Chuong 1: sản xuất sạch hơn

Giao trnh SAN XUT SACH HN

Nguyn nh Hun = 2 = HBKN



I ti sao phi SXSH: Chng ta bit rng, bt c mt qu trnh sn xut no cng khng th t

c hiu sut 100%. iu c ngha l / c ci g mt i vo mi trng v khng th chuyn ho thnh sn phm hu ch c. "Ci g " y l tht thot nguyn, nhin liu,... trong qu trnh sn xut.

Tht thot y gi chung l cht thi, v chnh n tr thnh trch nhim php l ca c s sn xut.

T l % lng cht thi pht sinh thng rt cao, nhng rt t ngnh cng nghip nhn ra iu .

V d 1: Tiu th nc ca ngnh Si dt Minh Khai H ni:



V d 2: Nh my nhit in:

Hiu sut nh my nhit in hin i ch t hiu sut 40%, trung bnh ch t khong 33%. Nh vy s dng ht 3 n v nng lng nhit th ch c 1 n v nng lng bin thnh in nng, cn 2 n v nhit s tr thnh ngun nhim cho MT xung quanh.

V d 3: Sn xut gch nung:

Qu trnh sn xut c th hin theo s sau:

V d 4: Sn xut giy:



Vy: y ny sinh ra 2 vn :

- i vi doanh nghip: b tht thot nguyn liu u vo, phi tr tin chi ph x l cht thi nh hng n vn kinh t.

- i vi x hi: phi tip nhn cht nhim nh hng n cht lng mi trng sng.

Trong thc t sn xut, vic ti u ho chi ph cho qu trnh sn xut ch tp trung vo nng sut v thng b qua kh nng pht sinh cht thi. Bi v mc tiu hng ti ca cc nh sn xut l lm th no to ra nng sut cao mc d c th tiu th nhiu nguyn liu th v nhin liu; iu dn ti gia tng cht thi v nh hng n mi trng.

Chnh ph c nhim v bo v mi trng cho ngi dn gy sc p i vi doanh nghip cn hn ch ti a cht thi nhim ra mi trng.

m bo cht lng mi trng, tu theo giai on pht trin m / din ra nhng cch thc thc hin khc nhau:

Trc nm 50, cht thi ra con ngi trng ch vo kh nng t lm sch ca thin nhin.

Nhng nm 60, / c mt s bin php gim thiu tc hi ca cht nhim i vi sc kho con ngi:

- Nng chiu cao ng khi. - Pha lo/ng nc thi. - a cht thi ra ngoi phm vi sinh sng ca con ngi.

Nhng nm 70: tip cn vi cc gii php x l cht thi, nh: xy dng cc nh nh my x l nc thi, thit b lc bi, kh c, chn lp cht thi an ton,...

Vi cch gii quyt ny ch c thc hin sau khi cht thi / sinh ra v c gi l gii php cui ng ng (EOP: End Of Pipe) cho cht thi i qua h thng x l trc khi thi ra mi trng.

Cch tip cn ny khng trit v thc cht qua h thng x l cht thi chuyn t dng nhim ny sang dng nhim khc. Ngoi ra, cch tip cn ny cn chi ph kh ln, song li khng sinh li, khng hy vng thu hi c c hai kha cnh kinh t v MT, nn cc doanh nghip khng mun thc hin.

T nhng nm 80 n nay: tip cn phng nga nhim, gim thiu cht thi ra i tip cn mang tnh ch ng.

Cc thut ng th hin tip cn ny:

- Sn xut sch hn (1985). - Phng nga nhim. - Gim thiu cht thi.



- Nng sut xanh. - Hiu sut sinh thi.

Nh vy, trc y coi qu trnh cng ngh l mt hp en v ch n cht thi sau khi / to ra; gii quyt vn cht thi, cc doanh nghip ch c gii php quen thuc l x l cui ng ng.

Di sc p ca x/ hi v chnh ph lc ny cc ngnh cng nghip mi nhn ra s cn thit phi xem xt li dy chuyn sn xut (tc hp en) v t xut hin gii php ch ng ngn nga gim thiu cht thi ngay ti ni pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut. chnh l l do ti sao phi SXSH.

II - Sn xut sch hn l g? Mc tiu ca SXSH l trnh nhim bng cch s dng ti nguyn,

nguyn vt liu v nng lng mt cch c hiu qu nht. iu ny c ngha l thay v b thi b s c thm mt t l nguyn vt liu na c chuyn vo thnh phm. t c iu ny cn phi phn tch mt cch chi tit v h thng trnh t vn hnh cng nh thit b sn xut hay yu cu mt nh gi v SXSH.

Tm li: mc tiu ca SXSH l:



1 1 1 1 ---- Cc khi nim v SXSH: Cc khi nim v SXSH: Cc khi nim v SXSH: Cc khi nim v SXSH: To ra cc sn phm khng gy c hi i vi MT.

Hp l v mt sinh thi, a cht lng cuc sng ph hp vi kh nng ti c ca Tri t qua vic gim tc ng ti MT sinh thi v s qu ti v s dng ti nguyn trong sut vng i ca sn phm.

Mc thi hoc pht thi bng 0, ngha l s dng cc nguyn liu, cc qu trnh sao cho lm gim hoc loi tr pht sinh cht thi.

S dng cng ngh hoc thit b t to ra cht thi hn cc cng ngh hoc thit b truyn thng.

Theo ti liu "T cht thi ti nhng li nhun" ca Hi ng Quc gia v nng sut - n , th:

Sn xut sch l mt cch ngh mi v c tnh sng to trong t duy v sn phm v qu trnh sn xut to ra sn phm. SXSH t c thng qua vic p dng lin tc nhng chin lc nhm gim thiu pht sinh ra cht thi v pht thi.

Theo nh ngha ca Chng trnh Mi trng Lin hip quc (UNEP):

Sn xut sch hn l vic p dng lin tc mt chin lc tng hp phng nga v mi trng i vi qu trnh sn xut, sn phm v dch v nhm nng cao hiu sut kinh t v gim ri ro cho con ngi v mi trng.

Tm tt nh ngha SXSH:

2 2 2 2 ---- SXSH i vi cc qu trnh: SXSH i vi cc qu trnh: SXSH i vi cc qu trnh: SXSH i vi cc qu trnh: - i vi qu trnh sn xut:

Gim tiu th nguyn liu v nng lng cho mt n v sn phm.

Loi b ti a cc vt liu c hi.



Gim lng v c tnh ca tt c cc dng thi trc khi chng ra khi qu trnh sn xut.

- i vi sn phm: SXSH l gim tc ng tiu cc trong chu trnh sng (vng i) ca sn phm, tnh t khi khai thc nguyn liu n khi thi b cui cng.

- i vi dch v: SXSH l gim cc tc ng ti mi trng ca dch v cung cp trong sut vng i ca sn phm t thit k v s dng h thng dch v n tiu th ton b ngun hng dch v.

3 3 3 3 ---- yu cu ch yu ca SXSH: yu cu ch yu ca SXSH: yu cu ch yu ca SXSH: yu cu ch yu ca SXSH:

p dng kin thc cng ngh (tip cn c h thng b quyt cng ngh).

Thay i thi , cch nhn.

Ci tin tng bc cng ngh hin c.

Thay i hng ti cc cng ngh mi tt v sch hn.

4 4 4 4 ---- Li ch ca SXSH: Li ch ca SXSH: Li ch ca SXSH: Li ch ca SXSH:

Hai li ch chnh:

- Gim cht thi ng ngha vi gim nhim mi trng c li v mt mi trng.

- Gim cht thi ng ngha vi gim nguyn liu th u vo hoc tng sn phm u ra c li v mt kinh t.

Cc v d minh ho li ch sxsh:Cc v d minh ho li ch sxsh:Cc v d minh ho li ch sxsh:Cc v d minh ho li ch sxsh:

V d 1: Mt cng ty dt / gim c lng thuc nhum, nc, nng lng s dng v lng nc thi thng qua vic ti s dng b nhum cui ca mt vng tun hon chun b cho vng tip theo. Chi ph u t l $15.000, tit kim hng nm l $100.000, thi hn hon vn ch c 2 thng.



V d 2: Trong nh my bia, mt t hp gm 8 qu trnh c thay i / lm gim tng lng COD v gim khong 19% lng cht thi rn. Tit kim ch tnh ring i vi dng thi / l $96.000 mi nm.

V d 3: Nh my giy Vnh Kh l mt trong nhng c s sn xut giy ca Vit nam tham gia trnh din p dng SXSH. Trc khi p dng SXSH b phn l hi cn 390 - 400 lt du FO/tn giy v lng nc thi cn x l l 4.800 m3/ngy. Hin nay sau khi p dng SXSH lng nc thi ch cn 2.500 m3/ngy.

V d 4: Nh my giy Vit Tr u t 200 triu thc hin SXSH, sau 2 nm / thu li li nhun hn 2 t ng.

a/ Nhng li ch trc tip khi p dng SXSH:

V kinh t, nh nng cao hiu qu bo ton c nguyn liu th v nng lng, gim chi ph x l cui ng ng, ci thin c mi trng bn trong v bn ngoi cng ty. C th l:

- Nng cao hiu qu do p dng SXSH dn n hiu qu sn xut tt hn, ngha l c nhiu sn phm c sn xut ra hn trn mt n v u vo ca nguyn liu th.

- Bo ton nguyn liu th v nng lng: do gim tiu th nguyn liu th v nng lng nn gim c chi ph u vo; ng thi cng gim c chi ph x l. y l yu t cc doanh nghip c bit quan tm v ngun ti nguyn ngy cng cn kit, gi c th tng cao.

- Ci thin mi trng bn ngoi: thc hin SXSH s gim c lng v mc c hi ca cht thi nn m bo cht lng mi trng, ng thi gim nhu cu lp t vn hnh thit b x l cui ng ng.

- Ci thin mi trng bn trong (mi trng lm vic): iu kin mi trng lm vic ca ngi lao ng c ci thin do cng ngh sn xut t r r cht thi hn; qun l ni vi tt nn mi trng lm vic sch s v trong lnh hn, t pht sinh ra tai nn lao ng, gim ng k cc bnh ngh nghip,...

- Thu hi nhiu ph liu v ph phm.

- Tun th cc qui nh lut php tt hn.

- Cc c hi th trng mi & hp dn.

b/ Nhng li th v li ch gin tip khi p dng SXSH:

- Tip cn d dng vi cc ngun ti chnh: do SXSH to ra hnh nh mi trng c tnh tch cc cho ng ty i vi pha cho vay vn, do s tip cn tt hn vi ngun ti chnh.

- Tun th tt hn cc qui nh v mi trng: do SXSH gip x l cc dng thi d dng, n gin v r hn nn tun th c cc tiu chun x thi.



- Cc c hi th trng mi v tt hn: do nhn thc ca ngi tiu dng v mi trng ngy cng tng nn i hi cc doanh nghip phi th hin c s thn thin vi mi trng trong cc sn phm v qu trnh sn xut ca h. Cc doanh nghip thc hin SXSH s p ng cc tiu chun v mi trng nh ISO14000, hoc yu cu ca th trng nh nh/n sinh thi.

- Hnh nh tt hn vi cng ng: SXSH to ra hnh nh xanh cho doanh nghip, s c x/ hi v cc c quan hu quan chp nhn. Trnh cc bo co truyn thng bt li c th hu hoi danh ting / to dng trong nhiu nm ca cng ty.

p dng chin lc SXSH s gip cng ty c c sc mnh cnh tranh trn th trng:

S khc nhau gia 2 cch tip cn:

5 5 5 5 ---- TTTTr ngi i vi SXSH:r ngi i vi SXSH:r ngi i vi SXSH:r ngi i vi SXSH: C s phn i nhng sng kin v tip cn mi do nhn vin khng c o to chnh qui. Cc d n trnh din l rt cn thit chng minh rng SXSH c th p dng c trong cng ty mnh.



Thiu ngun ti chnh, nhn thc o to, chuyn mn v cng ngh, thng tin v tip cn vi nhng kin thc hin c.

C s bt trc v tnh ng n ca thng tin, cng ngh hay cc qui nh.

Cc chnh sch ca Chnh ph tp trung vo gim cht nhim / khng khuyn khch cho cc gii php gim nhim v to ra s khch l v thu i vi vic u t cho cc cng ngh x l cui ng ng.

a/ Tr ngi v kinh t:

Nhng khon u t cho SXSH khng l/i bng mt s c hi u t khc.

Non nt trong hot ng tnh ton chi ph ni ti v phn b chi ph ca cng ty.

Yu km trong vic lp k hoch chi tiu vn ni ti v th tc phn b vn ca cng ty.

b/ Tr ngi v chnh sch: (pha nh nc)

Cha ch trng y n SXSH trong pht trin chin lc mi trng, cng ngh, thng mi v cng nghip.

Thiu chn chn trong khung chnh sch mi trng (bao gm c vic thiu tnh cng ch,...)

c/ Tr ngi v t chc:

Thiu vai tr l/nh o i vi cc vn v mi trng.

Khng c s khuyn khch cho cc nh qun l h n lc trong vic thc hin SXSH.

S non nt ca chc nng qun l mi trng trong hot ng ca cng ty.

Thiu ht trong c cu t chc v h thng qun l v thng tin ca cng ty.

Thiu s tham gia ca cc nhn vin trc tip sn xut trong hot ng SXSH.

d/ Tr ngi v k thut:

Thiu c s vn hnh hiu qu cc k hoch / c thit lp.

Phc tp ca qu trnh SXSH. V d: cn phi thc hin nh gi tng th xc nh c hi SXSH ph hp).

Kh nng s dng hn ch i vi cc thit b h tr cho SXSH. V d: s dng cc thit b o c c cht lng cao cho qu trnh qui m nh,...

Kh nng tip cn hn ch i vi nhng thng tin k thut ng tin cy vi nhu cu v kh nng ng dng ca cng ty.

e/ Tr ngi v nhn thc:

Thiu quan tm nhm nng cao nhn thc lin quan n vai tr c nhn trong ng gp ci thin mi trng.



Hiu cha r khi nim SXSH.

Tnh bo th.

6 6 6 6 ---- Phn bit SXSH: Phn bit SXSH: Phn bit SXSH: Phn bit SXSH: Nhng g khng phi l SXSH?

- S dng cc h thng kim sot nhim cui ng ng truyn thng x l cht thi theo cc quy nh v gii hn cho php.

- Cc bin php k thut x l cht thi.

Nhng g ph hp vi khi nim SXSH?

- Vn hnh hiu qu mt trm x l bn ngoi quy trnh cng ngh.

Nhng g cng c th l SXSH?

- Ti sinh bn ngoi v nguyn tc khng phi l mt b phn cu thnh nn SXSH v chng khng tp trung vo nguyn tc ch ng phng nga. Tuy nhin nguyn tc c th p dng cho SXSH.

7 7 7 7 ---- p dng sxsh vo cng nghip: p dng sxsh vo cng nghip: p dng sxsh vo cng nghip: p dng sxsh vo cng nghip: Cp qun l cn phi cam kt v nhit tnh i vi SXSH.

Cn phi theo ui mt tip cn tng hp v mang tnh h thng.

Cn c s tham gia ca cng nhn v ngi lao ng tt c cc cp t chc ca c s th mi t c kt qu tt.

Ch khuyn khch thng pht.

Cn phi t chc o to ni b cho cng nhn, nhn vin gim st v cp qun l xc nh c cc c hi v thc hin SXSH.

III - pht trin bn vng & SXSH Pht trin bn vng (PTBV) l s pht trin nhm p ng nhng nhu cu

ca cuc sng hin ti m khng lm tn hi n nhng nhu cu cho th h mai sau.

V mt mi trng:

- Gii hn v mi trng i vi s pht trin ca con ngi l kh nng cung cp ti nguyn v cha ng rc thi ca mi trng l c hn.

- Cht lng mi trng nh hng trc tip n sc kho ca con ngi v thin nhin.

V mt kinh t:



- S tng trng l iu kin tt yu p ng nhu cu cuc sng ca con ngi.

V mt x/ hi :

- S pht trin bao gm nng cao i sng vt cht v tinh thn.

Quan h gia SXSH vi PTBV: SXSH l cng c thc hin pht trin bn vng.

IV - h thng qun l mi trng EMS / ISO14000 & SXSH ISO: International Standard Organization.

ISO14000 l tp hp cc tiu chun qun l mi trng quc t.

EMS : Enviromental Management System.

Tiu chun ISO14000 ch mang tnh cht khuyn khch, t nguyn p dng ch khng phi l bt buc, th hin trch nhim ca cng ty i vi vn mi trng.

H thng ny cung cp mt tip cn c t chc trong vic lp k hoch v thc hin cc bin php bo v mi trng. pht trin mt h thng qun l mi trng, cn phi nh gi c cc tc ng mi trng, xc nh c cc mc tiu gim cc tc ng tiu cc v lp k hoch t c nhng mc tiu ny. Cc li ch ca h thng qun l mi trng:

Gim thiu cc ri ro hay trch nhim v mi trng; S dng c hiu qu ti a cc ti nguyn; Gim cc cht thi; To ra hnh nh hp tc tt; Xy dng cac mi quan tm v mi trng cho nhn vin;



Hiu r cc tc ng mi trng ca hot ng kinh doanh; Tng li nhun v ci thin hin trng mi trng thng qua hot ng c

hiu qu hn.

1 1 1 1 ---- Cu trc ISO 14000: Cu trc ISO 14000: Cu trc ISO 14000: Cu trc ISO 14000: Bt u c tin hnh xy dng vo thng 6/1993, c tin hnh

Toronto (Canada).

ISO 14001-14009: Cc tiu chun v h thng qun l mi trng (EMS - Enviromental Management System).

ISO 14010-14019: Cc tiu chun v kim tra mi trng (EA - Enviromental Auditing).

ISO 14020-14029: Cc tiu chun v nh/n mi trng (EL - Enviromental Labeling).

ISO 14030-14039: Cc tiu chun v nh gi thc thi mi trng (EPE - Enviromental Performance Evaluation).

ISO 14040-14049: Cc tiu chun v nh gi chu trnh sng (LCA - Life Cycle Assessment).

ISO 14050-14059: Cc tiu chun v phm tr, nh ngha.

2 2 2 2 ---- chu trnh ci thin lin tc ISO14000: chu trnh ci thin lin tc ISO14000: chu trnh ci thin lin tc ISO14000: chu trnh ci thin lin tc ISO14000:



a/ Chnh sch mi trng:

b/ Lp k hoch:

Kha cnh mi trng:

Xc nh cc kha cnh mi trng m cng ty c th kim sot.

Xc nh kha cnh c th gy ra tc ng n mi trng .

Cn nhc cc kha cnh quan trng khi thit lp.

Duy tr cp nht cc thng tin.

Thit lp mt th tc thc hin.

Yu cu v lut php &Yu cu khc :

Danh mc cc yu cu c th p dng (gii hn kh thi, nc thi,...).

Thng bo cho l/nh o v nhn vin v yu cu php lut c lin quan.

Lp k hoch tun th php lut.

Mc tiu & ch tiu :

Mc tiu v ch tiu phi da trn:

Yu cu v lut php v cc yu cu khc.

Cc kha cnh mi trng quan trng.

Cc phng n cng ngh, cc yu cu v ti chnh, vn hnh v kinh doanh.

Cn nhc ti kin ca cc bn lin quan.

Chng trnh qun l mi trng:

Chng trnh qun l mi trng nhm t c cc mc tiu v ch tiu, gm:



- nh r trch nhim cho cc b phn chc nng, cc cp.

- Bin php v khung thi gian.

Phng thc lng ghp cc d n mi hoc thay i trong kinh doanh.

Bng chng v vic tun th.

3 3 3 3 ---- quan h gia ISO 14000 vi sxsh: quan h gia ISO 14000 vi sxsh: quan h gia ISO 14000 vi sxsh: quan h gia ISO 14000 vi sxsh: SXSH l cng c h tr thc hin tt h thng qun l mi trng.

Thc hin tt SXSH s c c hi nhn c chng ch ISO14000.

ISO14000 h tr cung cp c s d liu thc hin SXSH.

Cng nh sn xut sch hn v hiu sut sinh thi, mt h thng qun l mi trng c th l mt cng c c lc cho mt t chc ci thin hin trng mi trng, ng thi nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh. Vic thc hin mt h thng qun l mi trng to ra nhng c hi l tng thc hin sn xut sch hn, tng t sn xut sch hn s l cng c t chc c th ci thin hin trng kinh t v mi trng ca mnh. Nh vy sn xut sch hn l mt trong nhng ni dung c quan tm nht trong phn mc ch cn t c ca h thng qun l mi trng.

V - chu trnh sng - nh gi vng i sn phm (LCA) & SXSH

LCA: Life Cycle Assessment.

1 1 1 1 ---- khi nim & nh ngha: khi nim & nh ngha: khi nim & nh ngha: khi nim & nh ngha: Khi nim: LCA l mt thut ng ch mt cng c c tnh phng

php lun nhm gn cht nhng nguyn tc ca mi trng vi hot ng ca doanh nghip.

c im: LCA tnh ton cc dng vt cht v nng lng u vo v u ra ca mt h thng da trn nguyn tc xem xt ton b chu trnh sng ca n v nh gi theo tiu ch mi trng.

y l mt phng php mang tnh nh lng nh gi nhng tc ng ca con ngi i vi mi trng, nhm cung cp thng tin v cc tc ng mi trng ca cc sn phm v cc qu trnh sn xut.

Theo nh ngha UNEP: LCA l cng c nh gi tc ng cho mt sn phm gy ra i vi mi trng trong sut vng i ca n t khai thc ch bin nguyn liu sn xut ng gi tiu th th trng s dng ti s dng bo dng thi b cui cng.



Theo SFTAC (cc ha cht v bo v mi trng): LCA l phng php khch quan nh gi cc gnh nng mi trng lin quan n sn phm. Quy trnh hay hot ng bng cch nhn dng hay nh lng cc loi nng lng, nguyn vt liu s dng v cc loi tc hi. Sau tin hnh nh gi tc ng ca chng v a ra cc c hi nhm ci thin mi trng.

Theo EPA (M): LCA l cng c nh gi cc h qu ca mi trng ca mt sn phm v cc hot ng xuyn sut ton b vng i ca n.

2 2 2 2 ---- phngphngphngphng ph ph ph php lun ca lca:p lun ca lca:p lun ca lca:p lun ca lca: Xc nh phm vi v mc tiu

Phn tch kim k

Phn tch cc tc ng mi trng

a/ Xc nh phm vi & mc tiu :

Cc mc tiu c th l:

Ti u ho qu trnh .

Ti u ho sn phm.

Xy dng mng li thng tin ni b.

Xy dng mng li thng tin cho cc bn lin quan (khch hng, nh cung ng).

Cn phi lm r ranh gii chc nng ca h thng. Xc nh ranh gii h thng nhm xc nh mt h thng gm nhiu cng on lin h vi nhau thc hin mt chc nng nht nh.

La chn, xut cc gii php thch hp



b/ Phn tch & kim k :

LCA cn mt khi lng d liu khng l t nhiu kha cnh, cc d liu cn phi c s thng nht n v o, phng php o v tnh ton.

c/ nh gi tc ng

Da vo d liu thu thp c trn xem xt phn tch cc tc ng ca n i vi mi trng, ti nguyn v h sinh thi.

Nhng tc ng xy ra c th l:

Nguy c nng ln ca Tri t.

Hiu ng nh knh.

Suy gim tng zn.

Ma axit.

Khi quang ho.



nhim t, nc, khng kh.

Cn kit ngun ti nguyn thin nhin.

Mt cn bng h sinh thi.

Documents

Chuong 1: sản xuất sạch hơn