Taliban Organizational Analysis MILREVIEW May-June 2008

8/3/2019 Taliban Organizational Analysis MILREVIEW May-June 2008

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58 M-Jun 2008 Military review

Major Shahid Afsar, Pakistan Army;

Major Chris Samples, U.S. Army; and

Major Thomas Wood, U.S. Army

Major Shahid Afsar is a Pakistani army

infantry ofcer attending the Naval

Postgraduate School in Monterey, CA.

MAJ Afsar has served in the Federally

Administered Tribal Areas in support

of Operation Almizan.

Major Chris Samples is a U.S. Army

Special Forces ofcer attending

the Naval Postgraduate School in

Monterey, CA. MAJ Samples has

deployed to Afghanistan three times

in support of Operation Enduring

Freedom.

Major Thomas Wood is a U.S. Army

psychological operations ofcer at-

tending the Naval Postgraduate

School in Monterey, CA. MAJ Wood

has deployed to Iraq in support of

Operation Iraqi Freedom.

_____________

PHOTO: The Taliban ag displays the

Shahadah, the Islamic creed, which is

the Muslim declaration of belief in the

oneness of God and acceptance of

Muhammad as his nal prophet.

If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result

of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every vic-

tory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor

yourself, you will succumb in every battle.Sun Tzu1

One of the most widely recognized images

p p w t c

11 spb 2001. t a-Q ,

tb a, b u v

u . t u u bu bu

tb, v .

t tb u k v, uk

m e, v 9/11. f-

1994 , tb v up-

v v u u v u a.2

suu v pp, tb p b v

a uu b, p v , p

, . t tb k a

pp b v px a

b b, , .

dp quk v 2002 b U.s.

-tb up, tb . i , ,

u nato U.s. p, a n

a (ana), ppu v, v u-

a . i u u

pv v b , v u Pk. c, bv u k

bu bu b .

Historyt tb b p b u v:

a uu.

t 1979 sv v uj u .

t v sv 1989.

The views reected in this

article are the authors

own. They do not reect the

ofcial opinions or policy

of either the U.S. Army or

the Pakistan Army.


2/16

59Military review M-Jun 2008

T H E T A L I B A N

m u .

t tb p p

p - pp.

t v 2002.

t u. 3

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up up

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up u b. t

v , v,

vp Pu. s ax 326

B.c., v

a, P, s,

Ku, sk, hu, ab, tuk, m,

B, ru, , a

nato .4

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n u p v b b ubu

p.5 t u-b

qu u bb b

u u. t Pu p

v, u

qup -

v u b x .

t p Pu

tbuk: A Pashtun is never at peace,

except when he is at war.6

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u.7

t g g 19 u p

p u p p Pu

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u p, u

a-a w (1839, 1878,

1919). a uuu p

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Bu pv , 1893 bu b B i

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a

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v uu u b

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b , p Pk

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p.9

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qu 20 u, v

b a k u z s

u- u (1973). t u

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v 1978. a vv

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pk, bu

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pu u , p-

p .10

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db 1979 u

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a pub sv U u-

b.

11

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dp v v ,

sv v b upp u, p Pu

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vu u b uj,

p b sv (

v p).13 i fbu 1989,

sv a. sx

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pu, bu -

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u v pp ap 1992.

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p p. f bk

u, p p. s

b - ppu

v tb

k .14


3/16


t tb

Pu u

p, Pk,

-

v p v

wb i u

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p ,

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t t-b

Pu pp,

ppu p p.

i nvb 1994, tb

K u a. t

u u Pu

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k Pp mu

pub l fu(Amir-ul-Momineen).17 t v,

ub p t-b , o

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pv v

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Pu uu.19

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1997 95 p u.20 dp

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k u ; u

a -su ppu;

upp su up

Pk. mu o o

b-l, tb a-Q

p u .

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i Pk fata n w f Pv- (nwfP), Pu p tb

v b Pk u .

du ru up a, Pk-

U.s. u fata u p

p uj, k b

b x. t pu ,

bu p, ux

a u v.

a sv p, uj

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b u . du , u,, uu ,

v tb vb. a 9/11

oef, fata b

upp tb

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Pk p v 100,000 p

p fata u

p u

tb a. r, tb

An Afghan man passes by a line of abandoned Soviet military vehicles near Asadabad,Afghanistan, 24 December 1989, 10 months after the Russian withdrawal from the country.

aP

Photo,

JoeGl


4/16


T H E T A L I B A N

p Pk j

ub tk--tb Pk-

(Pk tb mv). t pp

Bu mu .21

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uu a.

w, m h p, -

x . . . t . . .

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u u -

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Pu . a t J,

nv Pu s P-

cuu c su, w

u b tb u-

u Pu , u b k.23

Pu uu p Pashtun-

wali , p i

p Pu.24 a Pu u

[] []

Pu.25 t v

ubj v jirga.26 s

p u

Nang (). a b b

p v pb p

. t Pu u u,

, ,

v .

Badal (v). w k

b v

, v . i

k. t v u

b v k p

u. t tb u b

u v u b bb -kk p.27

Melmastia (p). hp

p u b v u

xp u v. a Pu

u Pu

u , pvu

p b p.28 t tb

u b

v Pu b.

Nanawatay ( k v). t pp

b, Pu k v

. t -

p u b

v k p . n

v b. t tb

p ; x v

p j u

v b.

Hamsaya ( ).

h vu u p

b pv . f

xp, u x

v . t p xp b

quk v . i

xp tb p

quk 1990.29

au v, Pu b u . t p

u u-

v p

. a Christian Science Monitor ,

t u

u u u.

i, Pu

p b b b, ,

.30

Religiont tb up a pp, 99 p mu (80

p su, 19 p s).31 i a

i , b

p-i b b u

Pu.32 t tb v u

uvv p

i.

t v u

u u

sv-a . w su ab up-p, x b

i, s

p.33 i

a r , t tb p

b bu v

i xp .34 t j a

v i,

bu b tb v

.


5/16


Ethnicitya 42 p Pu, 27 p

tjk, 9 p h, 9 p Ubk, 4 p

ak, 3 p tuk, 2 p B,

4 p .35

t v Pu Pk

a, v b

fata nwfP. au bu

, k, -

, k x u

v , v j b

up: du, g, K, sb,

guu. t du g

u.36

Durranis. t du b ,

u a,

pv p Pu

a s du u -

1747. a a s

u a bu

u b. t u p

a, h K, du.

Ghilzais. t g b up

a

b v du. s j tb , u mu

o, g.37 t g p

v bu b k

B.38

Karlanris. t K, b,

up Pu.39 t

b b Pk a

w, Ku, P, K, Pk,

Pkk.40

Sarbanis. au -

p p, jup k up sb. t

up,

P, u b u

m, yuu,

s,

s

t

B.41 t -

p

Pu.

Ghurghushts. t jb up guu.

t u -

B u

b u Kk, m-

k, P, mu K.

s up ub-b,

k gu s,

b u nwfP.42

AFGHANISTAN

PAKISTAN

SARBANI

KARLANRI

GHILZAI

DURRANI

GHURGHUSHT

NOte: adpd fom Johnson nd Mson, Understanding the Taliban and Insurgency in Afghanistan.

Figure 2. Location of major Pashtun tribal groups.

0 mi 125 mi 250 mi 375 mi 500 mi 625 mi

AFGHANISTAN

PAKISTAN

Turkmen

PamiriKyrgyz

Tajiks

Uzbek

Hazara

Nuristani

Pashtuns

Pashtuns

Pashtuns

Balochi

Punjabi

Sindhi

Aimak

Figure 1. Tribal areas, Afghanistan and Pakistan.


6/16


T H E T A L I B A N

Resourcest tb u u,

b . t p u

x u u , u -

, pu .43

Religious allies. a -

, a-Q pu v tb u u ,

tb - ,

pv v , p (-

), (v pv

xpv vied u),

upp. tk--n--

--mu, up fata

nwfP s , tb

p. a upp -

tb c a i

mv Ubk (imU), hb--igubu (hg), e tuk i

mv (etim), ub , ,

b.

s Pu b

v v i x

u . t

u u tb. m a

sq, xp, xp p-

: t p

i v P-

u sv up

a uu. t Pu tb

up [ a]. . . .s

p p -sv j,

qu pu b u u

uj .44

Human terrain. t u u-

u tb u. sp

pu, up u

upp pp. t Pu,

vub b pv b k

u Kbu v, v b

b tb . mv,

Pu up u v-

u b a t-

au b p Pu

v u bu ppb u

tb.45 tu, ppx 28

Pu a Pk bu

u, upp p, , p,

k tb u.46

t pv upb -

p v, tb

uub -up bu

ied b. w

GHURGHUSHT

Gaduns

Panris

Kakars

Luni

Tortarins

Spintarins

SOUTHERN EASTERN

SARBANI

Shinwari

Daudzai

KasiZamand

Khalils

Ghoriah Khakhay

Tarklanris

Muk

Mand

Khweshgis

Ketrans

Kasis

Safi

Kand

Farmuli

Sulaiman

Bannuchis

Daurs(Dawars)

KODAY KAKAY

Orakzai

UtmanKhel

Malikmar

Bangash

Khattak

Mangal

Zadran

Makhbil

Khugiani

Turis

Jaji (Zazi)

Wardaks

Wazir

Amadzai

Mahsud

Gurbuz

Utmanzai

Afridi

Jowakis

Adam Khel

Bakakhel

KabulkhelJanikhel

Amadzai

Nasir

Andar

Alikhel

Hotaki

Jaji

SuleimanKhel

Kharoti

Tokhi

Taraki

Kharufi

Lodis

Niazis

Suris

Nuranis

Lohanis

GHILZAI

BITANI

ZIRAK PANJPAO

Barakzai

Nurzais

Alizais

Ishaqzais

Mohammadzai

Achakzai

Popalzai

Alikozai

Saddozais

WESTERN

DURRANI (ABDALI) GHURGHUSHT

Gaduns

Panris

Kakars

Luni

Tortarins

Spintarins

SOUTHERN

GHURGHUSHT

Gaduns

Panris

Kakars

Luni

Tortarins

Spintarins

Musa Khel

Gaduns

Panris

Kakars

Luni

Tortarins

Spintarins

SOUTHERN EASTERN

SARBANI

Shinwari

Daudzai

KasiZamand

Khalils

Ghoriah Khakhay

Tarklanris

Muk

Mand

Khweshgis

Ketrans

Kasis

Safi

Kand

Farmuli

EASTERN

SARBANI

EASTERN

SARBANI

Shinwari

Daudzai

KasiZamand

Mohmands

Khalils

Ghoriah Khakhay

Tarklanris

Muk

Mand

Umars

Khweshgis

Ketrans

Kasis

Safi

Kand

Farmuli

Sulaiman

Bannuchis

Daurs(Dawars)

KODAY KAKAY

Orakzai

UtmanKhel

Malikmar

Bangash

Khattak

Mangal

Zadran

Makhbil

Khugiani

Turis

Jaji (Zazi)

Wardaks

Wazir

Amadzai

Mahsud

Gurbuz

Utmanzai

Afridi

Jowakis

Adam Khel

Bakakhel

KabulkhelJanikhel

KARLANRI

Sulaiman

Bannuchis

Daurs(Dawars)

KODAY KAKAY

UtmanKhel

Malikmar

Bangash

Malikmar

Bangash

Khattak

Mangal

Zadran

Makhbil

Khugiani

Turis

Jaji (Zazi)

Wardaks

Wazir

Amadzai

Mahsud

Gurbuz

Utmanzai

Afridi

Jowakis

Adam Khel

Bakakhel

KabulkhelJanikhel

KabulkhelJanikhel

Amadzai

Nasir

Andar

Alikhel

Hotaki

Jaji

SuleimanKhel

Kharoti

Tokhi

Taraki

Kharufi

Lodis

Niazis

Suris

Nuranis

Lohanis

GHILZAI

BITANI

Amadzai

Nasir

Andar

Alikhel

Hotaki

Jaji

SuleimanKhel

Kharoti

Tokhi

Taraki

Kharufi

Lodis

Niazis

Suris

Nuranis

Lohanis

GHILZAI

BITANI

ZIRAK PANJPAO

Barakzai

Nurzais

Alizais

Ishaqzais

Mohammadzai

Achakzai

Popalzai

Alikozai

Saddozais

WESTERN

DURRANI (ABDALI)

ZIRAK PANJPAOZIRAK PANJPAO

Barakzai

Nurzais

Alizais

Ishaqzais

Mohammadzai

Achakzai

Popalzai

Alikozai

Saddozais

WESTERN

DURRANI (ABDALI)

Yusufzais

Orakzai

HILL TRIBES

Figure 3. Pashtun tribal groups and sub-tribes.


7/16


- b

, tb u xp

k uvv

v. a bu

uj uu u u

a-sv , ubqu v ,

tb p.

Drug revenue. t tb k u

u , pv vu

b. w pv

, a vu b -.47

t 2006 pu v v $3

b.48 t 2007 v . a-

u pu 93 p

pu - a

pu .49 t x

u tb v u, bu

x , , u k. w up v pu,

k v u u:

u u,

bu p w, p eup,

90 p a.

t u k tb p

p, p, , b

i rpub a (iroa).

Physical Terrain

t p tb, p, p .

a fata p v 250,000

qu , 70 p

uu x pu, k

u, v. 50 o 12 p

b.

su a

xp h rv .51 l

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uu bu b . Bu

b v p, u

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b p v u b

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v p v

xpv p u. i ,

uv u v.52

lk uu, u p

vu u b . a

p pp,

pp .53

Strategya t h. J, w

tb u p-9/11 u. . . .

t tb v b p :

-qu a

b p. t Pu-

, a-Q-p.54

t tb u p.

t u ,

u u v-

: u ; , ubquu, p . i

u u[,] uub

xu. . .55 a qu tb x

t a v , bu v

.56 t p u , p:

mb u pub a

Pk.

r Pu b u Pu-

u b p-

Pu ubju b p

-Pu v Kbu.Bu up

uu k

iroa, , gv

Pk.57

o w u xp b u k p-

, u a

pu u Pk

b v i .58

Structuret tb v u-u . B 9/11,

up p v,

p v. hv, u

u v, b

v p,

p px

v b p

u.59 (s u 4.)


8/16


T H E T A L I B A N

sp p tb p

u u qu, u

k U su r s, p-

u p

k vp ied. o p pv

p p k.

t tb k -

, b

. a up b

tb. i

tb

u upp p. t

upp tb , bu

. t u p pv

b bu.

a p tb v b 10

50 p- -

v p

. t u ,

, ppu- v

upp . c -

u v v. e

p k p,

p p tb

MullahMuhammad Omar

Mullah B eraderDeputy

All Pashtun Units

Mullah Bakht

Senior MilitaryStrategist

ProxyPolitical Wing?

RegionalCommanders

SupremeTaliban Shura

Liaison fromAl Qaeda,

TNSM, HIG, etc

SpecializedDepartments

Central AsianOrigin Units

Tahir Yuldashev

Tehrik-i-TalibanPakistan

Baitullah Mehsud

MediaUmmat TV

Radio Shariat

Special Warfare(Suicide Squads)

Intelligence Finance Research andDevelopment

Central Training

Figure 4. An organizational diagram of the Taliban.

Couriers

and

Equipment

Manpowersupport

FinancesManpowerIntelligence

BombMakers

A. RECIPROCAL C. POOLEDB. SEQUENTIAL

Cell BCell A Cell A Cell B

Cell BCell A

Command

Command

Figure 5. Forms of interdependence in the Taliban.


9/16


p upp; qu

p p

u, qup, ;

p p -

p, ied-k,

, p ,

upp.

Leadership. t tb k mu

o . t o

b sup tb su, tb

v b v.60 mu du,

xp, pb

b b shura. t (2003)

b u p u Ju-

hqq, su r m, mu

du (p b mu Bk),61 ak

m o, ak m m,

mu obu, h abu mj, mu

m ru, mu B, mu

abu rq aku.62 m

v.

a v, p

b buu u

u. t tb p u

MullahMuhammad Omar

Mullah Berader

DeputyAll Pashtun Units

Mullah BakhtSenior Military

Strategist

Supreme

Taliban Shu ra

MediaUstad Yassir andAmir Muqtaddi

Tehrik TalibanPakistan and

Waziristan (7)

Baitullah Mehsud

Farah (1)Mullah

Hayatullah

Kandhar,

Oruzgan,Helmand (2)

Abdur Razaak

Ghazni, Paktia,and Paktika (3)Saif ur Rehman

(KIA) andJalal ud Din Haggani

Zabul (4)Akhtar Osmani (KIA)

Replacementunknown

Nangarhar, Kunar,and Laghman (5)

Maulvi Qadir

Parwan, Kapisa,Wardak, and

Kabul (6)Anwar Dangar

NOte: ths dpcon of gon s s fo uson on nd dos no psn h cu o bounds of h supposd tbn commnds.

Figure 6. Supposed regional Taliban leadership.


10/16


T H E T A L I B A N

p

pv b uu

p.63 d

ub-

b bu, u

v. (s u 6.)

Decision-making. t tb p

bv u , u p

, u mu o, k

, b b p-

v p uv

p. t tb

. t

u j upp.

c b uu v

upp ppu.

Coordination and communication. o u,

tb u , u. t sup su u p-

, u v ,

v v fatwas,

. t v -p

u bv. w

sup su p, p

u v b u

v up.

a tb p

p u k .

f u k, k p p

b p

p v (u 7). h-

v, p, k u

p, tb p

upp , v,

(u 7b), kb p

up u

p. t tb uu

u k , u

v p p.64

t v vb ,

tb u u.65 t u k

b k p u.

t tb u - -

u p xv .

s tb Pk u i

pp pup u

.Nameh-i-shab ( ), uu ppu ,

tb u.66

Recruitment and training. t tb

v u p. t

u u

b u v b pp u,

v, v, -

u b. t u ub.

ru xp ,

b , p p, k,

u , .

A. Typical reporting and directionfor policy decisions

B. Reporting and direction forconduct of coordinated operations

Omer

Supreme

Taliban Shura

Regional Commands

Local Command

Village Cells

Individual Talibans

MullahOmer

Supreme

Taliban Shura

Regional Commands

Local Command

Village Cells

Individual Talibans

VillageCell B

RegionalCommander

CentralTraining

LocalCommander

2

VillageCell C

LocalCommander

1

VillageCell A

Figure 7. Taliban linkages, coordination, and reporting mechanisms.


11/16


a a u

p, bpp

ux u. t b u ,

tb u b u

v U.s. nato p.67

Bu v Pu b -

, u uu p b

k. t v --jb

u pv b p-

v u p

Pu b. Bv, pu, p

u u p . s,

b p

.

Motivation. t tb k u

b p v,

, bjv. s

J b vb tb u:

t p tb p

uu k . . .

v b p []

i, u

w , w pupp

v Kbu.

t b u u

upp k.

t tb p u u

v up bb, uk nato a

, pk up u . m

jihad.

r, v bu

up, k

2001, bu

v k u b a,

U.s., nato .68

t tb pu u -

b

pp v b , u pp k p, u

vuu k b .

t pu u b -

, u u ,

ubj k p v,

b u.

t tb v

u, xp -

. i db 2007, tb

u u (layeha) u

u b.69 t

p b -

v u;

xp, Ju 2008 k mu

m du b u

i .70

The Taliban Securing its Futuret tb pp u uu

. i u v-

ppu :

cv pbv

pp u

v bk

u tb.

i p uv

v, u vp v uu.

ex p u -

a b x

p tb

uu b , pu Pk,

u b

u xp.

Coercive capabilities. t tb u -

-- u u

p v u v

p tb ppu , u u

v ppu u.71

t u

tb p. a k mu o

rb h-k p

pp tb .72 n, tb

k v Pu

b ppu.

t tb h pv

, t pp u. t v u ,

v u .73

o u, b v, p

g pv u: Pp

pk v pu . . . o

, b up u.

t v u

p p.74 i Kb, tb

p u x Kb

v u pk,

p a v


12/16


T H E T A L I B A N

. f , tb v b

b, k v

uv. y u

. w u ? t v

p u pb k,

pp p

p .75

cv u tb

u u. a-

hu r w, tb k u

699 v u 2006.76 t tb

1 b, p b a ngo su-

o, vu

v ppu x

2007.77

t tb p v

b pp,

upp tb. cv, pp bv

uu v, u

u v u,

ppp p u. t

pp b b, pv up-

p tb p p

.

t tb p u

ppu u iroa. t ngo s

o p x 2007

50 p b

ppu tb pp-

up.78 m -

, bu 60 p bu p

. f p k vv

- p (k-pp

), u, ied k, .79

t tb pv k-

-u p

a. a eup u ,

[t pp] b v

v pv,

u pv b

v b b v, b kp

ub.80 t u tb

p u,

p b , u

tb p u b.t tb v pp up u u

bb v: 2006,

ub u k kb.81

Pu u b a-Q

tb, v u p

b tb

rb h u

v. t u p v pu

u v ppu

u .82 a

u, Un h c- hu

r u

tb b-

v

u

iroa.83 t

b k:

a

bu

k p

b. o u,

tb pp

p

v pb

v u, uu-

b

, 2007

u b a-J :

219

292

98

39

24

198

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

AOG Offensive Ops

IMF Offensi ve Ops

AOG Suicide Attacks

IMF Force Protection

AOG Target Kill ing

Criminal SAF

Table 1. Causes of NGO reported casualties.

leGeND: AOG, Armed Opposition Groups; IMF, International military forces (NATO, U.S.) ; SAF, Small arms re


13/16


t tb v u u... [k

] u ... [] k

u i ju . t v

v k u,

pp v pb v.84 t

u upp tb b

ppu

a v.cv a u

u u . i 2006,

tb k 20

200 .85 i 2007,

300 .86 i Ju 2007, tb

pu b

x u pv a-. [t] tb u,

; , t tb (i)

u.87 t up p bu ,

- u

u u. t tb u-

uu u, pp, .

Internal influences. t tb pv

b . a b u

p, b up up p

v. t v k

xp p b v u iroa.88

f p-k tb u

b iroa p mu abu

s rk x : t

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k v.89

t tb b -

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2005, a p

tb b j

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p . a

p :

t u

k

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[tb]

u ,

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u u p

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u

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p pb, v

u b p -

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w b u u -

u tb b u

v , pp v

p v v u

u iroa.

m, tb p -

v, pv b

cu ie a db 2006.91 t

tb k p v

x, p ab

ju upp .

Regional and international influence. t Ju

2007 r mqu ib -

tb b u p

. t p tb-

ib u pk

- v , -

u Pk p px. i u , 10

v 90 k.92 t p

u v v u pk

P mu .

m , Pk-

p B Bu

v tb k uu

Pk. B Pk v

cia v p pb -

5%10%

25%

25%

35%

Armed Attacks Arson IED Abduction Intimidation

Figure 8. NGO and AOG contact.


14/16


T H E T A L I B A N

Bu mu, tb

mv Pk.93mu p v

p mu o, -

b .94 t x tb

u Pk -

uu p xp .

t tb u

v Ju 2007 bu pp

xu g vv

pj ( v a) k-

pp bu su K .

tb b xu g

g

3,000 p a. t K

tb

K 200 p . a

tb k K, su

K v v tb pu p u a.

(t .)95

t p b tb v

. i k r mqu

u u p, pu Pk

v tb- u u

, pu pub upp

tb p p u.

w -k k, tb

xp v b p

u

v.

t u tb x b

b U.s. p-

v bu a. w

p , tb

-

a .

r, U.s. s d rb g

nato tb u-

a. g Los Angeles Times

u k

uu b bu

v.96 t n, U

K, c, p v u

u u a, p-

g k.

97

c n d- P , Jk l, k

u b pp p v c u

a. a nato pk p, i

pu pu bu

v b . i v

v b (u , Bu

i k ).98 g u, ,

k b

upp p.99 (s tb 2.)

NOte: th csu fgus shon h do no ncud h csus of Pksn focs hch bd o b o 1100 Kia o d.

Table 2. Coalition deaths by year.

12 0 12

49 20

6948 9

57 52 658

99 31

130

98 93

191

117115

232

475

274

749

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total

U.S.

Other

Total


15/16


obvu, tb u u-

v, bu

u u .

P uu

tb a, u :

tb b -u b pu-

bk u b.

tu, v pb uvv ,

b U.s. nato p, vu

u Pu- a

p p u fata

Pk. t

pb . i

, tb p u

v k k 9/11, B,

l . MR

1. Sun tzu, The Art of War, (17 Jnu 2008).

2. Mdss (abc:) s h abc od fo n p of schoo, scuo gous (of n gon). in hs c, mdss f o ismc goussmns n afghnsn nd Pksn.

3. Mujhdn (abc: , , suggs) s m fo Musmsfghng n n p of sugg. Mujhd nd s pu, mujhdn, com fom hsm abc oo s jhd (sugg). a od s pofu pson ho com-mnds n md foc o o hm, no o h gonmn; s su, h njos dfco cono of sub-non . wods nd gon songmn h bn consn chcsc of afghn hso.

4. ason Bhnk, The Conquests of Alexander the Great (Mnnpos, MN:

tn-Fs Cnu Books, 2007), 99.5. lous Dup, Afghanistan(Pncon, NJ: Pncon Uns Pss, 1978),145.

6. thoms H. Johnson, On h edg of h Bg Mudd: th tbn rsu-gnc n afghnsn, China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly 5, no. 2 (2007): 118, (21Nomb 2007).

7. Sphn tnn, Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander the Great tothe Fall of the Taliban(Cmbdg, Ma, euospn, 2003), 134.

8. Fo dd hso of h G Gm s P Hopkk, The Great Game:The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia(N yok: Kodnsh Gob, 1994).

9. Fo ds of h dmns ngmns n h Fd admnsdtb as (Fata), s The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, (27 Fbu 2008), nd Noo u Hq,rshd ahmd Khn, nd Mqsood u Hsn Nu, Fd admnsd tbas of Pksn, Islamabad Policy Research Institute Papers, o. 10 (Mch 2005), (27 Fbu 2008).

10. Fo ds of h foms h ups h counsd, s rdk Skosk,Dust of the Saints: A Journey to Herat in Time of War (Khak-i Avaliya) (N yok:Pgon Hous Pubshs, 1990), 180-87

11. Knnh Kzmn, Afghanistan: Post-War Governance, Security, and U.S.Policy(wshngon, DC: Congsson rsch Sc, 2007).12. russn Gn Sff, The Soviet-Afghan War: How a Superpower Fought

and Lost, ds. nd ns. ls w. Gu nd Mch a. Gss (lnc: UnsPss of Knss, 2002), 255-56.

13. Mohmmd yousf nd Mk adkn, Afghanistan-the Bear Trap: the Defeatof a Superpower(Hon, Pa : Csm, 2001), 159.

14. Kzmn, 3. S so th tbn, Program for Culture and Conict Stud-ies, (27 Nomb2007).

15. whhbsm (abc: ) s bnch of ism pccd b hos hofoo h chngs of Muhmmd ibn abdu whhb, f hom h momns nmd. th ngs of such schos s ahmd bn Hnb nd ibn tmnfuncd ibn abdu whhb, ho noducd Sh (ismc) o h abnPnnsu. th m whhb (Wahhbya) s usd b h pop dscbs.th cun pfd m s Sfsm fom Salaf as-Salih, h pous pdcs-sos, s popgd mn b ibn tm, hs sudns ibn a Qm -Jz,nd b Muhmmd bn abdu whb nd hs foos.

16. P Msdn, The Taliban: War, Religion and the New Order in Afghanistan(london nd Kch: Oxfod Uns Pss; N yok: Zd Books ld., 1998),

22-35.17. th cok of h Poph Mohmmd s ockd n cp n h o mu-soum Kndh nd, ccodng o popu mh, coud on b ouchd b uAmir-ul-Momineen(ld of h Fhfu). Fo ds of h n, s Johnson ndMson, 80, nd Nomsu Onsh, a t of h Muh nd Muhmmds amzngCok, New York Times, 19 Dcmb 2001, (28 Nomb 2007).

18. ahmd rshd, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in CentralAsia(N Hn, Ct: y Uns Pss, 2001), 42.

19. Josph a. rn, th Mh of Chsmc lds, T + D(1 Mch 2003):46, (2 Dcmb 2007).

20. Kzmn, 3-4.21. B roggo, Pksn tbn Uns Und Buh Mhsud, The Long

War Journal, (15 Jnu 2008).

22. Mch Hod cd n B.C. lndbg, Cuu: a Ngcd aspc n w,Urban Operations Journal, a w Cog, Mx-Gun afoc Bs, abm,1996, (18 Mch 2008).

23. ibd., 12224. th m b, s usd n hs c, fs o oczd goups n hch

knshp s h domnn dom of ognzon, nd hos mmbs consd hm-ss cuu dsnc (n ms of cusoms, dc o ngug, nd ogns) ndh bn poc unfd s fo much of h hso. anono Gusozz ndNoo Uh, tbs nd wods n Souhn afghnsn, 1980-2005, Crisis StatesWorking Papers2, no. 7 (Spmb 2006), 2, .

25. Johnson, On the Edge of the Big Muddy, 122.26. a jg (Udu: ) s b ssmb of ds h mks dcsons b

consnsus. th mos common n afghnsn nd mong h Pshun n Pk-sn. Fo ds of h jgdon, s a wdk, JirgaA Traditional Mechanism

of Conict Resolution in Afghanistan, ; nd Mumz a Bngsh, Jg: Spd Juscof eds. wh s No Dcdd n h Jg w N b Dcdd b Boodshd,Khyber Gateway, .

27. exp: afghn w Nds N Sg, United Press International, 21M 2007, (28 Nomb 2007).

28. Nouf Qsm Mhd, Pkhun: Oscsm nd Hono mong h PhnH tbs, Ethology and Sociobiology7 (1986): 150-54.

29. Jon Skosk-Dndo, tbsm nd afghn Poc tdons,53-59, (26 Fbu 2008).

30. Os tohd nd Sco Bduf, Pksn am mus Go hough h Psh-uns, The Christian Science Monitor, 25 Jun 2004, (4 Spmb 2007).

31. Ciah World Factbook2007, (21 Nomb 2007).

32. Msdn, 78.33. thoms H. Johnson nd M. Chs Mson, Undsndng h tbn nd

insugnc n afghnsn, Orbis51, no.1 (wn 2007): 75.

34. rshd, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia,85-93.35. CIAthe World Factbook 2007. i s mpon o no h h s popuon

cnsus n afghnsn occud n h 1970s. thus, hs fgus hghqusonb.

36. Fo fuh ds bou Pshun b gnogs nd h gogph of bs, s S Of Kkpck Co, The Pathans, 550 B.C.-A.D. 1957(S. Mns:1958), 521, nd thoms H. Johnson, Pogm fo Cuu nd Confc Suds NPS, Pogm of Cuu nd Confc Suds, N Posgdu Schoo, (11 Jnu 2008).

37. Fo fuh dscusson of h Pshun b dmnsons of h tbn, sJohnson nd Mson, 71.

38. Co, 15.39. ibd., 22.40. ibd., 21.41. ibd., 12.42. ibd., 19.43. Fo h pupos of hs pp, humn n s dfnd s pop nd h

suppo/ngnc noks.44. innon Css Goup, Pakistan: Karachis Madrasas and Violent Extrem-

ism(2007).45. Johnson, On the Edge of the Big Muddy, 97.46. CIAthe World Factbook 2007.47. Hous Fogn affs Comm Hng on afghnsn, afghnsn:

th rs of h Nco-tbn: tsmon of Congssmn Mk Kk, 2007, (29 Nomb 2007).

48. Afghanistan Opium Survey 2007, Und Nons Offc on Dugs nd Cm(2007), (1 Ocob 2007).

49. ibd.50. th o of afghnsn nd h Fata s sgh g hn h s

of txs.51. th suoundng h Hmnd r poducs h hghs dng

opum cop n h coun.52. CIAthe World Factbook 2007.53. Co, x.54. th tbn, Program for Culture and Conict Studies.55. rob tb, The War of the Flea: Guerrilla Warfare in Theory and Practice

(N yok: l Su, inc., 1965), 27-28. th d of h tbn usng of h

NOTES


16/16

T H E T A L I B A N

f ccs ognd n Johnson nd Mson, 87.56. Johnson, On the Edge of the Big Muddy, 93.57. asbh ah abd Bk, th tbn Sg: rgous & ehnc Fcos,

The World in Crisis (1Ocob 2007).

58. thoms H. Johnson, n b uho, 24 M 2007.59. tbn, Janes World Insurgency and Terrorism, Jns infomon Goup,

(1 Dcmb 2007).60. M DuP nd Hoon azzpou, Bood n h Sno: th tbns wn

Offns, afgh.com, (27 Fbu 2008).61. M Dup, anss: tbn rpc Dduh, h S of h insugnc,

(27 Fbu 2008).

62. rhmuh yusufz, Om Nms Counc o rss Occupon. TheNews, 24 Jun 2003.

63. vco Kogun, afghnsns rsugn tbn, Terrorism Focus 1,no. 4 (Ocob 24, 2003), (27 Fbu 2008).

64. Fo dscusson of smngccs,sJohn aqu nd Dd ronfd,Swarming and the Future of Conict(Sn Monc, Ca: raND Non Dfnsrsch insu, 2005), (11 Dcmb 2007).

65. in n n h h BBCs Pshu sc n Mch 2003, Muh Ddu-h sd of Muh Om: w h ppond ds nd commnds bsd onhs hndn ; h sd jhd bsd on hs hndn , nd ok bsd on hs ods. Counng afghnsns insugnc: No Quck Fxs ,innon Css Goup, ,(27 Fbu 2008).

66. thoms H. Johnson, th tbn insugnc nd n anss of Shab Nameh(Ngh ls), Small Wars and Insurgencies, o. 18, 317-44.

67. Johnson nd Mson, 71.68. Sh G. Jons, Afghanistans Local Insurgency(Sn Monc, Ca: th rnd

Copoon, 2007), .

69. Jhd lha Commn, Non Cn fo Poc rsch, (11 M 2007).

70. tbn Sck M Commnd, BBC News, (2 Jnu 2008).

71. tb, 27-28.72. rshd, 25.73. Jms Bs, tbn Sz Scond Dsc, Aljazeera.Net, 13 Fbu 2007,

(20 Jnu 2008).

74. S Dn, rss h tbn? wh Fo? l Nou Obsu , 10augus 2006, posd on uhou.com, .

75. ibd.76. th Humn Cos: th Consquncs of insugn acks n afghnsn,

Human Rights Watch 19, no. 6c (ap 2007), 70, (30 Ju 2007).

77. aNSO Qu D rpo: (Q.2-07) 22 Dcmb 20066 Jun 2007,afghn NGO Scu Offc, 18 Ju 2007, 20, (21 Jnu 2008).

78. aNSO, 6.

79. aNSO, 8.80. lu Kng nd Dd Ho, afghnsn w Ns tppng Pon:

Gonmn suppo s fggng, NatO s sp on sg, nd tbn fghs zd, Los Angeles Times, 9 Dcmb 2007, (20 Jnu 2008).

81. tom Coghn, Bsh oops m fc -Qd fghs sn fom iq oafghnsn, Telegraph.co.uk, 3 Fbu 2006, (20 M 2007).

82. th Humn Cos: th Consquncs of insugn acks n afghnsn, 74.83. ron Snoz, afghnsn: rsugn tbn Sos ad Pojcs, rcon-

sucon, rdo F euop/rdo lb, 30 Nomb 2007, (20Jnu 2008).

84. Chdn d n Kbu bomb ck, ajz.N, 24 Nomb 2007,

.

85. Noo Khn, tbn o opn h on schoos n h souh, afghnsnwch, 22 Jnu 2007, (20 M 2007).

86. Sns afghnsn, Stumbling into Chaos: Afghanistan on the Brink(london:MF Pubshng ld, 2007), 96.

87. Noo.88. Johnson, Bg Mudd, 94.89. S Dn nd Sm yousfz, tosm: th run of h tbn, l

Nou Obsu, 3 Nomb 2005, posd on uhou.com,

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