Synthesizing Bits into Objects:

Data Management for Information Preservation

Eliot Scott The University of Texas at Austin

What constitutes Data Management? Prior Forms of Data Storage

Stone

Clay

Papyrus

Paper

Object Preservation Challenges Fire

Water

Molds

Pollutants

Catalog Objects to Facilitate Access

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/7772052/The-Vatican-Archive-the-Popes-private-library.html

Digital Data Management Digital Data Storage More

Complex

Preservation of Object Requires moving the bits to

other physical mediums

Requires Environment to read

Hardware and Software Dependencies

Cataloging Objects for Access Inherently contain some

cataloging data

Clones in numerous locations

http://1userverrack.net/2011/05/03/server-room-4/

How Bits become Objects Digital Objects

Physical – Bits written on media (HDD, CD, DVD, etc.)

Logical – Recognized by application software (MIME types, ecodings, compressions)

Conceptual - Unit of human recognizable information (book, map, photo, etc.)

Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS) (2002).

What Data formats are we Managing? Digital Objects

Data Sets (db’s, xls, etc)

Documents (rtf, pdf, docx, etc)

Images (jpg, tif, png, etc)

Videos (mpg, avi, etc)

Web Pages (HTML, CSS, Images)

eBooks (epub, azw, lit, etc)

Digital Technologies Source Code

Applications

Operating Systems and Environments

http://liris.cnrs.fr/dgtal/doc/nightly/dgtal_dgtalboard.html

Where does Data Management Begin? Producers ▪ Creators ▪ Owners

Authenticity vs. Reliability

Authenticity is Managers

http://www.gizmag.com/identifying-authors-of-anonymous-emails/18091/

Digital Data Management Solutions Open Source Libraries &

Content Management Systems (Access focused) XTF, DLXS, Greenstone,

Drupal

Open Source Repositories (Preservation focused) D-Space, Fedora, LOCKSS,

Archivematica, Islandora

Commercial ContentDM, Veridian

Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) (2002) Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS)

Information Lifecycle Creation

Versions

Use

Appraisal

Transfer

Authenticate

Describe

Rights

Preservation

Use

Creation and Use Malleability of digital

Not fixed on media

Constantly changing

Easy to overwrite

Context can be lost

Even opening older files can destroy provenance

http://www.dashpunk.com/blog/curation-v-creation.html

Appraisal Keep?

Associated Costs

Keep but do nothing Let it Die

Need to save environment

Repurpose Separate Form and Content

Destroy? Smelt HDD?

http://blumsteinatcorcoran.wordpress.com/2010/05/14/do-not-stand-idle-against-an-unfair-appraisal/

Accession or Transfer Receive objects from prior context

Metadata to reconstruct context

Integrate into new

function as fixed object

Original order vs.

Order as Received

How to Transfer files without losing

valuable data and authenticity?

Problems with Copy Compression and file segmentation changes, often along with modification dates

Clone Object as a string of sequenced bits ▪ Calculate with checksums ▪ Use Write blockers to prevent Disaster

http://thinkis.co.uk/16/Content-Management

Authenticate and Validate Object Ingestion gives object fixity

Can guarantee authenticity if

done properly

Guarantee of prior art ,

patents, etc

Assist in Intellectual property

Protects integrity of object

Can restrict access (ie limited use)

Can monitor constantly for use or theft

http://www.mitfile.com/pdf/digital-identity-authentication-in-e-commerce.html

Cataloging and Description Catalog upon accession vs.

Continual cataloging from

point of creation

Rights and Access restrictions

Finding Aids

Catalog hyperlinks?

Or archive associated content?

http://www.granitemedia.org/2011/09/cataloging-book-ii-the-fellowship-of-the-titles-or-one-title-to-rule-them-all/

Description of Digital Objects Metadata

Descriptive

MODS, DC, EAD

Administrative

Management, Access, Rights

Technical

MIX Images, VideoMD, AudioMD, textMD

Structural

METS, File Data, MIME Types

Preservation

PREMIS

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Accessing the Digital Object Maintain Original Bitstream for Preservation

Reconstitute Bitstream as logical object for application software so that conceptual object can be read by human beings

Preserve the ability to

reproduce the digital

object in order to access it

http://ugis.ls.berkeley.edu/isf/resources/image_LS/5994aab.jpg

Storage of Digital Objects Media Type?

Repository Type?

Encrypt?

Access Levels?

Media

Databases

Bitstreams

Files

http://inhabitat.com/ibm-creates-the-worlds-smallest-storage-device-and-its-12-atoms-in-size/

Preservation Considerations Feasibility

Hardware and software

Sustainability Will it be feasible in the

future?

Practicality Within technical and

economic limits for institution

Appropriateness Is method reasonable for

object in question http://easydigitalpreservation.wordpress.com/2010/06/09/video/

Preservation of Digital Objects

Preservation Methods Emulation

Migration

Refreshing

http://blogs.loc.gov/digitalpreservation/2011/11/the-artifactual-elements-of-born-digital-records-part-1/

Emulation Began when writing

Mainframe code for not yet released hardware.

Software emulation based on wiring diagrams

Preserve Hardware Technology

Preserve Software Environment on new hardware

http://news.cnet.com/8301-13860_3-20020759-56.html

Migration Transforming the object into a new state

Porting to a new application

(ie Word Perfect to Word)

Information dropped during conversion

Keep original as new techniques evolve

Sequential migration Make access copies from original as

new applications come out

Loss of features from original

Content vs. Design Preservation

http://www.culanth.org/?q=node/355

Refresh Clone to put on new media

Floppy Disk -> Hard Disk

Hard Disk <-> Optical Disk

Necessary for Preservation as

Physical Media Decays

Used in Conjunction

with Emulation of Migration

http://www.iconarchive.com/show/oxygen-icons-by-oxygen-icons.org/Actions-view-refresh-icon.html

Future Models? Expand on OAIS

Hardware upkeep expensive

Mix Emulation and Migration Strategies

Use by use case

Preserve Legacy Systems and Software

in Bitstream Format

Have a Library of Virtualized Systems

Hope virtualization software remains open source and that can emulate environments on newer chipsets (ie ARM)

http://www.ciudadesdigitales2011.com/eng/que_es.html

What can you do to ensure your data as information? Add author metadata to documents

MS Office

Practice good versioning

Speak with your librarian, archivist or

data manager if you need to archive

valuable information as it is being created

Keep documentation of activities and

processes surrounding creation Chain of custody

Circumstances of Creation

Questions? References

Abrams, Stephen ,Sheila Morrissey and Tom Cramer (2009) What? So What?” The Next-Generation JHOVE2 Architecture for Format-Aware Characterization. The International Journal of Digital Curation Issue 3, Volume 4 .

Caplan, Priscilla (2009) Understanding PREMIS . Library of Congress Network Development and MARC Standards Office.

Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) (2002) Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS) (2002).

Duranti, Luciana (2009) From Digital Diplomatics to Digital Records Forensics. Archivaria 68:39-66.

Hedstrom, Margaret and Christopher A. Lee (2002) Significant properties of digital objects: definitions, applications, implications. Proceedings of the DLM-Forum 2002 Parallel session 3: 218-223

Henderson, Deborah (2010) DAMA-DMBOK Guide(Data Management Body of Knowledge) Framework Paper and DAMA-DMBOK Guide : Overview January 2010

Hockx-Yu, Helen, and Gareth Knight (2008) What to Preserve?: Significant Properties of Digital Objects. The International Journal of Digital Curation Issue 1, Volume 3: 141-154.

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