http://doc.edu.vn/tai-lieu/de-tai-do-thi-hoa-va-cac-van-de-moi-truong-9543/

Nhng bt cp trong qu trnh th ha Vit NamFinancePlus-19/06/2013 14:281 tin ng li 0 0 Tin gc Mc d qu trnh th ha ti Vit Nam din ra kh sm v tng nhanh nhng nm gn y, nhng tc th ha vn thuc trong nhm thp ca th gii. Khng nhng th, qu trnh th ha cng ang bc l nhiu hn ch.nhng nm gn y, s lng th nc ta tng nhanh chng. Ngun: InternetThc trng th ha ti Vit NamTi Vit Nam qu trnh th ha c gn lin vi cng cuc cng nghip ha t nc. Do ch trng qu nhiu vo vic cng nghip ha cng vi cht lng quy hoch khng cao, nn qu trnh ny ang bc l nhiu bt cp ng lo ngi. C th l:- S lng cc th tng ln nhanh chng:Trong nhng nm gn y, s lng th nc ta tng nhanh, nht l cc thnh ph thuc tnh. Nm 1986 c nc c 480 th, nm 1990 l 500 th, n nm 2007 l 729 th v n nm 2012 c nc c 755 th. Trong , c 2 th loi c bit (H Ni, Thnh ph H Ch Minh), 13 th loi I trong c 03 thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng (Hi Phng, Nng, Cn Th) v 10 thnh ph trc thuc tnh, 10 th loi II cn li l cc th loi III, IV v V. Tuy vy, vic xp loi th vn cn nhiu tiu ch cha p ng nh quy m th, kinh t - x hi, c cu kinh t, h thng kt cu h tng k thut...- S gia tng dn s th: Quy m dn s th nc ta lin tc tng, c bit l t sau nm 2000. Tnh n nm 2010, dn s th ti Vit Nam l 25.584,7 nghn ngi, chim 29,6% dn s c nc. S gia tng dn s th c nc do 3 ngun chnh l: (i) Gia tng t nhin khu vc th; (ii) Di c t khu vc nng thn ra thnh th; (iii) Qu trnh m rng a gii ca cc th. Khi cc th ca Vit Nam ngy cng pht trin m rng, th dn s cng tng, dng dch c cng ln (nhm di dn c 80% thi gian sng th cng ang tng nhanh ti cc thnh ph ln nh H Ni v TP. H Ch Minh) dn n s qu ti trong s dng h thng h tng c s sn c. Bn cnh l vic hnh thnh cc khu dn c ngho quanh th gy nhim mi trng v nguy an mt an ton lng thc khng ngng tng cao.-Kt cu h tng k thut th:H thng kt cu h tng giao thng th trong nhng nm qua c ci thin r rt, th hin qua cc mt, nh: nhiu tuyn ng, cy cu c xy dng; cht lng ng th dn c ci thin; cc th loi III tr ln hu ht c cc tuyn ng chnh c nha ha v xy dng ng b vi h thng thot nc, va h, chiu sng v cy xanh. Cc thnh ph ln trc thuc Trung ng c nhiu d n v giao thng th c trin khai, c th l: ci to, nng cp v xy mi cc trc giao thng i ngoi, ca , trc giao thng hng tm, cc nt giao ng mc, khc mc, cc ng vnh ai, tuyn trnh, cu vt trong th Nh vy, bc u nng cao nng lc thng qua ti cc th ny. Tuy nhin, tnh trng ch tc v tai nn giao thng vn cn din ra rt ph bin.H thng chiu sng c hu ht cc th mc d mc c khc nhau. Ti cc th c bit, nh: H Ni, TP. H Ch Minh, Hi Phng, Nng c 95-100% cc tuyn ng chnh c lp t h thng chiu sng; cc th loi II, III t l ny t gn 90%.H thng thot nc c quan tm u t xy dng hu ht cc th. Hin c 35/63 th tnh, thnh trong c nc c cc d n v thot nc v v sinh mi trng s dng kinh ph t ngun vn ODA. Cc d n bc u pht huy hiu qu, gp phn lm gim mc ngp ng ti cc th ny. Tuy nhin, do hu ht th ch c mt h thng cng dng chung cho c nc ma v nc thi, thm ch, nhiu tuyn cng c xy dng trong cc thi k khc nhau, nn khng hon chnh, thiu ng b v xung cp nghim trng lm nh hng n kh nng tiu thot nc. Tnh trng ngp ng ang l mi quan tm hng ngy ca cc th ln, nht l TP. H Ch Minh v H Ni, nhng n nay, vn cha c gii php c tnh kh thi gii quyt. Nc thi, c bit nc thi t cc khu cng nghip li cha c thu gom, x l trit , gy nhim nng n cho cc dng sng ln, nh: sng ng Nai, Si Gn, Th Vi, sng y, sng Nhu, sng T Lchnh gi v thc trng trn, c th ch ra cc nguyn nhn ch yu sau: (i) Cng tc quy hoch v qun l quy hoch cha c quan tm, u t ng mc; (ii) Kt cu h tng k thut th cha ng b, s pht trin nhanh ca cc khu cng nghip trong th ko theo nhiu h qu v mi trng dn n cc th ng trc nguy c pht trin khng bn vng.Mt s gii phpTh nht,Nh nc cn r sot, b sung v ban hnh h thng cc vn bn quy phm php lut v qun l quy hoch, xy dng v pht trin th; hon thin h thng cc tiu chun, quy chun v xy dng kt cu h tng th v bo v mi trng, an ton x hi. Bn cnh , cn nghin cu ban hnh cc chnh sch c th qun l v pht trin cc th thuc cc thnh ph ln, thnh ph du lch trng im nhm pht huy ti a li th ca chng. Ban hnh y h thng khung php l v cng tc n b, gii phng mt bng v ti nh c trong vic thc hin cc d n xy dng th m bo tin , hiu qu.Th hai,cn c chin lc, l trnh quy hoch th, r sot li quy hoch tng th nhm bo m pht trin cc th bn vng. iu chnh, b sung cc quy hoch xy dng th, quy hoch cc vng kinh t trng im, cc khu cng nghip, cc im dn c nng thn, m bo cng tc quy hoch phi lun i trc mt bc. th ha t pht, thiu khoa hc, thiu nh hng s lm ny sinh v li nhiu hu qu tiu cc, lu di, cn tr s pht trin ca t nc.Cng tc qun l quy hoch cn c bit coi trng, thc hin tt quy nh v cng b, cng khai rng ri cc n quy hoch xy dng th cc t chc, c nhn bit, thc hin; ng thi, lm cn c ku gi u t xy dng th. Tng cng cng tc qun l t ai theo quy hoch c duyt, hn ch iu chnh quy hoch. Nng cao cht lng qun l, iu hnh ca chnh quyn cc cp trong qun l quy hoch, xy dng th, trt t th.Ch trng cc ni dung quy hoch gn vi bo v mi trng, khai thc v s dng hp l ngun ti nguyn thin nhin.Th ba,cn quan tm u t pht trin kt cu h tng th hin i, nht l u tin pht trin giao thng cng cng, c bit l cc phng tin giao thng tin tin, khng gy nhin mi trng. Bn cnh , cng cn c chnh sch pht trin v xem vic pht trin phng tin vn ti cng cng l gii php trng tm gim nguy c n tc giao thng th.Vn u t xy dng cc cng trnh cp thot nc, x l nc thi v v sinh mi trng cng cn phi c c bit coi trng. Bi, hin tng ngp ng ti mt s th cng l nguyn nhn gy ch tc giao thng v gy mt v sinh mi trng, nh hng n cuc sng ca nhn dn, vn minh th.Th t,xy dng c ch, cc gii php huy ng ngun lc u t pht trin th, to mi trng thun li thu ht cc ngun vn u t t nc ngoi (vn ODA, FDI...); tranh th ti a cc ngun vn ca Chnh ph v cc b, ngnh Trung ng, tp trung ngun vn ngn sch nh nc a phng; a dng ha cc hnh thc u t t cc doanh nghip thuc cc thnh phn kinh t khc nhau theo cc hnh thc, nh: BOT, BT, PPP... iu ny c bit quan trng trong bi cnh Chnh ph quyt nh gim tng mc u t t hn 40% GDP trc y xung cn 34% nm 2012 v 30% nm 2013. Trong tng lai, vn u t vo kt cu h tng cng s phi gim xung cn 8-9% GDP.Th nm,cc cp chnh quyn, on th cn tuyn truyn, ph bin nng cao nhn thc, trnh dn tr trong vic thc hin cc quy nh v th, trt t th, thc hin np sng vn minh th, gi gn v bo v mi trng Bn cnh , cn c chnh sch v tng cng qun l tt hn na i vi dn nhp c nhm gp phn m bo s n nh, cn bng v trt t x hi.Ti liu tham kho:1. Th tng Chnh ph (1998).Quyt nh s 10/1998/Q-TTg, ngy 23/1/1998 ph duyt nh hng Quy hoch tng th pht trin th Vit Nam n 20202. o Hong Tun (2008).Pht trin bn vng th: Nhng vn l lun v kinh nghim ca th gii, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H Ni3. Phm Th Bch Yn (2011). th ha Vit Nam trong qu trnh cng nghip ha, ti nghin cu khoa hc cp B nm 2011Theo kinhtevadubao.com.vn

Ba vn ln ca quy hoch th

Quy hoch th l mt phm tr vn ha rng vi con ngi l trung tm. Bn sc vn ha trong xy dng th l mc tiu, cn cc tin b khoa hc - k thut hc c t th gii - d rt quan trng - cng ch c ngha phng tin.Hc tp nhng tin b k thut ca cc nn vn minh l mt cng vic phi lm, nhng sng trong nhng th hin i ca Vit Nam vn l nhng ngi Vit Nam, c ngun gc vn hin lu i v mt nn vn minh m bn sc.Nhiu quc gia trn th gii thnh cng trong qu trnh hi nhp, nhng bn sc dn tc vn c bo tn. Cn nhng nh hoch nh quy hoch th ca nc ta thc hin cng vic ca mnh ra sao?

Trung tmTP. Lt

Trong lch s nc ta, cng cuc xy dng th tng c mt qu kh vng son rc r. Nhng g cn st li trong gia ti kin trc th ca cha ng ri rc trong cc cng trnh kin trc c: nh, cha, n, thp v.v vn hm cha mt nn vn minh th Vit Nam giu bn sc, thn thin vi thin nhin, vi mi trng v rt giu tnh ngh thut. Vic UNESCO cng nhn Hu v Hi An l nhng di sn kin trc th ca nhn loi l mt bng chng c tnh thuyt phc.Ngi Vit Nam tng xy dng trn t nc mnh mt h thng th ht sc pht trin: kinh Thng Long cng Ph Hin pha Bc, nhng th trn bn di thuyn nh kinh thnh Ph Xun hay th Hi An pha Nam v du tch ca nhiu th khc na trn c hai min l nhng minh chng cho mt thi pht trin rc r y.Cng cuc xy dng th ca nc ta gin on trong mt thi gian qu di, k t khi nh mt nn c lp, t ch vo tay ngi Php cui th k XIX.Sau thng 8/1945, chng ta li phi tin hnh hai cuc chin tranh lu di gii phng dn tc v thng nht t nc. Ngnh quy hoch th non tr ca chng ta ra i trong hon cnh c bit ny, l xy dng th trong mt t nc c chin tranh. Cc th min Bc tin hnh ci to v xy dng vi tim lc kinh t ca mt t nc va ra khi chin tranh v ang phi dc sc chi vin cho tin tuyn. min Nam, cc th bo tn trong dng dp ca h thng th cn li t thi Php thuc, thm bt, xen cy mt s cng trnh mang kiu dng phng Ty. V h thng th, c hai min vn khng iu kin cn thit to dng cho t nc mt b mt th mi.T sau i hi ng ln th VI (1986) n nay, cng cuc xy dng th nc ta mi bc vo cuc th sc thc s vi rt nhiu lng tng trong vic chuyn i t mt nn kinh t - k hoch tp trung sang kinh t th trng nh hng x hi ch ngha. S lng tng phn nh rt r trong vic hnh thnh b mt th. Rt nhiu khu cng nghip mc ln nhng khng c khu cng nhn.H Ni, TP.HCM - hai thnh ph ln nht nc - khng sc thot ra khi chic o qu cht. Cc kin trc cao tng tranh th xen cy vo mt h thng giao thng th qu nh hp, cht chi lm tng cao mt c tr dn n n tc giao thng. Nhiu nm thng i qua nhng b mt trung tm ca hai thnh ph ny vn l nhng trung tm c c xen cy mt s kin trc cao tng giu tnh ngu nhin, khng nghin cu trc.B mt kin trc th ln xn; h thng k thut h tng ty tin, chp v; cnh quan thin nhin b bin dng, h thng cy xanh khng c quan tm tha ng v thiu ht trm trng; h thng cc cng trnh phc li x hi cn nhiu bt cp. Vic qun l th li cn ri hn. Ch vi mt con ng cng chia nh ra cho nhiu c quan thuc nhiu ngnh ph trch.Qu trnh th ha t nc thi gian qua bc l rt nhiu non nt, yu km, bt cp, trong c ba vn ln sau y.V bn cht cng vicQuy hoch th l mt khoa hc lin ngnh rng ln v phc tp. i tng kho st, nghin cu lin quan n mt vng ti nguyn to ln, nhm t chc mt c my sn xut khng l gm hng trm x nghip cng nghip, s dng hng vn lao ng, cng hot ng i sng nhiu mt ca mt cng ng c dn t hng trm nghn n hng triu ngi.Qu trnh xy dng v hot ng th l di lu, nh hng khng t n mi trng v cnh tr thin nhin. th cn l mt thc th x hi rng ln, vn ng khng ngng vi nhng quy lut c th theo c im tng a phng, tng thi k, tng giai on. Mi th l mt sn phm ring bit, khng th trn ln, chp v, lp ghp.Tng th kin trc th cn l mt cng trnh ngh thut khng l tc ng n m cm, n i sng tinh thn v hnh thnh tnh cch khng nhng tng con ngi c th m cn tc ng ln tnh cch ca c cng ng.V vy, vic nghin cu quy hoch mt th l mt qu trnh nghin cu dy cng v nhiu mt, cn s dng mt khi lng tri thc lin ngnh rng ri vi mt i ng chuyn vin ng o, c t di s ch o ca nhng nh khoa hc c uy tn, vi mt khi lng kinh ph u t tha ng v mt qu thi gian cn v cho cng vic.Thi gian qua, trc sc p ca nhng bc xc thc t, vi mt qu thi gian c phn hn hp, vi mt lng kinh ph nghin cu cn thp xa so vi yu cu, v mt ch i ng trn mt bng thu nhp bnh qun ca x hi, nhiu cng trnh quy hoch c tin hnh vi v, cha chn trong t duy, cha tm xut nhng vn di hi, c tnh v m v mang ngha chin lc.Tnh hnh giao thng th TP.HCM v H Ni hin n mc bo ng . ng l tt yu ny phi c cc nh quy hoch d bo t xa trong nhng cng trnh quy hoch tng mt bng th nhiu nm trc y. Nu lm c nh vy, th khai thc c nng lc ca h thng giao thng cng cng bng nhng loi hnh ti tn, do c k hoch chun b t nhiu nm trc.Vic thot nc cng phi d bo t lu bng nhng cng trnh khoa hc nghim tc xut v nhng bin php chun b t xa. Cn thc t th ngay c c quan quy hoch TP.HCM vn cha c trong tay bn a hnh ng chun. ch l mt, vi trong rt nhiu v d.V t chc v qun l nh ncMi th l mt c th thng nht trong tng quan nhiu mt, phi c vn hnh mt cch nhp nhng bi mt b my nng lc v ch huy thng nht. Trong thc t, chng ta tng th nghim ch kin trc s trng, nhng nng lc cn b, h thng chnh quyn th cha c xc lp mt cch ng b nn hiu qu cha c nh mong mun. th hin ang b chia nh ra nhiu phn, giao cho nhiu ngnh qun l, thc hin. Ch tnh ring mt tuyn ng trong thnh ph, t khu u t n thc hin v qun l thuc quyn khng t c quan t giao thng, in lc, cp thot nc, cy xanh nay thm bu chnh vin thng v tng lai khng bit cn nhng ngnh no tc nghip trn trc ng thnh ph na?Khng mt hot ng no ca con ngi tc ng vo mi trng t nhin trm trng bng xy dng v vn hnh th. Rc v ngha trang l nhng vn nn lu di i vi bt c th no, cha k hng trm nghn ngi, mt lng ng o xe c gii kch c hot ng tp trung trn chnh khng gian th l nhng vn phi t ra vi mi trng, cn c nghin cu su v c hng x l ngay t khu t bt thit k quy hoch.Qun l t ai hin cng ri hn. Gii quyt hu qu ca nhng quy hoch treo, quy hoch qun hin li ang nm trong tay B Ti nguyn v Mi trng. Vic cp giy hng, giy th hin s lng tng ca t chc b my nh nc. T chc chnh quyn ba cp, sao chp m hnh qun l nng thn r rng khng cn thch hp vi mt c th nng ng nh th. Vic tm kim mt hnh thc t chc nghin cu, vn hnh v qun l th thch hp v hng lot vn cn c t ra nh mt yu cu cp bch.V lc lng quy hochLc lng nhng ngi lm cng tc quy hoch th k c trung ng ln a phng xem ra cn qu mng so vi khi lng cng vic. C rt nhiu tin s, thc s nhng qu t nhng con chim u n. c nghe trnh by quy hoch mt s th, cm nhn chung l cc n quy hoch th do nhng nhm, t cng tc khc nhau, cn c vo yu cu ca tng a phng a ra nhng gii php cc b, bit lp m khng cu xt n mi quan h vng, trong mt tng quan rng ln hn m thnh ph c lin h. Kiu ch thy cy m khng thy rng. y bc l mt thiu st na ca cp nh nc, hoc ca b chuyn ngnh, l chm tr trong vic tin hnh nghin cu quy hoch vng lnh th, lm tin , ch da cho quy hoch tng th, tng im dn c. Khng th khng cp n tnh trng ct c, v p ng yu cu ny ca bn t hng, cc nh quy hoch d dng quy hoch cho mi a phng mt bn cng, c khi c mt sn bay trong khi nhng cng trnh nh vy cn cu xt cho mt vng hay mt cm lin tnh.Cm sn bay Tr Nc, Rch Gi, C Mau, c th coi l mt v d. lm c iu ny, nh khoa hc phi c s dng cm bn cnh nhng kin thc chuyn ngnh vng vng, su rng c th tham mu, t vn cho lnh o bng mt thi chn thnh v trung thc.Nhng n quy hoch v ang c thc hin hon ton vng bng nhng nghin cu, xut v cng ng dn c th, trong khi chnh i tng ny li l mt nhn t trng yu trong qu trnh hnh thnh v vn hnh chnh th .Theo KTS NGUYN TRNG(Doanh nhn Si gnCui tun)

http://www.dalatgis.vn/Contents.aspx?tabid=104&catid=115&number=205

th ha v cc vn pht sinh

Sau khi Vit Nam tin hnh cng cuc i mi n nay, qu trnh th ha din ra ht sc nhanh chng, c bit trong 10 nm tr li y chng ta chng kin mt qu trnh th ha vi tc cao cha tng c cc thnh ph ln nh H Ni, Nng, TP H Ch Minh v cc tnh ln cn.

Lng dn c th chim ti 28% tng dn c ton quc v mi nm c khong 1 triu dn tip tc tham gia vo "i gia nh" th. th ha lm thay i din mo ca t nc, gp phn nng cao mc sng ca mt s b phn dn c, tuy nhin bn cnh nhng mt tch cc cng pht sinh nhiu vn phc tp cn sm c gii quyt nh: vn di dn nng thn ra thnh th; tnh trng tht hc, tht nghip v phn ho giu ngho; vn nh v qun l trt t an ton x hi th; vn h thng c s h tng qu ti v nhim mi trng.

1. Tng quan v qu trnh th ho Vit Nam

T nm 1990 cc th Vit Nam bt u pht trin, lc c nc mi c khong 500 th ln nh (t l th ho vo khong 17-18%), n nm 2000 con s ny ln 649 v nm 2003 l 656 th. Tnh n nm 2007, c nc c 729 th bao gm 2 th c bit: TP H Ch Minh, H Ni; 4 th loi 1: Hi Phng, Nng, Cn Th, v Hu; 13 th loi 2; 36 th loi 3; 39 th loi 4 v 635 th loi 5 ([1]) (t t l th ho xp x 27%). T l dn s th hin nay di 40%, theo quy hoch pht trin n nm 2010 t l s t 56-60%, n nm 2020 l 80%.

B Xy dng d bo t l th ha ca Vit Nam vo nm 2020 s t khong 40%, tng ng vi s dn c sinh sng ti th chim trn 45 triu dn. Mc tiu ra cho din tch bnh qun u ngi l 100m2/ngi. Nu t t l 100m2/ngi, Vit Nam cn c khong 450.000 ha t th nhng hin nay, din tch t th ch t quy m 105.000 ha. Vi tc pht trin th v dn s th nh vy, Vit Nam s phi i mt vi ngy cng nhiu vn phc tp ny sinh t qu trnh th ha.

2. Cc vn pht sinh trong qu trnh th ha Vit Nam

Vn di dn t nng thn ra thnh th dn n mt dn s thnh th tng cao: Qu trnh th ho nhanh cng vi s thay i iu kin sng lm cho mt b phn dn c nng thn di c mnh ra cc th. S dn c sng thnh th tng t bin vi mt dn c dy c gy mt cn i gia thnh th v nng thn, ng thi t ra nhng vn nan gii v gii quyt cng n vic lm, tht nghip ti ch, nh v t nn x hi lm cho trt t x hi ven ngy cng thm phc tp. Theo thng k ca Qu Dn s Lin hp quc (UNFPA), ngi di c nng thn chim ti 1/3 dn s ca TP H Ch Minh v 1/10 dn s ca H Ni v ln sng ny vn ang tip tc khng ngng chy. D kin dn s th ca H Ni n nm 2010 s l 3,9 - 4,2 triu ngi, nm 2020 l 7,9 - 8,5 triu ngi; cn vi TP H Ch Minh nm 2010 l 10 triu ngi, n 2025 l 16-17 triu ngi ([2]).

Tnh trng tht hc, tht nghip v phn ho giu ngho: Trong qu trnh hi nhp v pht trin, ngi dn th cn c trnh vn ho tay ngh cao tip cn vi khoa hc k thut cng ngh v p ng vi nhu cu tuyn dng lao ng. Song thc t cho thy cc th v cc vng ven vn cn mt b phn khng nh nhng ngi tht nghip, trnh hc vn khng cao. y ch yu l nhng lao ng gin n di c t khu vc nng thn ln thnh th kim vic lm. Phn ln trong s h ch tm c cng vic gin n trong cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut gn thnh th, mt s khc km may mn hn phi lang thang tm kim cng vic khng n nh trong ni th vi thu nhp t i. Nhiu vn pht sinh cng bt ngun t y, khi thu nhp ca ngi lao ng khng tch ly gi v gia nh nh k vng trc . iu tra gn y ca Tng cc Thng k cho thy, trong s lao ng di c, c ti 2/3 l lao ng tr (15-19 tui); hn 50% l di c tm vic lm, 47% l ci thin iu kin sng. Mt iu tra khc ca Vin Khoa hc lao ng v x hi cng cho thy, trong cc doanh nghip c vn u t trc tip nc ngoi, t l lao ng ngoi tnh chim ti 70%. Tnh n thng 12/2007 c nc c hn 170 khu cng nghip, khu ch xut phn b 55 tnh, thnh trn c nc vi khong trn 1 triu ngi lao ng ang lm vic, trong c 700.000 ngi lao ng di c t cc tnh khc hoc huyn khc n ([3]). Do ch c hng mc lng thp, li phi lm vic vt v nn s lao ng di c ny d ny sinh nhng bt ng v c nhng hnh ng thiu kim ch. y l s bt n i vi ch trng pht trin mt x hi th cng bng, n nh v vn minh.

Vn nh v qun l trt t an ton x hi th: Nhn chung hu ht cc th hin nay u xy ra tnh trng thiu nh . c bit l dn ngho th v nhng ngi mi nhp c vo thnh ph. Thng k ca UNFPA cho thy, hin 25% c dn thnh th Vit Nam khng tin mua nh , 20% nh thnh th b xp vo loi khng t tiu chun, TP H Ch Minh cn c 300 ngn ngi ang sng trong cc nh chut, 30% dn s H Ni phi sng trong mi trng cht chi vi din tch khng qu 3m2/ngi. Chnh v th mt s ngi bt chp nhng quy nh v qun l th, t san lp, ln chim, sang nhng t xy nh mt cch tm b, tu tin khng theo quy hoch gy nh hng n m quan ca cc th. Vic xy ct khng theo quy hoch lm xut hin tnh trng nh khng s, ph khng tn chen ln hn n, ti tm, cht chi. iu ny phn no to iu kin thun li cho cc t nn x hi, ti phm ln trn php lut, gy kh khn cho cng tc qun l trt t an ton x hi.

Vn nhim mi trng, nhim ngun nc: Ti cc th vic chim dng t cng, san lp mt bng, sng ngi, ln chim lng ng lm nh v xy dng tri php din ra hng ngy lm cn tr n vic tiu, thot nc v cht thi th. Bn cnh , h thng c s h tng khng p ng , ng x giao thng tc nghn, ngun nc ngm v cc dng sng b e da nhim bn nghim trng v cht thi, khng kh ngy cng nhim nng n v bi cng trng, khi xe, khi nh my sn xut cng nghip. Nghin cu ca UNFPA cho thy, cht lng khng kh ti H Ni v TP H Ch Minh thuc vo loi ti nht trong khu vc. Phn ln h thng nc thi khng c x l, khi lng cht thi rn ang gia tng nhanh chng, v ch c mt phn nh lng cht thi cng nghip nguy hi c x l an ton.

3. Mt s gii php cho cc vn th ha

khc phc cc vn tn ti trong qu trnh th ha cc th, cn rt nhiu vn cn gii quyt, nhng trc mt cn xem xt mt s mt sau y:

- Tng cng cng tc gio dc nhm nng cao nhn thc ca ngi dn. Song song vi vic nng cao dn tr l tin hnh quy hoch phn b ng u cc khu cng nghip, khu th ti cc thnh ph trn c nc.

- Tng cng gio dc np sng vn minh, gia nh vn ho mi i vi c dn th, hn ch nhng hnh vi xu lm nh hng n li sng vn mnh lch s ca c dn th. Hn ch v qun l tt hn i vi dn nhp c, gp phn lp li trt t x hi m bo cho vic xy dng x hi th n nh, bn vng.

- Cn c chin lc, l trnh quy hoch th ng b. Hon thin v pht trin mng li c s h tng th, giao thng ng b thun tin, khng ch tc v t gy nhim mi trng.

- Tng cng nng cao nhn thc cho cng ng v tm quan trng ca mi trng i vi sc kho v cht lng cuc sng. Cng khai cc thng tin, s liu lin quan n tnh hnh nhim v cc ngun gy nhim mi trng trn cc phng tin truyn thng nng cao thc ca ngi dn trong bo v mi trng sng trong th. Tch cc thc hin cc bin php tuyn truyn, khuyn khch cng ng s dng cc nhin liu sch trong sinh hot thay cho cc loi nhin liu gy nhim khng kh v ngun nc sinh hot.

- u tin pht trin giao thng cng cng, c bit l cc phng tin giao thng cng cng hin i, khng gy nhim. Cn xem vic pht trin phng tin vn chuyn cng cng l gii php trng tm gim nguy c tc nghn giao thng v nhim mi trng th.

Cc chin lc, chnh sch quy hoch th cn phi tin hnh ngay t by gi vi tm nhn chin lc lu di 5, 10 nm v thm ch c th ln ti 50 hoc 100 nm. C nh vy, Vit Nam mi trnh c vic phi gii quyt hu qu nng n t nhng tc ng xu ca qu trnh th ho sau ny./.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

([1]) : Bo co ti Hi ngh Gii quyt cc vn pht trin th, tin s Phm S Lim, Ph ch tch Tng hi Xy dng Vit Nam

([2]) Bo co ti hi tho "Cc vn ven v th ha", PGS-TS. Lu c Hi, Vin trng Vin Quy hoch th nng thn (B Xy dng)

([3]) S liu thng k nm 2007Theo Tp ch Ban Tuyn gio

http://canbotre.danang.vn/home/showthread.php?p=3478

http://www.doko.vn/luan-van/do-thi-hoa-va-cac-van-de-moi-truong-101647

th ha v mi trng (Phn 1)TH HAI, 20 THNG 6 2011 10:13 LT XEM: 7766Qu trnh th ho tng i nhanh c nhng nh hng ng k n mi trng v ti nguyn thin nhin, n s cn bng sinh thi: ti nguyn t b khai thc trit xy dng th, lm gim din tch cy xanh v mt nc, gy ra ng ngp, cng vi nhu cu nc phc v sinh hot, dch v, sn xut ngy cng tng lm suy thoi ngun ti nguyn nc...Sau nm 1990 cng vi nhng chuyn bin tch cc v mt kinh t - x hi, mng li th quc gia c m rng v pht trin. V s lng th, nm 1990 c nc mi c khong 500 th ln nh, n nm 2000 tng ln 649 th, v n nm 2003 c 656 th, trong c 4 thnh ph loi I, 10 th loi II, 13 th loi III, 59 th loi IV, v 570 th loi V.

Theo phn cp qun l, c nc c 4 thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng, 83 thnh ph, th x thuc tnh, cn li l cc th trn. Trn a bn c nc v ang hnh thnh khong 82 khu cng nghip tp trung, 22 th mi v 18 khu kinh t ca khu. th ha, cng nghip ha nc ta din ra mnh nht 3 vng trng im pht trin kinh t - x hi Bc, Trung, Nam, vng duyn hi, k c cc o ln nh Ph Quc, Cn o, Vn n, Ct B,... V d nh huyn o Ph Quc c Th tng Chnh ph quyt nh l 1 trong 14 khu vc trng im pht trin du lch trong ton quc, t l dn s th hin nay di 40%, theo quy hoch pht trin n nm 2010 t l dn s th s t 56 - 60%, n nm 2020 s l 80%, t nay n 2010 s hnh thnh 2 khu cng nghip. V vy tc ng ca th ha, cng nghip ha gy nhim mi trng khng nhng i vi mi trng trong t lin m cn c tc ng mnh i vi mi trng vng bin ven b.

Tng trng dn s th t 11,87 triu ngi nm 1986 ln 18 triu ngi nm 1999 v khong 20 triu ngi nm 2002, nng t l th ha t 19,3% nm 1986 ln 25,3% nm 2002. Tuy vy, th ho Vit Namcn mc thp so vi khu vc v trn th gii. V d, t l dn th chu trung bnh l 28%, chu Phi l 32%, M La Tinh l 68%. Tng trng kinh t hng nm ca cc th VitNam trung bnh t 12 - 15%. Thu nhp u ngi tng nhanh, ti cc th ln t khong 1.000USD/nm v ti cc th trung bnh t trn 500USD/nm. Tng trng khng gian th cng t t l ng k. Nm 1999, t th ch chim 0,2% din tch t t nhin c nc, n nm 2000 tng ln 0,35% v hin nay (2003) con s ny t xp x 1%.

Chin lc pht trin th n nm 2020

Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt "nh hng Quy hoch tng th pht trin th n nm 2020" trong Quyt nh s 10/1998/Q-TTg ngy 23-1-1998, trong xc nh phng hng xy dng v pht trin cc th trn a bn c nc v cc vng c trng

Mc tng trng dn s d bo

Nm 2010, dn s th l 30,4 triu ngi, chim 33% dn s c nc.

Nm 2020, dn s th l 46 triu ngi, chim 45% dn s c nc.

Nhu cu s dng t th

Nm 2020, din tch t th l 460.000ha, chim 1,4% din tch t t nhin c nc, bnh qun 100m2/ngi.

T chc khng gian h thng th

Mng li th c nc c hnh thnh v pht trin trn c s cc th trung tm, gm cc thnh ph trung tm cp quc gia, cp vng, cp tnh. Cc th trung tm cc cp c phn b hp l trn 10 vng th ho c trng ca c nc.

Cc th trung tm ln nh H Ni, thnh ph H Ch Minh... phi c t chc thnh cc chm th, c vnh ai xanh bo v hn ch ti a s tp trung dn s, c s kinh t v ph v cn bng sinh thi, trnh s hnh thnh cc siu th.

Quy hoch s dng t th m bo cc khu chc nng v c s h tng c quan h gn b.

Hnh thnh b mt kin trc hin i nhng vn k tha, bo v, tn to v gi gn cc di sn lch s vn ho, pht trin nn kin trc m bn sc dn tc.

Pht trin c s h tng k thut

u tin pht trin, hin i ho c s h tng cc th v cc vng kinh t trng im, to tin pht trin cc th v th ho nng thn.

Ci to v xy dng c s h tng k thut trong cc th theo yu cu v mc pht trin ca tng th.

Bo v mi trng, cnh quan thin nhin, gi gn cn bng sinh thi th

Xy dng v duy tr b khung bo v thin nhin trn a bn c nc.

Khai thc v s dng hp l cc ti nguyn thin nhin vo mc ch ci to th.

C bin php x l, ti s dng cc cht thi sinh hot v sn xut bng cc cng ngh thch hp.

Quy hoch th cha ph hp vi yu cu bo v mi trng

Qu trnh th ho tng i nhanh c nhng nh hng ng k n mi trng v ti nguyn thin nhin, n s cn bng sinh thi: ti nguyn t b khai thc trit xy dng th, lm gim din tch cy xanh v mt nc, gy ra ng ngp, cng vi nhu cu nc phc v sinh hot, dch v, sn xut ngy cng tng lm suy thoi ngun ti nguyn nc; nhiu x nghip, nh my gy nhim mi trng ln trc y nm ngoi thnh, nay lt vo gia cc khu dn c ng c; m rng khng gian th dn n chim dng t nng nghip, nh hng n vn an ton lng thc quc gia v n i sng ca nhn dn ngoi thnh; sn xut cng nghip pht trin mnh lm pht sinh mt lng ln cht thi, trong cht thi nguy hi ngy cng gia tng; bng n giao thng c gii gy nhim mi trng khng kh v ting n nghim trng; th ha lm tng dng ngi di dn t nng thn ra thnh th, gy nn p lc ng k v nh v v sinh mi trng, hnh thnh cc khu nh " chut" v khu ngho th.

Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh ca tnh trng nhim mi trng ti cc th l cc vn mi trng cha c cp y v quan tm ng mc trong quy hoch xy dng th. Ngoi vic quy hoch s dng t v phn khu chc nng, cc vn c s h tng k thut th, nh h thng thot nc, thu gom v x l rc, x l nc thi, gim nhim khng kh v ting n,... cha c ch ng mc. Mc d vic lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng cho cc n quy hoch th c quy nh trong Lut Bo v mi trng, nhng cng tc trin khai thc hin cho n nay vn cn chm, cha hiu qu v cha chng t c tm quan trng ca vic bo v mi trng trong quy hoch xy dng th.

Mt nguyn nhn khc dn n vic cc th phi chu sc p mi trng ngy cng tng l vic thiu cc bin php hu hiu trong ch o v qun l quy hoch xy dng. Tnh trng xy dng ln xn ti cc th ln l mt vn bc xc i hi nhng bin php qun l cp bch v hiu qu, nu khng ci gi phi tr cho vic gii quyt hu qu mi trng s l v cng ln. Cng tc qun l quy hoch xy dng l bc tip theo v c th ho ca cng tc lp quy hoch xy dng th, mt yu t then cht trong vic xy dng cc th bn vng v ho hp vi mi trng.

(TheoM_GammaNT)http://nawapi.gov.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=932:do-thi-hoa-va-moi-truong-phan-1&catid=3:tin-trong-nuoc&Itemid=6

http://www.moitruong.com.vn/Home/Default.aspx?portalid=33&tabid=19&distid=1102

Mi trng th ha, nguyn nhn v hu qu

th ha lin quan n qu trnh di dn s t cc vng nng thn n cc th trn v thnh ph. Con ngi lun lun di chuyn n ni mi c cuc sng tt hn. Do , di c khng phi l mt hin tng mi. Tuy nhin, cc nghin cu gn y cho thy c s tng t ngt th ha trong nhng nm cui 19 v u th k 20. Tng t ngt ny trong th ha c th l do cch mng cng nghip, trong cung cp cc c hi kinh t tt hn cc thnh phNh cc thnh ph v th trn gt hi nhng li ch ca vic i mi trong cc lnh vc khoa hc v cng ngh, th ha vn tip tc din ra trong . Nh mt kt qu ca iu ny, cc thnh ph v vng ngoi ca n lan sang cc khu vc nng thn dc theo ranh gii ca h, v ly lan ny c gi l s m rng th.Nguyn Nhn.t r hn v chi ph nh ti cc vng ngoi nh so vi cc trung tm th thu ht nhiu ngi n nh c cc khu vc ny. c s gia tng trong chi tiu cho s pht trin ca c s h tng nh ng giao thng, in v nc trong cc vng ngoi hn cc trung tm th hin c, do thm li ch cho cuc sng c s gia tng trong hot ng cho vay thng mi c li cho pht trin ngoi .Tng thu nhp trung bnh tng mc sng ca ngi dn. Vic s hu mt chic xe v tr tin nguyn liu cng phi chng.V vy, ngay c trong trng hp khng c bt k chnh sch lin bang s khuyn khch s pht trin, cc trung tm ny tng ln nhanh chng do s t nguyn ca mt s lng ngy cng tng ca ngi dn, ni h tm thy cuc sng bnh yn v thanh bnh trong cc thnh ph.nh hng th ha b ch trch v lm tng chi ph cng cng. Mt s quan im cho rng tin cng c chi tiu vo c s h tng cn thit bn ngoi cc khu vc th vi chi ph b qua c s h tng cc thnh ph l hoc khng s dng hoc s dng ng mc.Dn s sng th i li n cc thnh ph trong xe t ca h. iu ny dn n tnh trng n tc giao thng, tng nhim khng kh v cc tai nn lin quan n t. th ha gy ra nhng lo ngi v vn mi trng. iu ny c xem nh s lng ph t canh tc v chuyn ng vt hoang d. Nh phn ln din tch t c ph bng vt liu khng thm nc, chng hn nh b tng, c thm t nc ma tip cn vi ngun nc ngm.Pht trin th l giai on sau ca th ha v l mt hin tng khng th trnh khi. Cng ging nh mi qu trnh pht trin th khc c u v khuyt im ring ca n. Tuy nhin, nhng kha cnh tiu cc ca th c th c v hiu ha bng cch theo di s tng trng mt cch c k hoch, h khng phi l trch nhim php l hoc cho x hi, kinh t v mi trng. th ha lin quan n qu trnh di dn s t cc vng nng thn n cc th trn v thnh ph. Con ngi lun lun di chuyn n ni mi c cuc sng tt hn. Do , di c khng phi l mt hin tng mi. Tuy nhin, cc nghin cu gn y cho thy c s tng t ngt th ha trong nhng nm cui 19 v u th k 20.Tng t ngt ny trong th ha c th l do cch mng cng nghip, trong cung cp cc c hi kinh t tt hn cc thnh ph. Nh cc thnh ph v th trn gt hi nhng li ch ca vic i mi trong cc lnh vc khoa hc v cng ngh, th ha vn tip tc din ra trong . Nh mt kt qu ca iu ny, cc thnh ph v vng ngoi ca n lan sang cc khu vc nng thn dc theo ranh gii ca h, v ly lan ny c gi l s m rng th.

Nguyn Nhn.t r hn v chi ph nh ti cc vng ngoi nh so vi cc trung tm th thu ht nhiu ngi n nh c cc khu vc ny. c s gia tng trong chi tiu cho s pht trin ca c s h tng nh ng giao thng, in v nc trong cc vng ngoi hn cc trung tm th hin c, do thm li ch cho cuc sng c s gia tng trong hot ng cho vay thng mi c li cho pht trin ngoi .Tng thu nhp trung bnh tng mc sng ca ngi dn.Vic s hu mt chic xe v tr tin nguyn liu cng phi chng.V vy, ngay c trong trng hp khng c bt k chnh sch lin bang s khuyn khch s pht trin, cc trung tm ny tng ln nhanh chng do s t nguyn ca mt s lng ngy cng tng ca ngi dn, ni h tm thy cuc sng bnh yn v thanh bnh trong cc thnh ph.nh hng th ha b ch trch v lm tng chi ph cng cng. Mt s quan im cho rng tin cng c chi tiu vo c s h tng cn thit bn ngoi cc khu vc th vi chi ph b qua c s h tng cc thnh ph l hoc khng s dng hoc s dng ng mc.Dn s sng th i li n cc thnh ph trong xe t ca h. iu ny dn n tnh trng n tc giao thng, tng nhim khng kh v cc tai nn lin quan n t. th ha gy ra nhng lo ngi vvn mi trng.iu ny c xem nh s lng ph t canh tc v chuyn ng vt hoang d. Nh phn ln din tch t c ph bng vt liu khng thm nc, chng hn nh b tng, c thm t nc ma tip cn vikhai thc ngun nc ngm.

Pht trin th l giai on sau ca th ha v l mt hin tng khng th trnh khi. Cng ging nh mi qu trnh pht trin th khc c u v khuyt im ring ca n. Tuy nhin, nhng kha cnh tiu cc ca th c th c v hiu ha bng cch theo di s tng trng mt cch c k hoch, h khng phi l trch nhim php l hoc cho x hi, kinh t v mi trng.

http://www.moitruongvietco.vn/tin-tuc-su-kien/212-moi-truong-do-thi-hoa-nguyen-nhan-hau-qua.html

http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2004/UrbanizationAnEnvironmentalForcetoBeReckonedWith.aspx

Urbanization: An Environmental Force to Be Reckoned WithBarbara Boyle Torrey Facebook Share Tweet This Share Email Print(April 2004) Human beings have become an increasingly powerful environmental force over the last 10,000 years. With the advent of agriculture 8,000 years ago, we began to change the land.1And with the industrial revolution, we began to affect our atmosphere. The recent increase in the world's population has magnified the effects of our agricultural and economic activities. But the growth in world population has masked what may be an even more important human-environmental interaction: While the world's population is doubling, the world's urban population is tripling. Within the next few years, more than half the world's population will be living in urban areas.2The level and growth of urbanization differ considerably by region (see Figure 1). Among developing countries, Latin American countries have the highest proportion of their population living in urban areas. But East and South Asia are likely to have the fastest growth rates in the next 30 years. Almost all of future world population growth will be in towns and cities. Both the increase in and the redistribution of the earth's population are likely to affect the natural systems of the earth and the interactions between the urban environments and populations.

Figure 1Population Living in Urban Areas

Source: UN,World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision(2004).

The best data on global urbanization trends come from the United Nations Population Division and the World Bank.3The UN, however, cautions users that the data are often imprecise because the definition of urban varies country by country. Past projections of urbanization have also often overestimated future rates of growth. Therefore, it is important to be careful in using urbanization data to draw definitive conclusions.The Dynamics of UrbanizationIn 1800 only about 2 percent of the world's population lived in urban areas. That was small wonder: Until a century ago, urban areas were some of the unhealthiest places for people to live. The increased density of populations in urban areas led to the rapid spread of infectious diseases. Consequently, death rates in urban areas historically were higher than in rural areas. The only way urban areas maintained their existence until recently was by the continual in-migration of rural people.4In only 200 years, the world's urban population has grown from 2 percent to nearly 50 percent of all people. The most striking examples of the urbanization of the world are the megacities of 10 million or more people. In 1975 only four megacities existed; in 2000 there were 18. And by 2015 the UN estimates that there will be 22.5Much of the future growth, however, will not be in these huge agglomerations, but in the small to medium-size cities around the world.6The growth in urban areas comes from both the increase in migration to the cities and the fertility of urban populations. Much of urban migration is driven by rural populations' desire for the advantages that urban areas offer. Urban advantages include greater opportunities to receive education, health care, and services such as entertainment. The urban poor have less opportunity for education than the urban nonpoor, but still they have more chance than rural populations.7Urban fertility rates, though lower than rural fertility rates in every region of the world, contribute to the growth of urban areas. Within urban areas, women who migrated from rural areas have more children than those born in urban areas.8Of course, the rural migrants to urban areas are not a random selection of the rural population; they are more likely to have wanted fewer children even if they had stayed in the countryside. So the difference between the fertility of urban migrants and rural women probably exaggerates the impact of urban migration on fertility.In sub-Saharan Africa, the urban fertility rates are about 1.5 children less than in rural areas; in Latin America the differences are almost two children.9Therefore, the urbanization of the world is likely to slow population growth. It is also likely to concentrate some environmental effects geographically.Environmental Effects of UrbanizationUrban populations interact with their environment. Urban people change their environment through their consumption of food, energy, water, and land. And in turn, the polluted urban environment affects the health and quality of life of the urban population.People who live in urban areas have very different consumption patterns than residents in rural areas.10For example, urban populations consume much more food, energy, and durable goods than rural populations. In China during the 1970s, the urban populations consumed more than twice as much pork as the rural populations who were raising the pigs.11With economic development, the difference in consumption declined as the rural populations ate better diets. But even a decade later, urban populations had 60 percent more pork in their diets than rural populations. The increasing consumption of meat is a sign of growing affluence in Beijing; in India where many urban residents are vegetarians, greater prosperity is seen in higher consumption of milk.Urban populations not only consume more food, but they also consume more durable goods. In the early 1990s, Chinese households in urban areas were two times more likely to have a TV, eight times more likely to have a washing machine, and 25 times more likely to have a refrigerator than rural households.12This increased consumption is a function of urban labor markets, wages, and household structure.Energy consumption for electricity, transportation, cooking, and heating is much higher in urban areas than in rural villages. For example, urban populations have many more cars than rural populations per capita. Almost all of the cars in the world in the 1930s were in the United States. Today we have a car for every two people in the United States. If that became the norm, in 2050 there would be 5.3 billion cars in the world, all using energy.13In China the per capita consumption of coal in towns and cities is over three times the consumption in rural areas.14Comparisons of changes in world energy consumption per capita and GNP show that the two are positively correlated but may not change at the same rate.15As countries move from using noncommercial forms of energy to commercial forms, the relative price of energy increases. Economies, therefore, often become more efficient as they develop because of advances in technology and changes in consumption behavior. The urbanization of the world's populations, however, will increase aggregate energy use, despite efficiencies and new technologies. And the increased consumption of energy is likely to have deleterious environmental effects.Urban consumption of energy helps create heat islands that can change local weather patterns and weather downwind from the heat islands. The heat island phenomenon is created because cities radiate heat back into the atmosphere at a rate 15 percent to 30 percent less than rural areas. The combination of the increased energy consumption and difference in albedo (radiation) means that cities are warmer than rural areas (0.6 to 1.3 C).16And these heat islands become traps for atmospheric pollutants. Cloudiness and fog occur with greater frequency. Precipitation is 5 percent to 10 percent higher in cities; thunderstorms and hailstorms are much more frequent, but snow days in cities are less common.Urbanization also affects the broader regional environments. Regions downwind from large industrial complexes also see increases in the amount of precipitation, air pollution, and the number of days with thunderstorms.17Urban areas affect not only the weather patterns, but also the runoff patterns for water. Urban areas generally generate more rain, but they reduce the infiltration of water and lower the water tables. This means that runoff occurs more rapidly with greater peak flows. Flood volumes increase, as do floods and water pollution downstream.Many of the effects of urban areas on the environment are not necessarily linear. Bigger urban areas do not always create more environmental problems. And small urban areas can cause large problems. Much of what determines the extent of the environmental impacts is how the urban populations behave their consumption and living patterns not just how large they are.Health Effects of Environmental DegradationThe urban environment is an important factor in determining the quality of life in urban areas and the impact of the urban area on the broader environment. Some urban environmental problems include inadequate water and sanitation, lack of rubbish disposal, and industrial pollution.18Unfortunately, reducing the problems and ameliorating their effects on the urban population are expensive.The health implications of these environmental problems include respiratory infections and other infectious and parasitic diseases. Capital costs for building improved environmental infrastructure for example, investments in a cleaner public transportation system such as a subway and for building more hospitals and clinics are higher in cities, where wages exceed those paid in rural areas. And urban land prices are much higher because of the competition for space. But not all urban areas have the same kinds of environmental conditions or health problems. Some research suggests that indicators of health problems, such as rates of infant mortality, are higher in cities that are growing rapidly than in those where growth is slower.19Urban Environmental Policy ChallengesSince the 1950s, many cities in developed countries have met urban environmental challenges. Los Angeles has dramatically reduced air pollution. Many towns that grew up near rivers have succeeded in cleaning up the waters they befouled with industrial development. But cities at the beginning of their development generally have less wealth to devote to the mitigation of urban environmental impacts. And if the lack of resources is accompanied by inefficient government, a growing city may need many years for mitigation. Strong urban governance is critical to making progress. But it is often the resource in shortest supply.20Overlapping jurisdictions for water, air, roads, housing, and industrial development frustrate efficient governance of these vital environmental resources. The lack of good geographic information systems means that many public servants are operating with cataracts. The lack of good statistics means that many urban indicators that would inform careful environmental decisionmaking are missing.21When strong urban governance is lacking, public-private partnerships can become more important.22These kinds of partnerships can help set priorities that are shared broadly, and therefore, implemented. Some of these public-private partnerships have advocated tackling the environmental threats to human health first. "Reducing soot, dust, lead, and microbial disease presents opportunities to achieve tangible progress at relatively low cost over relatively short periods," concluded conferees at a 1994 World Bank gathering on environmentally sustainable development.23But ultimately there are many other urban environmental priorities that produce chronic problems for both people and the environment over the long term that also have to be addressed.Much of the research that needs to be done on the environmental impacts of urban areas has not been done because of a lack of data and funding. Most of the data that exist are at a national level. But national research is too coarse for the environmental improvement of urban areas. Therefore, data and research at the local level need to be developed to provide the local governments with the information they need to make decisions. Certainly the members of the next generation, the majority of whom will be living in urban areas, will judge us by whether we were asking the right questions today about their urban environments. They will want to know whether we funded the right research to address those questions. And they will also want to know whether we used the research findings wisely.

Barbara Boyle Torreyis a writer and consultant who serves on PRB's board of trustees.

References1. M. Gordon Wolman, "Population, Land Use, and Environment: A Long History," inPopulation and Land Use in Developing Countries, ed. Carole L. Jolly and Barbara Boyle Torrey, Committee on Population, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1993).2. United Nations,World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision(New York: UN, 2004).3. World Bank,World Development Report 2002: Building Institutions for Markets(New York: Oxford University Press for the World Bank, 2002).4. Nathan Keyfitz, "Impact of Trends in Resources, Environment and Development on Demographic Prospects," inPopulation and Resources in a Changing World, ed. Kingsley Davis et al. Stanford, CA: Morrison Institute for Population and Resource Studies, 1989).5. United Nations,World Urbanization Prospects.6. National Research Council,Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and Its Implications in the Developing World, ed. Mark R. Montgomery et al., Panel on Urban Population Dynamics, Committee on Population, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2003).7. United Nations,World Urbanization Prospects:193.8. Martin Brockerhoff, "Fertility and Family Planning in African Cities: The Impact of Female Migration,"Journal of Biosocial Science27, no. 3 (1995): 347-58; and Robert Gardner and Richard Blackburn, "People Who Move: New Reproductive Health Focus,"Population ReportsVol. 24, no. 3 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Population Information Program, November 1996).9. Estimates calculated from 90 Demographic and Health Surveys as reported in National Research Council,Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and Its Implications in the Developing World.10. Jyoti K. Parikh et al., Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, "Consumption Patterns: The Driving Force of Environmental Stress" (presented at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, August 1991).11. Jeffrey R. Taylor and Karen A. Hardee,Consumer Demand in China: A Statistical Factbook(Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1986): 112.12. Taylor and Hardee,Consumer Demand in China: 148.13. U.S. Census Bureau,Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2003).14. Taylor and Hardee,Consumer Demand in China: 125.15. Gretchen Kolsrud and Barbara Boyle Torrey, "The Importance of Population Growth in Future Commercial Energy Consumption," inGlobal Climate Change: Linking Energy, Environment, Economy and Equity,ed. James C. White (New York: Plenum Press, 1992): 127-42.16. Andrew S. Goudie,The Human Impact on the Natural Environment, 2d ed. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987): 263.17. Goudie,The Human Impact on the Natural Environment: 265.18. Kolsrud and Torrey, "The Importance of Population Growth in Future Commercial Energy Consumption": 268.19. Martin Brockerhoff and Ellen Brennan, "The Poverty of Cities in Developing Regions,"Population and Development Review24, no. 1 (March 1998): 75-114.20. Eugene Linden, "The Exploding Cities of the Developing World,"Foreign Affairs75, no. 1 (1996): 52-65.21. Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD),Better Understanding Our Cities, The Role of Urban Indicators(Paris: OECD, 1997).22. Ismail Serageldin, Richard Barrett, and Joan Martin-Brown, "The Business of Sustainable Cities,"Environmentally Sustainable Development Proceedings Series, no. 7 (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1994).23. Serageldin, Barrett, and Martin-Brown, "The Business of Sustainable Cities": 33.

http://www.kientrucvietnam.org.vn/Web/Content.aspx?zoneid=127&distid=36153&lang=vi-VN

Din n

th ha - Thc trng v gii php

th ha l qu trnh tt yu ang din ra mnh m trn th gii, c bit l cc nc chu , trong c Vit Nam. Nn kinh t cng pht trin th qu trnh th ha din ra vi tc ngy cng nhanh. th ha gp phn y mnh pht trin kinh t - x hi ca khu vc, nng cao i sng nhn dn. Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng mt tch cc, qu trnh th ha cng pht sinh nhiu vn cn gii quyt nh: vn vic lm cho nng dn b mt t, phng php n b khi gii phng mt bng, cch thc di dn, dn dn

THC TRNG CA VN TH HA

Trong th k XX, s gia tng dn s qu nhanh v khng kim sot c xy ra nhiu ni trn th gii. Theo cc chuyn gia Lin Hp Quc, n nm 2030 dn s th gii s vt qua ngng 8 t.

Phn ln nguyn nhn ca th ho ny sinh do kht vng pht trin cu trc khng gian ca th. Cng vi s xut hin cc khu th mi, khu cng nghip v nhng thnh ph chnh l s thay i ca cc th c sn v lng mt cch r rng nht. l mt hin tng tt yu trn con ng pht trin ca loi ngi nhng nu chng ta khng i ng hng s rt c hi cho mi trng v cho sc khe ca con ngi.

Khi thnh ph ngy cng c m rng th nhng vn lin quan n i li, ngh ngi, tip xc vi thin nhin... ca c dn trong cc th ngy cng cao. th cng pht trin v cng ln th cng di chuyn ca ngi dn cng nhiu. y l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn c bn gy ra nhng kh khn trong cc th hin i ( nhim mi trng do cc cht thi t cc phng tin giao thng c gii, tai nn giao thng). Ngoi ra cn c nhng k th ht sc nguy him cho x hi v cho sc kho ca con ngi (cho c c dn bn a v nhng ngi di c hay vng lai) do s tp trung mt khi lng ln ngi trn mt din tch c hn ca thnh ph. chnh l cc loi t nn x hi (nghin ht, mi dm, trm cp, la o) v nhng loi bnh tt v phng cu cha ca nn vn minh hin i (ung th, tm thn, bnh ngh nghip...).

Sc hp dn ca cuc sng th v ca cc vng c th ho l nguyn nhn chnh li cun mt khi lng khng l c dn nng thn i tm min t ha. Mt khc nhng thnh ph ln ngy cng hp dn v li cun c dn t cc th nh hn cng nh t cc vng nng thn nn cng lm cho tnh hnh thm phc tp (h tng k thut qu ti; cy xanh, mt nc, khng gian trng him hoi).

Thnh ph mi ti Dubai, UAE

S pht trin khng c kim sot ca cc th s dn n nhng vn khng th sa cha c li ch ch ri vo mt nhm rt t ngi trong x hi cn thc t dnh cho i a s qun chng lao ng l th ha pht trin khng bn vng: cht lng nh km (khng c ch v ni c tr khng cn khng gian c th t t chc cc hot ng vn ho v i sng), cuc sng bp bnh do gi c sinh hot ngy mt cao, ngi dn khng tip cn c y nn gio dc chung ca x hi

Cht lng mi trng v cuc sng ca c dn th ngy cng xu i khng phi ch v hu qu ca th ho khng bi bn m cn do nhiu l do khc na, trong vic qun l l nguyn nhn c bn v c nhiu bt cp nht! Nhiu chuyn gia trn th gii nhn xt rng: c mt s lng ng k quc gia trn th gii khng thnh cng do chnh quyn cc cp ca h khng kh nng phc v nhn dn v cn b khng c o to bi bn, k cng lng lo v thiu tinh thn trch nhim nc ta, qun l x hi, vn cn nhiu hn ch, c bit l trong lnh vc qun l th!

Trong th cn nhng ngun nhim khc m con ngi t n. l s nhim do cc yu t vt l, c th l do cc yu t t trng vi tn sut v cng khc nhau (cc trm thu - pht sng, cc ng dy truyn ti in nng). Hn na, cho n by gi chng ta cng cha lng ht c v nhng tc ng ca cc loi vt liu xy dng n sc kho ca con ngi, c bit l nhng loi vt liu c ngun gc t cc hp cht v c. th cng pht trin th cc nguy c nhim t cc yu t cng ln.

Thnh ph khng nhng b nhim m kh hu ca n cng b thay i. Nhng thnh phn c bn ca kh hu nh bc x, ch nhit - m, p sut khng kh, ch gilun b tc ng bi qu trnh th ho. Nh cng cao th mt t cng b nhim khun v nh sng mt tri b che khut khng kh nng tiu dit cc loi vi trng c hi. Do qu trnh th ho v pht trin dn s din ra qu nhanh v qu hn n nn nhng quy tc quy hoch khng c tn trng - v d nh vi phm v mt xy dng, v hng ca cc con ng v ca cc cng trnhs lm tng mt mt nhng tia nng t nhin c li cho sc kho con ngi v hn th na cn phi tiu tn thm mt phn nng lng ng k duy tr ch vi kh hu trong cc khng gian sng ca con ngi,

R rng qu trnh th ho ang tn ti rt nhiu vn c nh hng xu n sc kho ca con ngi v s pht trin ca x hi. gii quyt tn gc nhng vn ny th ch c mt cch duy nht l cn phi lm trong sch mi trng. Nguyn tc xy dng th da trn cc quy lut ca sinh hc c ngha v cng ln trong vic to ra cc iu kin thun li cho cuc sng ca con ngi. Ngy nay, vic ng dng cc quan nim sinh thi hng n cc th pht trin bn vng cng c xem trng iu quan trng nht l phi to ra mi trng thun li th gii t nhin c hot ng theo quy lut ring ca mnh. Qu trnh th ho ca th gii c kinh nghim thnh cng v khng thnh cng.T nhng kinh nghim , chng ta phi t rt ra cc bi hc c th gp phn cho s nghip th ho nc ta trong thi gian ti. TH HA V HNG GII QUYT

nhng vn ca th ha nc ta i ng hng th mt trong nhng nhim v c bn ban u l hoch nh cho c tng bc i c th ca c qu trnh th ho. Trc tin khi t vn suy ngh v th ho ti VitNam: th ho - bn sc vn ha truyn thng tt p lu truyn qua hng ngn nm nay s ra sao? th ho - nng dn v ngi ngho c g ti nhng lnh th chu tc ng ca qu trnh ? Vn ho v truyn thng dn tc s thch nghi nh th no di tc ng mnh lit v qu t ca qu trnh th ha?

th pht trin t pht thiu quy hoch, t dn n vic c mt s th thiu hoc rt km v h tng k thut v x hi, nhim mi trng, cnh quan suy thoi.. bt c khu no ca cng tc quy hoch (quy hoch mi, quy hoch ci to chnh trang th cng nh iu chnh quy hoch) u thiu s ng b, cht lng cc cc n quy hoch khng c tt, thit k th cha c quan tm hoc b ng, iu l qun l th th lng lo v thiu s thng nht gia cc cp Thm ch cc d n quy hoch cn ph thuc vo cc nh u t! Nh vy, nguyn nhn chnh ca tnh trng ny l do h thng php lut lin quan n u t xy dng trong pht trin th cn thiu ng b (nhiu lnh vc b b trng nhng li c nhiu lnh vc c u t chng cho).

c o hnh cy c vi thnh ph ven b bin Dubai thuc cc nc tiu vng quc Rp

Ngoi ra, th ho nc ta v ang dn n mt cn i trong s hi ho cn thit gia mi trng nhn to v mi trng t nhin. ng thi, cng lm mt i s cn i v s hi ho cn thit gia cc vng dn c, cc vng kinh t. Vy th, th ha nht thit phi c tin hnh ng b c vng b th ho v cc lnh th chu tc ng ca qu trnh .

Mt khc, th ho ang to iu kin pht trin rt nhanh cho cc ngnh phi sn xut, nhng li cn tr s pht trin ca cc ngnh sn xut vt cht cho x hi. iu ny, rt d nhn thy cc ngnh nng, lm, ng nghip... ti cc vng nng thn b th ha, t dn n phn chia giu ngho mt cch r rt. S phn tng x hi v mt kinh t tt yu s sinh ra phn tng x hi v gio dc, v vn ho, v h t tng, t dn ti mu thun trong i sng chnh tr. l tin cho nhng bt an trong i sng x hi.

Tng trng kinh t nhanh dn ti qu trnh th ho ti Vit Nam din ra kh mnh m. Vy chng ta phi ng x nh th no vi qu trnh ? Trc ht, phi tp trung vo cng tc quy hoch v th ha mt cch bi bn hn: quy hoch v th ha phi c tm nhn di hn v l trnh thc hin; quy hoch v th ha phi c s tham gia ca ngi dn v cc t chc x hi; quy hoch v th ha phi tnh n li ch ca cc bn lin quan: Nh nc, x hi, cng ng dn c v ngi dn. Nh nc c trch nhim chun b k hoch s dng t, chuyn i mc tiu s dng t v phi ch ng o to ngh cho ngi dn chuyn dch c cu lao ng.

Trong quy hoch, nht thit phi gi gn v pht huy nhng gi tr vn ho c sc ca mi vng min, mi a phng (vt th cng nh phi vt th), trong c bit ch n cc di tch lch s, cc lng c, cc gi tr vn ho phi vt th c th tr thnh nhng im du lch hp dn, cng l khong m to s thng thong cho th. th ho Vit Nam phi c t trong bi cnh chung ca c th gii. y, iu quan trng l tip thu khoa hc, k thut v cng ngh trong pht trin v qun l th nh th no. S lin kt v hc hi nhng kinh nghim tt v th ha vi th gii l rt cn thit. Tuy mi nc c hon cnh v c th ring, nhng chng ta phi hc hi v phi ng c bng bn nng v bn sc ring ca chnh mnh.

KTS.TRN LAN HNGPhng qun l th - UBND qun Long Bin, H Ni

Ngun nh: InternetTheo Tp Ch Kin Trc Vit Nam s 7/2012

http://www.reds.vn/index.php/bien-doi-khi-hau/4054-do-thi-hoa-va-bien-doi-khi-hau

Mi quan h gia qu trnh th ha v bin i kh huBin i kh hung ngy Th t, 10 Thng 4 2013 11:00

th ha l qu trnh chuyn i t tam nng (nng nghip, nng thn, nng dn) sang phi tam nng. Tc l chuyn i hnh thc c tr t nhng ni vn l nng thn lc hu ngho nn vi kiu c tr truyn thng tr thnh ni c tr mi c i sng vn minh.

Quan trng nht y l s chuyn i c cu ngh nghip t nhng ngi nng dn lm nng nghip sang hot ng phi nng nghip. cn l qu trnh chuyn i lin tc nhng ni vn l th ri, lm thay i din mo v cht lng sng ca ngi dn thnh th.Hai ch bo c trng ca th ha l hnh thc c tr - s tp trung dn c v hot ng sn xut ca c dn. Nh vy c th thy qu trnh th ha biu hin qua cc tiu ch:- Dn s th ngy mt tng ln v khng gian vt cht ngy cng m rng ra vi cc hnh thc kin trc mi.- S lng dn c tp trung trn a bn th ngy cng cao.- Cc hot ng ch yu l hot ng phi nng nghip.- Li sng th ngy cng nh hng n cc vng xung quanh.Mt s thun li ca vic gia tng th ha: th ha c xem nh l trung tm thng mi v cng nghip. trung tm y t v chnh tr, thu nhp quc gia cao, sc khe c ci thin, hc vn cao hn, ci thin cht lng cuc sng cng vi nhiu thun li khc nh thng tin a dng, nng ng v s i mi.Mt s bt li ca qu trnh th ha: mt dn s th tm c cha tng c. Nhu cu v t ai gia tng dn n din tch bnh qun trn u ngi thu hp dn. Sn phm thi ra mi trng e da trc tip n sc khe v cht lng cuc sng. X hi th dn dn c chia thnh hai nhm ngi: nhm c thu nhp cao v nhm c thu nhp thp. Thiu ngun nc sch. th c xc nh bng cc yu t c trng l din tch t s dng, v tr v dn s. Cc th u chim mt din tch t rng, vo v tr thun li giao thng v dn s th rt ng. Cc iu kin nhin nh kh hu, iu kin sng c ci thin nn cng thu ht ngi dn nng thn ra sng th. Thm vo , do cng nghip ha, lao ng nng nghip tr nn d tha, m th, khu cng nghip li cn lao ng b sung nn c s di dn t nng thn ra thnh ph.S tp trung cng nghip v th ha cao ny c tc ng ln i vi mi trng. Cc cht kh thi, nc, rn, cht c hi cho mi trng khng phi l cc b na m l c quy m rng ln. Cc dng x nc thi gy ra nhim mi trng nc mt, nc ngm, gy nhim t. Cc loi bi bn ha cht, silic, vn thp, mui bm trn l cy, ph trn mt t, i theo ng h hp vo phi ngi, gy hi cho sc khe con ngi. th ha dn n nhiu thay i c lin quan trc tip n kh hu v mi trng. Mt s thay i nh: thay i m hnh s dng t, tng trng mt dn s, tng s dng phng tin giao thng v nng lng hot ng chuyn su, tng trng cng nghip, tng cng tiu dng v thi loi cht thi.Nu th ha khng c k hoch tng trng dn n gy thit hi lan rng n h sinh thi hin ti, nn ph rng v mt t nng nghip, nh hng n kh hu v mi trng. ng b tng xi mng, cc ta nh v ng bng thay i cc sut phn chiu ca cc th, l gim dng chy t do ca khng kh. th, mc s dng nng lng ln nh cc ngnh cng nghip, t, cc ton nh b tng tr thnh nhiu hn v ph bin hn. C s h tng nh ng x, cu cng, thot nc v cp nc khng hon ton p ng s di c ngy cng gia tng. iu ny to ra mt phn chia ln trong cht lng cuc sng gia giu v ngho. M vn cn quan tm c t ra hng u l s di c khng kim sot c ca ngi dn t cc a phng bn ngoi ko vo th.Hu ht cc di dn s l ngi ngho nng thn s sng trong cc khu chut hoc khu nh c phn tn. S pht trin ca mt dn s dn n iu kin v sinh km v mt iu kin v sinh. Dn s ln cng dn n tiu th thc phm, nc v nng lng nhiu hn, t cng thng ln v mi trng.c trng ca th l khu cng nghip, trong c cc loi cng nghip. Sn xut cng nghip ngy cng mnh th mi trng th cng b nhim. nhim ny bao gm nhim mi trng t, mi trng nc, mi trng khng kh. Du cho k thut pht trin cao th nhim vn khng theo m gim, i lc cn ngc li. th ha dn n thay i trong vic s dng t t nhin m hnh, loi b cc cy, xy dng ng giao thng v cc ta nh cao tng. Nhng thay i ny thay i sut phn chiu b mt t nhin v thot nc t nhin. Cu trc xi mng, b tng cng thay i nhit dn. Vic xy dng cc ta cao c dn n s hn ch trong thng gi, thiu tip xc vi nh sng mt tri thch hp, do d nh hng n sc khe ca c dn. Ngi ta khng quan tm n sc sng ca mi trng t m ch quan tm n tnh c l, bn, tnh chu lc, t nn. Mt khc, t c ph b tng, xi mng hay nha ri ng, cho nn s trao i gia mi trng t v yu t t nhin b hn ch ti a. Tnh thm nc, xp, s trao i khng kh khng cn na. Cn nhng khu cng nghip th t b nhim nng bi cht thi cng nghip, cht thi sinh hot.Mt trong nhng mi e da ln nht i vi mi trng l s tng trng cc thnh ph ln, nht l khi cc thnh ph ny nm gn b bin v cc dng sng. Vic ny c th hy dit sinh thi ven bin, ven sng v cc vng t ngp nc. Chu trnh nc t nhin b hn ch nhiu qu trnh thm, dng chy t nhin v tng cng qu trnh bc hi. H thng nc sng rch c thay bng cng rnh hoc knh o, h thng nc ngm cng b khai thc ti a v c th c nhiu ni b nhim hoc st ln.Cc ngnh cng nghip nm gn cc thnh ph l ngun gc chnh ca khng kh, nc v nhim t ai. Hu ht cc nng lng cn thit h tr cc ngnh cng nghip v cuc sng th c sn xut bng cc s dng nhin liu ha thch v d nh than, xng, diesel hoc kh t nhin. Mi kt qu trong s gia tng pht thi cc khi nh knh CO2. Biu hin nng n nht l cc loi kh SOx, NOx, COx v nhng kh gy hiu ng nh knh, k c gy thng tng zn (C.F.C). S pht trin th cng mnh, nhim khng kh cng nng n. Ting n ca th cng l mt loi nhim ht nh hng n sc khe ca cng ng. Ting n cc nh my, giao thng cc ng ph, xa l vi mt xe c ngy cng cao hn th mc nhim cng tr nn nng n hn nht l cc giao l. nhim ting n v kh thi th cao hn gp nhiu ln so vi ni khc. nhim bi trong khng kh t cc nh my xi mng, nhim bi trong giao thng l mi nguy hi i vi mi trng th. nhim mi trng khng kh th cn c biu hin bng cc dch bnh v mc lan truyn dch nhanh chng bi mt dn c qu ln cng vi li sng thiu v sinh mi trng.a dng sinh hc trong mi trng th so vi mi trng khc b gim thiu. Bi v dn s pht trin, v cuc sng v li ch ca mnh con ngi chn p, ph v v tiu dit cc loi khc. Cho nn h sinh thi trn mt t, trn bu tri, trong lng t, trong knh rch, sng h cng gim thiu. Cc loi ng vt c chng ch cn li gia cm, ch, mo, heo, g khu chn nui cng nghip. S can thip th bo ca con ngi lm nhng loi thy sinh nh: cc vi sinh vt, tm, c, thy sn c li b gim thiu trong cc sng rch i qua thnh ph. Thm thc vt cng b tn ph, v vy cc ging loi thc vt b tiu dit theo pht trin s dng t th, v h thc vt t nhin cng b gim thiu. Cn chng ch l h thc vt nhn to cng vin hoc trong cc rng phng h.Cc khu dn c tp trung: c im ni bt ca th l khu dn c tp trung. th ha ng ngha vi tp trung dn c v cng nghip. M ta bit rng bt c ni no, s lng ngi cng tng th nhim cng cao. Du rng c mt s bin php x l nhim, du rng c mt h thng gio dc v qun l mi trng, nhng tc ng v mt dn c ng v s dn cao vn lm tn hi n mi trng, nht l cc th ca cc nc ang pht trin. Tuy nhin, c s khc nhau gia cc khu dn c ca th chu u vi chu , gia Vit Nam vi Malaysia ty theo tp qun mi dn tc.H thng giao thng th: khi thy ca mt vng th thng l nhng ni thun tin giao thng thy b, theo kinh t pht trin v s gia tng dn s khin giao thng cn pht trin. H thng giao thng phn nh trnh pht trin ca th, n gn vi giao lu vn chuyn gia cc vng, cc khu cng nghip, khu dn c. th t ch pht trin t pht chuyn sang pht trin theo quy hoch, tri qua nhiu giai on m giao thng cha c biu hin nh mt yu t u vit, v vy, nhiu lc giao thng th tr thnh mt nhn t hn ch ca mi trng th: nn kt xe, ting n, kh c, rung, khi, bi.H mi trng th th rt a dng phc tp, nhng c im chung l biu hin s tc ng mnh ca con ngi. Cn bng sinh thi y b ph v lin tc. Con ngi c gng duy tr v phc hi cn bng sinh thi t nhin. Nhng nhng c gng ny chng thm vo u so vi tc ph v sinh thi.V vy, cuc sng th, li sng cng nghip c xc nh vai tr trong vic xc nh vai tr trong vic gy ra s nng ln ton cu. Nng ln ton cu c th dn n bin i kh hu, bao gm c tng tn sut v cng bo, l lt v hn hn. ng thi, s gia tng mc nc bin n 90cm vo cui th k 21, s l thm ha n nhiu trung tm th nm gn b bin. Nh vy, th ha dn n nhng thay i ng k trong kh hu th. Mt v d nh: th ha to ra mt trung tm thnh ph m p hn so vi mi trng xung quanh cc vng ph cn. Hiu ng ny c gi l o nhit th (Urban Heat Island) v c xut hin gn nh tt c cc thnh ph ln trn thnh ph ln trn th gii.T nhng tc hi chung ca bin i kh hu n i sng ton cu, c th nhn nhn nhng tc hi c trng ca bin i kh hu n th v qu trnh th ha. Tri t nng ln lm nc bin dng, gy nn xi mn b bin, ngp lt vng ven b, lm suy thoi t ngp nc, nc mn xm nhp, git cht cc loi thc vt, ng vt nc ngt. Ti nhng vng m bin i kh hu lm tng cng ma, th nc ma s lm tng xi mn t, l lt, st l t v c th gy nh hng n cu trc, chc nng ca cc thy vc, lm nhim ngun nc. Tt c nhng hin tng u nh hng n cc loi sinh vt v ti nguyn sinh vt, lm cho nhiu h sinh thi b suy thoi, gy kh khn cho s pht trin kinh t v x hi, nht l ti cc nc ngho m cuc sng a s ngi dn cn ph thuc nhiu vo thin nhin.Cng phi ni thm rng, nhit tri t tng/gim hay mc nc bin dng ln c th nh hng n s sng ca cc sinh vt, nhng tc nhn chnh ca s bin i kh hu l s tch hp ca nhiu nhn t v mi trng do nh hng ca bin i kh hu gy ra cng mt lc, tc ng ln sinh vt nh: thiu thc n, nhim nc, bnh tt v ni sng khng n nh, b suy thoi Ring v sc khe th nhng t nng xy ra vo thng 8/2003 chu u, gy t vong n 35.000 ngi ni ln tm quan trng ca vn . Hn mt thng rt m bt thng min Bc Vit Nam trong ma ng nm 2007, cng c th l hu qu ca bin i kh hu ton cu, l cht hn 53.000 gia sc, nhiu m c, tm b cht, l cha ni n thit hi v lc, cc loi hoa mu khc v cc cy con hoang d cc vng cao b bng gi trong nhiu ngy lin.Vit Nam c xem l mt trong nhng nc s b nh hng nng do bin i kh hu ton cu. Theo d bo, bin i kh hu s lm cho cc trn bo Vit Nam thng Lng ma tht thng v lun bin i. Nhit tng cao hn, tnh hnh thi tit khc lit hn. Tn sut v cng ca nhng t bo l, triu cng tng t bin. Cc dch bnh xut hin v lan trn Tnh trng thiu ht nc dng cao. Din tch rng ngp mn cng b tc ng. Phn b rng nguyn sinh, th sinh, c th dch chuyn. Nguy c tuyt chng cc loi ng thc vt cng gia tng. Nguy c chy rng, pht tn dch bnh ngy cng biu hin. Ngun thy sn b phn tn.Theo cnh bo ca IPCC th nhit gia tng c th l iu kin thun li cho nhng loi to gay hi pht trin; khi con ngi n nhng loi thy sn sng bng nhng loi to s b bnh tt. Th ri s dn c sinh sng ti nhng vng duyn hi s gp nhiu bo t, lt li hn. Tnh hnh xm nhp ngp mn cng lm gim bt ngun nc ngt s dng hng ngy.C th ni ngn gn v tc ng ca bin i kh hu n th v qu trnh th nh: nh hng i sng sn xut, sinh hot v sc khe ca ngi dn, cc hin tng ca bin i kh hu lm ph hy cc cng trnh h tng k thut ca th, lm nh hng mi trng sng ca cc sinh vt trong h sinh thi th, mc nc bin tng lm triu cng ngp ng xy ra nhiu hn trong cc th, bn cnh , Tri t nng ln khin cho hin tng hn hn ko di, khan him nc sch xy ra khng ch trong cc th.Theo i hc KHXH&NV TP.HCM

http://www.geoviet.vn/TechConner/TechConner.aspx?pid=404&id=482&lang=vn&nt=menu1&inpage=0&ArtID=347

Tng quan v tnh hnh pht trin th ti Vit NamNgy 20/10/2008, Th tng Chnh ph k quyt inh s 1519/Q-TTg ly ngy 8/11 hng nm l Ngy th Vit Nam, nhm ng vin v thu ht s quan tm ca cc tng lp nhn dn, chnh quyn cc th cc nh quy hoch, kin trc, cc nh u t pht trin th, cc chuyn gia v cc t chc x hi-ngh nghip tch cc tham gia xy dng v pht trin th. Trong qu trnh pht trin ca mi quc gia, th lun l ng lc thc y tng trng kinh t, pht trin x hi. th ho c xem l vn ht sc quan trng hin nay i vi Vit Nam. th ho, qua cc con s:Trong hn 20 nm tin hnh cng cuc i mi, qu trnh th ho din ra ht sc nhanh chng nht l trong 10 nm tr li y, c bit cc thnh ph ln nh H Ni, Nng v Thnh ph H Ch Minh.T nm 1990 cc th Vit Nam bt u pht trin, lc c nc mi c khong 500 th (t l th ho vo khong 17-18%), n nm 2000 con s ny ln 649 v nm 2003 l 656 th. Tnh n nay, c nc c khong 700 th, trong c 5 thnh ph trc thuc trung ng, 44 thnh ph trc thuc tnh, 45 th x v trn 500 th trn.Bc u hnh thnh cc chui th trung tm quc gia: Cc th trung tm quc gia gm H Ni, Thnh ph H Ch Minh, Hi Phng, Nng, Hu. Cc th trung tm vng gm cc thnh ph nh: Cn Th, Bin Ho, Vng Tu, Bun Ma Thut, Nha Trang, Nam nh, Thi Nguyn, Vit Tr, H Long, Ho BnhCc th trung tm tnh gm cc thnh ph, th x gi chc nng trung tm hnh chnh-chnh tr, kinh t, vn ho, du lch-dch v, u mi giao thng; v cc th trung tm huyn; th trung tm cm cc khu dn c nng thn, cc th mi.Hin nay, t l dn s th nc ta di 40%, theo quy hoch pht trin n nm 2010 con s ny s 56-60%, n nm 2020 l 80%.Theo d bo ca B Xy dng, t l th ho ca Vit Nam vo nm 2020 s t khong 40%, tng ng vi s dn c sinh sng ti th chim trn 45 triu dn. Mc tiu ra cho din tch bnh qun u ngi l 100m2/ngi. Nu t t l 100m2/ngi, Vit Nam cn c khong 450.000ha t th, nhng hin nay, din tch t th ch c 105.000ha, bng 1/4 so vi yu cu. Vi tc pht trin v dn s th nh vy, Vit Nam s phi i mt vi ngy cng nhiu vn phc tp pht sinh t qu trnh th ho. l: Vn di dn t nng thn ra thnh th, lm cho mt dn s thnh th tng cao; vn gii quyt cng n vic lm, tht nghip ti ch, nh v t nn x hi lm cho trt t x hi ven ngy cng thm phc tp; vn nh v qun l trt t an ton x hi th; vn nhim mi trng, nhim ngun nc... th ha hng ti mc tiu bn vng: th ha l mt qu trnh tt yu ca bt k quc gia no, trong c Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, th ha t pht, thiu quy hoch khoa hc s lm ny sinh v li nhiu hu qu tiu cc v lu di, cn tr s pht trin ca t nc. Chnh v vy, chin lc th ha ca Vit Nam phi hng ti mc tiu bn vng gi t nhin, con ngi v x hi.Mun vy cn: Tng cng cng tc gio dc nhm nng cao nhn thc ca ngi dn. Song song vi vic nng cao dn tr l tin hnh quy hoch phn b ng u cc khu cng nghip, khu th ti cc thnh ph trn c nc. Tng cng gio dc np sng vn minh, gia nh vn ho mi i vi c dn th.Hn ch v qun l tt hn i vi dn nhp c, gp phn lp li trt t x hi m bo cho vic xy dng x hi th n nh, bn vng. C chin lc, l trnh quy hoch th ng b. Hon thin v v pht trin mng li c s h tng th, giao thng ng b thun tin, khng ch tc v hn ch gy nhim mi trng.Tng cng nng cao nhn thc cho cng ng v tm quan trng ca mi trng i vi sc kho v cht lng cuc sng. Tch cc thc hin cc bin php tuyn truyn, khuyn khch cng ng s dng cc nhin liu sch trong sinh hot thay cho cc loi nhin liu gy nhim khng kh v ngun nc sinh hot.u tin pht trin giao thng cng cng, c bit l cc phng tin giao thng cng cng hin i khng gy nhim. Cn xem vic pht trin phng tin vn chuyn cng cng l gii php trng tm gim nguy c tc nghn giao thng v nhim mi trng th. C th ni, th ho t pht, thiu quy hoch khoa hc s lm ny sinh v li nhiu hu qu tiu cc v lu di, cn tr s pht trin ca t nc.Ngun: diaoconline

http://danso.giadinh.net.vn/du-lieu-dan-so/nhung-van-de-thien-nien-ky-ve-do-thi-20111206030014372.htm

th haTi vn bnNhng s kin ch yu v cc thnh ph:Nhng vn thin nin k v thHu nh tt c s tng dn s trong mt phn t th k ti s l cc a bn th trong cc nc km pht trin. Tng nhanh nht s khng xy ra cc thnh ph ln m cc trung tm th c t hn 500.000 ngi.

Nm 2000 c 402 thnh ph c t 1 n 5 triu dn; v 22 thnh ph c t 5 n 10 triu dn.Nm 1950 New York l thnh ph duy nht c hn 10 triu dn. Nm 2015 s c 23 thnh ph nh vy, trong 19 l cc nc ang pht trin.

cc nc pht trin, 75 phn trm dn s sng th. T l dn s c tr th chu khng n 40%, nhng tng s dn th ln ti 1,5 t - hn c chu u, M la tinh, chu i dng v bc M cng li. Chu Phi l lc a t th ho nht, nhng dn s th ang tng nhanh.

th ho cc nc pht trin phn nhiu i i vi tng trng kinh t v nng cao phc li. Cn cc nc ang pht trin li khng nh vy. V d, chu Phi hn 70% dn s th - hn 160 triu ngi - sng nhng khu nh chut. T nm 1990, dn s th sng trong nhng khu nh chut ca chu Phi tng gn 5% mt nm v c 15 nm li gp i.

t nht 1 t ngi, ch yu l chu , chu Phi v M la tinh sng trong nhng khu nh chut v nhng ni khng c php nh c, hoc khng c tha nhn hp php hoc khng c dch v ca chnh quyn thnh ph. Nm 2020 con s c th l hn 2 t ngi.

Ch tiu th 7 ca cc Mc tiu pht trin thin nin k (bo m bn vng v mi trng) l ci thin c ngha cuc sng ca t nht 100 triu ngi khu nh chut vo nm 2020. Cc yu t mi trng l nguyn nhn ch yu ca t vong, bnh tt v nng sut km, tt c gp phn ko di mi s i ngho.

Nc khng an ton v v sinh khng y l nhng mi nguy chnh ca cuc sng trong nhng khu nh chut. Tiu chy l nguyn nhn ph bin th hai ca t vong tr em, chim 12% s cht tr em di 5 tui cc nc ang pht trin - 1,3 triu t vong hng nm.

Nhng ngi khu nh chut thng cng phi bng lng vi cht lng khng kh. Khong 2 triu tr em di 5 tui cht mi nm do nhim khun ng h hp cp - nguyn nhn gy t vong hng u trn ton cu ca tr em, cn bnh cng trm trng thm bi cc yu t mi trng nh nhim khng kh trong nh v ngoi tri.

Theo T chc Y t th gii, 1,5 t ngi th phi chu nhim khng kh ngoi tri vt qu mc khuyn ngh ti a. C ti na triu trng hp t vong l do khng kh b nhim ch ring bi cc bi bay l lng v sun-phuya i-xt, ch yu l t kh thi xe c. Mt nghin cu c tnh 1/5 trng hp ung th phi M l do kh thi xe c.

t chy nhng ph thi, c bit l nha v cc cht thi nguy him khc cng nh hng n cht lng khng kh. Chi ph y t ton cu cho nhim khng kh c tnh 1 t -la M. cc nc pht trin gii quyt nhim khng kh chi ph ti gn 2% GDP; cn cc nc ang pht trin l 5 n 20%.Sn xut in nng, cng nghip v vn ti - hin nay cc nc pht trin ch yu l gn vi th trn v thnh ph - l ngun gc ca a s kh thi i-xt cc-bon, kh nh knh nguyn nhn chnh gy ra bin i kh hu.

Trong 1/4 th k ti, c tnh kh thi i-xt cc-bon, ch yu do xe hi, xe ti v cc trm pht in, s tng 60%. Hn 2/3 s tng ny l t cc nc ang pht trin do tng trng kinh t nhanh v tng nhiu xe hi.

Bin i kh hu l mt mi e do cc th trn v thnh ph a hnh thp v nm ven bin, v thng xuyn b bo nghim trng. Dn s th tng - c bit l nhng ngi khu nh chut - d b thin tai. Gn 40% dn s th gii sng ven b bin trong vng 60 cy s.

th ho v pht trin kinh t thng i i vi tng tiu dng ngun lc tnh theo u ngi v to ra cc cht thi. Nhng ngi dn th cc nc pht trin to ra cht thi nhiu gp 6 ln cc nc ang pht trin.

Chnh quyn cc thnh ph c th chi tiu ti 30% ngn sch vo x l cht thi, ch yu l t vn ti. Chi ph thng trm trng thm do khng c sn t ph hp do m rng din tch th v gi t tng.

cc nc ang pht trin, chi ph qun l cht thi rn thm ch c th cn cao hn, ti 50% ngn sch hin hnh. C s h tng b cht thi an ton cng thng thiu. Khong 30% n 60% cht thi rn th khng c thu nht v cha n 50% dn s c phc v.

Khi th trn v thnh ph pht trin th phi da vo cc ngun ti nguyn xa, do vy tc ng n mi trng - c gi l du chn sinh thi.

Du chn sinh thi ca thnh ph Lun n, Anh gp 120 ln din tch ca thnh ph ny. Trung bnh 1 thnh ph Bc M vi dn s 650.000 ngi i hi 30.000 km2 t phc v nhu cu ca n. Tri li, mt thnh ph quy m tng t nhng km thnh vng hn n i hi 2.800 km2.

T nm 1950 s dng cht t ho thch trn ton cu tng 500%. Tiu dng nc ngt gn gp i k t nm 1960, v nh bt bin gp 4 ln. Mt thnh ph 10 triu dn - v d Manila, Cairo hay Rio de Janeiro - mi ngy nhp t nht 6.000 tn lng thc.

Hn mt na s nc ngt khai thc cho con ngi s dng l cc a bn th: cho cng nghip, ung v v sinh, hay ti cy trng. C ti 65% nc s dng ti l b lng ph.

Nhiu thnh ph cc nc ang pht trin, khong 40 n 60% nc ung t v b tht thot v ng ng r r v kt ni bt hp php. Ngay cc nc cng nghip c ti 1/4 nc b lng ph.

Nhit khng kh th c th cao hn vng nng thn xung quanh 5 C do t ai t nhin b thay th bng ng s v cc cng trnh xy dng. Hin tng ny - c gi l nh hng lm nng t - c th gim bt bng bo tn v to ra nhng khong khng gian xanh trong thnh ph.

Din tch xanh nhng ni nh c th cn phc v cho nhiu mc ch khc. Cc khonh rng th to ra -xy v hp th i-xt cc-bon, do nng cao cht lng khng kh. Cc khonh rng s ngn bo l v l ni c tr cho cc loi hoang d th.

Qun l tt, cc khu nh c th c th h tr dn c ngy cng tp trung ng, hn ch tc ng ca chng ti mi trng v ci thin sc kho v tiu chun cuc sng. Lut v cc khon tr cp a phng v quc gia c th gim cht thi, khuyn khch bo tn v thc y cc gii php bn vng.

Nhng v d v qun l tt bao gm vic s dng ci gi l nc thi xi toa-lt; xe c c mc nhim thp v cc h thng vn ti cng cng hu hiu, n gii quyt cc vn tc nghn giao thng v lm sch bu kh quyn; chiu sng tit kim nng lng v k hoch ti ch cht thi.

Trn ton cu c nhiu tm gng ca chnh quyn a phng, cc t chc cng dn, doanh nghip v cng nghip c sng kin a ra v thc hin nhng cu tr li cho nhng vn ca thin nin k th v to ra nhng Thnh ph Xanh.TheoTp ch DS&PT, s 6/2005, Website Tng cc DS-KHHG

http://www.baomoi.com/O-nhiem-moi-truong-tu-do-thi-hoa/148/5010276.epi

nhim mi trng t th haKTT-14/10/2010 08:34 0 0 Tin gc

KTT - Nhng ta nh cao tng t mc ln, nhng con ng c sa cha, nhng dng sng on mnh gnh lng nc thi khng l... Th H Ni ang b e da bi s nhim mi trng m nguyn nhn chnh l do qu trnh th ha cha c qun l v kim sot cht ch.Cn nh gi ng thc trng mi trngTrn th gii, khng c quc gia no thc hin cng nghip ha m khng ng thi th ha, ch khc qu trnh din ra thun li hay li hu qu khng mong mun v dch v cng, phn ha giu ngho v nht l v mi trng. Nhng th c qu trnh lch s lu di nh H Ni th th ha cng nhanh cng gp nhiu kh khn khi gii quyt mi trng. Trn th gii, c nhng th trong thi gian nht nh chn th ha nhanh, tng trng nhanh trc ri sau mi lo n mi trng v c c mi trng bn vng phi gii quyt hu qu rt ln.Theo TS.KTS o Ngc Nghim - Hi Quy hoch Pht trin th H Ni, cng c nhng th, pht trin, khng la chn, khng p dng ngay cc tiu chun mi trng tin tin song khi lp k hoch pht trin kinh t c tnh n chi ph v mi trng. La chn nh hng no th ha c hiu qu trc ht cn quy hoch th ni chung, H Ni ni ring, phi nh gi ng thc trng la chn hp l v xut cc yu cu v mi trng.GS.TS Phm Ngc ng - Ch tch Hi Mi trng Xy dng Vit Nam t ra quan ngi khi trong n "Quy hoch chung xy dng Th H Ni n nm 2030 v tm nhn n nm 2050" a ra mc tiu tng din tch t cy xanh trong th t 2 - 3m2/ngi hin nay ln 10 - 15m2/ngi ch nh khu hiu, khng h c phng n quy hoch nh th no t c mc tiu trn.Din bin theo chiu hng xuL mt trong nhng chuyn gia hng u v lnh vc nhim khng kh Vit Nam, GS.TS Phm Ngc ng cho rng, mi trng H Ni ang din bin theo chiu hng xu i. Mi trng khng kh H Ni b nhim nng, nng bi trung bnh gp 2 - 3 ln quy chun cho php. cc khu vc xy dng hay sa cha ng s th nng bi gp 5 - 7 ln, thm ch c ni trn 10 ln quy chun cho php. nhim khng kh cc ng ph, khi b tc nghn giao thng, c th tng ln gp 2 - 3 ln so vi mc nhim khi bnh thng. V nc thi, H Ni cha m rng mi x l c khong 5% nc thi sinh hot, cn 95% nc thi sinh hot th ch x l s b ri thng ra sng, h gy nhim trm trng mi trng nc mt. hu ht cc th v tinh ca H Ni u cha c trm x l nc thi sinh hot no. Trong khi , tng lng cht thi rn sinh hot thnh ph H Ni pht sinh trc nm 1995 ch khong 2.000 tn/ngy, nay tng ln 4.000 tn/ngy. T l thu gom mi t khong 80 - 85%. H Ni t ra k hoch thc hin nhiu d n mi trng nhm ci thin cht lng mi trng H Ni nhng hiu qu cha t c nh mong mun.Cng theo ng ng, mt trong nhng nguyn nhn dn n tnh trng nhim ti H Ni ni ring v cc th ni chung khng ngng xu i l do nhiu quy nh ca php lut v qun l th ni chung, qun l mi trng ni ring cha c thc hin nghim minh. Th d cc cng tc thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng i vi cc d n u t (cng trnh v cc khu th mi) cn mang tnh hnh thc. Vic kim tra, kim sot mi trng sau nh gi tc ng mi trng hu nh khng c tin hnh. Nhiu cng trnh cao tng trong bn qun ni thnh c cha xem xt n s qu sc chu ti mi trng ca h thng h tng k thut th.V vn ny, Thc s Phm Vn Khnh - Ph Gim c S TN&MT H Ni cho bit, Thnh ph nhn thy vn mi trng, nh gi ng thc trng v xy dng chng trnh, k hoch, n v nhng gii php nhm kim ch, ngn chn tnh trng gia tng nhim mi trng v ci thin mt bc cnh quan mi trng, to chuyn bin tch cc trong cng tc bo v mi trng trn a bn thnh ph. H Ni, Th anh hng, Thnh ph v ha bnh c nhn dn c nc v bn b quc t yu mn, ngng m khng ch bi s pht trin k diu v kinh t - x hi - vn ha hin ti, m cn bi b dy lch s vn hin 1000 nm Thng Long - H Ni, bi truyn thng bt khut anh hng vi con ngi H Ni thanh lch, vn minh, bi cnh quan thin nhin mi trng ti p. l ti sn v gi v c sc ca Th m mi chng ta u t ho, trn trng v c trch nhim cng nhau gi gn, pht huy.Hng Thi

http://cus.vnu.edu.vn/content/tin-tuc-su-kien/do-thi-hoa-thuc-trang-va-giai-phap

TH HA - THC TRNG V GII PHPmastergi voCN, 10/28/2012 - 18:10Qu trnh th ha nhanh,mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy nhim mi trng th ha l qu trnh tt yu ang din ra mnh m trn th gii, c bit l cc nc chu , trong c Vit Nam. Nn kinh t cng pht trin th qu trnh th ha din ra vi tc ngy cng nhanh. th ha gp phn y mnh pht trin kinh t - x hi ca khu vc, nng cao i sng nhn dn. Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng mt tch cc, qu trnh th ha cng pht sinh nhiu vn cn gii quyt nh: vn vic lm cho nng dn b mt t, phng php n b khi gii phng mt bng, cch thc di dn, dn dnThc trngTrong th k XX, s gia tng dn s qu nhanh v khng kim sot c xy ra nhiu ni trn th gii. Theo cc chuyn gia Lin Hp Quc, n nm 2030 dn s th gii s vt qua ngng 8 t.Phn ln nguyn nhn ca th ho ny sinh do kht vng pht trin cu trc khng gian ca th. Cng vi s xut hin cc khu th mi, khu cng nghip v nhng thnh ph chnh l s thay i ca cc th c sn v lng mt cch r rng nht. l mt hin tng tt yu trn con ng pht trin ca loi ngi nhng nu chng ta khng i ng hng s rt c hi cho mi trng v cho sc khe ca con ngi.Khi thnh ph ngy cng c m rng th nhng vn lin quan n i li, ngh ngi, tip xc vi thin nhin... ca c dn trong cc th ngy cng cao. th cng pht trin v cng ln th cng di chuyn ca ngi dn cng nhiu. y l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn c bn gy ra nhng kh khn trong cc th hin i ( nhim mi trng do cc cht thi t cc phng tin giao thng c gii, tai nn giao thng). Ngoi ra cn c nhng k th ht sc nguy him cho x hi v cho sc kho ca con ngi (cho c c dn bn a v nhng ngi di c hay vng lai) do s tp trung mt khi lng ln ngi trn mt din tch c hn ca thnh ph. chnh l cc loi t nn x hi (nghin ht, mi dm, trm cp, la o) v nhng loi bnh tt v phng cu cha ca nn vn minh hin i (ung th, tm thn, bnh ngh nghip...).Sc hp dn ca cuc sng th v ca cc vng c th ho l nguyn nhn chnh li cun mt khi lng khng l c dn nng thn i tm min t ha. Mt khc nhng thnh ph ln ngy cng hp dn v li cun c dn t cc th nh hn cng nh t cc vng nng thn nn cng lm cho tnh hnh thm phc tp (h tng k thut qu ti; cy xanh, mt nc, khng gian trng him hoi).S pht trin khng c kim sot ca cc th s dn n nhng vn khng th sa cha c li ch ch ri vo mt nhm rt t ngi trong x hi cn thc t dnh cho i a s qun chng lao ng l th ha pht trin khng bn vng: cht lng nh km (khng c ch v ni c tr khng cn khng gian c th t t chc cc hot ng vn ho v i sng), cuc sng bp bnh do gi c sinh hot ngy mt cao, ngi dn khng tip cn c y nn gio dc chung ca x hiCht lng mi trng v cuc sng ca c dn th ngy cng xu i khng phi ch v hu qu ca th ho khng bi bn m cn do nhiu l do khc na, trong vic qun l l nguyn nhn c bn v c nhiu bt cp nht! Nhiu chuyn gia trn th gii nhn xt rng: c mt s lng ng k quc gia trn th gii khng thnh cng do chnh quyn cc cp ca h khng kh nng phc v nhn dn v cn b khng c o to bi bn, k cng lng lo v thiu tinh thn trch nhim nc ta, qun l x hi, vn cn nhiu hn ch, c bit l trong lnh vc qun l th!Trong th cn nhng ngun nhim khc m con ngi t n. l s nhim do cc yu t vt l, c th l do cc yu t t trng vi tn sut v cng khc nhau (cc trm thu - pht sng, cc ng dy truyn ti in nng). Hn na, cho n by gi chng ta cng cha lng ht c v nhng tc ng ca cc loi vt liu xy dng n sc kho ca con ngi, c bit l nhng loi vt liu c ngun gc t cc hp cht v c. th cng pht trin th cc nguy c nhim t cc yu t cng ln.Thnh ph khng nhng b nhim m kh hu ca n cng b thay i. Nhng thnh phn c bn ca kh hu nh bc x, ch nhit - m, p sut khng kh, ch gilun b tc ng bi qu trnh th ho. Nh cng cao th mt t cng b nhim khun v nh sng mt tri b che khut khng kh nng tiu dit cc loi vi trng c hi. Do qu trnh th ho v pht trin dn s din ra qu nhanh v qu hn n nn nhng quy tc quy hoch khng c tn trng - v d nh vi phm v mt xy dng, v hng ca cc con ng v ca cc cng trnhs lm tng mt mt nhng tia nng t nhin c li cho sc kho con ngi v hn th na cn phi tiu tn thm mt phn nng lng ng k duy tr ch vi kh hu trong cc khng gian sng ca con ngi,R rng qu trnh th ho ang tn ti rt nhiu vn c nh hng xu n sc kho ca con ngi v s pht trin ca x hi. gii quyt tn gc nhng vn ny th ch c mt cch duy nht l cn phi lm trong sch mi trng. Nguyn tc xy dng th da trn cc quy lut ca sinh hc c ngha v cng ln trong vic to ra cc iu kin thun li cho cuc sng ca con ngi. Ngy nay, vic ng dng cc quan nim sinh thi hng n cc th pht trin bn vng cng c xem trng iu quan trng nht l phi to ra mi trng thun li th gii t nhin c hot ng theo quy lut ring ca mnh. Qu trnh th ho ca th gii c kinh nghim thnh cng v khng thnh cng.T nhng kinh nghim , chng ta phi t rt ra cc bi hc c th gp phn cho s nghip th ho nc ta trong thi gian ti.Hng gii quyt nhng vn ca th ha nc ta i ng hng th mt trong nhng nhim v c bn ban u l hoch nh cho c tng bc i c th ca c qu trnh th ho. Trc tin khi t vn suy ngh v th ho ti VitNam: th ho - bn sc vn ha truyn thng tt p lu truyn qua hng ngn nm nay s ra sao? th ho - nng dn v ngi ngho c g ti nhng lnh th chu tc ng ca qu trnh ? Vn ho v truyn thng dn tc s thch nghi nh th no di tc ng mnh lit v qu t ca qu trnh th ha? th pht trin t pht thiu quy hoch, t dn n vic c mt s th thiu hoc rt km v h tng k thut v x hi, nhim mi trng, cnh quan suy thoi.. bt c khu no ca cng tc quy hoch (quy hoch mi, quy hoch ci to chnh trang th cng nh iu chnh quy hoch) u thiu s ng b, cht lng cc cc n quy hoch khng c tt, thit k th cha c quan tm hoc b ng, iu l qun l th th lng lo v thiu s thng nht gia cc cp Thm ch cc d n quy hoch cn ph thuc vo cc nh u t! Nh vy, nguyn nhn chnh ca tnh trng ny l do h thng php lut lin quan n u t xy dng trong pht trin th cn thiu ng b (nhiu lnh vc b b trng nhng li c nhiu lnh vc c u t chng cho).Ngoi ra, th ho nc ta v ang dn n mt cn i trong s hi ho cn thit gia mi trng nhn to v mi trng t nhin. ng thi, cng lm mt i s cn i v s hi ho cn thit gia cc vng dn c, cc vng kinh t. Vy th, th ha nht thit phi c tin hnh ng b c vng b th ho v cc lnh th chu tc ng ca qu trnh .Mt khc, th ho ang to iu kin pht trin rt nhanh cho cc ngnh phi sn xut, nhng li cn tr s pht trin ca cc ngnh sn xut vt cht cho x hi. iu ny, rt d nhn thy cc ngnh nng, lm, ng nghip... ti cc vng nng thn b th ha, t dn n phn chia giu ngho mt cch r rt. S phn tng x hi v mt kinh t tt yu s sinh ra phn tng x hi v gio dc, v vn ho, v h t tng, t dn ti mu thun trong i sng chnh tr. l tin cho nhng bt an trong i sng x hi.Tng trng kinh t nhanh dn ti qu trnh th ho ti Vit Nam din ra kh mnh m. Vy chng ta phi ng x nh th no vi qu trnh ? Trc ht, phi tp trung vo cng tc quy hoch v th ha mt cch bi bn hn: quy hoch v th ha phi c tm nhn di hn v l trnh thc hin; quy hoch v th ha phi c s tham gia ca ngi dn v cc t chc x hi; quy hoch v th ha phi tnh n li ch ca cc bn lin quan: Nh nc, x hi, cng ng dn c v ngi dn. Nh nc c trch nhim chun b k hoch s dng t, chuyn i mc tiu s dng t v phi ch ng o to ngh cho ngi dn chuyn dch c cu lao ng.Trong quy hoch, nht thit phi gi gn v pht huy nhng gi tr vn ho c sc ca mi vng min, mi a phng (vt th cng nh phi vt th), trong c bit ch n cc di tch lch s, cc lng c, cc gi tr vn ho phi vt th c th tr thnh nhng im du lch hp dn, cng l khong m to s thng thong cho th. th ho Vit Nam phi c t trong bi cnh chung ca c th gii. y, iu quan trng l tip thu khoa hc, k thut v cng ngh trong pht trin v qun l th nh th no. S lin kt v hc hi nhng kinh nghim tt v th ha vi th gii l rt cn thit. Tuy mi nc c hon cnh v c th ring, nhng chng ta phi hc hi v phi ng c bng bn nng v bn sc ring ca chnh mnh.KTS.Trn Lan HngNgun: Kin Trc Vit NamTIN MI NHN Lu thng bn vng trong th

http://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/khoa-hoc/do-thi-hoa-co-the-co-loi-cho-moi-truong-2406738.html

th ha c th c li cho mi trngNghin cu mi nht ca Ngn hng Pht trin chu (ADB) cho thy, nu qun l mt cch hp l, th ha s mang li nhiu li ch bo v mi trng, s dng hiu qu ti nguyn, tin ti pht trin bn vng.Nghin cu va cng b trong bo co "Nhng ch s chnh Chu -Thi Bnh Dng 2012" vi tiu "Chuyn c bit: th xanh chu " gia lc nhng tranh lun ang ngy cng nng ln v nhng h ly ca th ha qu nhanh nh hng ti mi trng, x hi trong khu vc v lm th no m bo pht trin bn vng.

Hnh minh ha thnh ph xanh bn vng. nh:ADB.

th ha khu vc Chu ang din ra rt nhanh chng t vi thp nin gn y. S ngi sinh sng thnh th khu vc ny ln ti hn 1 t, chim gn mt na s dn thnh th ton cu. S thnh ph ln (trn 10 triu ngi) cng vt qua tng s cc thnh ph ln ca cc khu vc khc trn th gii cng li v con s ny s vn tip tc tng ln.Khu vc chu hin l ni "s hu" nhiu thnh ph nhim nht v x thi kh nh knh nhiu nht th gii. S th ha nhanh chng v nhng h ly ca n v ang to ra thch thc to ln trong vic m bo bn vng v mi trng v x hi, gy quan ngi cho cc nh hoch nh chnh sch trong vic c nn thc y m rng th ha trong khu vc hay khng.Tuy nhin bng phn tch khoa hc t nhng s liu tin cy trn c s so snh nhiu th khc nhau, nghin cu ch ra rng nu c qun l mt cch hp l, th ha c th mang li nhiu li ch gip bo v mi trng, s dng hiu qu ti nguyn v pht trin bn vng.Theo kt qu, th ha gip ci thin hiu qu sn xut, gim thiu s dng ti nguyn v hn ch h ly n h sinh thi khi xem xt cng mt yu cu sn phm u ra. Nhng ngnh cng nghip pht trin dch v v c s h tng lin quan n mi trng nh cung cp nc sinh hot, qun l rc thi, x l nc, cnh quan, nhng ngnh mang li nhng li ch thit thc cho mi trng s c iu kin thun li hn khi xy dng v duy tr hot ng so vi vng nng thn.Bn cnh , nghin cu cn ch ra vai tr th ha trong vic khuyn khch i mi v pht trin cng ngh xanh. Cng vi th ha nhanh chng, sn lng xut khu cc sn phm, thit b, cng ngh xanh, cng ngh ti to khu vc chu tng ln ng k. Th trng tim nng mi ny vi hng t ngi sng th chu ang cn s dng cc sn phm tit kim nng lng, iu s to c hi v ng lc cc doanh nghip u t nghin cu pht trin cc dng sn phm v cng ngh xanh.Thm na, th ha dn ti gim t l sinh sn v tng c hi tip cn nn gio dc tt, t tc ng tch cc n mi trng. Bng s liu phn tch t 31 quc gia khc nhau trong khu vc, nghin cu ch ra mi quan h mt thit gia s suy gim t l sinh sn vi s tng trng thu nhp bnh qun u ngi, th ha v iu kin gio dc.Trng hp ca Vit Nam l mt th d minh chng. T l sinh sn gim ng k t 5,4 trong thp k 80 th k trc xung cn 1,8 tr em/ph n vo 2010. Cng theo nghin cu, ngi c gio dc tt thng c xu hng ng h v gng mu thc hin cc quy nh ca nh nc nhm bo v mi trng.Kt qu kho st cho thy, gn 68% s ngi c o to i hc hoc trn i hc sn sng ng thu cao hn, thm ch trn 80% sn sng ng gp mt phn thu nhp ca mnh h tr cc hot ng bo v mi trng.Vai tr quan trng na l th ha khuyn khch pht trin cng nghip dch v thay v cc cng nghip sn xut truyn thng. Cng nghip dch v, ngnh c trng ca th yu cu s tp trung cao ca khch hng, c u im vt tri so vi cc ngnh cng nghip sn xut l tiu th t ti nguyn v gim nhim mi trng. Hn na, s tp trung cao ca dn s khu vc th cng c u im na l gim khong cch i li, t khuyn khch pht trin giao thng thn thin mi trng nh giao thng cng cng hin i, i b hay i xe p.Bng nhng nh gi chi tit hn v tc ng ca th ha cc mc khc nhau ti hai ch s mi trng: lng kh nh knh CO2 thi ra mi trng trn u ngi v nng nhim vi vt cht PM10 (vt cht vi ng knh ht