Tài Liệu hướng dẫn Sản Xuất sạch

8/14/2019 Ti Liu hng dn Sn Xut sch

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Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia 1

Ti liu hng dnSn xut sch hn

Ngnh: Sn xut bia

C quan bin son

Hp phn Sn xut sch hn

trong cng nghipChng trnh hp tc pht trin Vitnam an mch v mi trngB CNG THNG

Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit namVin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trngTrngi hc Bch khoa H niB GIO DC VO TO


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Mc lc

Mc lc..............................................................................................................1 Mu..............................................................................................................3

1

Gii thiu chung.........................................................................................4

1.1 M t ngnh sn xut bia Vit nam................................................41.2 Cc qu trnh c bn trong sn xut bia ...........................................5

1.2.1 Cc cng on sn xut chnh......................................................61.2.2 Cc b phn ph tr......................................................................9

2 S dng ti nguyn v nhim mi trng ............................................112.1 Tiu th nguyn, nhin liu .............................................................12

2.1.1 Malt v nguyn liu thay th........................................................12 2.1.2 Tiu th nhit...............................................................................14 2.1.3 Tiu th nc..............................................................................14 2.1.4 Tiu thin................................................................................15 2.1.5 Cc nguyn liu ph....................................................................15

2.2 Cc vn mi trng....................................................................16

2.2.1

Nc thi.....................................................................................172.2.2 Kh thi ........................................................................................19

2.2.3 Cht thi rn................................................................................20 2.3 Tim nng ca sn xut sch hn ..................................................21

3 C hi sn xut sch hn........................................................................22 3.1 Cc c hi SXSH lin quan n khu vc nh nu..........................22

3.1.1 La chn thit b nghin v lc....................................................22 3.1.2 Thu hi dch nha long ................................................................ 223.1.3 Tch dch nha khi cn lng nng...............................................233.1.4 Thu hi hi t ni nu hoa ..........................................................23

3.2 C hi SXSH ti khu vc ln men, hon thin sn phm...............243.2.1 Thu hi nm men.........................................................................243.2.2 Thu hi bia tn tht theo nm men..............................................24

3.2.3

Gim tiu hao bt tr lc .............................................................253.2.4 Gim thiu lng bia d .............................................................25

3.2.5 p dng h thng lm lnh tng..................................................26 3.2.6 p dng cng ngh ln men nng cao, gim mc tiu haonng lng .............................................................................................. 263.2.7 ng dng cng ngh mi (bao gm c s dng enzyme) rtngn thi gian sn sut, tng hiu sut...................................................26

3.3 Cc c hi SXSH lin quan n khu vc chit chai........................263.3.1 Tit kim nc trong ra chai, kt ..............................................263.3.2 Thit b thanh trng kiu tuy nen .................................................27

3.4 Cc c hi SXSH lin quan n b phn ph tr ...........................28 3.4.1 Thu hi nc lm mt t qu trnh lnh nhanh...........................283.4.2 Thu hi nc ngng....................................................................28

3.4.3

Bo n .........................................................................................283.4.4 Tit kim nc v ha cht v sinh ............................................29

3.4.5 Tit kim in ..............................................................................293.4.6 Duy tr bo tr...............................................................................293.4.7 Trnh r rkh nn ....................................................................... 303.4.8 Kim sot nhit bc hi ca h thng my lnh ....................303.4.9 Gim p my nn kh .................................................................. 303.4.10 Thu hi nhit t h my nn....................................................303.4.11 Lp t thit b lm nng nc cp cho ni hi ......................30


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Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia2

3.4.12 S dng cc ha cht dit khun thn thin mi trng khtrng thit b thay v dng hi nng .........................................................313.4.13 Kt hp cung cp nhit v pht in (CHP)............................31

4 Thc hin sn xut sch hn ..................................................................314.1 Bc 1: Khi ng..........................................................................32

4.1.1 Nhim v 1: Thnh lp nhm nh gi SXSH.............................324.1.2 Nhim v 2: Phn tch cc cng on v xc nh lng ph........36

4.2

Bc 2: Phn tch cc cng on sn xut ....................................40

4.2.1 Nhim v 3: Chun b s dy chuyn sn xut......................404.2.2 Nhim v 4: Cn bng vt liu ....................................................424.2.3 Nhim v 5: Xc nh chi ph ca dng thi ................................444.2.4 Nhim v 6: Xc nh cc nguyn nhn ca dng thi ...............47

4.3 Bc 3: ra cc c hi SXSH .....................................................494.3.1 Nhim v 7: xut cc c hi SXSH........................................494.3.2 Nhim v 8: La chn cc c hi c th thc hin c ...........51

4.4 Bc 4: Chn la cc gii php SXSH...........................................514.4.1 Nhim v 9: Phn tch tnh kh thi v k thut ............................524.4.2 Nhim v 10: Phn tch tnh kh thi v mt kinh t .....................534.4.3 Nhim v 11:nh gi nh hng n mi trng ...................544.4.4 Nhim v 12: La chn cc gii php thc hin.........................54

4.5

Bc 5: Thc hin cc gii php SXSH .........................................55

4.5.1 Nhim v 13: Chun b thc hin ................................................554.5.2 Nhim v 14: Thc hin cc gii php........................................564.5.3 Nhim v 15: Quan trc v nh gi cc kt qu........................56

4.6 Bc 6: Duy tr SXSH ..................................................................... 575 Cc yu t cn tr v h tr SXSH bn vng .........................................58

5.1 Cc yu t cn tr ...........................................................................58 5.2 Cc yu t h tr thc hin thnh cng SXSH ...............................58


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Mu

Sn xut sch hn c bit n nh mt tip cn gim thiu nhim tingun thng qua vic s dng nguyn nhin liu c hiu qu hn. Vic p

dng sn xut sch hn khng chgip cc doanh nghip ct gim chi ph snxut, m cn ng gp vo vic ci thin hin trng mi trng, qua gimbt chi ph x l mi trng.

Ti liu hng dn sn xut sch hn trong ngnh sn xut bia c binson trong khun kh hp tc gia Hp phn sn xut sch hn trong Cngnghip (CPI), thuc chng trnh Hp tc Vit nam an mch v Mi trng(DCE), B Cng thng v Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit nam, thuc VinKhoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng, trng i hc Bch khoa H ni. Tiliu ny c cc chuyn gia trong ngnh ca Vit Nam bin son nhm cungcp cc kin thc c bn cng nh cc thng tin cng ngh nn tham kho

v trnh t trin khai p dng sn xut sch hn.

Cc chuyn gia dnh n lc cao nht tng hp thng tin lin quan nhin trng sn xut ca Vit nam, cc vn lin quan n sn xut v mitrng cng nh cc thc hnh tt nht c th p dng c trong iu kinnc ta.

Hp phn Sn xut sch hn trong Cng nghip v Trung tm Sn xut schVit nam xin chn thnh cm n sng gp ca TS. Nguyn Th Thu Vinh,cc cn b ca Cng ty C phn T vn EPRO v c bit l Chnh phanmch, thng qua t chc DANIDA, v Chnh ph Thy s, thng qua T chc

Pht trin Cng nghip Lin hp quc UNIDO h tr thc hin ti liu ny.

Mi kin ng gp, xy dng ti liu xin gi v: Vn Phng Hp phn Snxut sch hn trong cng nghip, email: [email protected] hoc Trung tm Snxut sch Vit nam, email: [email protected].

H Ni, thng 3 nm 2008Nhm bin son


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1 Gii thiu chung

Chng ny cung cp thng tin v tnh hnh sn xut bia Vit nam, xu hng pht trin cathtrng, cng nhthng tin cbn v quy trnh sn xut.

1.1 M t ngnh sn xut bia Vit nam

Ngnh cng nghip sn xut bia Vit Nam c lch s hn 100 nm. Xngsn xut bia u tin c t tn l xng sn xut bia Ch Ln, do mtngi Php tn l Victor Larue m vo nm 1875, l tin thn ca nh mybia Si Gn, nay l Tng cng ty Bia Ru Nc gii kht Si Gn. minBc, vo nm 1889, mt ngi Php tn l Hommel m xng bia Lngi Yn, Ngc H, sau tr thnh nh my bia H Ni, nay l Tng cng ty Bia

Ru Nc gii kht H Ni. Trong qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin, ngnhsn xut bia t mc tng trng cao vo nhng nm ca thi k m ca.Cng vi qu trnh hi nhp, ngnh sn xut bia pht trin v quy m v trnh cng ngh, tr thnh mt ngnh cng nghip c th mnh khi Vit Nam gianhp t chc WTO.

Vic u t xy dng cc nh my bia c trin khai mnh m t nhngnm 1990 tr li y. S cc nh my bia l 469 vo nm 1998 vi cc quym khc nhau t 100.000 lt/nm n 100 triu lt/nm. Mc tiu th bnhqun u ngi tng ln nhanh chng trong vng 10 nm qua t mc di10 lt/ngi nm vo nm 1997 t mc 18 lt/ngi.nm vo nm 2006

(hnh 1).

Hnh 1. Mc tiu th

bnh qun u ngi

qua cc nm

Theo s liu thng k ca B Cng nghip (nay l B Cng Thng) tng snlng bia ca Vit Nam qua 5 nm gn y th hin trong hnh 2. Mc d,n nm 2005 s c s sn xut chcn 329, nhng quy m ca cc doanh

5

7

9

11

13

15

17

19

1997 1999 2001 2003 2005

lt/ngi


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nghip tng ln. S liu thng k cho thy trong ngnh sn xut bia c 3doanh nghip c sn lng trn 100 triu lt/nm l Sabeco (nng lc snxut trn 300 triu lt/nm), Habeco (trn 200 triu lt/nm) v cng ty lindoanh nh my bia Vit Nam (trn 100 triu lt/nm). C 15 doanh nghip biac cng sut ln hn 15 triu lt v 19 doanh nghip c sn lng sn xutthc t trn 20 triu lt. Khong 268 c s cn li c nng lc sn xut di 1

triu lt/nm

Hnh 2. Sn lng

bia c nc

Theo l trnh pht trin d kin n nm 2010 c nc s sn xut khong2,5 3 t lt bia v mc tiu th bnh qun u ngi khong 28-30lt/ngi/nm. Vi tc pht trin nhanh hin nay, nhiu nh my bia bia mln ang c u t v cng ko theo nhiu vn ny sinh nh tiu tn ti

nguyn v nhim mi trng. Nu p dng tip cn sn xut sch hn ngayt khi u t cc nh my mi th s mang li hiu qu cao cho qu trnh snxut ti cc nh my mi ny ng thi phng nga c ri ro tc ng mitrng.

1.2 Cc qu trnh c bn trong sn xut biaBia c sn xut t cc nguyn liu chnh l malt i mch, nc, hublon vnm men. Nhiu loi nguyn liu thay th malt trong qu trnh nu l go,ng v cc loi dn xut t ng cc; cc nguyn liu ph khc c sdng trong qu trnh lc v hon thin sn phm nh bt tr lc, cc cht n

nh. Nhiu loi ha cht c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut nh cc chtty ra, cc loi du nhn, cht bi trn, cht hot ng b mt T l ccthnh phn nguyn liu ph thuc vo chng loi bia sc sn xut.

Cc cng ngh sn xut bia ca cc nh sn xut khc bit bi quy m vcc k thut sn xut: quy m nh (6.000-10.000 lt/nm) vi thit bn ginph bin nhiu nc chu M (gi l bia th cng); cc quy m cng nghipph bin thng nm trong khong 20 100 triu lt/nm; trong nhng nmgn y xu hng u t cc nh my cng sut ln c cc hng ln trn

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2003 2004 2005 2006

tlt


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th gii nh Anheuser Busch, Inbev, Carlsberg, Heineken, Asahi, Kirin tinhnh. Cc nh my mi c th c cng sut 200-500 triu lt/nm. Cc kthut sn xut trong mi nh my mi cng on sn xut ca cc hng rtkhc nhau do cc quan im v cng ngh, to sn phm khc bit v cngc nhiu gii php cng nghc la chn c xut pht im l l do mitrng v pht trin bn vng.

1.2.1 Cc cng on sn xut chnh

Cc cng on chnh trong sn xut bia c th hin trong hnh 3 vi ccnguyn liu u vo v cc pht thi i km.

Hnh 3. S cng ngh sn xut bia

1.2.1.1. Chun b

Malt v go (gi tt l nguyn liu) c a n b phn nghin nguyn liuthnh cc mnh nh, sau c chuyn sang ni nu to iu kin cho

CHUN B

- Nghin

NU

- H ho, ng ho- Lc dch ng- Nu hoa- Lng nng

HON THIN

- Lc bia- n nh, bo ho CO2- Pha bia- Lc v trng

LN MEN

- Lm lnh- Ln men chnh

- Ln men ph

MaltGo

inBiTing n

ngNc

Hoa Houplonin

Hi

Nc thiB hmNhitMi

Menin

MenKh CO2Nc thi

Bt tr lcCO2in

Nc thiBt tr lcMen

NG CHAI, LON,KEG V

THANH TRNG

Nc thiChai vNhn mc hng

V chai,lon, kegNhn mc

in


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qu trnh chuyn ha nguyn liu v trch ly ti a cc cht ho tan trongnguyn liu. Cc nh sn xut bia thng s dng cc thit b nghin khhoc nghin t.

1.2.1.2. Nu

Qu trnh nu gm 4 cng on:

H ha v ng ha: nguyn liu sau khi xay nghin c chuyn tithit b h ha v ng ha bng cch iu chnh hn hp cc nhit khc nhau. H enzyme thch hp chuyn ha cc cht d tr c trongnguyn liu thnh dng ha tan trong dch: cc enzyme thy phn tinh btto thnh ng, thy phn cc cht protein thnh axt amin v cc chtho tan khc sau c a qua lc hm tch ng v cc chtho tan khi b bia.

Lc dch ng: dch hm c a qua my lc nhm tch b hm ra khi

nc nha. Thit b lc dch ng ph bin c 2 loi l ni lc lng hoc myp lc khung bn.

un si vi hoa houblon: dch ng sau khi lc c nu vi hoa houblonv un si trong 60-90 pht. Mc ch ca qu trnh nhm n nh thnh phnca dch ng, to cho sn phm c mi thm c trng ca hoa hublon.

Lng nng dch ng: dch sau khi nu c a qua bn lng xoy nhmtch cn trc khi chuyn vo ln men.

Qu trnh nu s dng nhiu nng lng di dng nhit nng v in nng cho

vic vn hnh cc thit b; hi nc phc v mc ch gia nhit v un si.

1.2.1.3. Ln men

Lm lnh v b sung xy: dch ng sau lng c nhit khong 90-95oC c h nhit nhanh n 8 - 10oC v b sung xy vi nng 6-8 mg O2/lt.Qu trnh lnh nhanh c thc hin trong cc thit b trao inhit vi mi cht lnh l nc lnh 1-2oC.

Chun b men ging: Nm men c nui cy trong phng th nghim,sau c nhn trong cc iu kin thch hp t c mt nmmen cn thit cho ln men

Ln men chnh: dch ng c cp b sung xy, lm lnh n nhit thch hp tin hnh qu trnh ln men chnh vi thi gian v iu kinph hp. Vic ln men c thc thc hin trong cc tank khng c bon v t trong nh lnh c kim sot nhit theo ch nhit chung ca phng ln men. Cng ngh ln men trong phng lnh hin naykhng cn ph bin do tiu tn nhiu nng lng cho vic chy lnh chophng ln men v kh khn trong vic thao tc vn hnh. Ngy nay vic


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ln men ph bin c tin hnh trong cc tank lin hon c thit kph hp cho cng ngh ln men ca cc nh sn xut khc nhau vi hthng kim sot nhit v d dng tng ha. Kh CO2 sinh ra trongqu trnh ln men c thu hi. Thi gian ln men chnh thng l 5-7ngy. Trong trng hp ln men chm, sau khi kt thc ln men chnhnm men kt lng xung y cc tank ln men v c ly ra ngoi gi l

men sa. Nm men sc ly mt phn ti s dng cho ln men cctank tip theo hoc c thi b. Trong trng hp ln men ni, nm mentp trung ln b mt v cng c tch mt phn khi dch ln men.

Ln men ph: dch sau khi kt thc giai on ln men chnh c chuynsang giai on ln men ph hon thin cht lng bia (to hng v vc trng). Qu trnh ln men ny din ra chm, tiu hao mt lngng khng ng k, bia c lng trong v bo ho CO2. Thi gian lnmen t 14-21 ngy hoc hn tu thuc vo yu cu ca tng loi bia.

1.2.1.4. Lc bia v hon thin sn phm

Lc bia: Sau ln men, bia c em lc t c trong theo yucu. Lc bia c tin hnh bng nhiu loi thit b khc nhau. Cc loimy lc bia thng dng l my p lc khung bn c s dng giy hocvi lc. Trong nhng nm trc y nhiu nh my s dng cc my lca nm ngang vi cc thit k khc nhau. Gn y cc nh sn xut biatrong cc nh my quy m ln s dng my lc nn vi cc ct lc l ccct li inox c b mt lc rng, kch thc my gn, vn hnh hon tontng, d kim sot trong ca bia v cht lng bia n nh hn.Vic lc trong bia lun thc hin vi s duy tr nhit lnh cho bia trcv sau khi lc khong -1 oC n 1 oC. Tc nhn quan trng lc bia lcc loi bt tr lc khc nhau. Sau khi lc chng tr thnh cht thi v lvn gy nhim ln trong qu trnh sn xut.

Hon thin sn phm: bia c thc lc hoc x l qua mt s cngon nh qua h thng lc trao i cha PVPP hoc silicagel loi btpolyphenol v protein trong bia, tng tnh n nh ca bia trong qu trnhbo qun. Nhm mc ch tng tnh n nh ca bia ngi ta c th sdng thm cc enzyme hoc cht bo qun c php s dng trong snxut bia.

Pha bia: Trong cng ngh sn xut bia gn y cc nh sn xut tinhnh ln men bia nng cao (ph bin trong khong 12,5 16 plato) tng hiu sut thit b v tit kim nng lng. Trong qu trnh lc vhon thin sn phm h s pha long bia v nng mong mun theotiu chun sn phm trn nhng thit b chuyn dng. Qu trnh pha longbia lun yu cu nc tiu chun cao trong hm lng xy ha tandi 0,05 ppm.


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Bo ho CO2: Bia trong v sau khi lc c bo ha thm CO2mbo tiu chun bia thnh phm trc khi ng chai, lon.

Lc bia v trng: c nhiu nh my bia trang b h thng lc mng snxut bia ti ng chai/lon khng thanh trng.

Nh vy h thng lc bia trong nh my sn xut bia c nhiu cp khcnhau. Ty theo mc ch m nh sn xut trang b thit b v cht lng thitbn mc cn thit.

1.2.1.5. ng chai, lon, keg v thanh trng sn phm

p ng nhu cu khc nhau ca ngi tiu dng v m bo vic vnchuyn bia n ni tiu th, cc nh sn xut bia phi tin hnh khu bao gi.Cc bao b phi c ra sch s tit trng trc khi chit rt. Khu ra baob tn nhiu ha cht v nng lng km theo nc thi vi ti lng BODcao.

Bia c chit vo chai, lon, keg bng cc thit b chit rt. Ty theo yu cuca th trng, thi gian lu hnh sn phm trn th trng c th t 1 thngn hng nm. Do vy yu cu cht lng ca bia sau khi ng vo bao bcng rt khc nhau. Vic kim sot tt cc thng s trong qu trnh chit nhhm lng xy/khng kh trong chai/lon i hi nghim ngt v nh vy cnphi la chn tt thit b chit rt ngay t khi u t. Qu trnh ng chai/loncn chnh xc cao v hm lng xy/khng kh, mc bia trong chai. Nuthit b lm vic khng chnh xc s dn n nhiu sn phm hng, mc haoht bia cao, gy ti lng hu c cao trong nc thi.

Sau khi chit, sn phm c thanh trng. Qu trnh thanh trng c thchin nh hi nc qua cc thang nhit yu cu. Yu cu k thut chokhu thanh trng c tnh bng n v thanh trng.

n v thanh trng (PE) = t x 1,393 (T - 60)

trong : t l thi gian thanh trng (pht); T l nhit thanh trng (C)

1.2.2 Cc b phn ph tr

1.2.2.1. Cc qu trnh v sinh

Trong sn xut bia qu trnh v sinh ng vai tr quan trng m bo ccyu cu cng ngh v an ton v sinh thc phm cho sn phm. Ngoi ra,vic v sinh cn cha ng nhiu vn gy nhim mi trng nu khngc thit lp quy trnh v qun l ng mc. V sinh bao gm cc cng viclin quan n khu vc sn xut v v sinh thit b. Cc thit bc ch togn y lun trang b cc b phn c th cho php khu lm v sinh c thtin hnh hon ton tng trong thit b (gi l CIP).


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V sinh nh xng, khu vc sn xut phi c lm thng xuyn trnh nhim cho t mi trng vo sn phm. Cng vic ch yu thc hin bngtay v nh s tr gip ca cc bm, vi phun cao p.

V sinh thit b nh h thng v sinh trong thit b (CIP) c th tng ho cc mc khc nhau. Cc giai on trong quy trnh CIP bao gm:

- Khu trng ra ban u: Cc bn cha v ng ng c ra bngnc thng loi cc cht bn bm trn b mt. Nc ra khngc ti s dng m thi ra h thng x l nc thi. Mc nhimca nc thi ph thuc vo bn ca cc bn v ng ng.

- Khu ra bng ho cht: Sau khi kt thc qu trnh ra ban u, cc bncha v ng ng c sc ra bng dung dch xt nng nhit 70-85oC ty sch cc cht bn cn bm b mt. Thi gian tun hon xtnng 15-30 pht tu thuc vo mc bn ca thit b. Xt nng c thuhi v thit b cha ti s dng. Sau khi tun hon xt nng, thit b

c trng ra bng nc.

Mt s thit b sau khi ra bng xt v trng ra c th phi ra tip bngdung dch axit v sau c trng ra bng nc nhiu ln n khisch.

- Khu sc ra cui cng: Cc bn v ng ng c sc ra ln cui vidung dch nc nhit mi trng lm sch cc cht ty ra cnli. Phn nc ny c thu hi v ti s dng cho khu sc ra s b.

Do vy, ngoi kh nng m bo mc v sinh thc phm, quy trnh sc

ra, ti s dng cho php tit kim ti nguyn nc v ha cht s dng.

1.2.2.2 Qu trnh cung cp hi

H thng ni hi t than hoc du vi p sut ti a l 10 bar, p sut lmvic trong khong 4-6 bar. Thit b cung cp hi l ni hi chy bng nhinliu ha thch (than , ga), kh sinh hc, hoc bng in. T ni hi, hinc c dn trong cc ng chu p cung cp cho cc thit b cn gia nhit.Hiu sut ca ni hi, cc ch vn hnh, vic bo n cch nhit, vic tnthu v s dng nc ngng c ngha ln trong vic xem xt hiu qu cah thng cung cp nhit trong nh my bia.

1.2.2.3 Qu trnh cung cp lnh cho sn xut

Trong nh my bia cc qu trnh c s dng lnh l qu trnh lm lnh dchng t khu nu, qu trnh ln men, qu trnh nhn v bo qun gingmen, qu trnh lm lnh bia thnh phm trong cc bn cha bia thnh phm,qu trnh lm lnh nc phc v ln men v v sinh... H thng my lnh vimi cht hin nay thng s dng l ammoniac s lm lnh glycol hoc ncl cc mi cht th cp cho cc thit b ln men v trao i nhit. Vic tnh


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ton cng sut my lnh, thit k h thng cung cp lnh hp l sm bochi ph vn hnh thp, hiu qu sn xut cao.

1.2.2.4. Qu trnh cung cp kh nn

Kh nn c dng trong nhiu qu trnh trong nh my sn xut bia. Kh nn

c cung cp bi my nn kh, cha sn trong cc bnh cha. My nn khtiu tn nhiu in nng, kh nn c d tr p sut cao trong cc balngcha kh, rt d b r r, hao ph do thot ra ngoi trn ng ng .

1.2.2.5. Qu trnh thu hi v sdng CO2

Bao gm balng cha, thit b ra, my nn CO2 , thit b loi nc, lc thanhot tnh, thit b lnh, thit b ngng t CO2, 1 tank cha CO2 , 1 thit b bayhi CO2, h thng ng ng, ph kin. Ton b CO2 trong qu trnh ln mensc thu li v s dng cho vic bo ha CO2 ca bia thnh phm trongqu trnh lc.

2 S dng ti nguyn v nhim mi trng

Chng ny cung cp thng tin c th v tiu thnguyn nhin liu v tcng ca qu trnhsn xutn mi trng, cng nh tim nng don ca vic p dng sn xut sch hntrong ngnh sn xut bia

Trong phn ny m t cc hot ng m c tiu th v tiu tn ti

nguyn v pht thi. Hnh 4 miu t cc ngun ti nguyn c s dng vcc ngun thi pht sinh trong nh my sn xut bia.

Hnh 4. Ngun nguyn liu u vo v pht thi trong nh my bia

NH MY SN XUT BIA

Go, maltNcin

Than/duBt tr lc

XtCht ty ra

Bao bCO2

Bia

B hm

Men thaBt tr lcV chai, nhn

Khi Hi Bi Mi Ting n

Nc thi


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2.1 Tiu th nguyn, nhin liu

Cc nh my bia nh mc vic tiu hao ti nguyn v pht thi da trn snlng bia (thng tnh trn 1 hecto lt bia). Trong bng 1 l cc mc tiu haocho 3 loi cng ngh (truyn thng, trung bnh v cng ngh tt nht) v mctiu hao trong cc nh my bia Vit Nam.

Cc nh my bia truyn thng hay nh my bia kiu c l nh my c hotng bo tr km v qun l ni vi km. Cc nh my ny c th tm thy nhiu ni trn th gii nhng thng l cc nc m gi nng lng vnc mc thp, cc quy nh v lut bo v mi trng cn lng lo. Nhmy bia trung bnh l nhmy c thit b tng i hin i v tp trungvo vn gim tiu hao ti nguyn v mi trng. Nh my bia cng nghtt nht l nh my m tiu hao nng lng v nhim mc thp nht.

Bng 1: Tiu hao ti nguyn trong mt s nh my bia

(sn phm ng chai sdng nhiu ln, tnh cho 1 hecto lt bia hay 100 lt bia)Tn ti nguyn n v

tnh

Cng ngh

truyn thng

Cng ngh

trung bnh

Cng ngh

tt nht

Mc hin ti

VN

Malt/nguyn liu thay th kg 18 16 15 14-18

Nhit MJ 390 250 150 250-350

Nhin liu (tnh theo du

FO)

lt 11 7 4 4-8,5

in kWh 20 16 8-12 10-30

Nc m3 2,0-3,5 0,7-1,5 0,4 0,6-2,0

NaOH kg 0,5 0,25 0,1 0,2-0,4

Bt tr lc g 570 255 80 100-400

Chi tit ca vic tiu th nguyn nhin liu cng nh pht thi c c thho di y.

2.1.1 Malt v nguyn liu thay th

Nguyn liu chnh dng cho sn xut bia l malti mch, nc, hoa hublon v cc nguyn liuthay th khc nhi mch, go, ng v cc loing, si r. Thng sn xut 1000 lt biacn 150 kg malt v nguyn liu thay th. T l nguyn liu thay th c th chim n 30%.

Hublon dng to hng v cho bia, c s dng di dng hoa t nhin,hoa vin hoc cao.

Mc tiu hao nguyn liu ph thuc vo loi bia m nh sn xut nh snxut; hiu sut s dng nguyn liu; mc hao ph nguyn liu trong qutrnh sn xut.


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Phn nguyn liu hao ph thng nm di cc dng sau:

2.1.1.1. B hm

B hm l phn cn li ca nguyn liu sau khi chit xut v tch ht dch nhakhi b hm. B hm vn cn cha mt lng ng v nc. Lng bhm thng khong 140 kg/1000 lt dch ng v c hm lng nckhong 80%. Trong nc b hm vn cn mt lng cht ha tan cn st li(thng khong 1-5%).

Trong nh nu c thit k v vn hnh tt, hiu s gia hiu sut trong snxut v hiu sut trong phng th nghim ca nguyn liu nh hn 1%.Thng hiu s ny ln hn v c ngha l hao ph mt mt trong qu trnhnu theo b hm ln hn do hiu sut trch ly nguyn liu trong qu trnh nu,ng ha, qu trnh lc dch ng v ra b cha t hiu sut cao.

2.1.1.2. Nc ra b

Trong khi lc, dch ng c thu v ni nu hoa, ngi ta dng nc nng ra b hm, tn thu c cht cn trong b. Lng nc ra b c xcnh bng lng dch cn thit trong ni nu hoa; nng dch ng trongqu trnh ra b cng gim dn.

Tuy nhin sau khi ra b, trong b vn cn mt lng ln dch ng longnm trong b. Dch ng long chim 2-6% tng lng dch cha nng cht ha tan 1-1,5%. Nu tn thu nc ra b cho cc m nu sau s gpphn lm tng hiu sut ca qu trnh nu. Nu dch ng long i vo hthng nc thi s lm ti lng BOD ca nc thi tng ln.

2.1.1.3. Cn nng

Dch ng sau khi chuyn sang thit b lng xoy, dch trong c chuynqua thit b lnh nhanh vo h thng ln men, cn cn li trong y thit b gil cn nng. Cn nng cn cha dch nha, b hoa, cc cht keo t t protein.i vi thit b lng xoy hiu qu cao th lng cn nng chchim 0,2-0,4%tng lng dch, c hm lng c cht 15-20%.

Trong cn nng c cha dch ng, t l hao ph dch ng ph thuc vohiu qu ca vic lc v lng xoy dch ng. Cn nng c thc x lbng nhiu cch, hoc em trn vi b, hoc thi vo h thng nc thi.Nu cn nng i vo h thng nc thi s lm tng ti lng BOD ca ncthi ln 110.000 mg/kg cn nng.

2.1.1.4. Nm men

Nm men sinh khi trong qu trnh ln men c s dng li mt phn voqu trnh ln men. Lng nm men tha khong 20-40 kg/1000 lt bia. Trongnm men cn cha bia; c ti lng BOD khong 120.000-140.000 mg/l.


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2.1.1.5. Hao ph bia

Bia thng b mt mt trong nhng cng on sau ca sn xut

- Qu trnh lm trng tank: Sau khi cc tank c bm ht, thng trongtank cn mt lng bia nht nh. Ngi sn xut thng dng nc y

vo tank lm trng tank. Lng bia mt mt ph thuc vo hiu qu vphng php ca qu trnh lm trng tank.

- Qu trnh lc bia: Khi bt u lm mng lc, mt lng ln nc ln vibia c x b cng nh khi kt thc lc ngi ta dng nc y biara khi my. Tt c dch bia long ny nu khng c tn thu s l tntht ln trong qu trnh sn xut v gy ra nhim cho ngun nc thi.

- Cc ng ng: Trong cc ng ng c bia hay c dng nc y, gy ra lng ph bia.

- Bia tht thot trong qu trnh chit chai: Do li ca my chit, do chai v,bia b phun ra ngoi. T l hao ph ny ph thuc vo chnh xc camy chit, my thanh trng v thao tc vn hnh ca cng nhn.

- Bia quay v: Trong qu trnh tiu th nu c vn , trong qu trnh kimtra cht lng nu cc ch tiu khng m bo bia sc quay tr vnh my.

Lng bia b tn tht trong qu trnh sn xut chim khong 1-5%, trong mts trng hp cn cao hn. Nu bia khng c tn thu trong nh my,chng b x vo dng nc thi, gy ra nhim nng v chi ph cho x lnc thi ln.

2.1.2 Tiu th nhit

Tiu thnhit ca mt nh my bia vn hnh tt nm trong khong 150-200 MJ/hli vi nhmy bia khng c h thng thu hi nhit trong qu trnh nu hoa nhng c h thng bo n tt,

thu hi nc ngng, h thng bo tr tt.

Tiu hao nng lng trong nh my bia ph thuc vo c tnh ca nh mynh qu trnh cng ngh, phng php ng gi sn phm, k thut v loithit b thanh trng, cng ngh x l sn phm ph.

Cc qu trnh tiu hao nng lng nh my bia bao gm: Nu v ng ha,nu hoa, h thng v sinh (CIP) v tit trng, h thng ra chai, keg, h thngthanh trng bia. Trong tiu th nhit nhiu nht l ni nu hoa, chim n

30-40% tng lng hi dng trong nh my.2.1.3 Tiu th nc

Mc tiu thnc trong nh my bia vn hnh tt nm trong khong 4-10 hl/hl bia.

Mc tiu th nc ph thuc vo h thng ng gi bia thnh phm, h thngthit b. Nhit ca nc cng quyt nh mc tiu th nc.


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Cc qu trnh s dng nc trong nh my bia l: lm lnh, ra chai/keg,thanh trng lm ngui, trng v v sinh thit b (CIP), nu v ra b, v sinhnh xng, v sinh h thng bng ti c du nhn khu vc chit chai, lmmt cc bm chn khng, v phun ra bt tr lc.

Cc s liu gn y ca Hng Heineken cho thy mc tiu thnccc b phn sn xutnhsau:

Khu vc nguyn liu: 1,3 hl/hlV sinh: 2,9 hl/hlTruyn nhit 0,7 hl/hlKhc 1,6 hl/hlTng cng 6,5 hl/hl trong n 45% lng nc dng cho v sinh

2.1.4 Tiu thin

in tiu thcho nh my bia vn hnh tt trung bnh 8-12 kWh/hl, ph thuc vo qu trnh vc tnh ca sn phm.

Nhiu nh my c mc tiu thin gp i do sn xut khng hiu qu vthiu thc trong qun l nng lng. Hin nay nhiu nh my c mc tiuthin thp hn do cc thit b th h mi c mc tiu thin nng thp vkh nng tng ha cao.

Cc khu vc tiu thin nng l: khu vc chit chai, my lnh, kh nn, thuhi CO2, x l nc thi, iu ha khng kh, cc khu vc khc nh bm,qut, in chiu sng.

2.1.5 Cc nguyn liu ph

Bt tr lc: Lng bt tr lc dng trong lc bia khong 1-3 kg/1000 lt biaph thuc vo loi nm men, loi bia, thi gian v nhit ln men.

Xt: Dng v sinh thit b v ra chai. Mc dng 5-10 kg xt 30%/1000 ltbia. Mc tiu th xt cao chng t vic thu hi xt t qu trnh v sinh kmhoc qu trnh ra chai c vn . Nu nc thi khng c trung ha thkhi mc dng xt cao dn n pH ca nc thi rt cao.

Cc cht ty ra v axt: Mc tiu th ph thuc vo h thng CIP.

CO2: Trong qu trnh ln men ng c nm men chuyn ha thnh etanolv CO2. C th thu c 3-4 kg CO2 t ln men 1 hl dch ng, ph thucvo nng dch ng. Nhiu nh my thu hi chng, lm sch v s dngtrong qu trnh sn xut. mt s nh my bia khng c h thng thu hiCO2, chng c thi vo khng kh trong khi h li phi mua CO2 vs dng cho qu trnh bo ha CO2 v chit chai/keg.


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CO2 do ni hi pht thi khi t nhin liu ha thch th khng c thu hi.Lng CO2 pht thi t ni hi khong 16 kg/hl bia (nhu cu nhit cho bia l200 MJ/hl). Lng ny ln hn lng CO2 sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men bia.

Nh my bia c th thu hi v s dng lng CO2 cn thit trong qu trnhsn xut nu h thng thu hi CO2 t h thng ln men c tnh ton tt.

Nguyn liu ng gi: chai, lon, nt, np, mng co, phi nhm, nhn, hdn, cc ph gia nh cc cht chng xy ha, cc enzyme, cc cht to bt,cc cht n nh

2.2 Cc vn mi trngVn mi trng ln nht trong nh my bia l lng nc thi rt lncha nhiu cht hu c, pH cao, nhit cao. Vic lu gi v thi b lngmen thi ln v bt tr lc, vi lc c ln nm men sau mi ln lc lm tilng hu c trong nc thi rt ln. Ngun nc thi khng c kim sot

v khng c x l s dn n phn hy cc cht hu c, lm gim xy hatan trong nc cn thit cho thy sinh. Ngoi ra qu trnh ny cn gy ra mikh chu. Cc thnh phn khc c trong nc thi nh nitrat, photphat gy rahin tng ph dng cho cc thc vt thy sinh.

Theo s hnh 4, qu trnh sn xut bia pht thi ra mi trng di c badng rn, lng v kh. Bng 2 tm tt cc vn mi trng theo khu vc snxut.


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Bng 2:Cc vn mi trng trong khu vc sn xut ca nh my bia

Khu vc Tiu hao/Thi/Pht thi Cc vn mi trng

Nu

- Tiu tn nng lng (nhit)

- Tiu tn nhiu nc- Xt v axt cho h CIP

- Thi lng hu c cao

- Pht thi bi

- Gy mi ra cc khu vc xung quanh

- Tiu tn ti nguyn v nhim

khng kh.

- Gp phn vo vic lm m ln ton

cu do pht thi CO2

- Gy kh chu cho c dn xung

quanh.

Ln men

- Tiu tn nng lng (lnh)

- Tiu tn nhiu nc

- Xt v axt cho h CIP

- Pht thi CO2

- Thi lng hu c cao (donm men v

vic v sinh thit b gy nn, nc thi c

nng cht hu c, nitrat v phot pho

cao)

- Ph dng sng, h, bin v nguy

c cho c dn xung quanh,

- nh hng n a dng sinh hc

Lc bia - Tiu tn nhiu nc

- Tiu tn bt tr lc

- Tiu tn lnh, CO2

- Thi lng hu c cao (nm men, bt

tr lc)

- Ph dng sng, h, bin v nguy

c cho c dn xung quanh,

- nh hng n a dng sinh hc

ng gi

Thanh

trng

- Tiu hao nng lng (hi nc)

- Nc thi c pH cao v cht l lng

nhiu.

- Tiu hao nhiu nc nng v nc lnh.

- Ting n

- Tiu tn ti nguyn v nhim

khng kh.

- Gp phn vo vic lm m ln ton

cu do pht thi CO2

- Nguy c tc ng xu n thy sinh.

- Gy kh chu hoc dn v ngilao ng

Cc hotng phtr: ni hit thanhoc du,my lnh

- Tiu th nhiu nng lng, -- Pht thi

CO2, NOx v PAH (polyaromatic

hydrocacbon)

- Nguy c r rdu

- Nguy c r rv pht thi NH3

- Nguy c r rv pht thi CFC

- nhim nc v t

- Lm hi sc kho con ngi

- CFC l cht ph hu tng ozon

2.2.1 Nc thi

Lng nc thi ph thuc vo lng nc s dng trong sn xut. Chcmt lng nc trong bia, nc bay hi, nc trong b hm, b bia khngi vo h thng nc thi. Lng nc khng i vo h thng nc thikhong 1,5 hl/hl, c ngha l lng nc thi trong sn xut bia bng lngnc s dng tri 1,5 hl/hl bia.


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Nc thi nh my bia bao gm:

- Nc thi v sinh cc thit b

- Nc thi t cng on ra chai, thanh trng bia chai

- Nc thi t phng th nghim

- Nc thi v sinh nh xng- Nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn nh my

Bng 3, 4 tm tt c trng nc thi ca cng nghip sn xut bia.

Bng 3: Tnh cht nc thi tsn xut bia

TCVN 5945:2005* Tc ng n mi

trng

Cc

cht

nhim

n v

tnh

Mc hin ti

VN

A B C

pH 6-8 6-9 5.5-9 5-9 -

BOD5 mg/l 900-1.400 30 50 100 nhim

COD mg/l 1.700-2.200 50 80 400 nhim

SS mg/l 500-600 50 100 200 gy ngt th cho

thy sinh

Tng N mg/l 30 15 30 60 gy ra hin tng

ph dng cho thc

vt

Tng P mg/l 22-25 4 6 8 kch thch thc vt

pht trin

NH4+ mg/l 13-16 5 10 15 c hi cho c

nhng li thc ythc vt pht trin,thng gy ra cchin tng to

Ghi ch: * Cc thng s quy nh trong tiu chun, cha xt h s lin quan n dung tchngun tip nhn v h s theo lu lng ngun thiA - Thi vo ngun tip nhn dng cho mc ch sinh hotB - Ngun tip nhn khc, ngoi loi A

C - Ngun tip nhn c quy nh


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Bng 4: Ti lng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sn xut bia

(i vi nh my bia cng sut 100 triu lt/nm)

Cc cht nhim Ti lng (kg/ngy)

SS 2.300-2.500

COD 10.000-11.000

BOD5 6.500-7.000

Tng ni t 130-150

Tng pht pho 110-130

Thnh phn nc thi nh my bia vt rt nhiu ln mc cho php theo tiuchun Vit Nam, cn phi qua x l. Cng sut ca h thng x l nc thinh my bia cng cn tnh ton ln v ph hp vi cng sut sn xut bia

km theo tiu tn nhiu nng lng trong qu trnh vn hnh. Xin tham khothng tin x l nc thi trong phn 5. Vy vic tit kim nc v p dng cck thut sn xut sch hn rt cn thit gim lng nc pht thi cngnh nng c cht hu c trong nc thi.

2.2.2 Kh thi

Kh thi ca nh my bia bao gm kh thi pht sinh do s dng ni hi, hiv mi ho cht s dng, mi sinh ra trong qu trnh nu v ca cc cht thihu c nh b hm, men... cha c x l kp thi.

Qua thc t kim tra nng cc cht thi CO, SO2, NOx, H2S, CO2, NH3 ti

cc khu vc sn xut khc nhau trong nh my nh ngoi phn xng lnmen, ti trung tm nh my, ti khu vc my lnh, khu vc ng khi ni hi vi chiu vi Cht lng khng kh - Tiu chun kh thi cng nghip vi biv cc cht v c(TCNV 5939:2005) cho thy nh my sn xut khng cvn ln v nhim khng kh.

C 2 khu vc cn quan tm l ng khi ni hi v my lnh. Bng 5 cho bitmt s thng s kh thi ca ni hi t du v ni hi t than.


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Bng 5: Nng cc cht nhim khng kh tni hi

Nng (mg/m3) TCVN 5939:2005Cht nhim

Ni hi than Ni hi du A B

Bi khi 420 - 624 10,9 - 11,4 400 200

SO2 210,8 - 647,4 925 - 2078 1500 500

NOx 225 - 305 148 - 242 1000 580

CO - 12 - 22,1 1000 1000

Ghi ch: A ang hot ngB Xy mi

Nng cc cht nhim cn ph thuc vo cht lng nhin liu v caoca ng khi, hiu sut vn hnh ni hi. Tuy nhin s liu cng cho thy khis dng nhin liu l than th nng bi pht tn ra mi trng ln hn mccho php 1,5-3 ln v cn thit phi u t h thng lc bi. C 2 trng hpnhin liu l than v du u cho nng pht thi SO2 cao hn mc chophp 1,3-4 ln v cn thit phi u t h thng x l SO2.

H thng my lnh s dng mi cht NH3 t gy nh hng n mi trng.Cc s c c th xy ra l n bn cha hoc r rNH3. Kh NH3 gy kch thchng h hp, c mi khai v gy ngt v c th gy cht ngi. Nng tia cho php trong khng kh khu vc sn xut l 0,02 mg/l.

2.2.3 Cht thi rn

Cc cht thi rn chnh ca qu trnh sn xut bia bao gm b hm, b men,cc mnh thy tinh t khu vc ng gi, bt tr lc t khu vc lc, bt giy tqu trnh ra chai, giy, nha, kim loi t cc b phn ph tr, x than, duthi, du phanh. B hm v b men l cht hu c, s gy mi cho khu vcsn xut nu khng c thu gom v x l kp thi. Bng 6 cung cp s liuv lng cht thi rn pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut bia.


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Bng 6: Lng cht thi rn pht sinh khi sn xut 1 hectolt bia

Cht nhim n v Lng Tc ng

B hm kg 21-27 Gy nhim ngun nc, t, gy mi kh chu

Nm men kg 3-4 Gy nhim ngun nc, t, gy mi kh chu

V chai v chai 0,9 gy tai nn cho ngi vn hnh

Bn hot tnh kg 0,3-0,4 Gy nhim ngun nc, t, gy mi kh chu

Nhn, giy kg 1,5 Gy nhim ngun nc, t, gy mi kh chu

Bt tr lc kg 0,2-0,6 Gy nhim ngun nc, t, gy mi kh chu

Plastic kg - To ra ti lng cht thi rn cao, bi cha ln

Kim loi kg - To ra ti lng cht thi rn cao, bi cha ln

2.3 Tim nng ca sn xut sch hnBng 1 cho thy mc tiu th nguyn nhin liu trung bnh ca Vit namcn cao hn nhiu so vi cc cng ngh tin tin hin c trn th gii. Nhvy, vic ci tin, s dng nguyn nhin liu hiu qu c th mang li li chkinh t ln. Bng 7 c tnh tim nng d dng t c bng cc k thutn gin i vi cc doanh nghip sn xut bia Vit nam.

Vi cng sut ph bin hin nay l 20 triu lt/nm, vic thc hin sn xutsch hn c th mang li hiu qu 6 tng/nm, cha kn vic gim chiph x l mi trng.

Bng 7: c tnh tim nng tit kim c thtc t vic p dng

sn xut sch hn ti cc nh my bia Vit nam

Khu vc Nhit in Nc Thu hi

Nu Gim 15-20% Gim 5% t ccng c, chiusng

Gim 5% ncv sinh v ti sdng

Tng hiu sutthu dch 1-2%

Ln men, tngtr v hon thinsn phm

- Gim 5-10% tp dng cngngh ln menmi, tng cngbo tr

Gim 5% ncmy lnh v vsinh

Tng hiu sutthu hi bia 1%

Chit chai/lon Gim 5% dohp l ha hthng thanhtrng

Gim 2% t dychuyn, ngc, chiu sng

Gim 3-5% dora chai, tndng nc lmmt

Gim bia thtthot 1-2%

Ph tr Tng hiu sutsinh hi 5%

Gim 5-10% tmy lnh, mynn, ng c,chiu sng

Ci thin hthng lm mt;

Tn dng ncngng

Ci to, tng hs hu ch cathit b


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3 C hi sn xut sch hn

Chng ny dn ra mt s v dv gii php sn xut sch hn c th p dng thnh cngtrong ngnh sn xut bia. Danh sch ny s tip tcc c p nht khi c thm cc doanhnghip p dng sn xut sch hn.

Cc nh my bia c c trng bi vic tiu th ti nguyn ng k nhngs dng rt t cc ha cht c hi. C th phn loi cc c hi sn xut schhn lin quan n cc khu vc chnh l (1) nu, (2) ln men v hon thin, (3)chit chai v (4) ph tr nh sau:

3.1 Cc c hi SXSH lin quan n khu vc nh nu

Nu chnh lch v hiu sut chit ca malt trong phng th nghim v thc t sn xut ln hn1% th cht chit b tn tht trong b hm v c ngha l nguyn liuu vo cha csdng ht. Nu gim c tn tht nguyn liu 1% th c ngha l gim c 2 kg malt cho1000 lit bia.

3.1.1 La chn thit b nghin v lc

Mi nh sn xut chn mt loi cng ngh lc dch hm khc nhau v do vythit b nghin cng khc nhau.

Thit b lc dch hm l ni lc lng i hi v malt c gi nguyn tolp lc sau ny. Cng ngh nghin xc nh hiu sut trch ly nguyn liu.Trong trng hp lc bng ni lc, nu nghin malt theo phng php nghinkh thng km theo thi gian lc dch ng di 3-4 gi/m hiu sut thphn so vi nghin t 1-1,5%.

Thit b lc khung bn p sut cao bng my lc Meura th h mi c nhiuli th v thi gian lc, chdi 100 pht/m, cho php 1 ngy c th nu gn16 m vi nng dch ng cao thch hp cho cng ngh ln men nng cao. Hiu sut cao hn trng hp lc ni 1,5-2%. My nghin ba thch hpcho thit b ny. Vit Nam Tng Cng ty bia ru NGK Si gn, nh mybia H Ty u t thit b ny. Trn th gii hng Inbev v Heineken sdng nhiu loi thit b ny do tnh hiu qu cao.

3.1.2 Thu hi dch nha long

Trong qu trnh ra b mt lng nc ra b cn li sau khi ly dchcho nu hoa. Lng nc ra b ny c th tch bng 2-6% th dch tchng, vi nng 1-1,5%, c COD khong 10.000 mg/l. Thay v thi b,dch nha long c thu hi vo tank cha c bo n v gia nhit dng lmnc nu cho m tip theo. Vic lm ny c bit quan trong cng ngh nu


25/60


nng cao s lm tit kim nc v nguyn liu u vo. Nu dch nhalong b thi vo h thng nc thi s lm tng ti lng COD ca h thngln 20-60 g/hl dch ng c sn xut.

3.1.3 Tch dch nha khi cn lng nng

Cn lng nng cha dch ng, hoa hublon, cc cht keo t ca protein vtanin. Cn chim th tch 1-3% th tch dch ng, c COD khong 150.000mg/l, hm lng cht ha tan khong 15-20%. C th dng my ly tm hocthit b gn lng th tch mt phn dch nha ra khi cn. Dch nha a voni nu hoa, cn a vo cng b hm lm thc n gia sc.

Vic thu hi cn lng nng, khng x b vo h thng nc thi cho phpgim 150-450g COD/hl dch ng x b vo h thng nc thi.

p dng trn ln cn lng nng vi b hm

Mt nh my bia chu cng sut 10 triu lt/nm, lp t h thng nc thi. Nh my ny thi cn lng vo dng thi lm ti lng BOD cao. Nh my lp t thit b thu hi cn v

phun ln b hm. Gi tr dinh dng ca b hm tng ln. Kt qu l:

Gim ti lng trong nc thi 2.5 kg BOD/1000 lit bia

Thi gian hon vn 3 thng

Vn u t: 20.000 USD

Kt qu: Gim 15% ti lng hu c vo h thng x l nc thi

3.1.4 Thu hi hi t ni nu hoa

Qu trnh nu hoa l qu trnh tiu th nhiu nhit nht trong cc cng onsn xut bia. Trong qu trnh si hoa, c khong 6-12% nc bc hi. Hithng thot vo khng kh gy tn tht nhit v to ra mi kh chu. Thu hili hi ny st c 2 mc tiu l thu hi nhit v gim bt mi.

Phng php n gin nht l thu hi hi s dng vo vic un nc nngca cc qu trnh v sinh. C th tm thy h thng ny mt s nh my bia.Trong mt s nh my bia c h thng thu hi nc nng trong qu trnh lmlnh dch ng th c kh nng d tha nc nng v nc nng s b thira ngoi.

C 2 tnh hung c th xem xt l:

Sdng hi tni nu hoa: Hi t ni nu hoa dng qua thit b trao i

nhit nu si dch. Nc ngng c nhit khong 100C dng snxut nc nng. Nc ngng sau khi ly bt nhit ca hi s dng trng ni nu.

Ti nn hi nu hoa: Hi tha trong qu trnh nu hoa c ti nn qua1 thit b VRC ca cng ty Mycom quay tr li ni nu hoa. Thit bc lpt ti cng ty Bia Thanh Ha v Nh my bia Lo. Kt qu cho thy gimc 60-70% lng hi cn thit cho nu hoa.


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Mt nh my hiu qu c mc sdng nng lng cho 1 hl bia khong 150 MJ cn nh mykm hiu qu mc sdng c thn 350 MJ.

3.2 C hi SXSH ti khu vc ln men, hon thin sn phm

3.2.1 Thu hi nm men

Nm men d c hm lng cht hu c cao, cn c thu hi cng trit cng tt trnh COD cao trong h nc thi. COD ca nm men bia l180.000-220.000 mg/l. Nu nm men c thu hi trit khng cho x vodng thi n gp phn lm gim 360-880 g COD/hl bia.

Nm men bia c thc s dng bng nhiu cch:

Bn cho ngi chn nui ln, v n cha nhiu vitamin, protein, chtkhong, cacbohydrat, cht bo.

Sy kh lm thc phm cho ngi.

Vic thu hi nm men cn u t cc thit b nh my ly tm, tank cha,

ng ng, bm.

Cng ty Lin hp thc phm H Ty c cng sut 5 triu lt/nm. Khi tch nm men tytank, chng thng ri vi ra sn nh, dn n cc chi ph nc ra sn, ha cht v sinh nnnh, tng ti lng dng thi.

Nm 2000 cng ty lp t thit b thu hi men, kt qu trit rt c men khi tank vkhng ri vi ra nn nh, gim 30 m3 nc ra sn v cc ha cht, nhn cng, gim ti CODkhong 74 kg/ngy..

Chi ph u t: 2100 USD tng ng 29,4 triu VN.

Thi gian hon vn : 0,5 nm

3.2.2 Thu hi bia tn tht theo nm men

Trong nm men bia c cha ln bia. Lng bia hao ph theo nm men khong1-2%. Bia cn c thu hi bng cc cch sau:

Ly tm

Lc ngang

Lc p khung bn

Bia thu hi c tha vo ni nu, hoc thanh trng v a vo tank ln

men.


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p dng lp thit b ly tm men

Mt nh my bia chu u c cng sut 100 triu lt/nm. gim lng men thi vo hthng nc thi v gim lng bia hao ph h tnh ton nh sau:

Lp t thm thit b 2 tank 50 hl cha men sau ly tm

1 my ly tm 20 hl/gi

2 tank 50 hl cha bia thu hi

ng ng, bm, h thng CIP

Vn u t: 500.000-700.000 USD

Chi ph vn hnh 20.000 USD/nm

Thi gian khu hao thit b 15 nm

Tit kim c 20.000 hl bia hay 10 USD/hl bia

Thi gian thu hi vn 3-4 nm

3.2.3 Gim tiu hao bt tr lcBia sau khi ln men cn c tch men trc khi chuyn sang khu honthin. Vic tch men c th thc hin qua thit b lc (vi bt tr lc), hocdng cc gii php khc r tin hn, d thc hin hn nh s dng cc chttr lng trong qu trnh nu v ln men gip nm men lng tt hn.

C th gim tiu hao bt tr lc trong qu trnh lc bia bng cch gim mt nm men v trong ca bia trc khi lc. C th ci thin c bngbin php cng ngh trong qu trnh nu, to mi trng ph hp vi chngnm men; tuyn chn chng ging nm men, ti u ha qu trnh nhn ging,bo qun nm men v tip ging; ti u ha qu trnh ln men (thit b, thigian ln men, tng tr) nm men c th lng t nhin.

Trong mt s nh my bia s dng chng nm men c c tnh lng khngcao c th s dng cc cht lm trong dch ng trc khi ln men, cc chttr lng trong qu trnh ln men gim mt nm men trc khi lc.

gim bt tr lc hn na ngi ta u tmy ly tm, c th tch c 98-99% nm mentrong bia. Khi lp t my ly tm c nhnguim sau:

- Gim lng bt trlc trong qu trnh lc bia- Ko di thi gian vn hnh my lc- Gim tiu thmc cho vic sc ra my lc

- Thu hi thm nm men tha

3.2.4 Gim thiu lng bia d

Bia d l bia cn st li trong cc tank. Lng bia d cn c gim thiubng cch thay i quy trnh, c bit cc thao tc lin quan n vic thorng tank. Ngi vn hnh cn xc nh chc chn rng bia ht trc khiv sinh tank. Qua vic qun l ni vi v h thng quan trc hiu qu th ch


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cn mt lng bia d rt nh nht cn trong tank khi khng th ly ra cthm. BOD ca bia l 80.000mg/l ph thuc vo nng v hm lng cnca bia. Nu bia d b thi vo h thng nc thi th khng chlm tng BODm mt lng sn phm c gi tr b mt.

3.2.5 p dng h thng lm lnh tng

C nhiu cng ngh nng cao hiu qu h thng my lnh trong nh mybia. Cng ty Mycom (Nht Bn) nghin cu v ng dng thnh cng cngngh my lnh tng. Thng thng lnh nhanh dch ng ngi ta lmlnh nc 28-30C v 2C bng 1 my lnh. Vic chy lnh cho h s huch ca ng c l 4,87. Cng ngh mi ca Mycom l chia vic lm lnhnc thnh 3 cng on vi 3 my c cng sut nh hn. Mi my chytrong khong nhit gn nhau (30C xung 18 C; 18 C xung 10 C; 10 Cxung 2 C. Do vy hiu sut ca my lnh tng ln 8,06; nng lng gim60%; cng sut my gim 70%, ngha l ch cn lp my lnh c cng sutnh hn rt nhiu.

3.2.6 p dng cng ngh ln men nng cao, gim mc tiu haonng lng

Ln men truyn thng bt u t dch ng c nng 10-12%. Cc nghincu v ng dng a ra cng ngh ln men nng cao hn n 16% (cnhiu nghin cu tin hnh nng n 22% nhng vic ng dng charng ri). Kt qu thc t nhiu nc, Vit Nam c Tng cng ty Bia runc gii kht Si Gn, Cng ty Bia Vit Nam, Nh my bia H Ty pdng cho thy c th nng cng sut nh my ln 10-15%, gim in nng,nng lng 15-18% trong khi c th linh hot sn xut nhiu loi bia c ccnng ban u khc nhau.

3.2.7 ng dng cng ngh mi (bao gm c s dng enzyme) rtngn thi gian sn sut, tng hiu sut

Vic s dng cc loi enzyme trong qu trnh nu nh enzyme dch ha,ng ha, cho php rt nng thi gian nu t 30-45 pht mi m, gim in,hi nc, tng cng sut;

Enzyme trong ln men nh s dng enzyme Maturex gip lm gim hmlng diacetyl trong bia ln men ph, cho php rt ngn thi gian ln menph t 3-5 ngy m vn m bo cht lng; v cc cht tr lng gip lmgim thi gian ln men, gim tiu hao lnh, in.

3.3 Cc c hi SXSH lin quan n khu vc chit chai

3.3.1 Tit kim nc trong ra chai, kt

Trong h thng chit chai my ra chai tiu tn nhiu nc nht v do vycng thi ra mt lng nc thi rt ln. C th gim tiu hao nc bngcch kt hp cc phng php khc nhau trong cc vng khc nhau ca my


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ra chai. pH ca nc ra c kim sot tit kim ha cht v nctrng. Do vy tit kim c nng lng v gim chi ph cho x l nc thi.Cc my ra chai mi cho php gim ti hn 50% nc ra chai (t mc530 ml/chai xung 264 ml/chai).

My ra chai s dng nc v xt lm sch. Mc tiu th nc ca my

ra chai ch yu ph thuc vo cu to ca my. Cc my th h mi c mctiu th nc (0,5 hl/hl v chai) v nng lng thp hn so vi cc my c (3-4 hl/hl v chai). Cc ci thin v tit kim nc bao gm:

- Lp cc van t ng ngng cp nc khi dy chuyn khng hotng;

- Lp cc vi phun cao p;

- Ti s dng dng nc trng chai 2 hng cui vo vic ra chai cchng u;

- Tn dng nc thi t h thng ra chai ra kt;

- Tit kim xt trong ra chai.

Xt trong qu trnh ra chai c th thu hi v ti s dng. Cn lp t tanklng xt ra t h thng ra chai, c bit trong nhng ngy dng hot ngca my ra chai. Xt c bm vo tank lng, tt c cc cht cn sctch ra khi xt v c th ti s dng.

C th gim c 75% xt dng cho ra chai nhthu hi v ti sdng.

3.3.2 Thit b thanh trng kiu tuy nenTrong my thanh trng, bia v chai c hm nng ln dn dn ln n 60Csau lm ngui v 30-35C. Nu bia c lm ngui bng nc sch thmc tiu th nc ca nh my s rt ln. Nu tn thu nc lm mt, tunhon v ti s dng qua thp gii nhit c th tit kim c 80% nc trongh thng thanh trng.

p dng lp thp gii nhit trong h thng thanh trng

Mt nh my bia chu c cng sut 50 triu lt/nm lm ngui bia chai thanh trng bngnc trong h thng h. tit kim nc h lp h thng lm ngui khp kn vi thp giinhit. Kt qu l:

Gim lng nc tiu th mi nm 50.000 m3

u t 45.000 USD

Thi gian thu hi vn 1 nm


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3.4 Cc c hi SXSH lin quan n b phn ph tr

3.4.1 Thu hi nc lm mt t qu trnh lnh nhanh

Tht thot 1m3

nc nng 85C tngng mt 8,7 kg du.

S dng nc nng hiu qu l mt trong nhng vn mu cht ca titkim nng lng. Nc lm mt dch ng trong qu trnh lnh nhanh (t100C v 10C) c tht 85oC (vi cc thit b trao i nhit tt) cn ctun hon v ti s dng tn dng nc v nhit. S dng tank c bo n tr trc khi s dng. Nc ny c th s dng li nhng khu vc cnhu cu nh lm nc nu, nc cp ni hi, h thng v sinh CIP, ra chaiv thanh trng. Thng cha nc nng cn tnh ton cn i vi quy m thuhi cho khng c tha nc nng thi vo h thng nc thi.

V d v ti u ha h thng nc nng

Mt nh my bia chu u c cng sut 100 triu lt/nm c h thng lm lnh d ch ngkiu c. Sau khi trao i nhit trong qu trnh lnh nhanh, nhit nc c lm nng ln n60C v dng vo h thng nu. Lng nc d tha s b thi vo h thng nc thi

Mt h thng lnh nhanh mi c lp t, c kh nng lm nng nc n 85C. Tank chanc nng ln hn c lp t. Nc 85C c dng nu, v sinh, ra chai. Kt qunh sau:

Lng du gim mi nm 340 tn

Lng nc gim mi nm 40.000 m3

u t 120.000 USD

Thi gian thu hi vn 3 nm

3.4.2 Thu hi nc ngng

Nc ngng t cc ni nu l nc tinh khit, c cha nhit nng. Cc thchnh ph bin cho thy nc ngng c dng lm nc cp cho ni hi.Nu u t cc ng ng v cc tank cha nc ngng ti s dng sc thi gian thu hi vn rt ngn.

3.4.3 Bo n

Bo n cc b mt nng v lnh l gii php n gin v d lm nht, ng

thi mang li hiu qu cao trong tit kim nng lng. Cc b mt ny gmthn ni hi, ni nu, cc ng cp hi nng, hi lnh, cc tank ln men vcha bia thnh phm

Bo n 1 mt dingng hi 89 mm sdng trong 6.000 gi/nm s gip tit kim c450 kg du/nm (tngng 18.000 MJ/nm) nng lng cho sn xut 120 hl bia.


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3.4.4 Tit kim nc v ha cht v sinh

Lp t h thng v sinh trong thit b (CIP): tit kim nc, ha cht, ckh nng tn thu ti s dng ha cht ty ra v nc, m bo yu cu vsinh cao ca dy chuyn; c kh nng s dng cc ha cht hiu qu cao,thn thin mi trng.

S dng h thng vi phun cao p:m bo tiu chun v sinh an tonthc phm, tiu tn t nc, chs dng khi cn thit, trnh chy nc lngph; s dng vi phun nh lng cao p cho v sinh cc thit b vn ti, ktcha chai

Sdng cc ha chtc hiu: dng axit cho vic v sinh cc tank ln menthay v s dng xt, s dng cc cht h tr v sinh trong ra chai tng sch ca chai, gim lng nc.

V dv tn tht nc khi c r r(p lc nc 4,5 bar)

Kch thc l (mm) m3 /ngy m3/nm0,5 0,39 1401 1,20 4302 3,70 1.3004 18,0 6.400

6 47 17.000

3.4.5 Tit kim in

Mt nh my sn xut bia hiu qu c mc tiu thin ch l 29kW/hl bia.Phn ln in nng trong nh my bia c s dng chy cc m t. C 2gii php ph bin gim bt tiu thin nng l:

- Lp t cc m t th h mi c hiu qu cao

- Lp t cc bin tn c th kim sot tt hn tc dng v p sutca m t.

Cng ty C phn Bia Kim Bi (H Ty) c cng sut 30 triu lt/nm. m bo lnh chosn xut cng ty s dng 4 my lnh mi my c cng sut 90 KW. Nm 2007 cng ty lpthm bin tn cho cc ng c my lnh v u t h thng iu khin tng cho h thngmy lnh.

S vn u t ban u l 1,4 t VN. Qua thi gian vn hnh cho thy cc my gim c 10-12% in nng. Thi gian thu hi vn c tnh 4 nm

3.4.6 Duy tr bo tr

Vic bo tr h thng c ngha ln trong vic duy tr mc tiu hao in, ncthp. Vic bo tr tt cn c tc dng lm cho hiu qu dy chuyn tng ln dogim s ln v thi gian b dng sn xut do s c. Thi gian hon vn cavic bo tr thng rt ngn c khi chvi tun.


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S r rchgy ra ting x nh, khng nhn r hi thot ra tcc van hi c th dn n lm

mt 1kg hi/gi, tngng vi tiu th700 kg du mi nm hay nng lng nycho snxut 200 hl bia vi mc tiu hao thp.R rmc nhn r hi thot ra cc mt bch c th dn n lm mt 3-5 kg hi/gi, tngng 2.100-3.500 kg du/nm, nng lng sn xut 580-1000 hl bia mc tiu haothp

3.4.7 Trnh r r kh nnTcng ca r rkh nn(p lc kh 6 bar) tngng mc tiu thinKch thc l (mm) l/s kWh/ngy

MWh/nm1 1 6,2 2,63 19 74,4 27,0

5 27 199,0 73,0thng h thng c th mang li kt qu tit kim khong 10%

3.4.8 Kim sot nhit bc hi ca h thng my lnh

H thng my lnh tiu th nhiu in nht trong nh my bia. Nhit bchi ca my lnh chcn thp theo mc cn thit. V d lm lnh biaxung -2C th nhit bc hi chcn khong (-6) - (-8)C l nhng nhiunh my bia thit k h thng c nhit bc hi thp hn (< -10C) slm hiu sut my khng cao, tn nhiu in. Nu nhit bc hi tng ln1C th gim c tiu thin nng ca my l 3-4%

Cn vn hnh h thng my lnh sao cho nhit ngng t thp nht c th, ph thuc voiu kin kh hu. Cgim c 1C cho ngng t th s gim c mc tiu thin nngca my lnh i 1%.

Chn my lnh th h mi tiu thin nng thp.

3.4.9 Gim p my nn kh

p lc ca my nn cng thp trong gii hn c th cng tt.

Nu p ca my nn kht thp hn c t7-8 bar th mc tiu thin ca my nn gimc 7%.

lm mt my nn cn s dng nc tun hon khp kn.

3.4.10 Thu hi nhit t h my nn

S dng h thng trao i nhit thu hi nhit t cc my nn lnh c ththu c nc nng 50-60C.

3.4.11 Lp t thit b lm nng nc cp cho ni hi

Lp t thit b lm nng nc trc khi vo l. Thit b ny s dng khi l gia nhit nc cp.Nu nc cp tngc 6C th mc tiu hao nhin liu ca l gim 1%.


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3.4.12 S dng cc ha cht dit khun thn thin mi trng kh trng thit b thay v dng hi nng

Mt s nh my bia thng dng hi nng thanh trng thit b. Gii phpny tiu tn nhiu nng lng cho vic thanh trng v lm ngui thit b. Hinnay c nhiu ha cht thn thin mi trng cha xy nguyn t, khi phunvo thit b chng c kh nng dit khun, sau chng c chuyn ha vdng xy phn t, khng c hi cho qu trnh ln men v mi trng xungquanh. Cc ha cht cha xy nguyn t c th l nc zn, hn hpperacetic v hydrogen peroxide (trong sn phm thng mi c tn lSOPUROXID ca hng SOPURA) hoc cc sn phm thng mi tng tca ECOLAB.

3.4.13 Kt hp cung cp nhit v pht in (CHP)

Hiu sut v nng lng ca h thng c tht n 90%. H thng chophp gim pht thi CO2 v tit kim t nht 10% nhin liu so vi vic sdng ring r cho mc ch cung cp nhit v in. H thng lm gim tiu

hao nng lng ca nh my 14%, in nng 40%, nng hiu sut chy canhin liu ln 2-4%, gim pht thi NOx 14,8% v CO2 7,9%

4 Thc hin sn xut sch hn

Chng ny s trnh by tng bc tin hnh nh gi sn xut sch hn ti doanh nghip snxut bia vi mc tiu tm kim cynht cc gii php sn xut sch hn ph hp vi

iu kin sn xut. Cc biu mui km c thc sdng thu thp v xl thng tin.

Cht thi chnh l nguyn nhin liu u vo khng c t ng ch. Victhc hin nh gi sn xut sch hn tun theo nguyn tc c bn l minguyn nhin liu vo quy trnh sn xut, nu khng nm li trong sn phms b thi ra mi trng, di dng ny hoc dng khc. Vic trin khai nhgi sn xut sch hn mt cch bi bn s h tr doanh nghip tm cng i cng nh dng chuyn i ca cc loi nguyn liu , tm racc phng php gim thiu lng s dng mt cch hu hiu nht, ngthi thm ch c th tng c nng sut v cht lng ca sn phm, v titkim chi ph x l mi trng. cng chnh l mc tiu ca vic p dngsn xut sch hn.

Vic p dng sn xut sch hn yu cu thi gian v n lc ca cc b phntrong ton doanh nghip, do s cam kt v h tr mnh m ca Ban lnho cng ty s l yu t quyt nh cho thnh cng ca chng trnh. Chngti khuyn co p dng sn xut sch hn ln lt theo 6 bc hay 16 nhimv sau y:

Bc 1: Khi ng

Bc 2: Phn tch cc cng on


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Bc 3:a ra cc c hi sn xut sch hn

Bc 4: Chn cc gii php sn xut sch hn

Bc 5: Thc hin cc gii php sn xut sch hn

Bc 6: Duy tr sn xut sch hn

4.1 Bc 1: Khi ng

Mcch ca bc ny nhm:

- Xy dngc nhm nh gi sn xut sch hn- Thu thp s liu sn xut lm csban u

- Tm kim cc bin php ci tin n gin, hiu qu c th thc hin ngay

4.1.1 Nhim v 1: Thnh lp nhm nh gi SXSH

Vic thnh lp nhm nh gi SXSH l rt cn thit khi trin khai chng trnhnh gi SXSH. Cc thnh vin ca nhm l cn b ca doanh nghip, c thh tr trin khai khi c chuyn gia bn ngoi hoc trc tip thc hin nu quao to. Quy m ca nhm s ph thuc vo quy m ca doanh nghip. Vidoanh nghip ln, nhm nh gi SXSH nn bao gmi din Ban Lnh ov qun c/trng phng ca tng phng ban v nhm trin khai phcthnh lp ty theo thi im. Vi doanh nghip nh hn, nhm c th chgmi din lnh o v qun c ph trch cc cng vic sn xut bia hngngy. Cc thnh vin trong nhm phi c php hp nh k, trao i cim, c tnh sng to, c php xem xt, nh gi li quy trnh cng ngh v

qun l hin ti cng nh nng lc p dng trin khai cc tng sn xutsch hn kh thi.

Trong nh my sn xut bia nhm nh gi sn xut sch hn bao gm cccn b thuc ban lnh o, k ton, nhn s v cc b phn sn xut nhxay nghin nguyn liu, nu, ln men, thnh phm, ph tr, in. Vic mithm cn b ph trch ti chnh, cn b t vn ngoi cng ty cng nn cxem xt cc kin a ra khch quan. Nhm nh gi sn xut sch hns bt u qu trnh nh gi bng vic thu thp cc thng tin sn xut cbn ca doanh nghip cng phn tch vi cc thnh vin trong nhm. Victhu thp thng tin c th s dng Phiu cng tc s 1.


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Phiu cng tc s 1. Cc thng tin c bn

Tn v a ch doanh nghip S ngy lm victrong nm:

Nhm SXSH

Tn Chc v - b phn Nhim v nhm1

2

3

4

5

Thng tin sn xut c bn ca doanh nghip

Sn phm chnh CS thit k (1000 l/nm) Sn lng (1000 l/nm)

Bia hi

Bia keg

Bia chai 330ml

Bia chai B 450ml

Nguyn nhin liu sdng

Tn/nm Tn/nm

Malt Xt

Go Axit

ng

Houblon

Bt lc

Chai

Nhn

Nguyn

liu

chnh

Nt

Ho

cht

Lng Cng sut

Nc cp m3/nm Ni hi du 1 tn/gi

Nc t khai thc m3/nm Ni hi du 2 tn/gi

Than tn/nm Ni hi than 1 tn/gi

Du FO lit/nm Ni hi than 2 tn/gi

Du DO lit/nm My pht in KVA

in li Kwh/nm My nn kh KwhNc

v

nng

lng

in t sinh Kwh/nm

Thitbv

phtr

My lnh Kwh

Sau y l v dc trch t bo co nh gi sn xut sch hn ti Cng tyC phn Bia H Ni - Bia Hng H, l doanh nghip sn xut bia u tinthc hin nh gi sn xut sch hn trong khun kh hp phn sn xutsch hn trong cng nghip ca B Cng thng.


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Phiu cng tc s 1. Cc thng tin cbnTn v a chdoanh nghipCng ty C phn Bia H Ni Hng H

S ngy lm victrong nm: N/A

Nhm SXSH

Tn Chc v- b phn Nhim vnhm

1 Dng Vn Hoan Ph Gim c Cng ty Cho chung2 Trnh Vc Trng phng KCS Trng ban

3 Nguyn ThThu Hng Ph phng KT thnh vin

4 o Hi Nam Cn b KCS thnh vin

5 L Quang H T trng t men thnh vin

6 Nguyn Khc Cng Q phn xng thnh vin

7 Nguyn Trng Hiu PQ phn xng thnh vin

8 Hng Dng TT. T xut hng thnh vin

Thng tin sn xut cbn ca doanh nghip

Sn phm chnh CS thit k(l/nm) Sn lng2006 (l/nm) Sn lng Q I,2007 (l/nm) Sn lng T3, 2007(l/nm)Bia(hi, chai)

10.000.000 3.835.000 201.000 193.900

Nguyn nhin liu sdng

Kg/2006 Kg/QI2007

Kg/T3 2007

Malt 395.000 19.900 19.200

Go 220.000 11.100 10.700

ng 450 450

Houblon 2.000 116 111 Nguynliuchnh

Lng

2006 QI 07 T3 07

Nc m3 46.700 6.300 4.000

Than tn 380 40,3 22,7

in Mwh 634.900 50.300 24.700

Ncvnnglng


37/60


Nhn xt:- Nhm sn xut sch hn c thnh lp vii din ca tt c cc phng ban, v c s

tham gia ca Ban lnh o (Ph Gim c). S lng thnh vin dng nhqu ln so visn lng. C th thnh lp nhm quy m nh hn v huyng cc thnh phn khi c hot

ng lin quan n b phn trnh vic vng mt cc thnh vin khi tho lun/hp bnv sn xut sch hn. Vic Ph Gim c Cng ty trc tip iu hnh hotng nhm (tham

gia su hn) c th s c tcng mnh m hn.- S liuc thu thp theo nm, theo qu, theo thng trong trng hp ny l c bit cn

thit do c sbin ng ln v sn lng (3.8 triu lt/nm trong nm 2006 nhng k hoch2007 l 6 triu lt/nm). Thnh phn v lng nguyn nhin liu sdng trn mtn vsnphm cng thaying k. Trong trng hp ny, nn sdng s liu nn trc khi trinkhai chng trnh bng s liu trung bnh ca nm 2006 v qu 1 nm 2007.

- Nn tch sn lng bia hi v bia chai. Cc s liu v ha cht, nguyn liu ph, nng lngcha c ch trng nn khng so snh c cc thng s ny vi cc doanh nghip khc

cng nhlm cso mc ci tin.

Vic tin hnh nh gi sn xut sch hn cn yu cu c thng tin nn, datrn mt s ti liu, h s. Nu khng c y thng tin th cn x l, tnhton hoc thng nht xy dng. Bng kim tra trong phiu cng tc 2 s gipcho nhm xem xt v tnh sn c ca thng tin.

Phiu cng tc s 2. Tnh sn c ca thng tin

Thng tin C/khng Ngun, tip cn Ghi ch

S mt bng

H s sn lng

H s nguyn liu tiu th & chi ph

H s tiu th nc, nng lng v chi ph

H s tiu th ho cht v chi ph

S cng ngh

Cn bng nng lng

Cn bng nc

H s bo dng thit b

H s hin trng mi trng, bin php xl v chi ph

Cc thng tin cng ngh:

- T l nguyn liu, nhit , thi gian,pH mi trng, p lc hi nng, hinn, cc kt qu phn tch ho, l, visinh vt, cc chtiu cm quan

- Cht lng sn phm


38/60


Nhn xt: Rt nhiu doanh nghip khng c thng tin trn, v cc thnh vin trong nhm slm nhim v tho lun cch thc thu thp nhng thng tin ny. Chc cc ti liu phn nhhin trng sn xut thc mi c gi trtrongnh gi ny.

S dng sut tiu hao xem xt hin trng v hiu qu ca chng trnh

nh sut tiu hao l cng co lng nguyn nhin liu tiu th v pht thi thc t trn mtn v sn phm. Cc thng s thng dng l mc tiu dng nc, mc tiu dng in,than/du, ha cht, ti lng nhim COD, BOD, SS trn mt n v sn phm nh 1 hlbia hoc 1000 lt bia. Hiu sut thu hi dch nu, hiu sut thu hi sn phm, cht lng snphm cng l nhng chs tham kho trong nh gi sn xut sch hn. Cc sut tiu haokhng chc xy dng cho ton nh my, m cn xy dng cho tng cng on, b phn.Vic c c thng tin y lin quan n mc tiu th v pht thi ng gp phn quantrng trong thnh cng ca nh gi sn xut sch hn. Chng ti khuyn co cc nh myxc nh cc sut tiu hao quan trng v lp t cc thit bo c trc khi trin khai suchng trnh. Bng 1 c thc s dng nhn din kh nng cnh tranh ca doanh

nghip so vi cc doanh nghip khc Vit nam v trn th gii.

4.1.2 Nhim v 2: Phn tch cc cng on v xc nh lng ph

Khi c y thng tin c bn v doanh nghip, nhm nh gi SXSH nntin hnh thng nht quy trnh sn xut hin ti bng cch lit k li cc cngon sn xut chnh, c th l nu, ln men v hon thin v chit chai/keg. nhim v ny, nhm cn i kho st li thng tin cng nh tm ra cc c hici tin d thy, d lm lm im khi u cho nh gi. y l c hi r sot li quy trnh sn xut, thng nht ng i ca nguyn liu, xem xt licc tn tht.

Vic kho st c tin hnh bng cch i tham quan cc phn xng snxut theo quy trnh cng ngh, t khu nghin, n ht ng chai/keg, thamquan cc phn xng ph tr nh khu ni hi. Vic tham quan ny cn mang ngha tch cc, khng phi l c hi nhm nh gi soi xt, ph bnh.Cc kin a ra t vic tham quan nn mang tnh xy dng, gi m thchin.

Trong qu trnh tham quan, nhm cn ghi li c cc thng tin chnh sau:

- u vo, u ra ca mi cng on. Khu vc chnh v hin nhin sinh racht thi cn c nh du trn s. K hiu mi dng thi theo trngthi vt l ca chng (rn, lng, kh) s c li trong giai on nh lngcht thi. Mt s khi tng t nh phiu cng tc s 3 c xydng v c thc iu chnh cho ph hp vi tnh hnh sn xut thct ca nh my.


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- Cc quan st v lng ph nguyn nhin liu ti mi cng on (phiu cngtc 4). y l cc quan st ban u, nhm s tip tc khai thc cc c hici tin. i vi cc doanh nghip sn xut bia, vic qun l ni vi km lmt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh dn n tn tht nguyn nhin liu.ng nhn hot ng sn xut nh nhng iu hin nhin, m xem xt tgc c th thay i nh th no cho c li. iu ny gip d dng nh

ra nhiu phng n v thc hin trong giai on sm.

- Chi ph cho nguyn nhin liu c bn (phiu cng tc 5) ghi li gi nguynnhin liu s dng lm c s tnh ton tip theo.

Phiu cng tc s 3. Cng on sn xut vi cc dng nguyn nhin liuv pht thi

CHUN B- Nghin

NU

- H ho, ng ho- Lc dch ng- Nu hoa- Lng nng

HON THIN

- Lc bia- n nh, bo ho CO2- Pha bia- Lc v trng

LN MEN

- Lm lnh- Ln men chnh- Ln men ph

MaltGo

inBiTing n

ngNc

Hoa Houblonin

Hi

Nc thiB hmNhitMi

Menin

MenKh CO2

Bt tr lcCO2in

Nc thiBt tr lcMen

NG CHAI, LON,KEG V

THANH TRNG

Nc thiChai vNhn mc hng

V chai, lon, kegNhn mc

in


40/60


Lu cc dngu vo v u ra c lit k cho tt c cc cngon phca quy trnh snxut. Pht thi gin tip nhpht thi kh nh knh do sdngin s khng lit k y m

c tnh vo kt qu chung cui cng.

Rt nhiu gii php sn xut sch hn c xut ngay t bc ny mcha cn s dng cc k thut phn tch tip theo. y l cc gii php hin

th r rng m cha c lu tm khi vn hnh. Vic mi cc chuyn gia bnngoi tham gia tham quan kho st bc ny l c bit c hiu qu.

Phiu cng tc s 4. Hin trng qun l ni vi

Khu vc Quan st

Kho nguyn liu &chun b

- B tr kho

- B mt sn

- Kch thc ht sau nghin

- Bi nguyn liu

Khu nh nu - Cc van hi

- S dng nc

-ng ho p lc, nhit ni nu

- Thu hi nc ngng

- Ni v cch thc t nguyn liu

- Bo n

Khu vc ln men -ng ng mm

- Ha cht ty ra

- Men thi

- S dng nc

- Bo n

Khu vc chit - Nhit s dng thanh trng

- S dng nc thanh trng, v sinh

- S dng ha cht ra chai

- Tc chit chai

- Bia mt mt

Khu vc ph tr - Cc gin tn nhit

- Kch c than

- Thnh phn than trong x

- Nc cp cho ni hi

- Thu hi nhit t khi l ca ni hi- Kho nhin liu

- Kho vt t, ha cht

- Tp kt ph thi

- Khu vc my lnh

- Khu vc ni hi, my nn,

- Khu vc x l nc


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Qun l ni vi km l nguyn nhn sinh ra lng ph nh my sn xut bia.iu thng b b qua v l phn n gin nht, hp dn nht bt ucc bc tip cn SXSH. Trong khi tin hnh nghin cu, nhm SXSH nnch c bit ti cc nh hng do qu trnh qun l mt bng sn xut km.Tip cn nh gi SXSH nh my ca nhm SXSH l bt u bng victhm phn xng sn xut kiu nh vy. Hn na, rt nhiu phng n

SXSH c xc nh l nhng phng n c th thc hin trng thi gianngn, chi ph thp chcn nhng thay i nh v thit b hoc ci thin v duytr bo dng. Vic p dng nhng bin php ny chng minh l mt khiu tt cho cc c gng SXSH ca nh my, khuyn khch nh qun l cngnh cc cn b c gng hn na khi tin hnh nh gi SXSH.

Phiu cng tc s 5. Chi ph nguyn liu u vo

B phn/ nguyn liu n v n gi,

/n v

Lng sdng, nv/nm

Lng sdng, nv/1000 lt bia

Chi ph

/1000 ltbia

Chun b nguyn liu

Malt

Go

ng

Hoa Houblon

Nc

in

Ln men v hon thin

Nc

in

Men

Bt tr lc

CO2Chit chai, chit keg

V chai

V lon

V keg

Nhn

H

in

Ni hi

Than

Nc

H thng lm lnh

inCht ti lnh

H thng cp nc

in

H thng v sinh

Nc

Axit

Xt


42/60


Lu bng trn chbao gm chi ph cho nguyn liu chnh. y l csdngo c hiuqu chng trnh, ng thi cng phn no ch ra t l tng quan gia cc loi nguyn liu.

Bc tranh chi ph sn xut tng th cn c b sung bi chi ph nhn s, nng lng v vnhnh h thng xl mi trng.

4.2 Bc 2: Phn tch cc cng on sn xut

Mcch ca bc ny nhm thuc sthng nht chung ca nhm v:

- Quy trnh sn xut, cc thng s kim sot

- Xcnh cc tn tht quan trng trong dy chuyn sn xut v chi ph tngng

- Xcnh ycc nguyn nhn sinh ra tn tht

4.2.1 Nhim v 3: Chun b s dy chuyn sn xut

Vic chun b s dy chuyn sn xut, hay s cng ngh, l mt bcquan trng trong phn tch nh gi SXSH. S khi ca dy chuyn snxut bao gm cc hnh khi hp mang tn cng on sn xut (theo bn cht

quy trnh, khng theo tn thit b) vi cc dng u vo, u ra, cht thi vpht thi.iu kin sn xut ca cng on no c ghi km trong hp cngon sn xut ca cng on . Mi nguyn liu s dng u nn c trongs ny v nguyn liu s hoc nm li trong sn phm hoc ra theo chtthi. Cc nguyn liu t khi dng cng cn c nu r. C th phi tin hnhtham quan kho st ni sn xut mt vi ln trc khi thng nht c dychuyn sn xut nhm dng s dng cho nh gi sn xut sch hn.

Vi quy m sn xut ln hoc trin khai sn xut sch hn mang tnh thim, dy chuyn sn xut chi tit sc xy dng cho khu vc c chn trin khai. y phi l khu vc gy lng ph ln nht. Cc doanh nghip

sn xut bia c dy chuyn sn xut n gin, quy m khng ln nn vic pdng sn xut sch hn thng c tin hnh trin khai trn ton b dychuyn.

Lu s cng ngh tt nht cn tc ccim sau:

- Cngon sn xutc m t bng hp chnhtgia, bao gm tn quy trnh v iukin vn hnh

- Lit k ycc dngu vo, u ra. Dngu vo ghi bn phi, u ra ghi bn trica hp m t cngon . Vi cc dng lin tc c th dng nt lin, dng gin on cth dng ntt. Nguyn liu chnh ban u (malt, go) c thca vo tpha trn

ca s hoc bn tri nhcc dng nguyn liu khc- Bao gm cc dng tun hon nguyn liu


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Nc

inHi

Nghin

Malt

in Bi (R)Ting n (K)Nghin

Malt Go

ng haH haNc

Lc dch ngNc

Tr lcin

B hm (R)Nc thi (L)

Hi nc (K)Nc ngng (L)

Lng trongin Cn hoa (R)

Nu hoang

Hoa houblonin

Hi

Hi nc (K)Nc ngng (L)

Lm lnhNc lm mt

in Kt ta lnh (R)Nc lm mt (L)

Ln men chnhNhit lnh

CO2 (K)

Men ging

Nhn ging

Ln men phNhit lnh Men (R)Bia (L)

Lc trongin Men (R)Bia (L)

Bo ha CO2CO2in

Bia (L)CO2 (K)

Chit chai Chit kegRa chai

Chai, nc, xt, in

Nc thi (L)Bia (L)Chai v (R)

Thanh trng

Dn nhn

Nhp kho

Ncin

Hi

NhnH

Nc thi (L)Chai v (R)

Nhn rch (R)

in


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Trn y l v dv s cng nghin hnh ti Vit nam. S ny cha xtn cc dngtun hon trong dy chuyn v v sinh thit b, nh xng, cng nhcc thng tin cng nghtrong mi cngon. Vic lit k ydng thinhim vny s h trcho nhim vcnbng vt liu cng nhxcnh chi ph dng thinhim vtip sau.

4.2.2 Nhim v 4: Cn bng vt liu

Cn bng vt liu thc cht l cng c thng k ghi li mt cch nh lngnguyn liu s dng ti mi cng on sn xut. Cn bng vt liu tt ngvai tr quan trng trong nh gi SXSH v nh c thnh lng cc mtmt hoc pht tn cha bit. Cn bng vt liu tt cn h tr vic nh gi lich chi ph ca gii php sn xut sch hn. Nguyn tc c bn ca cnbng vt liu l nguyn liu i vo dy chuyn s phi ra khi dy chuyn snxut mt im no , di mt hnh thc no .

Cn bng vt liu c thc lm di mt trong hai hnh thc sau:

- Cn bng tng th: dng cho tt c cc dng nguyn liu vo dy chuynsn xut. Cn bng c tin hnh qua tng cng on vi s bin ica tt c cc thnh phn tham gia vo dy chuyn sn xut

- Cn bng cu t: chdng cho mt loi nguyn liu hoc cu t c gi tr.Theo di bin i ca cu t ny trn mi cng on

i vi qu trnh sn xut bia, l cng ngh s dng t nguyn liu, cn bngtng th l ph bin hn.

Nn s dng Phiu Cng tc s 6 ghi li cn bng vt liu. C hai cch ghith hin cn bng vt liu: theo bng hoc theo s cng ngh. Khi s dngs cng ngh ghi li cn bng vt liu cn ghi r thnh phn, nng ca tng loi nguyn liu vo, ra. Cn bng vt liu c th da trn o c,ghi chp ca mt ngy, mt thng hoc mt nm sn xut.

Phiu cng tc s 6. Cn bng vt liuC s tnh: chn mt c s l 1 ngy/ 1 thng/ 1 nm

Vt liu u vo Vt liu u ra Dng thiCng onTn S

lngTn S

lngLng Rn Kh

Malt x1 kg Bt malt x2 kg x3 kgNghinGo x4 kg Bt go x5kg x6 kgNcBt maltH haBt gao

Dch choHiNc

DichchoNc

ng ha

Bt malt

Dichng ha

Hinc

NcLc dchng

Dch hm Dchng

B(Phphm)


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Phiu cng tc s 6. Cn bng vt liuC s tnh: chn mt c s l 1 ngy/ 1 thng/ 1 nm

Vt liu u vo Vt liu u ra Dng thiCng onTn S

lngTn S

lngLng Rn Kh

ngHoaNu hoaDch

ng

Dchng

Hinc

Lng, nng Dchng

Dchng

Cn hoa

Lnh nhanh Dchng

Dchng

Kt talnh, uidchngng

MengingLn men

chnh Dchng

Bia non CO2

Ln men ph,tch men

Bia non Bia trclc

Men+bia

Bia trc

lc

Lc trong bia

Bt trlc

Bia sau lc Men+uibiangng

Bt lcthi

CO2 Bia thnhphm

Bia CO2Bo ha CO2

Bia saulcBia thnhphmChit chaiChai,nt, nhn

Bia chaitrong

BiaChai v

Thanh trng Bia chaitrong

Bia sau TT Bia Chai v

Bia chaisau TTDn nhn,

nhp kho Nhn

Bia chaithnhphm

BiaChai v,nhnhng

Lu :

Cn bng vt l iu tti vinh gi sn xut sch hn l cn bng c s liu tin cy v tntht nguyn nhin liui theo dng thi. Cn c trn s liu cn bng v kim chng trong

phn c trng dng thi ta s c s liu v chi ph mt theo dng thi.

Khng c cn bng no l hon thin c. Khi ghp s liu ca tng cngon v s liu tngth ca c dy chuyn s xut hin sai s do tnh chnh xc ca s liu, do tng ca nhiu dngthi nh cha c kn nhbay hi, ri vi.... Mcch ca cn bng vt liu l tm ra ccdng thi lng ph ln nht tp trung gim thiu.

S liu dng trong cn bng vt liu c thc thu thp t: s sch ghi chp hoco c trctip. Cc s liu sdng cn quyi v cng mtn vsn phm. Ringi vi bt phi quyidng kh tuyti trnh m nguyn liu th l khc nhau

S liu dng thi trong cn bng vt liu l tng nht l c km thm thng s v nguyn liuhoc dng bin i mi ca nguyn liu bmt theo dng thi tin cho vic xcnh chi ph

dng thibc tip theo.

Mi dng thi nn cnh s (v dL1, L2, L3 cho dng thi lng, K cho kh v R cho rn) tin cho vic xcnh chi ph cng nhphn tch nguyn nhn tip theo.


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4.2.3 Nhim v 5: Xc nh chi ph ca dng thi

Mi dng thi ra mi trng u mang theo nguyn liu u vo, ng thi cth cn chi ph x l trc khi c php thi vo mi trng. Vic xc nhchi ph dng thi bao gm xc nh c tng hai chi ph ny.

Vic xc nh tn tht nguyn vt liu, bn thnh phm, sn phm c trongdng thi da vo thng tin thu c t cn bng vt liu (phiu cng tc s6) v chi ph nguyn liu (phiu cng tc s 5). Vi cng nghn gin l snxut bia, nguyn liu b mt theo dng nc thi ch yu l nc (trong ncthi), malt, go (dng bi), ha cht ty ra (theo nc thi) v nhn mchng.

bit c nh hng kinh t ca mt dng thi cn xc nh cc chi phcho dng thi nh quy nhng mt mt do cht thi thnh tin. Nu nhn ngin mt dng thi th khng thnh lng c chi ph ca n tr khi mtmt cc nguyn liu th v sn phm trc tip. Nu phn tch su dng thi

c th chra chi ph trc tip hoc gin tip ca cc thnh phn kt hp trongdng thi.

Chi ph x l mi trng chc xc nh khi c b sung kt qu phn tchthng s mi trng ca cc dng thi ring bit. Lng thi c xc nhtrong cn bng vt liu (phiu cng tc s 6).

Phiu cng tc s 7 tm tt cc dng thi c xc nh t cn bng vt liui vi mi cng on.

in phiu cng tc s 7: Tn dng thi l cc dng c xc nh trong s cng ngh(v d bi, nc thi, b hm). m t thnh phn, dng v lng trong dng thi cn xc

nh t cn bng vt liu. V d dng thi bi t khu nghin bao gm vn malt dng cm,lng xx kg/n v v bi t c xc nh trong cn bng vt liu (m, ngy, nm). Hinnhin, c cc con s ny trong phiu cng tc s 6, cn phi o c hoc tnh ton.

Cc phiu cng tc s 7(A-C) c thc s dng thu thp thng tin vc tnh mi trng ca dng thi.

Phiu cng tc s 7. c tnh dng thi

C s tnh: chn mt c s l 1 ngy/ 1 thng/ 1 nm

Cng on Tn dng thi Thnh phn Dng LngNghin

H ha

ng ha


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Phiu cng tc s 7. c tnh dng thi


Cng on Tn dng thi Thnh phn Dng Lng

Lc dch ng

Nu hoa

Lng, nng

Lnh nhanh

Ln men chnh

Ln men ph,tch men

Lc trong bia

Bo ha CO2

Chit chai

Thanh trng

Dn nhn, nhpkho

V d: Nc thi tlc dch ng l mt dng thi, khng chn thun c thnh phn l nc

m c cc thnh phn c gi trkhc nhdch ng mt theo, b hm. Lng ca cc thnhphn nyc xcnh trong cn bng vt liu.

Phiu cng tc s 7A. c tnh dng thi lng

Cng on Lngthi,

m3/ngy

BOD,kg/ngy

COD,kg/ngy

TSS,kg/ngy

TS,kg/ngy

Nhit ,oC

Nu

Ln men

Lc

Chit chai


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Phiu cng tc s 7B: c trng kh thi

NgunCht rn l

lng

kg/ngy

SO2

kg/ngy

NOx

kg/ngy

CO2

kg/ngy

NH3

kg/ngy

Nhit

L hi

Khu vc lnmen

Khu vcmy lnh

Phiu cng tc s 7C: c trng cht thi rn

Ngun Nguy him Khng nguy him

Loi Lng (kg/ngy) Lng (kg/ngy)

Khu vc nghin

Khu vc nu

Khu vc ln men

Khu vc lc bia

Khu vc chit chai

Khu vc kho

Khu vc l hi

Phiu cng tc s 8 tng hp chi ph dng thi. Chi ph dng thi c tnhbng tng chi ph nguyn liu mt mt (nh r trong phiu cng tc s 7) vchi ph x l dng thi (Phiu cng tc s 7A-7C).

Phiu cng tc s 8. Chi ph dng thi


Malt, go Nc Ha cht X l mitrng

Cng on

Lng Tin Lng Tin Lng Tin Lng Tin

TNG

Nghin

H ha

ng ha

Lc dchng


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Nu hoa

Lng, nng

Lnh nhanh

Ln men

chnhLn menph, tchmen

Lc trongbia

Bo haCO2

Chit chai

Thanh trng

Dn nhn,nhp kho

V d: xcnh chi ph ca dng thi t lc dch ng, cn xcnh chi ph do nguyn liuban u mti theo dng thi (phn khng chuyn xung cngon tip theo) d didng ny hay dng khc cng chi ph x l dng thi. B hm chnh l malt v go khngc chuyn vo dch ng nn n gi ca thnh phn ny vn c tnh nhn gi muamalt, go. Vic p dngn gi theo nguyn tc ny s l cng bngi vi tt c cc cng

on.

Lu :

- Chi ph dng thi xcnh trn cha tnh n chi ph nng lng. Cn lm cn bngnng lng hoc cn bng tn tht nng lng xcnh chi phyca ton nhmy.

- Vic xcnh chi ph dng thi nhm chra tng quan tn tht gia cc dng thi tptrung tm kim gii php, ng thi cho thy tim nngu t thc hin sn xut sch

hn. V d khi xc nh c tng chi ph ca dng thi lng trong ln men l 1 triung/ngy, vi 300 ngy lm vic/nm, cng ty c th sn sngu tgii php 300 triu

ng c th gim dng thi ny xung cn mt na. Thi gian hon vn gin n chogii php , nu kh thi v mt k thut, s chl 1 nm. Cc gii php sn xut sch hnkhng cn chn thun l cc gii php khng tn hoc tn chi ph thp. Tuy nhin ccgii php sn xut sch hn vn l nhng gii php c thi gian hon vn ngn.

4.2.4 Nhim v 6: Xc nh cc nguyn nhn ca dng thi

C nhiu cch thc hin nhim v ny mt cch c h thng thng quavic r sot cc phm vi lin quan n dng thi mt cch h thng. iu cnch l lun chghi li nguyn nhn nh thc t vn hnh hin ti t quanst, o c m khng mang tnh chtrch hoc ph bnh.


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Nguyn nhn ca dng thi c xc nh mt cch c h thng v y nht khi s dng phng php tho lun nhm v biu Ishikawa (hay cngi l biu xng c). Biu Ishikawa l mt trong by loi biu kimsot cht lng, c coi l cng c ph bin nht thc hin phn tchnhn-qu. xy dng biu ny cn dng phng php xem xt 4M1E,bao gm con ngi (man), phng php thc hin (method), nguyn liu

(material), my mc (machine) v mi trng (environment).

Cng c th xc nh nguyn nhn dng thi da trn cc cu hi c bn sau:bn cht ca cng on l g (vy dng thi sinh ra c phi p ngmc ch ca cng on khng), ti sao sinh ra nhiu nh th (c phi donh hng ca cng on trc hay do cng on ny dng lng ph), v cth lm g c vi dng thi ny (c thc hin tun hon ti s dng ckhng).

D thc hin theo cch ny hay cch khc, cn tin hnh phn tch nguynnhn cho mi dng thi theo cng mt h thng, v truy n tn nguyn nhn

cui cng bng cch t cu hi ti sao.

Lu : cch r sot nguyn nhn ynht l theo dng thi cnh sphiu cngtc 9. Mi mt dng thi s c th c mt hoc mt vi nguyn nhn tngng. Cc nguynnhn ny cng scnh s th t theo s th tca dng thi. Trong mt s trng hpcn nh gi nhanh, nguyn nhn c xcnh theo nguyn liu tiu th chnh (nhin,nc... tiu thcao). Khng khuyn co xcnh nguyn nhn theo cngon m khng bmtheo dng thi v s khngm bo xem xt htc cc nguyn nhn tim nng.

Vica ra cc nguyn nhn cng chi tit th cc gii php c xut cng phong ph.

Phiu cng tc s 9 c thc dng ghi li cc nguyn nhn ca dngthi.

Phiu cng tc s 9. Phn tch nguyn nhn dng thi

Dng this

Cng on Nguyn nhn Ch quan Khch quan

1 1.1.

2 2.1

V dv Phn tch nguyn nhn dng thi ti Cng ty C phn Bia H ni Hng h

Dng thi s Cngon Nguyn nhn Chquan Khch

quan1-Tn tht bt

go v malt

Bo qun 1.1. Chut v cc loi cn trng

n

2- Bi go v

malt

Nghin 2.1. Cha c h thng ht lc bi

3. Dch ngtheo cn hoatrong

Lng trong 3.1. Dch ng b lng ln vocn hoa do cng ngh


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4. Mt bia Ln menph

4.1. Bia ln vo men sa khi rtmen diy thng

5. Mt bia Lc trong 5.1. Bia ln vo nc khi ui

nc vo u chu trnh v uibia vo cui chu trnh

5.2. Bia mt khi x l my lc khi

my b

6. Mt bia Bo haCO2

6.1. Qu p lm tro bia theong x p

7. Mt bia Chit bom 7.1. Chit bia thcng nn khngm bo cn bng p sut

7.2. K nng v thao tc ca

cng nhn khi chit bom

7.3.Np bom bx h

7.4. Th tch bom ln hn danhngha

Nhn xt:1. Bng trn chlit k dng thi chnh m b qua rt nhiu dng thi t c gi trhn2. Phn ln cc nguyn nhn a ra mang tnh quan st, khng mang tnh ch trch. Nn cthm s liu cth v dnh7.4. th tch bom ln hn danh ngha vy ln hn n mc no3. Mc phn tch nguyn nhn c th khai thc thm nhiu gc bng cch t cu hiti sao. V dkhi c nguyn nhn 1.1. Chut v cn trngn, c th khai thc tip ti sao chng

n? C phi do con ngi, do vt liu, do nh xng, cch thc lu kho hay do thi tit (4M1E).

Vi nguyn nhn chutn, cha th xcnh c do chquan hay khch quan.

4.3 Bc 3: ra cc c hi SXSH

Mcch ca bc ny nhm thucng gp kin v:

- Cc chi sn xut sch hn

- Phn loi sb cc chi theo kh nng thc hin

- Trin khai cc chi c th lm ngay

4.3.1 Nhim v 7: xut cc c hi SXSH

Cc c hi SXSH khng nht thit phi l gii php SXSH. Vic xc nh y nguyn nhn gc r sinh ra cc dng thi (phiu cng tc s 9) cng vivic xc nh chi ph dng thi (phiu cng tc s 8) l c s xut ccc hi SXSH.

Cn c tho lun nhm SXSH nhim v ny. Cng c th mi thm ccchuyn gia bn ngoi tham gia kin. c th l cc chuyn gia v tinhbt hoc v sn xut sch hn. Ti nhim v ny, cn tip nhn tt c cc tng xut v coi l c hi sn xut sch hn m cha xt n tnh khthi ca chng.

Phiu cng tc s 10 ghi li cc c hi do nhm xut. Vi mi nguynnhn c xc nh phiu cng tc s 9 c th khng c, c mt hoc


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nhiu c hi. Cc c hi nn c tip tc nh s theo s ca nguynnhn/ dng thi tng ng.

Phiu cng tc s 10. Cc c hi SXSH

Cng on C hi QLNV NL QT TB CN TH SP

Nghin 1.1.1

1.1.2

TNG

Ghi ch: QLNV: Qun l ni vi, NL: thayi nguyn liu, QT: Ci tin qu trnh, TB: ci tin thit b,CN: thayi cng ngh, TH: tun hon, ti sdng, SP: ci tin sn phm

V dv chi sn xut sch hn ca Cng ty C phn bia H ni-Hng H

TT Dng thi/vn

Nguyn nhn Gii php SXSH

1 Bt go v maltmt trong khubo qun

1.1. Chut v cntrngn

1.1.1. Gia c kho chng chut

1.1.2. Sdng cc bin php dit chut

1.1.3. u tsi l

2 Bt go v maltmt trong khunghin

2.1. Cha c hthng ht lc bi

2.1.1. Lp h thng ht, lc bi, thu hi bt

3 Dch ngmt trong khulng nng

3.1. Dch ng bxb theo cn nng vonc thi

3.1.1. Gim lng dch mt bng cch tngcng kh nng lng ca dch bng cch sdng cht trlng

3.1.2. Thu hi dch cn a v ni lc

3.1.3. u tmy ly tm dch lng nng

4 Mt bia trtong

dch ln men

4.1. Bia ln vo men

sa khi rt, x men y tank

4.1.1. Tng cng kh nng kt lng ca nm

men khi kt thc ln men: chn chng ging ;la chn quy trnh cng ngh tiu

4.1.2. u th thng rt men ng p

4.1.3. Ly tm men sau khi rt

5.1. Bia ln vo nckhi ui nc uchu trnh v ui biacui chu trnh

5.1.1. S dng bnh trung gian cha bia lnnc phi trong sut qu trnh lc

5.1.2. p dng cng ngh ln men nng cao tng vic s dng nc ln bia trong qutrnh lc

5 Mt bia trongkhu lc

5.2. Mt bia do khutho ra my mi lnmy b

5.2.1. Tng cng kh nng lc ca dch biabng cc gii php cng ngh: la chn chngging, sdng cht tr lng trong qu trnh lnmen; cp lnh cho bia trc khi lc

5.2.2. u tthit b lc ph hp

6 Mt biatrongkhu bo

ha CO2

6.1. Do qu p lmbia tro theo ng

x p

6.1.1. u t h thng n p CO2 trn ngng

6.1.2. Thu hi v ti sdng bia tro

7.1 CO2 trong bia qunhiu, nhit cao

7.1.1. Kim sot nng CO2 v nhit cabia trc khi bo ha CO2

7 Mt bia trongkhu chit bom

7.2. Thit b chit

cha m bo

7.2.1. Ci to hocu tthit bchit


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Nhn xt: Vic phn tch nguyn nhn cng su th kh nng thuc cng nhiu tng vchi sn xut sch hn. Nhim vxcnh chi ph dng thi trn cho thy tng quan gia

cc dng thi tp trung phn tch vo dng thi c chi ph ln.

Lu : trong cc bo co nh gi sn xut sch hn, phn nguyn nhn v c hi SXSHthngc trnh by trong cng mt bng. Phn phn loi cc chi cng nhkh nng thchin c trnh by trong bng khc. Ni dung ca phng php lun l nhnhau, ch khc

bitcch trnh by.

4.3.2 Nhim v 8: La chn cc c hi c th thc hin c

Ngay sau khi c danh mc cc c hi SXSH, nhm sn xut sch s phnloi s b cc c hi theo hng mc c th thc hin ngay, cn nghincu tip hoc loi b. Chcn thc hin nghin cu kh thi vi nhm c hicn nghin cu tip. Vi cc c hi b loi, cn nu l do. Phiu cng tc s11 ghi li kt qu ca vic phn loi ny.

Phiu cng tc s 11. Sng lc cc c hi SXSH

C hi Thc hin ngay Nghin cu tip Loi b

1.1.1

1.1.2

TNG

V d v sng lc cc chi sn xut sch hn ca Cng ty C phn bia H ni-Hng H

TT Cc gii php Thc hinngay G 1

Thc hinG 2

Cn phntch thm

Bloi b L do

1.1.1. Bt cc l h chng

chut

X

1.1.2. Cc bin php ditchut

X

1.1.3. u tsi l X

2.1.1. Lp h thng ht bithu hi bt go, malt

X

Lu : cn bm theo s th tca cc chi c xy dng theo di trong sut qu

trnh trin khai.

4.4 Bc 4: Chn la cc gii php SXSH

Mcch ca bc ny nhm xp thtu tin thc hin cc gii php SXSH da trn:- Tnh kh thi v mt k thut

- Tnh kh thi v kinh t

- Tnh tch cc v mi trng

Cc gii php SXSH khng chn thun l kh thi v mt k thut, kinh t,m cn cn mang li li ch v mt mi trng.


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4.4.2 Nhim v 10: Phn tch tnh kh thi v mt kinh t

Tnh kh thi v mt kinh t l mt thng s quan trng i vi ngi qun l quyt nh chp nhn hay loi b gii php SXSH. Phn tch tnh kh thi vmt kinh t c thc thc hin bng cc thng

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