Systems Analysis & DevelopmentSystems Analysis & Development

Chao-Hsien Chu, Ph.D.School of Information Sciences and Technology

The Pennsylvania State University

ObjectOriented

SADT

IE

• Project management• Customer relationship management • Change management• Knowledge management

Knowledge & Skills for Option IIKnowledge & Skills for Option II

PROCESSPROCESS TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY• Work flow management• Process modeling• Process analysis• Process reengineering

• Hardware/software/network• Data modeling• Systems analysis & development• Application/enterprise integration• XML/COBRA technologies

PEOPLEPEOPLE

• Teamwork• Leadership• Oral & written

communications• Problem solving

Applications:

• Business• Government• Services• …

SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

• Systems theory• Organizations• IT strategic planning

Key IssuesKey Issues

What is a system?

What are the key elements of a system?

What is a system approach?

Why to study a systems & system approach?

What are the major principles of systems thinking?

How to apply systems thinking?

Life Cycle of Systems Development.

Sketch of ITINT OptionSketch of ITINT Option

Organization: Functions, Processes, Value Chains, Mission, Vision, Goals, Policies, …

Environment: Policies, regulations, competitors

Cu

stomers

Su

pp

liers

InformationWork FlowCash Flow

Technology

• Products• Services

• Materials• Manpower• Machines• Methods• …

Inputs Process Outputs

ApplicationIntegration

Systems ApproachSystems Approach

ProcessInput Output

MonitorFeedback

Environment Data Flow

Information Flow

RequirementsInterface

ERD / DFDDatabase

Reports

Uncertainty

Incomplete Data

Noise Data

Imprecision

Stochastic linguistic

Subjective

Complexity

Large Scale

Dynamic

Multiple Objectives

Limited Resources

Short Time Frame

Conflicting Objectives

Environmental ConcernsGovernmental Regulation

Economics of Scale

Data Overflow

Characteristics of Real World ProblemsCharacteristics of Real World Problems

Complexity IssueComplexity Issue

Complexity can evolve from smaller simple systems

Different Approaches Different Approaches

Black Box Concepts Systems Decomposition

Data InformationProcess

The Black Box ApproachThe Black Box Approach

Most things around us behave like black boxes

Black Box ApproachBlack Box Approach

Watch out!

Systems DecompositionSystems Decomposition

Main source of Systems Integration

Systems DesignSystems Design

Good design always precedes successful implementation

Problem Solving ApproachProblem Solving Approach

Finding the source of problem is often an exploratory task

Performance MeasuresPerformance Measures

Accuracy Response Time Relevant Ease of Use Data Integrity Flexibility – Format, Configuration, … User Friendliness Interoperability Efficiency Recovery Security

ISO 9126 for Systems QualityISO 9126 for Systems Quality

Suitability

Accuracy

Interoperability

Security

Maturity

Fault tolerance

Recoverability

Understandability

Learnability

Operability

Functionality

Reliability

Usability

Dimensions of Systems RequirementsDimensions of Systems Requirements

Conformance

Reliability

Maintainability

Adaptability

Usability

Efficiency

Portability

Serviceability

Responsiveness

Competence

Accessibility

Communication

Credibility

Understanding the Business Environment

Sales Research

Design

Production

Acc

ount

ing

& F

inan

ce

Personnel

Data Processing Center

Raw Materials(Incoming)

Distribution (Output)

The Implicit Data Dependencies

Complex Flow of Paperwork and Information

Accounting Files Production

Control Files

Engineering Files

Inventory Control Files

InventoryControl

Engineeringand Design

Production Control

Accounting and Finance

The Gordian Knot

InventoryControl

Engineeringand Design

Production Control

Accounting and Finance

Order out of Chaos

Customer

Work in Process

Product

Customer Order

Raw Materials

Invoice

Process Center

Vender

Vender Order

Design

Production

Sales Research

Personnel

Acc

ount

ing

& F

inan

ce

Data Processing

Data Model Function Hierarchy

Charting

Building a Common Understanding

ComplexBusiness

SystemsAnalysis

and Design

Components of an Information SystemComponents of an Information System

InformationSystems

PeopleHardware

Processes

Data

Software

Info

rmat

ion

Systems

Software DATA

The Data Centered Environment

Data Creation

Data Updating

Generation of documents (TPS).

Summary, analysis chart and report generation (MIS).

What-if? analysis and Decision supports (DSS).

Information searching and retrieving (DBMS).

Auditing

People

Com

puter Net

wor

ks

Data Processes

Systemsplanning

SystemsAnalysis

SystemsDesign

SystemsConstruction

The Information Systems Pyramid

Systems Development

Methods Tools

Flow Charting

Functional Decomposition

Modular Programming

Structured Programming

Structured Design

Structured Analysis

Strategic Data Planning

Data Modeling

Object-OrientedAnalysis and Design

Assemblers

Compilers

On-line Editors

Interactive Debuggers

DBMSs

Teleprocessing Monitors

4 GLs

Diagramming Tools

CASE Tools

Acronyms of Systems AnalystsAcronyms of Systems Analysts

Systems Designer. Systems Engineer. Systems Consultant. Management Consultant. Operations Analyst. Information Analyst. Data Analyst. Business Analyst.

People with Whom the Analyst Must Work

User 1

User 2

User 3

Steering Committee

Database AdministratorSystems

Programmers

Data ProcessingVendors

ApplicationsProgrammers

SystemsRequirements

SoftwareRequirements

Analysis

ProgramDesign

Coding

Testing

Operations

Traditional Systems Development Life Cycle

Construction

Transition

Production

InformationStrategy Planning

BusinessArea

Analysis

BusinessSystems Design

TechnicalDesign

BusinessStrategy Planning

InformationStrategyPlan

Business AreaDescription

BusinessSystems Specification

TechnicalSystems Specification

UserProcedures

AcceptedSystems

OperationalProcedures

BusinessPlan

Structured Systems Life Cycle - Information Engineering

ISP

BAA

BSD

TD

Hierarchy of Business ObjectsHierarchy of Business Objects

Enterprise.

Business Areas.

Subject Areas.

Entity Types.

Entity Subtypes.

Attributes.

Requirements Analysis

Structured Interviews

Association Matrices

Reengineering, JAD

Network Modeling

Repository

Feasibility Analysis Architectural Selection

RFP/RFQ

Interface Design

Prototyping

Security and Control Design

Network Installation

Testing

Training, Documentation

Acceptance Testing

Review

Support

PeoplePeople NetworkNetworkSADT RoadmapSADT Roadmap

Data Modeling

Subject List

ERDs

DDs

File & Database Design

FDs

Data Conversion

Testing

Installation

Process Modeling

Decomp

Context

DFDs

Process Specs

SE/DTs

Program Design

SCs

Programming

Testing

Installation

Planning

Analysis

Design

Implementation

Support

DataDataProcessProcess

TechnologyTechnologyTechnologyTechnology

I S P

Purposes and Elements of ISP

Link information technologyplanning to strategic

business planning

Create an architectureframework that

separately built systemscan fit into

Analysis ofgoals andproblems

Analysis of criticalsuccess factor

Analysis oftechnologyimpact

The strategicsystems vision

The overviewmodel of thefunctions

Entityrelationshipmodel

Information Strategy Planning

Procedures

Develop Enterprise Model.Information Resource Assessment.Develop Strategic Architecture.

Identify Information Needs,

Enterprise Model:Business Goals.Business Objectives.Critical Success Factors.Measurements.Information Needs.Organization Charts.Planning and Control Activities.

Strategic Architecture:Information Systems.Business Systems.Technical Systems.

Assessment of CurrentEnvironment:Information Management.Current Systems.Current Projects.User Problems & Needs.

Enterprise Goalsand Objectives

ManagementInterviews

StrategicEnvironment

CurrentSystems Business

Plan

PlannedSystems

Information Strategy Planning - Project Tasks

CurrentEnvironmentAssessment

InitialAssessment

BusinessSystem

ArchitectureDefinition

Project Planning

InformationArchitectureDefinition

ISP ProjectCompletion

TechnicalArchitectureDefinition

Assessing the Current EnvironmentAssessing the Current Environment

Computer Equipment / Software: Inventory. Association matrices.

Assessment of Current Systems: Functionality. Technical quality.

Current Systems Analysis: Application of assessments. Environment matrices. Current systems coverage map.

IS Organization Assessment: Classification of the IS function. Structure of the IS function.

Thank You?

Any Question?

Business Systems Design - Project Tasks

DialogDesign

ProcedureDefinition

LayoutDesign

Project Planning

ProcedureLogic

DesignConfirmation

TechnicalDesign

Planning

Interaction

Activity

A Business Model

Data

ProcessHierarchyDiagram

ProcessDependencyDiagram

ProcessActionDiagram

NormalizedData Model

Systems vs Software DevelopmentSystems vs Software Development

Information Systems

System Planning

System Analysis

System Design

SystemImplementation

System Support

Software TQM

Quality PolicyPlanning

House of Quality

Design Planning

Process Planning

OperationsPlanning

SPC

QC Tools

ISO 9000

Foolproof

Integration

Acceptance

Unit Test

Coding

Feasibility Analysis

Requirement Analysis

Top Level Design

Detailed Design

Software Engineering Vs. Information EngineeringSoftware Engineering Vs. Information Engineering

Software Engineering: Program design for specific systems. Code optimization and structure. Debugging, testing, and provability. Maintenance and version control.

Information Engineering: Analysis and modeling the business. Data sharing. Mapping from analysis to design. Generating codes. Architecture for development coordination.

ActivityDependency

Diagram

ActivityHierarchyDiagram

ActivityHierarchyDiagram

ProcedureAction

Diagram

Dialog FlowDiagram

ProcessAction

Diagram

DataStoreList

DataStructure

List

DataModel

DataModel

ScreenDesign

Data Base Program

ISP - InformationStrategy Planning

BAA - BusinessArea Analysis

BSD - BusinessSystems Design

TD - TechnicalDesign

Construction

Information Engineering Flow

Acronyms of Information EngineeringAcronyms of Information Engineering

Information Engineering (IE). Information Engineering

Methodology (IEM). Information Engineering Facility

(IEF). Information Engineering

Workbench (IEW).Application Development

Workbench (ADW).

Alternative Approaches to Information Engineering

ISP BAA BSD TD CONS TRANS

ISP BAA TRANS

INS RP UD Construction CUT

Construction

ClassicalIEM

BusinessSystemImplementation

RapidApplicationDevelopment

ISP : Information Strategy Planning .BAA: Business Area Analysis.BSD: Business Systems Design.TD: Technical Design.CONS: Construction.

TRANS: Transition.INS: Information Needs Structuring.RP: Requirements Planning.UD: User Analysis and Design.CUT: Cut Over.

Business Area Analysis - Project Tasks

Data Analysis

Activity Analysis

Current SystemsAnalysis

Project Planning

Interaction Analysis

Confirmation

BusinessSystem

Definition

Toolkits for Business Area AnalysisToolkits for Business Area Analysis

Data Flow Diagram.Entity Relationship Diagram.Entity Hierarchy Diagram.Process (Activity) Hierarchy Diagram.Process (Activity) Dependency Diagram.Process Action Diagram.Structure Chart.Matrix Processor.

Hierarchy of Activities

ABCCompany

OrderHandling

TakeOrder

MonitorOrder

ChaseOrder

ActivityDecomposition

Example of Activity Dependency Diagram

InventoryControl

ReviewInventory

PlaceOrder

Distributor

End ofMonth

StoreInventoryDetails

PurchaseOrderDetails

Event

ExternalObject

ReviewedInventory

ExternalObject

Example of Activity Dependency Diagram

ReceiveDelivery

CheckAgainstOrder

InspectGoods

ShipmentArrives

Supplier Receiving

OrderChecked

DeliveryDetails

ReceivingDetails

Event

External Objects

ReceiveDelivery

Toolkits for Business Systems DesignToolkits for Business Systems Design

Dialog Flow Diagram.

Screen Design and Prototyping.

Window Design and Prototyping.

Procedure Action Diagram.

Structure Chart.

Data Structure Lists.

Data Store Lists.

DB2Database

OtherRelationalDBMS’s

IDMSDatabase

TOTALDatabase

OtherNetworkDBMS’s

OtherHierarchical

DBMS’s

RelationalModel

NetworkModel

HierarchicalModel

ConceptualData Model

Logical Data Model Physical Data Model

Summary of Data Models

The Flow of Analysis and Design - IE

FunctionDecomposition

Diagram

ProcessDecomposition

Diagram

ProcessDependency

Diagrams

EntityRelationship

Diagram

EntityRelationship

Diagram

ProcessAction

Diagrams

ProcedureAction

Diagrams

DialogFlow

Diagram

DataStructureDiagram

ScreenDesigner

BusinessSystems

andTechnical

Architectures

StrategicArea

BusinessArea

DesignArea

Systems Quality Function DeploymentSystems Quality Function DeploymentC

ust

omer

Req

uir

emen

ts

House ofQuality

TechnicalRequirements

Tec

hn

ical

Req

uir

emen

ts

DesignPlanning

Process/DataEntities

Su

bsy

stem

Des

ign

OperationsPlanning

ModuleDesign

CustomerRequirements

QualityRequirements

FunctionalRequirements

QualityModel

ProductModel

ProcessModel

Pro

cess

/Dat

aE

nti

ties

ProcessPlanning

SubsystemDesign

QualityMetric

Systems Development StagesSystems Development Stages

Systems Planning Feasibility Studies Data Modeling - ERD Process Modeling – DFD File / Database Design Interface Design Program/Module Design Systems Implementation and Support