;j mtUila cUtk; vd; fz;Kd; epw;fpwJ. ek;gpf;if jhd; mtuJ MAjk;” vd;W jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik Fwpj;J ,e;jpad; xg;gPdpad; ,jopy; fhe;jpabfs; vOjpAs;shh;. - njd;dhg;gphpf;f tuyhw;wpy; ts;spak;ikapd; ngah; vd;Wk; epiyj;J epw;Fk; vd;W fhe;jpabfs;> njd;dhg;gphpf;f rj;jpahfpufk; vd;w E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,uhzp kq;fk;khs;,uhzp kq;fk;khs;,uhzp kq;fk;khs;,uhzp kq;fk;khs;

jkpo;ehl;by; ehaf;fh; kugpy; ngz;fs; Kb #b Ml;rp nra;atpy;iy. Mdhy; fhghg;l;rahsuhf Ml;rpGhpe;J cs;sdh;. ,jw;F ehd;whf cs;sth; ,uhzp kq;fk;khs;. kJiuia Mz;l nrhf;fehj ehaf;fhpd; kidtp ,uhzp kq;fk;khs;. jdJ kfd; muq;f fpU~;zKj;J tPug;gDf;F cjtpahy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf fztd; ,we;j gpd;G cld; fl;il Vwhky; ,Ue;jhh;. ,tuJ kfd; ,we;jgpd;G fp.gp.1688-y; ngaud; tprauq;fr; nrhf;fehjd; ngaustpy; mhpaizapy; Vw;wg;gl;lhd; ghl;b kq;fk;khs; fhg;ghl;rpahsuhf Ml;rpg; nghWg;gpid Vw;whh;. kq;fk;khs; mwr; nray;fskq;fk;khs; mwr; nray;fskq;fk;khs; mwr; nray;fskq;fk;khs; mwr; nray;fs; : kf;fs; eyk;NgZk; ey;y gzpfisf; kq;fk;khs; nra;Js;shh;. kJiuapy; md;de; rj;jpuk; fl;bdhh;. Gjpa rhiyfs; gy mikj;jhh;. fd;dpaFkhhpf;F kJiuf;Fk; ,ilNa mike;j neLQ;rhiy kq;fk;khs; rhiy vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ Fjpiufs; gRf;fs;> fhisfs; Kjypad ePh; mUj;Jtjw;F trjpahfr; rhiyNahuq;fspy; jz;zPh; njhl;b jpwf;f Mizapl;lhh;. - kJiu kPdhl;rp mk;kd; Nfhtpypy; Mdpj; jpq;fspy; CQ;ry; jpUtpoh eilngw Vw;ghL nra;jhh;. - kj;jpar; re;ij> kJiuf; fy;Y}hp cah;epiyg;gs;spf; fl;blk; ,uhkehjGu khtl;l Ml;rpj; jiythpdd; gioa mYtyfk; Kjypatw;iw kq;fk;khs; fl;bajhff; $Wth;. jkpofj;jpd; md;dpngrd;l;jkpofj;jpd; md;dpngrd;l;jkpofj;jpd; md;dpngrd;l;jkpofj;jpd; md;dpngrd;l; : mwpQh; mz;zh mth;fshy; jkpofj;jpd; md;dpngrd;l; vd;W mwpQh; mz;zh mth;fshy; jkpofj;jpd; md;dpngrd;l; vd;W mwpQh; mz;zh mth;fshy; jkpofj;jpd; md;dpngrd;l; vd;W mwpQh; mz;zh mth;fshy; jkpofj;jpd; md;dpngrd;l; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lth; %tY}h; ,uhkhkph;jk; mk;ikahh;. miof;fg;gl;lth; %tY}h; ,uhkhkph;jk; mk;ikahh;. miof;fg;gl;lth; %tY}h; ,uhkhkph;jk; mk;ikahh;. miof;fg;gl;lth; %tY}h; ,uhkhkph;jk; mk;ikahh;. fhyk; : gpwg;G : 1883 ,wg;G – 27.06.1982 - Njtjhrpfs; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jth;. Njtjhrp Kiwia xopf;f mUk;ghLgl;lhh;. Rak;G vd;gtiu kze;jhh;. - 1917 –y; Kjy; Nghuhl;ly; - kapyhLJiwapy; Njtjhrp Kiwia xopf;f Nghuhl;lk;.

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- Njtjhrp Kiwia xkpf;f ,tUld; nghpahh;> jpU.tp.f. tujuh[PY> jUkhk;khs;> ePyhk;gpif> kyh; Kfj;jk;ikahh;> jhkiuf; fz;zpak;ikahh; Nghd;Nwhh; ,ize;J ghLg;gl;ldh;. - 1938-y; nkhopg;Nghh; Nguzpapy; ciwa+h; (jpUr;rp) Kjy; nrd;id tiu fye;J nfhz;l xNu ngz; (42 ehs; eilgazk;) - 1989 Kjy; %tY}h; ,uhkhkph;jk; mk;ikad; ngahpy; Vio ngz;fSf;fhd jpUkz cjtpj; jpl;lk; nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Kj;JylKj;JylKj;JylKj;Jyl;Rkp nul;b;Rkp nul;b;Rkp nul;b;Rkp nul;b (1886-[Piy 22> 1968) GJf;Nfhl;il> jkpo;ehL) ,e;jpahtpy; xU Kd;Ndhbg; ngz;

kUj;Jth;> r%fg; Nghuhsp> jkpohu;tyh;. ,th; 1912 Mk; Mz;L nrd;id kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}hpapy; ,Ue;J gl;lk; ngw;W kUj;Jtr; Nritahw;wpdhu;.

r%fg;gzpr%fg;gzpr%fg;gzpr%fg;gzp - 1926-Mk; Mz;L 43 ehLfspd; gpujpepjpfs; fye;J nfhz;l mfpy cyfg; ngz;fs; khehL> gpuhd;R ehl;Lj; jiyefh; ghhPrpy; eilngw;wJ mjpy;

- ,e;jpahtpd; rhh;gpy; Kj;Jyl;Rkp nul;b fye;J nfhz;lhu; md;iwa nrd;id khfhz

- rl;lrigf;F Kj;Jyl;Rkp Njh;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;. mjd; %yk; rl;lkd;wj;Jf;Fj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Kjy; ngz;kzp vd;w ngUik ngw;wh;.

- 1925-Mk; Mz;L rl;lrigj; Jizj;jiytuhfj; Nghl;bapd;wp Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. Njtjhrp Kiw xopg;G> ,Ujhu jilr;rl;lk;> ghy;a tpthfq;fis jil nra;Ak; rl;lk; Nghd;w rl;lq;fspidf; nfhz;Ltu ghLgl;lhu;.

- mdhij Foe;ijfSf;F ey;y vjph;fhyj;ij cUthf;f mt;it ,y;yk; milahwpy; mikj;jth; Kj;Jyl;Rkp.

- milahW Gw;WNeha; kUj;Jtkidf;Fg; gpujkh; NeU 1952-Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgu; khjj;jpy; mbf;fy; ehl;bdhh;.

tpUJfs; Kj;Jyl;Rkpapd; NritfSf;fhf kj;jpa muR gj;k g+~d; tpUJ nfhLj;J nfsutpj;jJ.


jkpoh; tzpfk; jkpoh; tzpfk; jkpoh; tzpfk; jkpoh; tzpfk; ---- njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; ---- flw;gazq;fs; jkpohpd; flw;gazq;fs; jkpohpd; flw;gazq;fs; jkpohpd; flw;gazq;fs; jkpohpd; flw;gzk;flw;gzk;flw;gzk;flw;gzk;

“jpiufly; XbAk; jputpak; NjL” vd;w xsitahhpd; thf;F kw;Wk; fdpad; g+q;Fd;wtdhhpd; ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph;” vd;Dk; nkhopAk; jkpoh;fspd; cyfshtpa rpe;jidf;Fk; gd;dhl;Lj;njhlh;Gf;Fk; rhd;Wfs;. - njhy;fhg;gpak; flwgazj;ij “Ke;ePh; tof;fk;” vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. njhy;fhg;gpak; nghUshjpfhuj;jpy; nghUs;tapw;gphpT ,uz;L tifahd gphpthf fhy; (jiu topg;ghpjy;) fyj;jpy; (ePh;topg; ghpjy;) gphpT vd ,Utifahd gphptpidf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. - jkpoh;fspd; Nkw;Nf fphPR> cNuhk;> vfpg;J Kjy; fpof;Nf rPdk; tiuapy; fly;top tzpfj; njhlh;G nfhz;bUe;jdh;. vfpg;J ghy];jPdk;> nkfgNlhkpah> ghgpNyhdpah> rPdk; Kjypa ehLfs; jkpohpd; nghUl;fis tpUk;gpg; ngw;wd. VyKk; ,ytq;fKk; kpsFk; Nkw;rhrpa ehLfspy; ey;y tpiyf;F tpw;fg;gl;ld. jkpoh; fpNuf;fiuAk; cNuhkhdpaiuAk; atdh; vd mioj;jdh;.

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fg;gy; fg;gy; fg;gy; fg;gy; fyk; nra; fk;kpah; vd;w njhopyhsh;fs; fg;gy;fisf; fl;bdh;. kUj epy murdJ Nfhl;ilahdJ eLf;flypy; nry;Yk; fg;gYf;F ctikahf GwehD}w;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. - Mop> Mh;fhy;> Ke;ePh;> thuzk;> ngstk;> ghiu Gzhp Nghd;wit fliyf; Fwpf;Fk; jkpo;r; nrhw;fs;. - fg;gy;> fyk;> fl;Lkuk;> ehtha;> glF> ghprpy;> Giz> Njhzp> njg;gk;> jpkpy;> mk;gp> tq;fk;> kpjit g/wp> Xlk; vd;gJ – kuf;fyj;jpw;fhd jkpopy; cs;s gy ngah;fs;. flypy; nry;Yk; ghpa fg;gy; ehtha; vdg;gLk;. Gfhh; eufj;jpy; epWj;jg;gl;l ehtha;fs; miyfshy; miyg;Gz;L jwpapy; fl;lg;gl;l ahid mirtJ Nghy; mire;jd vdTk; mtw;wpd; cr;rpapy; nfhbfs; mire;J Mbd vd;W gl;bdg;ghiy Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ---- 19191919 czNt kUe;JczNt kUe;JczNt kUe;JczNt kUe;J

grp te;jplg; gj;Jk; gwe;JNghk;” vd;gJ cyfwpe;j cz;ik. vdNt jhd;gprpapd; nfhLikiag; grpg;gpzp vd;Dk; ghtp vd;wJ kzpNkfiyf; fhg;gpak;. ,g;gpzf;F kUe;J czNt. Mjyhy; jhd; “cz;b nfhLj;Njhh; caph; nfhLj;NjhNu” vdg; GwehD}Wk; kzpNkfiyAk; $Wfpd;wd. - jpUf;Fwspy; kUe;J vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;jpy; czNt kUe;jhFk; jd;ikiaj; jpUts;Sth; njspthf vLj;Jiuj;Js;shh;. cz;l czT nrhpj;j gpd;dNu kPz;Lk; cz;z Ntz;Lnkd jpUts;Sth; njspthf vLj;Jiuj;Js;shh;. “kUe;njd Ntz;lhthk; ahf;iff;F mUe;jpaJ mw;wJ Nghw;wp czpd;” jkpofj;J czT njhd;W njhl;L kUj;Jt Kiwapy; rikf;fg;gLfpwJ. ntg;g ehlhd ekJ ehl;Lf md;whlr; rikaypy; $l;Ltdtw;Ws; kQ;rs; neQ;rpYs;s rspia ePf;Fk;. nfhj;jky;yp> gpj;jj;ijg; Nghf;Fk;. rPufk; tapw;Wr; #l;ilj; jzpf;Fk;. kpsF> njhz;ilf fl;ilj; njhiyf;Fk; g+z;L tspafw;wp (thAit Nghf;Fk; - grpia kpjf;Fk;) ntq;fhak; Fsph;r;rpia cz;lhf;fpf; FUjpiaj; (,uj;jj;ijj;) J}a;ikahf;Fk;. ngUq;fhak; tspia ntspNaw;Wk; (thAitg; Nghf;Fk;) ,Q;rp gpj;jjij xLf;fp fhar;riyf; fz;bf;Fk; Njq;fha; ePh;f;Nfhitia ePf;Fk;. fwpNtg;gpiy> kz%l;b czT tpUg;ig cz;lhf;Fk;. ey;nyz;nz; fz; Fsph;r;rpAk; mwpTj; njspTk; cz;lhf;Fk;. rPufk; g+z;L fye;j ePo;> #l;il jzpj;Jr; nrhpkhd Mw;wiy mjpfhpf;Fk; clYf;F tYt+l;lTk; foT mfw;wTk; fPiu ey;yJ Fsph;r;rp je;J gpj;jk; Nghf;Fk; vYkpr;ir CWfhia Nkhh;r; Nrhw;Wld; cz;zyhk;. jtph;f;f Ntz;bait cg;G Fiwthf Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. cg;G epiwe;j nghUl;fshd CWf;fha> mg;gsk;> tlhk;> fUthL> Ke;jphpg; gUg;G> tWj;j cUisr; rPty;> thiof;fha;r; rPty; Gspj;j Nkhh; Kjyhtw;iw KOtJkhfj; jtph;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;. - nfhOg;G epiwe;j ,iwr;rpfs;> Kl;ilapd; kQ;rs; fU> japh;> nea;> ntz;nza;> ghyhil> gdpf;$o;> ,dpg;Gf; fl;b Mfpatw;iw ePf;f Ntz;Lk;. - nehWf;Fj; jPdp tapw;Wf;Ff;NfL. - nehWq;fj;jpd;why; E}W taJ. ePhpd;wikahJ cyF vd;gJ ts;Stk; ,jd;gb cz;l czT FUjpAld; fyg;gjw;Fk; FUjp J}a;ik miltjw;Fk; clypYs;s fopTg; nghUs;

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ntspNaWtjw;Fk; ePh; ,d;wpaikahjJ (ehnshd;Wf;F Fiwe;jJ %d;W ypl;lh;) czT cz;Zk;NghJ ,ilapy; jz;zPh; mUe;jf; $lhJ. rkr;rPh; czT : Gujk;> nfhOg;G> khr;rj;J (fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;) fdpkq;fs;> Ez;Z}l;lr; rj;Jfs; Nrh;e;jNj rkr;rPh; czT. cztpd; mstpy; NrhWk;> fha;fwpAk; miutapW ghy;> Nkhh;> ePh; fhy;tapW> fhy; tapW ntw;wplkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. tapW Gilf;f cz;ly; $lhJ. vdNt xsitahh; “kPJ}d; tpUk;Ngy;” vd;fpwhh;. Neha; jPh;f;Fk; %ypiffs; Jsrp : ,jd; ,iyfis ePhpypl;L nfhjpf;f tpl;L Mtp gpbj;jhy; khh;g;Gr; rsp> ePh;f;Nfhit> jiytyp ePq;Fk; ,jd; ,iyfis vYk;gpr;irg; gor; rhWld; miue;Jg; Nghl gil ePq;Fk;. ,jd; tpijfisg; nghb nra;J xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L fpuhk; cz;lhy; clw;#L> ePnuhpr;;ry; Kjyhd ePq;Fk;. fPof;fha; ney;yp fPohney;yp> fPo;tha; ney;yp vd;Dk; ,jid miog;gh;. kQ;rs; fhkhiy ey;y kUe;J ,jid fw;fz;Lld; Nrh;j;J miuj;J cz;Zk; NghJ rpWePh;njhlh;ghd Neha;fs; ePq;Fk;. J}Jtis : ,U xU nfhb tif. ,J J}Jis> rpq;f ty;yp vd;w ngah;fspy; toq;fg;gLk;. ,jid ey;nyz;izAk; rikj;J cz;lhy; Rthrfhrk; mfYk; (21 ehs;) ,isg;G ,Uky; NghFk; Qhdg;gr;rpiy vd ts;syhh; ,jidg; Nghw;Wfpwhh;. ,J Fuy; tsj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jk;. Fg;igNkdp : er;RfbfSf;F ey;y kUe;J. gLf;ifg;Gz; ,jd; ,iyfisf; fha itj;J nghbahf;fp g+rpdhy; FzkhFk;. - ,jd; ,iyfis cz;lhy; kyg;GOf;Fs; ntspNaWk; - ,iyfSld; kQ;rs;> cg;G Nrh;j;J miuj;J g+rpdhy; nrhwp> rpuq;F ePq;Fk;. Nkdp Jyq;f Fg;ig Nkdp vd;gJ gonkhop. fw;whio : Nrhw;Wf; fw;whioNa kUe;jhfg; gad;gLfpwJ. Kb tsu %yr;#L Fiwa kUe;jhfg; gad;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F Fkhp vd;w NtW ngaUk; cz;L. fUg;ig rhh;e;j Neha;fis ePf;Fk; Fkhp fz;l Neha;f;F Fkhp nfhL vd;gh;. KUq;if : KUq;ifg; gl;ilia miuj;J g+r Khpe;j vYk;G tpiutpy; $Lk;. tPf;fj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk;. fz;ghh;itia xOq;Fg;gLj;Jk;. ,Uk;Gr; rj;J epiwe;jJ. fwpNtg;gpiy : tplf;fb kUe;J> rPjNgrp> er;Rj;jd;ik kUe;J. fhprhyhq;fz;zp : ,uj;jNrhif> nrhpkhdf; NfhshW> kQ;rs; fhkhiyf;F ey;y kUe;J> ,jw;F fhprhiy> ifahe;jfiu> gpUq;fuhrk;> Njfuhrk; vd;w NtW ngah;fSk; cz;L. - kzj;jf;fhspf; fPiu tha;g;Gz;> Flw;Gz;iz Fzthf;Fk;. - KRKRf;nfhb ,Uky; ePq;f ey;y kUe;J - mfj;jpf; fPiu gy; rhh;e;j Neha;f;F kUe;J - ty;yhiu epidthw;wy; ngUf kUe;J - Ntg;gq;nfhOj;jpid cz;L te;jhy; khh;Gr; rsp ePq;Fk;. Ntg;gpiyia miuj;Jg; g+rpdhy; mk;ikahy; te;j ntg;G Neha; mfYk;.

ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ---- 20202020 jpU.tp.f jpU.tp.f jpU.tp.f jpU.tp.f

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jkpo;j; njd;wy;> uhag;Ngl;il jkpo; Kdpth;> njhopyhsu;fspd; je;ij gpwg;G : nrd;idf;F mUfpy; Js;sk;. 17.09.1953 Kjy; 26.08.1983. ngw;Nwhh; : tpUj;jhrydhh; rpd;dk;ik - fjpiuNtyhplk; jkpo; ,yf;fpak;> irt rpj;jhe;jk; gapd;whh;. - ,tUf;F tha;e;j ciueil kiy vd cah;e;jJ vd;fpwhh;. nj.ngh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;.

ciueilE}y;fs; : kdpj tho;f;ifAk; fhe;jpabfSk; ngz;zpd; ngUik my;yJ tho;f;ifj; Jizeyk;. ,kakiy my;yJ jpahdk; KUfd; my;yJ moF> irtj;JwT> irtj;jpd; rkurk;> flTl; rhl;rpAk; jhAkhdtUk;. ,uhkypq;f Rthkpfs; jpUTs;sk; jkpo;ehLk; ek;kho;thUk;> ehad;khh; tuyhW> jkpo; E}y;fspy; ngsj;jk;> fhjyh? Kbah? rPh;jpUj;jkh? vd; fld; gzp nra;J fplg;gNj> ,e;jpahTk; tpLjiyAk; jkpo;r;Nrhiy> cs;nshsp> nra;As; E}y;fs; : KUfd; mUs;Ntl;ly;> jpUkhy; mUs; Ntl;ly;> fpwp];Jtpd; mUs; Ntl;ly;> mUfd; mUs; Ntl;ly;> chpik Ntl;ly;> nghJik Ntl;ly;> nghUSk; mUSk; my;yJ khh;f;fpaKk; fhe;jpaKk;. ,jo;fs; Njrgf;jd;> etrf;jp - jhd; jsuhj tajpy; K.t cjtpAld; tsh;r;rpAk; tho;Tk; my;yJ gLf;if gpjw;wy; ntspapl;lhh;. ,u,u,u,uhkypq;f mbfs;hkypq;f mbfs;hkypq;f mbfs;hkypq;f mbfs; : - kDKiw fz;l thrfk; [PtfhUz;l xOf;fk; ciueil E}y;fs;. - rd;khh;f;f rq;fk;> rj;jpa jUkrhiy> rj;jpa Qhd rig> rpj;jp tshfk; Nghd;wit epWtpa epWtdq;fs;. - jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fs; kpfg; nghpa Mrphpa tpUj;jk; ghbath; - 1596 mbfs; nfhz;l Mrphpak;. - ,tUf;F jpU. mUl;gpufhr ts;syhh; vd;W ngahpl;lth; njhOt+h; NtyhAj Kjypahh; ,tNu jpUtUl;ghit njhFj;jth;. - ,tuJ ghl;il kUl;gh vd;wth; MWKf ehtyh;. - ,tiu Gul;rpj; Jwtp vd;gh;. - ghujpahh; ,tiu GJ newp fz;l Gyth; vd;W Nghw;Wfpwhh;. Nkw;Nfhs; - mUl;ngUQ;N[hjp> jdpg; ngUq;fUiz - mg;gh ehd; Ntz;Ljy; Nfl;L mUs;Ghpa Ntz;Lk;. - cs;nshd;W itj;J Gwnkhd;W NgRNthh; cs;sf; fythik Ntz;Lk;. jhAkhdth; jhAkhdth; jhAkhdth; jhAkhdth; - tp[auq;fehj nrhf;fypq;f ehaf;fhplk; fzf;fuhf ,Ue;jth;. - cgepljf; fUj;Jf;fisj; jkpopy; kpFjpahfg; ghbath;. - rkuf rd;khh;f;f fUj;Jf;fis Kjypy; $wpath; gpd;dh; ,jid ts;syhh; tphpthff; $wpdhh;. - ,tuJ ghly;fs; : guhguf; fz;zp> ve;ehl;fz;zp> Mde;jf; fspg;G.

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