T Supplement - Brovero

8/14/2019 T Supplement - Brovero

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Gonzaga Debate Institute 2008 1Brovero/Lundeen/Moczulski Topicality

Topicality Supplement Index

Topicality Supplement Index.....................................................................................................The Resolution..........................................................................................................................Resolved.....................................................................................................................................

USFG..........................................................................................................................................Should........................................................................................................................................Substantially Increase = Double................................................................................................Substantially Means 10%..........................................................................................................AT: Substantially........................................................................................................................Increase = Add to existing........................................................................................................Increase = Make greater............................................................................................................. No Clear Definition of Alternative Energy................................................................................Renewable is Superior- C/P Solvency....................................................................................Renewable doesnt include Nuclear.......................................................................................Renewable doesnt include Hydrogen....................................................................................

Renewable Definitions..............................................................................................................***Alternative Energy = Non-Fossil Fuels, Non-Nuclear........................................................Alternative Energy = Non-Fossil Fuels.....................................................................................Alternative Energy = Non-Traditional.......................................................................................Alternative Energy = Not Popularly Used.................................................................................Alternative Energy = Environmentally Benign.........................................................................Energy vs. Fuel.........................................................................................................................Alternative Energy/Alternative Fuels are Distinct.....................................................................Alternative Energy includes Alternative Fuels..........................................................................Alternative Fuels Definitions.....................................................................................................Compressed Natural Gas/GTL is Alternative Energy................................................................

Coal is not Alternative Energy...................................................................................................Coal is Alternative Energy.........................................................................................................Coal Waste is Alternative Energy..............................................................................................Ethanol = Fossil Fuels...............................................................................................................Ethanol/Biodiesel is Alternative................................................................................................Hydroelectric isnt Alternative Energy......................................................................................Hydrogen is Alternative Energy.................................................................................................Hydrogen is not Alternative Energy.......................................................................................... Nanotech Spurs Alternative Energy.......................................................................................... Nuclear is Alternative Energy.................................................................................................... Nuclear Fusion is Alternative Energy........................................................................................ Nuclear isnt Alternative Energy................................................................................................Oil Shale is Alternative Energy..................................................................................................Oil Sands are not Alternative Energy.........................................................................................Recaptured Heat/Steam is Alternative Energy...........................................................................Tar Sands are Alternative Energy...............................................................................................Incentives- Spur to action.........................................................................................................Incentives must be Positive.......................................................................................................Incentives distinct from Disincentives.......................................................................................Disincentives are Negative, Prevent Action..............................................................................Disincentives Link- Cap and Trade............................................................................................


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Gonzaga Debate Institute 2008 2Brovero/Lundeen/Moczulski Topicality Disincentives Link- Cap and Trade Aff Interp Unlimiting.....................................................Disincentives Link- Cap and Trade- Incentives distinct from Command/Control....................Disincentives Link- Cap and Trade- Incentives distinct from Command/Control....................AT: Revenue Invested in Alternative Energy.............................................................................Disincentives Link- Carbon Tax................................................................................................

Incentives can be Positive or Negative......................................................................................Alternative Energy Incentives include Research Grants............................................................Alternative Energy Incentives include Tax Credits...................................................................Alternative Energy Incentives include Prizes............................................................................Alternative Energy Incentives include Energy Efficiency/Conservation..................................United States.............................................................................................................................List of Incentives Mechanisms..................................................................................................List of Federal Incentives..........................................................................................................AT: Your list only includes selected Federal incentives..........................................................List of Federal Alternative Fuels Incentives..............................................................................

INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING THIS FILE:The Scholars initial file has a bunch of pre-written violations, if that is what you are looking You should make sure you are carrying that as well. If you wish to read the Alternative orRenewable energy counterplan, or read case turns based on a particularly nasty kind of alternative energy, you can use the definitions in this file as links, and the impact work from Alternative Technologies toolbox file, Nuclear Power file, CTL Negative, etc. The lists at thend are meant to help construct case lists for you Topicality overviews.

The Resolution

Resolved: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase alternativeenergy incentives in the United States.


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Resolved

OED Online, 2nd Edition (www.oed.com, accessed 9/17/07)

Resolved, ppl. a,

1. Of persons: Determined, decided, settled in purpose. Also const. with inf.,that , etc.1520 HEN. VIII in Lett. Kings Eng. (Halliw.) I. 246 Whereunto..none of our..ancestors were ever so..determinate resolved as we be at this time.1560 J. DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 6 He was fully resolved tostire up no further disputation.1611 BIBLE Luke xvi. 4, I am resolued what to doe.1687 T. BROWN Saintsin Uproar Wks. 1730 I. 83, I am resolved to undeceive mankind.1737 BERINGTON Mem. G. de Lucca(1738) 51 These Considerations made me as good as resolv'd to go along with him.1760-2 GOLDSM. Cit.W. xxvii, He was resolved they should have learning.1819 SHELLEY Cenci III. i. 341 That word parricide,Although I am resolved, haunts me like fear.1847 C. BRONT J. Eyre xxxv, He was in deep earnest,wrestling with God, and resolved on a conquest. b. Const. with for , against , from , of (= on).1582 T. WATSON Cent. of Love xcvi, I liue secure,.. Fully resolu'd from louing any more.1639 FULLER

Holy War IV. xvii. 198 About this time many thousands of the English were resolved for the Holy warre.1641 W. MOUNTAGU in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 289 The Temple is resolved of aChristmas.1659 HAMMOND On Ps. 610 My enemies are maliciously resolved against me. 2. Convinced, satisfied.Obs. 1577 WHETSTONE Gascoigne ii, Yet trust me frends.., I am resolu'd, I neuer liu'd til now.1595 RALEIGH

Discov. Guiana (1887) 106 For mine own part I am resolved it is true.1608 MIDDLETON Trick to catchOld One III. i, Since you are so well resolved of my faith toward you.1719 D'URFEY Pills (1872) III. 97Being well resolved that none Could see her Nakedness. 3. a. Of the mind, etc.: Freed from doubt or uncertainty; fixed, settled.Obs. 1497 Lett. Rich. III & Hen. VII (Rolls) I. 110 Our fynal and resolved mynde is that ye obteyne al thes articlescomprised in the second parte.1578 BANISTER Hist. Man v. 82 To passe this point with a cleare resoluedmynde.1643 SIR T. BROWNE Relig. Med. I. 3, I could never perceive..that a resolved conscience may notadore her Creator anywhere.1660 N. INGELO Bentiv. & Ur. II. (1682) 76 It is difficult to suppose that hehath any resolved thoughts concerning God. b. Of actions, states of mind, etc.: Fully determined upon, deliberate.1595 SHAKES. John II. i. 585 From a resolu'd and honourable warre, To a most base and vile-concluded peace.1638 A. READ Chirurg. xxxi. 230 A doubtfull hope is better than a resolved despaire.1694KETTLEWELL Comp. for Penitent 92 Confess them to him with a resolved aversion: being resolved in heartto forsake all.a 1716 SOUTH Serm. (1744) X. 185 A settled, constant, resolved living in sin.1890 R.BOLDREWOOD Miner's Right (1899) 13/1 A great and often resolved scheme. c. Deliberately adopted or accepted.Obs. 1659 RUSHW. Hist. Coll. I. 176 They shew that some of the Opinions which offended many, were no other then the resolved Doctrine of this Church. d. That has been decidedon.1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (1811) VIII. 273 Not a resolved-on case. 4. Of persons, the mind, etc.: Characterized by determination or firmness of purpose; resolute.1586 MARLOWE 1st Pt. Tamburl. I. ii, What strong enchantments tice my yielding soul To these resolved,noble Scythians.1612 DRAYTON Poly-olb. viii. 272 Brave Voadicia made with her resolued'st men ToVirolam.1681 H. MORE Postscr. to Glanvill's Sadducismus (1726) 17 Of whom he is sworn Advocate andresolved Patron, right or wrong.1749 FIELDING Tom Jones XVI. iv, Here stands your resolved daughter.1816 SCOTT Antiq. i, The hat pulled over his resolved brows.1856 FROUDE Hist. Eng. (1858) I. iii. 207Men of..broad resolved temper.Comb. 1890 R. BOLDREWOOD Col. Reformer (1891) 202 A subdued, bronzed, resolved-looking man. b. Confirmed (in some practice or course).Obs. 1614 RALEIGH Hist. World II. (1634) 183 A nation of valiant and resolved Idolaters.1692 BENTLEY

Boyle Lect. ii. 32 No wonder the resolved Atheists do so labour and bestir themselves to fetch Sense andPerception out of the Power of Matter.
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Resolved

c. Openly or sincerely attached to some party or body.Obs. 1647 CLARENDON Hist. Reb. VI. 261 Which drove all resolved men from their houses into York, wherethey only could be safe.1657 BAXTER Present Thoughts 33 The one sort were never hearty resolvedChristians.1732 NEAL Hist. Purit. I. 55 A yoke which some of the most resolved Protestants could not bear. 5. Melted, dissolved.Obs. 1582 T. WATSON Cent. of Love lxxvii, Time brings a fludd from newe resolued snowe.1666 BOYLE Orig.

Formes & Qual. 300 Dropping a little resolv'd salt of Tartar upon the solution of common Sublimate. 6. Of parts of the body: Soft, relaxed.Obs. 1576 BAKER Jewell of Health 162 The extenuation of resolved and weake members.1650 BULWER

Anthropomet. 182 Lips are soft and resolved. 7. Separated, broken up, analysed.1812 WOODHOUSE Astron. xxxiii. (1832) 682 One effect, from a resolved part of theSun's disturbing force. 1818T. BUSBYGram. Mus. 429 There is the resolved Canon, theunresolved Canon. 1868 LOCKYER Guillemin's Heavens (ed. 3) 397 Another point of resemblance between the resolved globular clusters, and the nebul of the same form.
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USFG

United State government includes the executive, legislative, and judicial branch

Wordnet 3.0(united states government. (n.d.).

WordNet 3.0.Retrieved September 17, 2007, from Dictionary.com website:

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/united states government)

united states governmentnoun the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/united%20states%20governmenthttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/united%20states%20government


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Should

American Heritage Dictionary, 4 th edition, 2003

should (shd)Pronunciation Key aux.v. Past tense of shall

1. Used to express obligation or duty: You should send her a note.2. Used to express probability or expectation: They should arrive at noon.3. Used to express conditionality or contingency: If she should fall, then so would I.4. Used to moderate the directness or bluntness of a statement: I should think he would like to go.
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Gonzaga Debate Institute 2008 7 Brovero/Lundeen/Moczulski Topicality

Substantially Increase = Double

Substantially increase in the context of alternative energy incentives means double theannual budget allocation

Stoel Rives- Attorneys at Law, Energy Law Alert, 4/6/06(Legislation to Watch: S.2401 - "Alternative Energy Extender Act",http://www.stoel.com/showalert.aspx?Show=2315)

Clean Renewable Energy Bonds. Facilities qualifying for the PTC may also indirectly benefit from the bills proposed extension of the date by which Clean Renewable Energy bonds can be issued to construct such facilities. Created by the Energy Policy Act of 2005("EPACT"), CREBs provide tax credits to the holders of bonds used to finance facilitiesqualifying for the PTC. Instead of tax-free interest that is associated with traditional privatactivity bonds issued by governments, bondholders receive a tax credit under Section 54 othe Code that generally can be used to offset their tax liability from other sources. Under current law, these bonds are required to be issued by December 31, 2007 to qualify for thecredit. S. 2401 would extend this deadline to December 31, 2010. Furthermore, the billwould substantially increase the dollar volume cap on the bonds that can be issued under the program. S. 2401 would retain the current aggregate $800 million limit for bondsissued from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2007, but would increase this cap in years2008-2010 to $800 million per year .

NOTE:January 1, 2006-December 31, 2007 = 2 years, aggregate total 800 Million, or 400 Million p/year January 1, 2008-December 31, 2010 = 3 years, 800 Million p/year
http://www.stoel.com/showalert.aspx?Show=2315http://www.stoel.com/showalert.aspx?Show=2315


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Substantially Means 10%

Substantially means 10 percent

Responsibility Sharing Report 2000

[This Report presents the Department of Defense assessment of the relative contributions toward the common

defense and mutual security made by our NATO allies, our Pacific allies, (Japan and the Republic of Korea), andcountries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)., March,http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/allied_contrib2000/Allied2000-Chap-1.html]

NATO Allies. Fewer than half of our NATO allies experienced real reductions in their defense budgets in1999, and, as a group, their real defense spending remained virtually unchanged from the 1998 level. Greeceand Turkey were the only NATO allies to achieve the Congressional defense spending objective in 1999.Both nations spent roughly five percent of their GDP on defense, while the United States spent just over thre percent. Turkey also increased its defense spending-to-GDP ratio by over 25 percent in 1999 far in excessof the 10 percent Congressional requirement. Canada, the Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Hungary,Poland, Spain, Turkey and the United Kingdom achieved the multinational military activities objective in1999. All nine nations increased their personnel contributions to UN peacekeeping operations, and Greece,Poland and Turkey also boosted their funding for UN peace missions. Furthermore, Germany increased itscontributions to NATOs air Reaction Forces, while Poland and the United Kingdom contributed additionalunits to the ground Reaction Forces, and Greece enlarged both its air and ground Reaction Forcescontingents.Six NATO allies met the Congressional foreign assistance target. Five of these: Belgium, theCzech Republic, Italy, Luxembourg, Poland and the United Kingdom,did so by making 1998 contributionsthat were at least 10 percent higher than the 1997 level . The sixth,Denmark , did not substantiallyincrease its contributions , but met the target nonetheless by spending one percent of its GDP on foreignassistance in 1998. Additionally, many NATO allies also contribute substantially to and participateextensively in shared military roles, missions, and combined operations both within and beyond NATO. For example, nearly 80 percent of troops serving in the Stabilization Force (SFOR) in Bosnia and 85 percent of the peacekeepers serving with the Kosovo Force (KFOR) are non-U.S. personnel. For further information onthe evolution of NATO allies military capabilities, refer to the classified Defense Capabilities Initiative(DCI) Report, delivered to Congress on March 7, 2000 in response to section 1039 of the National DefenseAuthorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 (Public Law 106-65).
http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/allied_contrib2000/Allied2000-Chap-1.htmlhttp://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/allied_contrib2000/Allied2000-Chap-1.html


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AT: Substantially

Substantial is an inherently flexible and imprecise term

Mellinkoff in 92David Mellinkoff, Law Professor UCLA, 1992 (Mellinkoffs Dictionary of American Legal Usage, p. 626).

substantial is as flexible in the law as in ordinary English. That is its reason for continued existence in thelaw. Long use of substantial in combinations, e.g., substantial evidence , can produce impression of precision,which is lacking. The word is an alert! What substantial fastens itself to becomes infected with substantialsflexibility. A place for discretion.


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Increase = Add to existing

Increase means to add to what already exists.

Corpus Juris Secundum in 44Corpus Juris Secundum, 1944, vol. 42, p. 546

Increase As a Verb. The term presupposes the existence in some measure, or to some extent, of somethingwhich may be enlarged, connotes a change or alteration in the original, and has been defined as meaning toextend or enlarge in size, extent, quantity, number, intensity, value, substance, etc.


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Increase = Make greater


Increase, V.

I. Intransitive senses.

1. To become greater in size, amount, duration, or degree; to be enlarged, extended, or intensified; to wax, grow{alpha} 13.. E.E. Allit. P. A. 958 {Th}er glory & blysse schal euer encres. c1380 WYCLIF Serm. Sel. Wks. I. 1Goostly feeste shulde encreese. c1386 CHAUCER Clerk's Prol. 50 The Poo..That Estward ay encresseth in hiscours. 1398 TREVISA Barth. De P.R. v. lxiii. (Bodl. MS.), {Th}e more {th}e fatnes encrese{th} and waxi{th}. SHAKES. Rich. III, IV. iii. 48 Still his power encreaseth. 1628 SIR W. MURE Spir. Hymne 101 Without thee,Lord,..Heaven's glorious courts had neere encrest [rimes blest, invest, prest, rest, addrest]. 1774 GOLDSM. NatHist. (1776) I. 76 In mines..the cold seems to encrease from the mouth as we descend. 1825 LINGARD Hist. EVI. 3 As the danger of the queen encreased.{beta} c1440 Promp. Parv. 261/1 Increse, or grow or wax more. c1460 Towneley Myst. viii. 177 Thare comfortshall euer increasse [rimes peasse, seasse, measse]. a1553 UDALL Royster D. IV. iii. (Arb.) 65 In case this strifincreace. 1567 Gude & Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 83 Quhilk ay incressis moir and moir. 1662 STILLINGFL. Orig. Saciii. 8 As corruption increased in the world. 1736 BUTLER Anal. I. i. (1884) 23 Drowsiness, increasing till it ensound sleep. 1864 TENNYSON Victim iii, His beauty still with his years increased.

2. To grow in numbers, become more numerous or frequent, to multiply; esp. by propagation.{alpha} c1315, SHOREHAM 72 No stren may non encressy Wythoute flesches loste. 1377 LANGL. P. Pl. B. X389 And bad euery creature in his kynde encrees. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 86 Many small graynes of cmay growe and encrease to fyll a great garner. 1642 ROGERS Naaman 557 Hypocrites encrease. 1722 DE FOEPlague (1884) 11 The Burials encreased. 1798 FERRIAR Illustr. Sterne i. 4 Materials have encreased on my han{beta} 1530 PALSGR. 590/2 It is a straunge thynge that one grayne shulde increase thurty. 1590 SPENSER F.Qvi. 34 The mighty word,..That bad them to increase and multiply. 1667 MILTON P.L. IV. 748 Our Maker bidsincrease, who bids abstain But our Destroyer, foe to God and Man? 1727-38 GAY Fables I. xxxix. 29 He feels n joy, his cares increase. 1855 TENNYSON Maud III. ii, And watch her harvest ripen, her herd increase.

3. To become greater in some specified quality or respect; to grow or advance in.1388 WYCLIF Acts xvi. 5 The chirches..encreseden in noumbre eche dai. 1513 BRADSHAW St. Werburge I. 1Dayly encreasynge in worshyp and renowne. 1526 TINDALE Luke ii. 52 Iesus increased in wisdom and age, anfavoure with god and man. 1567 Gude & Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 146 Lat vs incres in lufe of the. 1662 STILLINGFLOrig. Sacr. III. iv. 12 Daily increasing in numbers and power. 1814 MISS O'KEEFE Zenobia II. 112 He becamsubject to His parents and encreased in stature and in wisdom. 1871 L. MORRIS Songs two Worlds Ser. I. Rich Wise (1872) 100 In wit and wealth do I increase.
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Increase = Make greater


Increase, V.

6. a. To cause to wax or grow; to make greater in amount or degree; to augment, enlarge, extend, intensify.{alpha} 13.. K. Alis. 1437 His ost he encresed with six thousynd Of noble knyghtis. c1386 CHAUCER Knt.'s TAnd yet encresseth this al my penaunce. c1491 CAXTON Chast. Goddes Chyld. 69 Ryches encreaseth auaryce couetous man as drinke encreseth thurst in a man that hathe the dropesie. 1579 LYLY Euphues (Arb.) 97 Itencreaseth my sorrow and thy shame. 1611 BIBLE Lev. xxv. 16 Thou shalt encrease the price thereof. 1747WESLEY Prim. Physic (1762) 57 It may be encreased or lessened according to the strength of the Patient. 1822IMISON Sc. & Art II. 37 The combustion will proceed with a splendour much encreased.{beta} c1440 Promp. Parv. 261/1 Incresyn, or moryn, augeo. c1450 Cov. Myst. xxxii. (Shaks. Soc.) 326 Now iscare wel more incressyd! [rime dressyd]. a1553 UDALL Royster D. Prol. (Arb.) 10 Mirth increaseth amitie. 16BIBLE Eccl. i. 18 Hee that increaseth knowledge, increaseth sorrow. 1732 ARBUTHNOT Rules of Diet 262 Suthings as increase its Velocity. 1878 JEVONS Prim. Pol. Econ. 73 Wages are increased by increasing the produclabour, not by decreasing the produce.

b. (See quot. 1957.)1840 J. GAUGAIN Lady's Assistant 96 Increase a stitch on each wire, by knitting the last stitch in the common knit it again from the back part of the loop (this is the way to increase without making a hole). 1872 YoungEnglishwoman Nov. 607/1 The increasing and decreasing may..take place at the ends or in the middle of the worIn increasing in the middle, the increase is effected by taking up stitches. 1944 A. THIRKELL Headmistress iii. They..had to take off all the stitches and unravel back to where they ought to have begun increasing and pick upthe stitches again. 1957 M. B. PICKEN Fashion Dict. 182/2 Increase, in knitting, crocheting, tatting, etc., to addnumber of stitches in row, pattern, or round so as to enlarge the piece. 1971 Vogue's Guide to Crochet 14 Increaa stitch means adding a stitch, and decreasing a stitch means losing it. Ibid., Care must be taken not to decrease increase in such a way as to leave an uneven edge.

7. a. To make more numerous, augment the number of, multiply.1382 WYCLIF Ecclus. I. 24 That encreside oure da{ygh}es fro the wombe of oure moder. c1386 CHAUCER M{page}774 Sweete wordes multiplien and encreesen [v.r. encrescen] freendes. 1552 Bk. Com. Prayer, Litany,Encrease the fruites of the yearth. 1611 BIBLE Jer. xxix. 6 Take ye wiues..that ye may bee increased there. 1788COWPER Negro's Compl. i, To increase a stranger's treasures.

{dag}b. To make fruitful; to cause to yield increase. Obs. nonce-use.1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg. I. 27 Come all ye Gods and Goddesses that wear The rural Honours, and increase Year.

8. To make greater in some specified quality or respect. Const. in, also formerly with. Now rare or Obs.1421 SIR H. LUTTRELL in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. II. I. 86, I pray unto God of hys grace encresce {ygh}ow in

worship, prosperite, and perfit ioye. 1526 TINDALE Rev. iii. 17 Thou sayst thou arte riche and incresyd withgooddes, and haste nede off nothinge. 1700 DRYDEN Iliad I. 372 Believe a friend with thrice your years increa
http://www.oed.com/http://www.oed.com/


13/82


No Clear Definition of Alternative Energy

Alternative energy is not a consistent or unified conceptit cant be defined by aparticular set of properties.

Simon, Associate Professor of Political Science @ U Nevada-Reno, 2007(Christopher A, Alternative Energy: Political, Economic, and Social Feasibility , p.41)

The Pennsylvania statue illustrates the capacity of government to narrowly or broadly define alternativeenergy. Alternative energy cannot be assumed to have certain properties, such as zero greenhouse gasemissions or complete disassociation from hydrocarbon energy sources. At the federal level, the expansion onuclear energy policy has been proposed as a form of alternative energy, replacing the use of hydrocarbons into produce electrical or thermal energy. What is alternative energy? Simply put, it is not a unified concept.The lack of clarity and consistency in definition, however, provides an opportunity for individuals and groupconsidering alternative energy sources for their communities, states, or nation. The lack of rigidity indefinition reflects the likelihood that perspectives on alternative energy will be more likely related to a search process focusing on energy alternatives.


14/82


15/82


Renewable doesnt include Nuclear

Nuclear energy is not a renewable

Energy World Online 2007(Nuclear Power is not a Renewable Energy 1/31/2007,http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/story?id=47296)

The letter's signers write: "Please be advisedthat nuclear power is neither a renewable nor a clean sourceof energy. For that matter, oil, coal, and natural gas are also not renewable or clean sources of energy."Nuclear power and fossil fuels are environmentally polluting and non-renewable sources of energy that produce long-term radioactive wastes and/or greenhouse gas emissions. "The primary renewable sources of energy are biomass (e.g., biofuels, biopower), geothermal, solar, water (e.g., hydropower, tidal, wave,ocean currents), and wind."

Recent state House decisions prove in policy making nuclear power is not defined as arenewable

Fretwell 2/6/2008(Sammy, Staff Writer House: Nuclear Energy Not Renewable The S.C State Today,http://thestatecom.typepad.com/ygatoday/2008/02/house-nuclear-e.html)

TheS.C. House defeated a plan today to define nuclear power as a renewable form of energy after conservationists complained that it could set back efforts to develop solar, wind and other alternative energysources. A compromise presented by Rep. Ben Hagood, R-Charleston, avoided a potentially lengthy floor debate between proponents of nuclear energy and those who oppose it. Many lawmakers favor nuclear poweas a way to limit pollution that adds to global warming. But by a 114-0 vote, the House agreed it wasntworth including nuclear in the definition of renewable energy.Had nuclear been included, conservationistssay South Carolina could have had more difficulty getting federal or state support for entrepreneurs insolar, wind, biofuels or other types of businesses . Some people advocate research and development of alternative forms of energy to reduce the countrys dependence on foreign oil. Among those is Columbia businessman Erik Lensch, who sells solar products.

Renewable doesnt include nuclear fission.

Ocheltree, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2008(Matthew, Energy Issue Brief, January 29,http://www.globalization101.org/index.php?file=issue&pass1=subs&id=341, Accessed 7/17/08)

Renewable energy sources are not exactly the same as alternative energy sources. Alternative energy is a broader category encompassing all non-fossil-fuel-based energy sources and processes, of which renewableenergies are only a part. Forms of alternative energy not covered under the renewable label include hydrogen power and fission power. Since current levels of hydrogen and fission power generation are extremely low,

renewable energies are now of greater interest to us.
http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/story?id=47296http://thestatecom.typepad.com/ygatoday/2008/02/house-nuclear-e.htmlhttp://www.globalization101.org/index.php?file=issue&pass1=subs&id=341http://www.globalization101.org/index.php?file=issue&pass1=subs&id=341http://www.globalization101.org/index.php?file=issue&pass1=subs&id=341http://www.globalization101.org/index.php?file=issue&pass1=subs&id=341http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/story?id=47296http://thestatecom.typepad.com/ygatoday/2008/02/house-nuclear-e.htmlhttp://www.globalization101.org/index.php?file=issue&pass1=subs&id=341http://www.globalization101.org/index.php?file=issue&pass1=subs&id=341


16/82


Renewable doesnt include Nuclear

Uranium is not renewable.

Sklar 2006(Scott, President of The Stella Group in Washington, DC A distributed energy marketing and policy firm, Is Nuclear Energy Renewable Energy? 10/13/2006, Renewable Energy World Online,http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/story?id=46237)

Donna, You are probably referring to the President's remarks at USDA and USDOE's conference in St. Louisthis week. I will attach the link below to the full text of his speech. Now, to your question. While ThePresident should be lauded for his recent State of the Union speech supporting solar, wind, biofuels, and plug-in hybrids -- others in The Administration have been making a concerted effort to integrate nuclear andclean coal into renewable programs -- specifically hydrogen RD&D, but others as well. The nuclear industryhas been on an aggressive campaign to paint itself as the answer to climate change emissions mitigation. Butas we all know,uranium is not renewable, is imported, and the waste from the process has thousands of years of storage requirements -- and as the National Academy of Sciences reported, pooled nuclear storagesites are subject to terrorism. Coal, as well, has its challenges, as a new rule approved by The Administrationallows companies to 'blow off' mountaintops in West Virginia harming farmland and waterways. Coal wastesand slag are still a major problem, and our taxpayer dollars still pay for black and brown lung benefits to coaminers.Attempts to capture carbon are still in its infancy and the costs surpass renewables . Manyenvironmental and health experts are questioning the unregulated emissions, such as mercury, regarding thenegative impact on immune systems of people and animals.Neither coal nor nuclear can be consideredrenewable or clean, when compared to the emissions or wastes from energy efficiency and renewable energytechnologies.
http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/story?id=46237http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/story?id=46237


17/82


Renewable doesnt include Hydrogen

Hydrogen is alternative, but its not renewable

Ocheltree, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2008(Matthew, Energy Issue Brief, January 29,http://www.globalization101.org/index.php?file=issue&pass1=subs&id=341, Accessed 7/17/08)

Renewable energy sources are not exactly the same as alternative energy sources. Alternative energy is a broader category encompassing all non-fossil-fuel-based energy sources and processes, of which renewableenergies are only a part. Forms of alternative energy not covered under the renewable label include hydrogen power and fission power. Since current levels of hydrogen and fission power generation are extremely low,renewable energies are now of greater interest to us.
http://www.globalization101.org/index.php?file=issue&pass1=subs&id=341http://www.globalization101.org/index.php?file=issue&pass1=subs&id=341http://www.globalization101.org/index.php?file=issue&pass1=subs&id=341http://www.globalization101.org/index.php?file=issue&pass1=subs&id=341http://www.globalization101.org/index.php?file=issue&pass1=subs&id=341http://www.globalization101.org/index.php?file=issue&pass1=subs&id=341


18/82


Renewable Definitions

Renewable energy includes the following

National Renewable Energy Laboratory 2006(NREL, Universities Hail Renewable Energy Collaboratory Bill News Release NR 1806, June 8th 2006http://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2006/438.html)

Renewable energy includes a broad range of current andpotential energy sources, including solar andwind energy; biofuels that can be produced from agricultural crops and forest products such as ethanol and biodiesel;geothermal energy from beneath the Earth's surface for heating and cooling;hydrogen fuel cells ;and other emerging technologies. Federal, state and private investments in renewable energy research areincreasing rapidly.

Renewable energy includes the following 7 things -

Office of Geographic and Demographic Analysis 2008(Department of Admininistration for Minnesota, Minnesota Milestones: Measures That Matter July 8th 2008http://www.mnplan.state.mn.us/mm/indicator.html?Id=56&G=39&CI=56)

About this indicator: With slight fluctuations, the percentage of Minnesota's energy coming from local,renewable sources has risen from 4.1 percent in 1990 to 6.1 percent in 1999.Renewable energy includeshydroelectric, wind, solar, geothermal, wood and wood waste, other plant matter, municipal solid wasteand landfill gases. Greater reliance on renewable sources of energy inside Minnesota could dramaticallyreduce air and water pollution, lower regulatory costs and lead to greater energy stability. Data for thisindicator does not differentiate among energy sources

Renewable energy includes solar, wind, hydro, biomass, and geothermal energy.

Environmental Protection Agency 2008(Green Power Defined July 17th, 2008,http://www.epa.gov/grnpower/gpmarket/index.htm)

Renewable energy includes resources that rely on fuel sources that restore themselves over short periods of time and do not diminish.Such fuel sources include the sun, wind, moving water, organic plant andwaste material (biomass), and the earths heat (geothermal ). Although the impacts are small, somerenewable energy technologies have an impact on the environment. For example, large hydroelectricresources can have environmental trade-offs associated with issues such as fisheries and land use.
http://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2006/438.htmlhttp://www.mnplan.state.mn.us/mm/indicator.html?Id=56&G=39&CI=56http://www.epa.gov/grnpower/gpmarket/index.htmhttp://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2006/438.htmlhttp://www.mnplan.state.mn.us/mm/indicator.html?Id=56&G=39&CI=56http://www.epa.gov/grnpower/gpmarket/index.htm


19/82


***Alternative Energy = Non-Fossil Fuels, Non-Nuclear

The most predictable definition of alternative energy in the context of federal incentives ispower from non-fossil fuel, non-nuclear sources.

Simon, Associate Professor of Political Science @ U Nevada-Reno, 2007(Christopher A, Alternative Energy: Political, Economic, and Social Feasibility , p. 39-40)

The federal definition of alternative energy is best summarized by Title 26, chapter 79, 7701 of the revisedU.S. Code: the term alternative energy facility means a facility for producing electrical or thermal energyif the primary energy source for the facility is not oil, natural gas, coal, or nuclear power. The primary purpose of this definition relates to the issuance of tax credits to alternative energy facility[ies], which meecertain standards as defined in Title 26, chapter 1, 48 Energy Credit. Tax credits are one method by whichthe federal government encourages the private sector to make certain economic choices; in the case of energy policy, this definition of alternative energy will have a definitive impact on how alternative energy will bedefined by those individuals and corporate bodies seeking federal recognition (and benefit) by adopting a particular definition of alternative energy. Many state definitions of alternative energy closely follow federaldefinitions. Case law confirms that federal guidelines supercede state-level guidelines. Federal standards alsoimpact the state and local receipt of alternative energy grants, subsidies, and tax exemptions. It is reasonable,therefore, that state and local definitions would be consistent with federal energy policy. Consistency between federal and state definitions does not mean that there are not a few variations. In many ways,variation at the state level illustrates the dynamic and evolving alternative energy paradigm, which is by nomeans unique to the U.S. policy process.


20/82


Alternative Energy = Non-Fossil Fuels

Alternative energy is non-fossil fuels

Information Architects Glossary, Online Environmental Dictionary, No Date

(http://www.iagreen.com/glossary.htm, accessed 7-4-08)

Alternative Energy: Energy from a source other than the conventional fossil-fuel sources of oil, naturalgas and coal (i.e., wind, running water, the sun). Also referred to as "alternative fuel."

Alternative energy excludes fossil fuels

Earthpace LLC, Environmental Consulting Services 2007(http://www.earthpace.com/resources/energy/index.html, Accessed 7/17/08)

Alternative energy does not include energy resources derived from fossil fuels, waste products from fossilsources, or waste products from inorganic sources. The key element separating these sources of energy fromrenewable sources is that they cannot be regenerated in as short a period of time as the other sources.Renewable energy sources also offer self-sufficient alternatives to fossil fuels. Renewable energy is typicallyharvested domestically, which reduces the reliance on the often politically charged fossil fuel trade.

Alternative energy must be environmentally safe and not in popular usage, which excludesfossil fuels.

National Resources Defense Council Glossary of Environmental Terms, No Date(http://www.nrdc.org/reference/glossary/a.asp, Accessed 4.2.2008)

alternative energy - energy that is not popularly used and is usually environmentally sound, such as solar or wind energy (as opposed to fossil fuels).

Alternative energy is non-fossil fuel based- its interchangeable with renewables.

Minerals Management Service, U.S. Dept of the Interior, 2008(http://www.mms.gov/offshore/AlternativeEnergy/Definitions.htm, "Renewable Energy and Alternate Uses:Definitions", Last Updated: 03/27/2008, 12:42:17 PM, Accessed 4.2.2008)

Alternative energy: Fuel sources that are other than those derived from fossil fuels. Typically usedinterchangeably for renewable energy. Examples include: wind, solar, biomass, wave and tidal energy.

Alternative energy must be from a renewable, naturally generated source.

Encarta 2007

(http://au.encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861685963/alternative_energy.html, Accessed 7/17/08)alternative energynounDefinition:naturally generated energy source: any form of energy obtained from the Sun, wind, waves, or other naturalrenewable source, in contrast to energy generated from fossil fuels
http://www.earthpace.com/resources/energy/index.htmlhttp://au.encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861685963/alternative_energy.htmlhttp://au.encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861685963/alternative_energy.htmlhttp://www.earthpace.com/resources/energy/index.htmlhttp://au.encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861685963/alternative_energy.html


21/82


Alternative Energy = Non-Traditional

Alternative means energy from nontraditional sources.

Responding To Climate Change, 2007 (This glossary was reproduced from the Climate Change Update from the National Safety Councils EnvironmeHealth Center (EHC) under a cooperative agreement with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,http://www.rtcc.org/2007/html/glossary.html, Accessed 4.2.2008)

Alternative energy - energy derived from nontraditional sources (e.g., compressed naturalgas, solar, hydroelectric, wind).

Alternative is non-traditional power generation

Climal.com, Climate News Database, No Date(Alternative and Renewable Energy, http://www.climal.com/alternative-renewable-energy.php, Accessed 7/17/08)

Alternative and Renewable EnergyAlternative energy refers to those methods of generating heat and electricity that are not part of traditional power generation. These are not necessarily renewable forms of energy, as we want to promote debate onsome of the major energy issues in discussion at the moment, such as nuclear power, 'clean' coal, localcombined power and heat stations and hydrogen. Other examples of alternative energy include wind power,solar power, geothermal power, hydroelectric power, wave power, tidal power and biofuels.
http://www.climal.com/alternative-renewable-energy.phphttp://www.climal.com/alternative-renewable-energy.phphttp://www.climal.com/alternative-renewable-energy.php


22/82


Alternative Energy = Not Popularly Used

Alternative means it is not popularly used in the squo.

National Resources Defense Council Glossary of Environmental Terms, No Date(http://www.nrdc.org/reference/glossary/a.asp, Accessed 4.2.2008)

alternative energy - energy that is not popularly used and is usually environmentally sound, such as solar or wind energy (as opposed to fossil fuels).


23/82


Alternative Energy = Environmentally Benign

Alternative energy doesnt harm the environment

Compact OED Online, 3rd Edition(http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/alternativeenergy?view=uk, Accessed 4.2.2008)

alternative energy

noun energy fuelled in ways that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment.

Alternative energy doesnt deplete natural resources

Wordnet 3.0(http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=alternative%20energy, Accessed 4.2.2008)

Noun

* S: (n) alternative energy (energy derived from sources that do not use up natural resources or harm theenvironment)


24/82


Energy vs. Fuel

Fuel refers to potential energy which can be stored and transported.

Reed 07(Philip, Senior Consumer Advice Editor @ Edmunds.com, 8-30-2007, Ethanol? Fuel cell? Biodiesel? AnAlternative Fuel Overview,http://www.edmunds.com/advice/alternativefuels/articles/110054/article.html,Accessed. 7/17/08)

Before we get to the specifics, let's clear up a related point. There is a big difference between "energy" and"fuel," even though the terms are used interchangeably. While it is often said that we are in an "energy crisis,this isn't accurate. Energy exists all around us in many different forms. The problem is that energy needs to be stored and transported as fuel. So, technically speaking, we should talk about a "fuel shortage," not an"energy crisis."
http://www.edmunds.com/advice/alternativefuels/articles/110054/article.htmlhttp://www.edmunds.com/advice/alternativefuels/articles/110054/article.html


25/82


Alternative Energy/Alternative Fuels are Distinct

Alternative Energy and Alternative Fuels are distinct.

Simon, Associate Professor of Political Science @ U Nevada-Reno, 2007(Christopher A,

Alternative Energy: Political, Economic, and Social Feasibility, p. 39)

In this chapter, the book focuses on the scope of alternative energy , a concept that is often discussed butrarely defined. It is difficult to define because the term is value laden. The Term alternative energy was thesubject of a recent gathering of scientists in Canada, but by the end of the conference, the definition remainea work in progress; no definitive meaning was assigned (see CEA-NRCan 222). By defining the term, it isnot my purpose to intentionally exclude or include any particular form of energy. An understanding of theconcept is necessary to better understand the energy future in relation to technological, economic, and policyfeasibility of energy sources. Understanding the difference between alternative energy and alternative fuels isan important distinction that must be made at this point.

Federal law is definitive on alternative fuels- includes ethanol, natural gas, hydrogen, andcoal-to-liquid.


Federal law is fairly definitive when it comes to alternative fuels. Alternative fuel issues are often tied primarily to their primary use: transportation. Federal fuels policies bring together issues related to storedenergy sources and management, transportation infrastructure, and environmental quality regulations as wellas federal monies to state and local governments. The federal definition of alternative fuel is found in Title42, chapter 77, 6374 of the U.S. Code:

The term alternative fuel means methanol, denatured ethanol, and other alcohols; mixtures containing85 percent or more (or such other percentage, but not less than 70 percent, as determined by theSecretary, by rule, to provide for requirements relating to cold start, safety, or vehicle functions) byvolume of methanol, denatured ethanol, and other alcohols with gasoline or other fuels; natural gas;liquefied petroleum gas; hydrogen; coal-derived fuels; fuels (other than alcohol) derived from biological materials; electricity (including electricity from solar energy); and any other fuel theSecretary determines, by rule, is substantially not petroleum and would yield substantial energy benefitsand substantial environmental benefits.


26/82


Alternative Energy/Alternative Fuels are Distinct

Grants and incentives are used to promote alternative energy, whereas alternative fuelspolicies are centered on regulation and emissions standard.

Simon, Associate Professor of Political Science @ U Nevada-Reno, 2007(Christopher A, Alternative Energy: Political, Economic, and Social Feasibility , p.42)

It would seem fairly self-evident that energy sources could be used to generate electricity and that electricitycould be used for vehicle transportation purposes. Basic technicalities aside, potential use of an alternativeenergy system is predominantly a function of economic incentives and regulations. In the case of alternativeenergy, the costs associated with wind, solar, and geothermal energy have declined, particularly in relation tothe direct costs of fossil energy sources, making such energy sources economically feasible alternatives.Additionally, energy regulations, such as PURPA (Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978), haveincreased the demand for alternative energy by requiring that utilities purchase power from small power projects that [use] renewable sources of energy (Bettelheim 2000:8).

Finally, grants and tax incentives, and the possibility of net metering, which allows alternative energy producers to sell green power for use on the power grid, have made it more likely that businesses, localgovernments, and individuals will develop alternative energy. Alternative fuels policies primarily employvehicle emissions standards to regulate the automobile industry, while agricultural subsidies, a form of redistributive policy, are used to encourage farmers to grow corn for use in the production of ethanol. Takinga broader definition of alternative energy, producer subsidies and tax incentive structures are used toencourage fossil fuel processing to explore gas fields for methane and propane, as well as more efficientlycapture and use of coal field gases that would otherwise be released into the atmosphere misallocatedenergy resources.


27/82


Alternative Energy includes Alternative Fuels

Alternative energy includes transportation fuels other than gasoline and dieselincludesnontraditional uses of traditional energy (gas) and future energy (hydrogent)

Warkentin-Glenn, Electric Power Industry Researcher, former Managing Editor of Electric Light and Power and Energy Marketing magazines, 2006(Denise, Electric Power Industry in Nontechnical Language , p. 30)

Alternative energy includes alternative fuels that are transportation fuels other than gasoline and diesel, evenwhen the type of energy, such as natural gas, is traditional. It also includes the use of traditional energysources, such as natural gas, in untraditional ways, such as for distributed energy at the point of use throughmicroturbines or fuel cells. Finally, it also encompasses future energy sources, such as hydrogen and fusion.

Alternative energy includes alternative fuels

GenGreen Foundation Glossary of Environmental Terms, 2008(GenGreen is a non-profit Environmental Education Foundation, http://www.gengreen.org/node.php?nid=5150,Accessed 7/16/2008)

Alternative energy - Substitutes for traditional, often non-renewable sources of energy such as oil and coal.Alternative energy includes, but is not limited to solar, wind, and hydro power and mixtures of alcohol-basedfuels with methanol, ethanol, compressed natural gas, and other.
http://www.gengreen.org/node.php?nid=5150http://www.gengreen.org/node.php?nid=5150http://www.gengreen.org/node.php?nid=5150


28/82


Alternative Fuels Definitions

Alternative fuels listexcludes MTBE and 10 percent ethanol blend

Energy Information Administraton Energy Glossary, 2/25/08(Official Energy Statistics from the U.S. Govt, Energy glossary A,http://www.eia.doe.gov/glossary/glossary_a.htm,Accessed 7/16/08)

Alternative fuel: Alternative fuels, for transportation applications, include the following:

methanol denatured ethanol, and other alcohols fuel mixtures containing 85 percent or more by volume of methanol, denatured ethanol, and other

alcohols with gasoline or other fuels -- natural gas liquefied petroleum gas (propane) hydrogen coal-derived liquid fuels

fuels (other than alcohol) derived from biological materials (biofuels such as soy diesel fuel) electricity (including electricity from solar energy.)

"... any other fuel the Secretary determines, by rule, is substantially not petroleum and would yield substantienergy security benefits and substantial environmental benefits." The term "alternative fuel" does not includalcohol or other blended portions of primarily petroleum-based fuels used as oxygenates or extenders, i.e.MTBE, ETBE, other ethers, and the 10-percent ethanol portion of gasohol.

Alternative fuels include natural gas and fuel derived from biomass

Electro Industries Glossary of Energy Terms, 2008(http://www.electromn.com/glossary/a.htm, Accessed 7/16/08)

Alternative Fuels - A popular term for "non-conventional" transportation fuels derived from natural gas (propanecompressed natural gas, methanol, etc.) or biomass materials (ethanol, methanol).

Alternative includes any fuels other than gas or diesel.

Reed 07(Philip, Senior Consumer Advice Editor @ Edmunds.com, 8-30-2007, Ethanol? Fuel cell? Biodiesel? AnAlternative Fuel Overview,http://www.edmunds.com/advice/alternativefuels/articles/110054/article.html,Accessed. 7/17/08)

There is a lot of talk these days about "alternative fuels." But just what are these alternative fuels, and why iseveryone so excited about them?

In the simplest terms, an alternative fuel is any fuel other than gasoline or diesel. Since many alternative fuelare also renewable and can be produced here in the U.S. they could reduce our dependence on foreignoil.
http://www.eia.doe.gov/glossary/glossary_a.htmhttp://www.electromn.com/glossary/a.htmhttp://www.edmunds.com/advice/alternativefuels/articles/110054/article.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/glossary/glossary_a.htmhttp://www.electromn.com/glossary/a.htmhttp://www.edmunds.com/advice/alternativefuels/articles/110054/article.html


29/82


Compressed Natural Gas/GTL is Alternative Energy

Alternative energy includes compressed natural gas.

EPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 08

(Glossary of Climate Change Terms, January 11th

,http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html, accessed

7-3-08)

Alternative Energy Energy derived from nontraditional sources (e.g., compressed natural gas , solar,hydroelectric, wind).5

GTL diesel is an alternative energy source.

Cook, June 3, 2007(Van, Chemical Engineer, "Alternative Energy and Global Warming,http://alternativeenergyglobalwarming.blogspot.com/, Accessed 4.2.2008)

Here, again, many energy experts would not define the GTL diesel as an alternative fuel source since thediesel fuel is produced from conventional natural gas. However, the product fits my definition of alternativeenergy source just fine since the product availability, in effect, allocates existing fuel resources moreefficiently. Also, natural gas is in more plentiful supply than crude oil, so converting the natural gas to auseable liquid fuel makes good sense. It conserves the amount of available crude oil which is in very shortsupply.

The definition of alternative energy has expanded to include LNG and coal gasification.

Hamerman 2007(Joshua, Investment Dealers Digest, June 4, Bulge Brackets See Green in AlternativeEnergy,http://www.iddmagazine.com, Accessed 7/17/08)

Andrew Safran, global head of energy, power and chemicals at Citigroup,says of the industry, "The definition of alternative energy' has really expanded. It encompasses all the thingsyou traditionally think of - wind, solar, biodiesel - and also coal gasification, LNG (liquefied natural gas) andemerging technologies being deployed around the globe to help solve the energy crisis by reducingdependence on fossil fuels."
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#5http://www.iddmagazine.com/http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#5http://www.iddmagazine.com/


30/82


Compressed Natural Gas is Alternative

Alternative energy includes compressed natural gas.

GenGreen Foundation Glossary of Environmental Terms, 2008(GenGreen is a non-profit Environmental Education Foundation, http://www.gengreen.org/node.php?nid=5150,Accessed 7/16/2008)

Alternative energy - Substitutes for traditional, often non-renewable sources of energy such as oil and coal.Alternative energy includes, but is not limited to solar, wind, and hydro power and mixtures of alcohol-basedfuels with methanol, ethanol, compressed natural gas, and other.

Alternative energy includes fuels derived from gas.

Electro Industries Glossary of Energy Terms, 2008(http://www.electromn.com/glossary/a.htm, Accessed 7/16/08)

Alternative Fuels - A popular term for "non-conventional" transportation fuels derived from natural gas (propane

compressed natural gas, methanol, etc.) or biomass materials (ethanol, methanol).
http://www.gengreen.org/node.php?nid=5150http://www.gengreen.org/node.php?nid=5150http://www.electromn.com/glossary/a.htmhttp://www.gengreen.org/node.php?nid=5150http://www.electromn.com/glossary/a.htm


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Coal is not Alternative Energy

Majority of people understand alternative to exclude fossil fuels like coal- our interp. ismore predictable.

Loy, business reporter covering the Alaska oil and gas industry for the Anchorage DailyNews, 7/10/08(Wesley, $21 billion energy plan proposed; RENEWABLE AND ALTERNATIVE: Inclusion of coal in projectsleaves some lawmakers less than happy, Anchorage Daily News , pg. A1, Proquest)

But some lawmakers criticized the legislation, saying that most people understand renewable and alternativeenergy to include wind, solar, geothermal, hydroelectric, tidal or biomass projects -- not coal."Coal is not renewable energy and by any fair definition it's not really alternative energy," said Rep. LesGara, an Anchorage Democrat.

Liquefied coal is not alternativeit reinforces dependence and destroys the environment

Stafford, Environmental Action Organizer, 2007(Defining Alternative Energy, February 26, Http://www.environmental-action.org/blog/archives/2007/02/defining_altern.html, Accessed 7/16/08)

One major danger with our nation's realization that we're addicted to oil is defining alternative energysources. For example, as Gov. Romney (MA) is starting his presidential bid, he's up in NH talking aboutalternative energy sources. Unfortunately, his version of 'alternative energy' includes liquefied coal andnuclear power.The reality is that yes, we need alternatives to oil - but we fall into the old paradigms at our old peril. Wedon't just need alternatives, we need smart alternatives. Liquefied coal and nuclear power will only get usinto the same old energy patterns - over dependence on one source of energy, and energy sources whichdestroy environment and wreck our public health.
http://www.environmental-action.org/blog/archives/2007/02/defining_altern.htmlhttp://www.environmental-action.org/blog/archives/2007/02/defining_altern.htmlhttp://www.environmental-action.org/blog/archives/2007/02/defining_altern.htmlhttp://www.eagletribune.com/punewsnh/local_story_055094544?keyword=secondarystoryhttp://www.environmental-action.org/blog/archives/2007/02/defining_altern.htmlhttp://www.environmental-action.org/blog/archives/2007/02/defining_altern.htmlhttp://www.eagletribune.com/punewsnh/local_story_055094544?keyword=secondarystory


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Coal is not Alternative Energy

State definitions of alternative are manipulated by local energy interests to include thingslike coal they are a departure from the narrower federal definitions.


State-level variation illustrates the role politics plays in shaping the alternative energy paradigm. State-energyeconomic interests often impact the choices related to the adoption of alternative energy policies. For example, in states with coal production, it is likely that interest groups representing fossil fuel industries andenvironmental interests will square off, seeking to shape the regulation of energy uses and production as welas the nature of redistributive policies intended to provide cleaner energy, the latter effectively benefitingindividuals and groups who may bear environmental and health costs associated with fossil fuel use. In somecases, there are even different tiers or categories of alternative energy, depending on the sources level or shades of greenness (Mandelbaum and Brown 2004: 1).

Perhaps the most well-known recent example of very broadly defined and apparently relaxed standards forthe concept alternative energy comes from the state of Pennsylvania, which has effectively moved awayfrom more narrowly defined federal definitions. Adopted into law in November 2004, Pennsylvania SenateBill 1030 identifies energy sources and relates these sources to relative greenness, which is by implicationmeasure by the level of environmental emissions or potential for environmental harm. The alternative energygreenness divides types into Tier I and Tier II alternative energy sources.Tier I alternative energy sources are: (1) solar PV energy; (2) wind power; (3) low-impact hydropower; (4)geothermal energy; (5) biologically derived methane gas, (6) fuel cells; (7) biomass energy; and (8) coalmine methane. In scrutinizing these Tier I sources and the related definitions in the footnotes, the reader might dispute their categorization as relatively low impact forms of energy. Coal mine methane and biomassderived energy, for instance, produce greenhouse gases. Pennsylvanias Tier II alternative energy resources provide an even broader view when it comes to common associations with green energy. The second-tier sources are as follows: (1) waste coal; (2) distributed generation systems; (3) demand-side management; (4)large-scale hydropower; (5) municipal solid waste; (6) generation of electricity utilizing byproducts of the pulping process and wood-manufacturing process, including bark, wood chips, sawdust, and lignin in spent pulping liquors; and (7) integrated combined coal gasification technology


33/82


Coal is Alternative Energy

The current administration includes coal within its definition of alternative energy.

Montague, co-founder and director of Environmental Research Foundation (E.R.F.) in

Annapolis, 9/20/2007(Peter, Rachels Democracy and Health News , Iss. 925, The Coal Industry is in Deep Trouble, ProQuest)

** Big Coal played a crucial role in getting George Bush elected, and Mr. Bush is loyal to a fault. ThePresident has said he wants the nation to adopt "alternative energy" - being careful not to say "renewableenergy." Coal fits the President's definition of "alternative" energy.

Pennsylvanias Alternative Portfolio Standard proves that alternative is intentionallybroader than renewable, and includes nontraditional uses of coal.

Action PA: Pennsylvania's Environmental Justice Resource, 2004

(A PA-based research, organizing, and networking center for the grassroots environmental justice movement,Accessed 4.2.2008, http://www.actionpa.org/cleanenergy/)

Pennsylvania's Act 213 is the first law of its type to blatantly include fossil fuels. In all other states, this sortof law is called a "renewable" portfolio standard (RPS). In Pennsylvania, the term "renewable" wasintentionally replaced with "alternative" so that technologies that are clearly non-renewable could beincluded.

Most "renewable" energy laws are bad enough, in that they include dirty (and often not-truly-renewable)energy sources through the definition of "biomass." Biomass has been defined to include the incineration of anything from landfill gas to crops to animal waste and even municipal solid waste (trash).

Act 213 includes these dirty so-called "renewable" energy sources and goes much further, allowing the burning of waste coal, gasified coal and coal-mine methane to qualify. Coal-mine methane is even allowed tocompete with wind in Tier I (the less dirty tier). Through its inclusion of pumped storage hydropower (theuse of electricity to pump water to the top of a dam just to let it back down later, wasting energy in the process), normal system power (primarily coal, nuclear and natural gas) can earn Tier II credits. The PublicUtility Commission is interpreting the definition of "distributed generation" in Tier II to allow fossil fuelssuch as diesel or natural gas generators and other on-site, small scale electric generators, using any fuel.While it won't be used due to cost, the inclusion of fuel cells in Tier I is also a loophole that allows fossilfuels and other conventional power sources to count as if they were renewable energy.

The Bush administration interprets alternative to include coal.

New York Times, 5/29/07(Edmund Andrews, Lawmakers Push for Big Subsidies for Coal Process,http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/29/business/29coal.html?ex=1338091200&en=7c0346180c71f4e0&ei=5090&ner=rssuserland&emc=rss, Accessed 7/17/08)

President Bush has not weighed in on specific incentives, but he has often stressed the importance of coal asan alternative to foreign oil. In calling for a 20 percent cut in projected gasoline consumption by 2017, he hacarefully referred to the need for alternative fuels rather than renewable fuels. Administration officialssay that was specifically to make room for coal.
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/29/business/29coal.html?ex=1338091200&en=7c0346180c71f4e0&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rsshttp://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/29/business/29coal.html?ex=1338091200&en=7c0346180c71f4e0&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rsshttp://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/29/business/29coal.html?ex=1338091200&en=7c0346180c71f4e0&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rsshttp://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/29/business/29coal.html?ex=1338091200&en=7c0346180c71f4e0&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss


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Coal Waste is Alternative Energy

Coal waste included in Pennsylvania Alternative Energy Portfolio Standard - Coal wasteis alternative energy

Electric Utility Week, 12-25-6(Utilities to get green credits from plants under contract, Pennsylvania PUC rules, Electric Utility Week, p. 7,LexisNexis)

The issue arises asmore than 20 states have imposed portfolio standards, requiring utilities to includecertain percentages of alternative supplies in their mixes . These mandates generallyallow utilities tocomply by using"renewable energy certificates" or "green tags," which represent the green attributes,andextra cost, of renewable energy. Pennsylvania established an "Alternative Energy PortfolioStandard" with "Alternative Energy Credits" because its system covers projects that burn the coalwaste that is polluting groundwater. It also covers coal gasification projects and energy efficiency (EUW, 29 Nov '04, 1).

Coal waste included in Pennsylvania Alternative Energy Portfolio Standard - Coal wasteis alternative energy

Electric Utility Week, 10-24-5(PJM starts tracking plant emissions, providing documents for RPS compliance, Electric Utility Week, p. 13,LexisNexis)

Portfolio standards vary by state, and Pennsylvania's "alternative energy portfolio standard" (AEPS)evenhas a category that allows coal waste and coal gasification projects. Therefore, PJM does not callthe instruments "renewable energy certificates."

Coal waste is alternative energy

Doyle , Representative in Congress from the State of Pennsylvania, 4-24-7 (Mike, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures of the House Committee on Ways andMeans,http://waysandmeans.house.gov/hearings.asp?formmode=view&id=5826)

I believe that refined coal from a qualifiedcoal waste sludge recycling processprovides significant energy andenvironmental benefits because the process recaptures the BTU content of coal waste sludge (described below) and has the associated environmental benefits of disposing of the coal waste sludge in a manner approve by the Environmental Protection Agency.The use of coal waste sludge as a fuel product offsets other fuels thatwould otherwise be used in the coke manufacturing process. Thisis exactly the type of alternative energytechnology that Congress has desired to encourage in the past and the provision of a tax incentive for the production of refined coal from a qualified coal waste sludge recycling process significantly furthers soundenergy, environmental, and economic policies.
http://waysandmeans.house.gov/hearings.asp?formmode=view&id=5826http://waysandmeans.house.gov/hearings.asp?formmode=view&id=5826


35/82


Coal Waste is Alternative Energy

Alternative is broader than renewableincludes waste coal.

Action PA: Pennsylvania's Environmental Justice Resource, 2004(A PA-based research, organizing, and networking center for the grassroots environmental justice movement,Accessed 4.2.2008, http://www.actionpa.org/cleanenergy/)

In mid-2003, when PennFuture was leading a process to draft an RPS law, they had accepted the "politicalreality" that waste coal will get into any RPS bill in the state because industry will make sure of it. It indeed became very clear later on that the legislature, dominated by pro-coal interests, was uninterested in passingany sort of RPS law unless waste coal was included. Instead of fighting this tendency and joining forces withthe majority of the environmental movement, PennFuture went a different direction.

Privately, they took the position that they'd accept waste coal in the bill as long as it's not called "renewable."This caused different versions of the bill to replace the term "renewable" with "environmentally beneficial"and later, "alternative." Publicly, in order to hold onto the initial support from other mainstreamenvironmental groups like Sierra Club, PennEnvironment and Clean Air Council and to court the support of students and others, they publicly denied that waste coal was in the legislation for as long as they could getaway with such claims (until the words "waste coal" were blatantly used in the bill).

.


36/82


Ethanol = Fossil Fuels

Ethanol requires more energy to produce than it makes and is not sustainable.

ScienceDaily, 5

(Ethanol and Biodiesel From Crops Not Worth the Energy, Science Daily, July 6, 2005,http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/07/050705231841.htm accessed 7/5/08)

Turning plants such as corn, soybeans and sunflowersinto fuel uses muchmore energy than the resultingethanol or biodieselgenerates , according to a new Cornell University and University of California-Berkeley study ."There is justno energy benefit to using plant biomass for liquid fuel," says DavidPimentel , professor of ecology and agriculture at Cornell."These strategies are not sustainable."

Ethanol requires fossil energy for production.

ScienceDaily, 5 (Ethanol and Biodiesel From Crops Not Worth the Energy, Science Daily, July 6, 2005,http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/07/050705231841.htm accessed 7/5/08)

"Ethanol production in the United States does not benefit the nation's energy security, its agriculture,economy or the environment," says Pimentel. "Ethanol production requires large fossil energy input , andtherefore, it is contributing to oil and natural gas imports and U.S. deficits." He saysthe country shouldinstead focus its efforts on producing electrical energy from photovoltaic cells, wind power andburning biomass and producing fuel from hydrogen conversion.


37/82


Ethanol/Biodiesel is Alternative

Biodiesel and organic ethanol are commonly considered alternative

Baird, Director of Midwest Regulatory Affairs for Reliant Energy, 2006(Mark A., December 15, Comments before the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission on Proposed New TitleChapter 75, Subchapter D, Relating to the Alternative Energy Portfolio Requirement, Accessed 7/17/08,http://www.irrc.state.pa.us/Documents/SRCDocuments/Regulations/2569/COMMENTS_PUBLIC/Document-2370.pdf)

75.52 Fuel and Technology Standards for Alternative Energy SourcesThe Commission notes in its discussion that the definition for "alternative energysources" at 73 P.S. 1648.2 does not specifically define what constitutes each particular source. Further, the Alternative Energy Portfolio Standards Act (the "Act") indicatesthat, "The term shall include . . ." the listed methods of electricity production; however,there is no indication that the list is comprehensive or complete. Reliant suggests that thedefinition of "biomass energy", proposed in 75 .52 (6)(i), be expanded to include both biodiesel and ethanol produced by fermentation of an organic material. These twosources of fuel are commonly considered as alternative/renewable . Interpretation of the75 .52 (6)(i) may currently allow these two sources of energy, as they are organic plantmaterials. However some processing steps are needed to produce both proposed fuels,and the examples in the existing "biomass energy" definition are more of a raw form of plant material.


38/82


Hydroelectric isnt Alternative Energy

Hydroelectric is traditional, not alternativeit is already in the mix

Canadian Office of Energy Efficiency, 2004(Improving Energy Performance in Canada Report to Parliament Under the Energy Efficiency Act 2003-20http://www.oee.nrcan.gc.ca/corporate/statistics/neud/dpa/data_e/parliament03-04/chapter1.cfm?attr=0, Accessed:7/16/2008)

Alternative energy includes renewable sources other than large hydro-electric facilities, new applications of conventional sources and new fuels, such as hydrogen for fuel cells. (Large hydro is not considered an alternativenergy source because it is already a successful, well-established mode of energy production, supplying more th60 percent of the electricity in Canada.) Some technologies, such as those related to the use of propane as a vehifuel and to forestry biomass, are already commercially available and accepted. Some have found applications inspecialized markets, such as remote communities. Others are still in the early stages of development.

Large scale hydroelectric plants arent considered alternative

Valles, Associate Press, 2000(Colleen, State looking for Alternative Energy Sources, The Berkeley Daily Planet, December 26,http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2000-12-26/article/2836?headline=State-looking-for-alternative-enersources, Accessed 7/17/08)

Alternative energy sources are expensive to set up, but once established, the fuel is fairly cheap. Natural gas plants, on the other hand, are cheaper to set up, but must continually spend money to buy fuel.

Although alternative energy took off in the 1980s, it has been around since the turn of the 20th century, whensmall hydroelectric plants were scattered throughout the state. Large hydroelectric plants are not consideredalternative energy.

In the 1960s came geothermal energy, which harnesses heat from the Earth to generate steam and turn a

turbine. Biomass, which comes from burning plant material; landfill gas, which can be harvested to drivegenerators; and other renewable sources grew in popularity in the 1980s.
http://www.oee.nrcan.gc.ca/corporate/statistics/neud/dpa/data_e/parliament03-04/chapter1.cfm?attr=0http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2000-12-26/article/2836?headline=State-looking-for-alternative-energy-sourceshttp://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2000-12-26/article/2836?headline=State-looking-for-alternative-energy-sourceshttp://www.oee.nrcan.gc.ca/corporate/statistics/neud/dpa/data_e/parliament03-04/chapter1.cfm?attr=0http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2000-12-26/article/2836?headline=State-looking-for-alternative-energy-sourceshttp://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2000-12-26/article/2836?headline=State-looking-for-alternative-energy-sources


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Hydrogen is Alternative Energy

Alternative includes hydrogen and fuel cells.

New Alternatives Fund 2004(http://www.newalternativesfund.com/invest/invest_alternative.html, Accessed 4.2.2008)

Alternative Energy-- Our Definition

Alternative Energy includes three main groups:-Renewable Energy (Solar, Wind, Hydro, Geothermal, Biomass)-Fuel Cells & Hydrogen-Energy Conservation and Enabling Technologies

Alternative encompasses hydrogen.

Ocheltree, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2008(Matthew, Energy Issue Brief, January 29,

http://www.globalization101.org/index.php?file=issue&pass1=subs&id=341, Accessed 7/17/08)Renewable energy sources are not exactly the same as alternative energy sources. Alternative energy is a broader category encompassing all non-fossil-fuel-based energy sources and processes, of which renewableenergies are only a part. Forms of alternative energy not covered under the renewable label include hydrogen power and fission power. Since current levels of hydrogen and fission power generation are extremely low,renewable energies are now of greater interest to us.

Alternative includes hydrogen.

Warkentin-Glenn, Electric Power Industry Researcher, former Managing Edi