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“Affirmative Action, Political Representation, Unions, and Female Police Employment.”
Tim R.Sass and Jennifer L.Troyer, 1999
Journal of Labor Research 20(4), 571-587.
Neo-classical human capital theory - more part time - less work hour
Theory of labor market discrimination - employer, co-workers, customers
The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission's EEO-4 survey
the LMW Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) survey
The Police Personnel Practices survey performed by the International City/County Management Association (ICMA)
f = f (L, Ir, V, Im, U, A, C)
L: Labor force participation rate of adult women in a community
Ir: Gender of city councilors or the mayor V: Voter preferences Im: Level of satisfaction of the city manager U: Existence of a police union A: existence of one or more previous court-
decided EEO lawsuits C: nonpecuniary characteristics of the job of
police officer
variable 1981 1987 1987 1991 1991
Council-Manager city
-1.50[-0.90]
-5.58*[-3.43]
-6.33**[-4.10]
3.37[2.02]
1.22[0.79]
Judicial decisions
16.23**[9.74]
11.90*[7.31]
8.48 -2.96 -3.24
Union -0.27 9.25* 11.34* 2.98 4.92*
Male Employee
-1.14** -1.78** -1.78** -1.20** -1.15**
Lagged Pct. Female New hires
_ _ 0.15* _ 0.01
variable 1981-1987
1987-1990/91
1987-1990/91
1981-1990/91
Council-Manager city
1.681**[0.985]
0.360[0.180]
0.679[0.343]
1.705**[1.032]
Judicial decisions
6.272**[3.674]
1.840[0.922]
1.467[0.721]
8.562**[5.184]
Union -1.870**[-1.095]
0.331[0.166]
0.202[0.099]
-0.919[-0.556]
Male Employee
-0.476**[0.279]
-0.202**[0.101]
0.277**[0.136]
0.615**[0.372]
Lagged Pct. Female New hires
_ _ 0.021[0.010]
_
Vivian Price, 2002, “Race, Affirmative Action, and Women’s Employment in US Highway Construction.” Feminist Economics 8(2), 87-113.
Kevin M. O’Brien, 2003, “The determinants of minority employment in police and fire departments.”, The Journal of Socio-Economics 32, 183-195.
Anti-discrimination litigation - positive(+) Existence of Female Councilors or mayors - didn’t significantly affect - O’Brien : support The proportion of male officers - negative(-) Labor union - Ambiguous(∆)